Influence of UV light, ultrasound, and heat treatment on the migration of bisphenol A from polyethylene terephthalate bottle into the food simulant

This research examined the impacts of ultrasound, UV light, storage time, and temperature on the leaching of bisphenol A (BPA) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drinking water bottles in Turkey. The initial phase of the investigation encompassed the quantification of BPA in two distinct brands of bottled water. Samples were extracted by solid- phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). According to the results in the first part, the highest BPA levels were found in bottled water. In the second part of the study, 10 to 30 min of ultrasound treatment increased the BPA migration with increased time in simulants. In the first and second weeks of storage at 25 °C, the effect of storage on BPA migration was below the detection limit ( Collapse

Key Words

• Bisphenol A
• Food Simulants
• HPLC-FLD
• PET bottles
• UV light
• Ultrasound

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MESH Headings

• Polyethylene Terephthalates/chemistry
• Hot Temperature
• Drinking Water/analysis
• Ultraviolet Rays
• Food Contamination/analysis
• Benzhydryl Compounds/analysis
• Food Packaging

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Determination of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in hematology-oncology patients after COVID-19 vaccination

OBJECTIVE

Cancer patients are among the high-risk groups where COVID-19 infection tends to be severe and can lead to increased mortality. Therefore, they are included in the priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination. This study aimed to compare the levels of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies following two different COVID-19 vaccinations between hematology-oncology patients and healthcare personnel and to identify factors associated with these antibody levels.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective study was conducted with 91 hematology-oncology patients (cancer group) and 75 healthcare personnel (control group) from January 2020 to June 2023. The cancer and control groups comprised adults who had received a booster dose, with either a single dose of BNT162b2 or two doses of CoronaVac™ spaced one month apart, following their primary vaccination with two doses of either CoronaVac™ or BNT162b2. Four weeks after the administration of the booster dose, levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were assessed using an ELISA kit. Antibody levels above 50 AU/mL were accepted as signifying seropositivity.

RESULTS

The median SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody level was lower in the cancer group compared to the control group (4,509 vs. 7,268, p = 0.004), while the rate of seroconversion was similar between the groups (97.8% vs. 100%, p = 0.564). In the cancer group, no association was found between SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels and age, sex, comorbidity, type of malignancy, stage and duration, or type of vaccine.

CONCLUSIONS

In cancer patients, the seroconversion positivity rate was about 98%. However, antibody responses were still lower compared to the control group. No difference was detected in antibody levels among cancer patients based on the type of vaccine.

Coronary intravascular lithotripsy and rotational atherectomy for severely calcified stenosis: Results from the ROTA.shock trial

BACKGROUND

Severely calcified coronary lesions present a particular challenge for percutaneous coronary intervention.

AIMS

The aim of this randomized study was to determine whether coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is non-inferior to rotational atherectomy (RA) regarding minimal stent area (MSA).

METHODS

The randomized, prospective non-inferiority ROTA.shock trial enrolled 70 patients between July 2019 and November 2021. Patients were randomly (1:1) assigned to undergo either IVL or RA before percutaneous coronary intervention of severely calcified coronary lesions. Optical coherence tomography was performed at the end of the procedure for primary endpoint analysis.

RESULTS

The primary endpoint MSA was lower but non-inferior after IVL (mean: 6.10 mm2 , 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.32-6.87 mm2 ) versus RA (6.60 mm2 , 95% CI: 5.66-7.54 mm2 ; difference in MSA: -0.50 mm2 , 95% CI: -1.52-0.52 mm2 ; non-inferiority margin: -1.60 mm2 ). Stent expansion was similar (RA: 0.83 ± 0.10 vs. IVL: 0.82 ± 0.11; p = 0.79). There were no significant differences regarding contrast media consumption (RA: 183.1 ± 68.8 vs. IVL: 163.3 ± 55.0 mL; p = 0.47), radiation dose (RA: 7269 ± 11288 vs. IVL: 5010 ± 4140 cGy cm2 ; p = 0.68), and procedure time (RA: 79.5 ± 34.5 vs. IVL: 66.0 ± 19.4 min; p = 0.18).

CONCLUSION

IVL is non-inferior regarding MSA and results in a similar stent expansion in a random comparison with RA. Procedure time, contrast volume, and dose-area product do not differ significantly.

Evaluating biogenic amines and pH levels in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for freshness assessment during storage

This study examined the production of eight key biogenic amines (methylamine, tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine) in 120 samples of farmed rainbow trout during various storage conditions, and determined any accompanying variations in pH. The main objective of this study was to identify which of the eight biogenic amines could be used as chemical markers to evaluate the quality of farmed rainbow trout. Histamine and tryptamine were not present in any of the samples, and the levels of cadaverine were inconsistent. The levels of putrescine significantly increased at 0 °C (by day 9), 2 °C (by day 8), and 4 °C (by day 4). Tyramine, spermidine, and spermine levels exhibited fluctuations but had a significant positive correlation with the levels of putrescine. The pH levels slightly increased from their initial values across all storage temperatures, with no significant variations observed. Based on the results, it can be concluded that putrescine may serve as an effective marker of the freshness of farmed rainbow trout during storage.

Effect of intracanal cryotherapy on the inflammatory cytokine, proteolytic enzyme levels and postoperative pain in teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis: A randomised clinical trial

AIM

to investigate the changes in the biomarker levels related to inflammation and tissue destruction in the periapical exudate of mandibular premolar teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis after receiving intracanal cryotherapy, to compare cryotherapy and control groups in terms of analgesic intake, interappointment, and postoperative pain, and evaluate the correlation between biomarker levels and interappointment pain.

METHODOLOGY

Mandibular premolar teeth of 44 patients aged 18-35 years, diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis, were root canal treated in two visits (registered as NCT04798144). Baseline periapical exudate samples were obtained, and the patients were assigned to either control or intracanal cryotherapy group according to the final irrigation with distilled water either at room temperature or 2.5°C. The canals were dressed with calcium hydroxide. In the second visit, the calcium hydroxide was removed with passive ultrasonic irrigation, and the periapical exudate was sampled again. IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, PGE₂ and MMP-8 levels were determined with ELISA. Postoperative pain levels were recorded for six days following both visits using a visual analogue scale. Data were analysed using t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and correlation tests.

RESULTS

There was a significant correlation between the pain scores reported after first visit and IL-1β and PGE₂ levels (p < .05). IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6 levels showed no significant difference in the cryotherapy group (p > .05), while they significantly increased in the control group (p < .05). There was a decrease in IL-8, TNF-α, PGE₂ , and MMP-8 levels, however, the difference was not significant (p > .05). Pain scores were significantly lower in the cryotherapy group for the first three days (p < .05), except for 24^th hours (p > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The positive correlation between interappointment pain and IL-1β and PGE₂ levels might indicate that these biomarker levels can be used to predict the severity of postoperative pain. Intracanal cryotherapy was effective in reducing postoperative pain in the short term in teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Cryotherapy prevented an increase in IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6 levels compared to the control group.

Characterization of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in human coronary artery endothelial cells

Background

The unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) is highly activated in cardiovascular diseases and aims to restore homeostasis by improving protein folding. An analogue cytoprotective mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMito) regulated by an orthologue of the activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) was described in model organism c. elegans. However, in humans it is not clear if there is a distinct UPRMito, and if there is an activation of an UPRMito during stress induced by cardiovascular diseases. The endothelium is subjected to high levels of mitochondrial stress, e.g. in atherosclerosis.

Purpose

To provide a systematic characterization of the UPRMito in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC).

Methods and results

HCAEC were treated with Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), a NAD+ precursor that activates UPRMito without inducing cellular stress. NR treatment did not induce toxicity and improved cell viability at a concentration of 100μM NR. Quantitative PCR confirmed a dose-dependent upregulation of UPRMito markers. Additionally, we measured expression of ATF4, which is discussed to regulate an integrated stress response in mammals by activating both the UPRMito and UPRER. ATF4 upregulation upon NR treatment was more pronounced than ATF5 upregulation. Analysis of GTEX-Data showed that ATF5 is almost exclusively expressed in liver tissue, while ATF4 shows ubiquitous expression. Among 54 tissues, aortic tissue and coronary arterial tissue are among the five tissues with the highest ATF4 expression.

Analysis of RNA-seq-data of human carotid atherosclerosis revealed that the two transcription factors are differentially regulated. ATF4 is downregulated in unstable plaque, while ATF5 is upregulated. Moreover, ATF4 is in both conditions highly more abundant than ATF5. Accordingly, endothelial cells incubated under atherosclerotic conditions (oxLDL + high glucose) exhibited a ATF4 down- and ATF5 upregulation. Genes previously described to be involved in the UPRMito exhibited a similar expression pattern as ATF4.

To further elucidate these findings, we will perform transcriptomic analyses of HCAEC treated with atherosclerotic stimuli (IL-1β, oxLDL), UPRER inductors (Thapsigargin, Tunicamycin) and stressors of mitochondrial proteostasis (Oligomycin, MitoBloCK-6), to analyze, if ATF5- or ATF4-related pathways are dysregulated. Specific inhibitors and UPRMito activators will be used to investigate the significance of ATF4 and ATF5 on endothelial cell function (proliferation, migration, apoptosis, monocyte adhesion).

Conclusion

The UPRMito is dysregulated during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in HCAEC. Further findings are required to elucidate, if the UPRMito is activated separately and specifically by ATF5 or as part of an integrated cellular stress response by ATF4. A deeper understanding of these stress responses is crucial for the identification of novel therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): University hospital Bonn

Serum levels of the endoplasmic-reticulum-stress chaperone GRP78 identify patients with coronary artery disease and predict mortality

Background

Endoplasmic-reticulum-stress (ER Stress) and associated chaperones like the main ER-Stress moderator GRP78 (glucose-regulated-protein, 78kDa) are involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). In addition to their intracellular localization and effects, secretion and extracellular properties of chaperones, including GRP78, were recently described. However, a diagnostic or prognostic relevance of serum ER-chaperones in patients with CAD has not been established yet.

Purpose

To investigate the significance of serum GRP78 in patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD.

Methods

Serum concentration of GRP78 was measured by ELISA in 789 patients with indication for coronary angiography (both ACS and CCS). CAD was defined as &gt;50% stenosis in any major coronary artery. Clinical endpoint was one-year all-cause mortality.

Results

Mean age was 70.8±11.9 years and 65% of patients were male. 192 (24%) patients presented with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). CAD was found in 72.4% of patients. Mean GRP78 serum concentration was 2492 ng/ml. Increased levels of GRP78 (&gt; median) were associated with diabetes (29.9% vs. 23.1%, p=0.03), a higher BMI (28.9±7.1 kg/m2 vs. 27.0±6.0 kg/m2, p&lt;0.0001) and chronic kidney disease (CKD: 23.3% vs. 17.1%, p=0.03). There was no difference regarding age or sex.

GRP78 levels were increased in patients with CAD when compared to patients without CAD (2640 ng/ml [95% CI: 2415–2864] vs. 2178 ng/ml [95% CI: 1893–2463], p=0.013, Fig A). Interestingly, GRP78 levels were lower in patients with ACS than in patients with CCS (2284 ng/ml [95% CI: 1944–2642] vs. 2822 [95% CI: 2531–3113], p=0.018, Fig B). To further elucidate these findings, we analyzed available proteomics of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing septal ablation as a model for a planned myocardial infarction (PMI)1. Coronary sinus blood samples drawn 10 and 60 min after PMI showed a downregulation of GRP78 levels compared to baseline.

Finally, we assessed prognostic relevance of GRP78 in patients with CAD. Increased GRP78 levels were associated with lower one-year mortality (5.3% vs. 10.6% vs. p=0.016). Increased GRP78 levels were associated with reduced one-year mortality in both continuous (HR: 0.48 [95% CI: 0.25–0.92]) and categorial analyses stratified by median GRP78. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, CKD and ACS, GRP78 remained an independent predictor of one-year mortality (HR: 0.51 [0.26–0.96], p=0.039).

Conclusion

GRP78 serum levels are generally elevated in patients with CAD but downregulated during ACS. Reduced levels are associated with increased one-year mortality. These results support previous findings that GRP78 secretion is a protective mechanism in cardiovascular diseases. Further mechanistic studies are warranted to foster our understanding of the effects of extracellular GRP78 and to aid in the identification of modifying therapeutic targets.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): University hospital Bonn

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone GRP78 is secreted during ER Stress and alleviates endothelial cell inflammation

Introduction

Glucose-Regulated Protein 78kD (GRP78) is a chaperone and the main regulator of the ER-stress response. Upon ER Stress, GRP78 activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims to clear unfolded proteins and restore ER homeostasis. A prolonged activation of the UPR triggers inflammation, thus contributing to the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Recently, extracellular secretion of GRP78 was described. However, the pathophysiological relevance of secreted GRP78 in atherosclerosis and endothelial cell inflammation remains to be elucidated.

Aim

Aim of this study is to investigate the role of GRP78 secretion in endothelial cells.

Methods and results

First, we sought to investigate if vascular cells secrete GRP78 during ER Stress. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were treated with the ER stress inductor tunicamycin for up to 48h. After ER Stress induction, Western Blot and ELISA experiments detected an increased intracellular GRP78 expression. Intriguingly, prolonged ER Stress also promoted extracellular secretion of GRP78. Proteomic analysis confirmed that after ER-Stress induction, GRP78 is one of the most highly upregulated extracellular proteins (2.43-fold). Co-incubation with Brefeldin A, an inhibitor of ER-Golgi protein transport, abolished extracellular secretion (Fig.1). Hence, ER-Stress-induced GRP78 secretion is an actively regulated process.

Next, the effect of GRP78 containing conditioned medium (CM) on HCAEC was analyzed. Treatment with GRP78 containing CM decreased GRP78 mRNA expression in target cells (0.35-fold vs. control [+BFA], p&lt;0.0001). Furthermore, it increased viability (93.0% vs. 79.6%, p=0.017) and decreased formation of reactive oxygen species (0.78-fold). Moreover, expression of markers of vascular inflammation and ER Stress (e.g., NF-κB and CHOP) was decreased when compared to control CM with additional BFA treatment.

However, ER Stress induced by tunicamycin exhibits deleterious effects on donor cells and is therefore not feasible for in vivo usage. Thus, we utilized Bip protein inducer x (Bix), a recently described small-molecule activator of GRP78. Treatment with Bix also promoted expression of GRP78 and general UPR activation (e.g., ATF4, XBP1). Moreover, in contrast to tunicamycin, Bix treatment did not impair viability of HCAEC.

After treatment with Bix-induced CM, apoptosis (0.77-fold vs. 1.64-fold, p&lt;0.0001) and expression of markers of vascular inflammation (e.g., Il-6) were significantly decreased compared to control CM. Furthermore, presence of GRP78 was able to promote proliferation and viability.

Conclusion

Endothelial ER Stress promotes GRP78 secretion. Presence of GRP78 in conditioned medium ameliorates subsequent ER Stress and endothelial inflammation, which play a critical role in atherogenesis. Modification of GRP78 secretion by Bix might be a feasible and innovative therapeutic option for vascular inflammation and endothelial regeneration.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Optimal protamine-to-heparin dosing ratio for the prevention of bleeding complications in patients undergoing TAVR – a multicentre experience

Background

Despite major advances, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is associated with procedure-related vascular and bleeding complications, that have a significant impact on mortality. A recently published study has shown that heparin antagonization using protamine resulted in significantly lower rates of serious bleeding events in patients undergoing TAVR as compared to those without heparin reversal. However, the optimal protamine-to-heparin dosing ratio to prevent bleeding complications without increasing ischemic complications in patients undergoing TAVR is unknown. Accordingly, daily clinical practice varies between selective to routine administration of protamine in different dosing ratios.

Purpose

The aim of this observational multicentre study was to compare the safety and efficacy of two different protamine-to-heparin dosing ratios for the prevention of bleeding complications after TAVR.

Methods

The study included 1446 patients undergoing TAVR, of whom 623 (43.1%) received partial and 823 (56.9%) full heparin antagonization (0.4–0.6 mg versus 0.9–1.0 mg protamine/100 units of heparin). The indication for partial or full heparin antagonization was left to the discretion of the operator, who made the decision according to the patient's individual thrombotic and bleeding risk. The primary endpoint was a composite of 30-day mortality, life-threatening and major bleeding. Safety endpoints included stroke and myocardial infarction at 30 days.

Results

The overall study population had a mean age of 81.1±6.0 years; 47.9% were of female gender.

The baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. Full antagonization of heparin resulted in significantly lower rates of the primary endpoint as compared to partial heparin reversal (5.6 vs. 10.4%, p&lt;0.01), mainly driven by lower rates of life-threatening (0.5 vs 1.6%, p=0.05) and major bleeding (3.2 vs 7.5%, p&lt;0.01). The incidence of major vascular complications was significantly lower in patients with full heparin reversal (3.5 vs 7.5%, p&lt;0.01), as presented in Figure 1. Accordingly, the post-interventional drop in hemoglobin level and the need for red-blood-cell transfusion was lower in patients receiving full as compared to partial heparin reversal (1.5±1.2 vs 1.7±1.2 g/dl, p&lt;0.01; 10.4 vs 15.9%, p&lt;0.01, respectively). Regarding safety endpoints, no differences were observed in the incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction between the groups (2.2 vs 2.6%, p=0.73 and 0.2 vs 0.4%, p=0.64, respectively). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that full antagonization of heparin (OR: 0.43 [95% CI: 0.24–0.81], p&lt;0.01) was independently associated with the primary end point

Conclusion

Full heparin antagonization resulted in significantly lower rates of life-threatening and major bleeding after TAVR as compared to partial heparin reversal. The occurrence of stroke and myocardial infarction was low and comparable between both groups.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation).

Molecular communication between Apelin-13, Apelin-36, Elabela, and nitric oxide in gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that affects from 3.8% to 6.9% of pregnancies worldwide, causing significant mortality and unfavorable obstetric outcomes, such as delivery trauma and macrosomia risk. The fundamental processes of this metabolic disorder that first appeared during pregnancy are still unknown. Tissue hormones, particularly adipokines, have aided in understanding the pathophysiology of numerous disorders in recent years. This study aims to determine if Apelin-13 (APLN-13), Apelin-36 (APLN-36), Elabela (ELA), and nitric oxide (NO) molecules have all a part in the pathophysiology of GDM.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 30 pregnant control women and 30 pregnant women who had been diagnosed with GDM in the second trimester and whose body mass index and age were compatible with each other. Blood samples were collected from 60 participants during the second trimester (30 control pregnant women and 30 GDM pregnant women) and postpartum (17 controls vs. 14 GDM). In these blood samples, the amounts of APLN-13, APLN-36, ELA, and NO were studied using the ELISA method. In addition, the participants' glucose, lipid profiles, and other parameters were obtained from the hospital record files. At postpartum, 29 pregnant women (13 control and 16 pregnant women with GDM) dropped out of the study without explanation.

RESULTS

In the second trimester and postpartum plasma of mothers with GDM, APLN-13, APLN-36, NO, and ELA molecules were found to be significantly higher (< 0.05), compared to those of the control mothers, while APLN-13, APLN-36, NO values were significantly lower (0.05). While APLN-13, APLN-36, NO amounts in mothers with GDM were positively correlated with glucose amounts, they were negatively correlated with ELA amounts. Similarly, the triglyceride amounts in mothers with GDM were positively correlated with APLN-13, APLN-36 and NO, while they were negatively correlated with the ELA amounts. Due to gestational diabetes, APLN-13, APLN-36, NO, glucose, and triglyceride increased, and ELA decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

It is predicted that the glucose increase in GDM is because Apelins reduce glucose transport to erythrocytes by inhibiting the sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) and that the increase in triglyceride and NO may be associated with high glucose levels in GDM. As a result, we believe that the above-mentioned chemicals may cause GDM Pathology by triggering one another.

The Effect of Early Myelotomy on Glutamate Concentrations in Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model

AIM

To evaluate the effect of early myelotomy on glutamate concentrations in injured spinal cord tissue with a weight drop spinal cord injury rat model.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The rats were assigned randomly to one of four groups, as follows: in group I, rats underwent laminectomy; group II, myelotomy was performed after laminectomy; group III, rats received contusion after laminectomy; and group IV, myelotomy was performed 1 hour after laminectomy and contusion. In order to create a spinal cord injury, a 10-g rod was dropped from a height of 50 mm onto the exposed dura at T10 level. For the myelotomy procedure, a longitudinal 1-1.5 mm depth midline incision was made to the spinal cord. Twelve hours later, rats were decapitated, and the spinal cord tissues were removed. The obtained tissues' glutamate concentrations were measured using the HPLC technique.

RESULTS

The glutamate levels were significantly lower in group III than those of groups I and II. In group IV, glutamate levels were significantly high compared to group III and significantly low compared to group I. Between groups I and II, there was no statistically significant difference.

CONCLUSION

This study's results suggest that early myelotomy significantly prevented glutamate depletion from the injured spinal cord. Compared to the normal spinal cord, there was still significant depletion in injured spinal cord with myelotomy because of the initial glutamate release until the myelotomy was performed. It was also concluded that myelotomy was not harmful to the spinal cord as it did not cause significant glutamate depletion.

Basal blood concentrations of some orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones in obese and nonobese individuals according to blood groups

OBJECTIVE

Obesity is a serious public health problem associated with excessive food intake. Regulation of food intake in highly organized organisms is under the control of a large number of orexigenic and anorexigenic molecules. Therefore, the main purpose of this study has been to determine the relationship between obesity and some of the circulating orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides that have a role in appetite control and to determine whether the concentrations of these molecules differ according to blood groups.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 400 individuals of whom 100 were obese women, 100 obese men, 100 healthy men and 100 healthy women. Obese women and men were divided into 4 groups, according to their blood groups. In the control group, healthy women and healthy men were similarly divided into 4 blood groups. Each blood group within the groups, therefore, had 25 participants.

RESULTS

When leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y, ghrelin and galanin levels of the control group and obese participants were compared, regardless of blood groups, leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y were significantly higher, whereas only the ghrelin levels were significantly lower in obese patients. When the amounts of these hormones were measured according to gender, the situation was similar. When leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y values of the control and obese participants' blood groups were compared with each other; these hormones were high in all blood groups; however, leptin levels in A blood group, nesfatin-1 levels in AB and O blood group, obestatin levels in AB blood group, neuropeptide-Y levels in A, B, AB blood groups were significantly higher. When the ghrelin levels of the blood groups in the control group and obese participants were compared, it was only significantly lower in the AB blood group. The ghrelin levels in the other blood groups of the obese individuals were again low, but not significantly so. When the distribution of hormones according to gender was evaluated, a situation parallel to the above results was recorded.

CONCLUSIONS

Leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y and galanin levels of obese individuals were significantly higher than the control values, whereas the ghrelin values were significantly lower regardless of blood groups. Also, these hormones in blood partly varied with ABO blood groups. These different concentrations of hormones in ABO blood groups might be related with stimulation or suppression of appetite in human. However, further studies in other ethnic groups are needed to confirm these results.

Asprosin, visfatin and subfatin as new biomarkers of obesity and metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVE

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity are important public health problems associated with adipose tissue mass. Asprosin, visfatin, and subfatin are new members of which fate in MetS and obesity has not been fully revealed yet. Thus, this study was to investigate the association between asprosin, visfatin, subfatin, and biochemical values, demographic data, and body composition measurement values in MetS patients with and without obesity.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Blood samples were taken from a total of 90 people, including 31 MetS patients with obesity, 29 MetS patients without obesity, and 30 healthy (control). Asprosin, visfatin, and subfatin were studied by the ELISA method.

RESULTS

There was a negative correlation between asprosin and Body Mass Index (BMI) in the MetS + Obese group. The correlations between asprosin and urea and fasting insulin (FI) levels in the MetS group were positive and statistically significant (p < 0.05). While there was a statistically significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between visfatin and BMI in the MetS + Obese group, the correlation with waist circumference in the MetS + Obese and MetS groups was statistically significant and negative (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant negative relationship (p < 0.05) between aspartate aminotransferase value and visfatin. The results between visfatin values and asprosin and subfatin in all groups were significant (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a direct relationship between circulating amounts of asprosin, visfatin, and subfatin hormones and age, weight, height, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and creatinine. Therefore, asprosin, visfatin, and subfatin hormones are the new biomarkers of metabolic turbulence.

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like 1 (VKORC1L1) inhibition induces a proliferative and pro-inflammatory vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype

Background

Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) like Warfarin are known to promote adverse cardiovascular remodelling. Contrarily, vitamin K supplementation has been discussed to decelerate cardiovascular disease. The recently described VKOR-isoenzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like 1 (VKORC1L1) is involved in vitamin K maintenance and exerts antioxidant properties. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of VKORC1L1 in neointima formation and on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function.

Methods and results

Treatment of wild-type mice with Warfarin increased maladaptive neointima formation after carotid artery injury. This was accompanied by reduced vascular mRNA expression of VKORC1L1.

In vitro, Warfarin was found to reduce VKORC1L1 mRNA expression in VSMC. VKORC1L1 downregulation by siRNA promoted viability, migration and formation of reactive oxygen species. VKORC1L1 knockdown further increased expression of key markers of vascular inflammation (NFκB, IL-6). Additionally, downregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane resident VKORC1L1 increased expression of the main ER Stress moderator, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78). Moreover, treatment with the ER Stress inducer Tunicamycin promoted VKORC1L1, but not VKORC1 expression.

Finally, we sought to investigate, if treatment with vitamin K can mediate the protective properties of VKORC1L1. Thus, we examined effects of menaquinone-7 (MK7) on VSMC phenotype switch. MK7 treatment dose-dependently alleviated PDGF-induced proliferation and migration. In addition, we detected a reduction in expression of inflammatory and ER Stress markers.

Conclusion

VKA-induced neointima formation is associated with reduced vascular VKORC1L1 expression. VKORC1L1 inhibition contributes to an adverse VSMC phenotype while MK7 restores VSMC function. Thus, MK7 supplementation might be a feasible therapeutic option to modulate vitamin K- and VKORC1L1-mediated vasculoprotection.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

The effects of dexketoprofen on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: an experimental study

Objective

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) may cause irreversible damage to tissues and organs. We evaluated the effects of dexketoprofen on a renal I/R model in rats.

Methods

The study included 30 male rats. Control group received 1 mL of saline. Dexketoprofen group received 1 mL (25 mg) of dexketoprofen intraperitoneally. After 60 minutes renal ischemia, 23 hours reperfusion was applied. In Sham group, laparotomy was performed with a medial line incision without any additional procedure. Changes in the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), renal tissue MDA, plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), BUN, creatinine and albumin levels, and histopathological changes were evaluated.

Results

CAT values were significantly lower in Control as compared with the Sham group. Plasma levels of MDA in the Control group were significantly higher than in the Dexketoprofen group. BUN and creatinine values were significantly higher in the Dexketoprofen group. The severity of tissue injury in the Dexketoprofen group was significantly higher than in Control and Sham groups

Conclusion

Although dexketoprofen reduces the I/R-induced systemic inflammation, it increases renal tissue damage.

THU0289 PREDICTORS AND SEVERITY OF POST-THROMBOTIC SYNDROME IN VASCULAR BEHÇET’S DISEASE: RETROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER STUDY

Background:

Postthrombotic syndrome(PTS) defines chronic manifestations of venous insufficiency following deep vein thrombosis(DVT).It is the most frequent and disabling complication of DVT.

Objectives:

Aim of the study is to describe clinical characteristics and predictors of PTS,severe PTS among Behçet’s disease(BD)patients with known low extremity DVT.Also,to depict venous Doppler ultrasonography(US)findings and its association with the clinical characteristic and treatments.

Methods:

This retrospective multicenter study included 205(166men,39women;mean age 39±9.5 years)BD patients with DVT history.The Villalta scale was used to assess the presence and severity of PTS.Doppler US of bilateral legs are performed within 1 week of clinical evaluation.Total number of vessels with reflux,thrombi,recanalization and collaterals were calculated and presented as scores.

Results:

Of 205 BD patients with known DVT history; 127(62%) had PTS and 18% had severe PTS diagnosed by Villalta scale.(Table 1)

Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients

Entire Study Population (n:205)PTS present (n:127)PTS absent (n:78)P valueSex(male,%)166,81%101,79.5%65,83.3%.584History of smoking,%105,52%64,51.2%41,53.2%.895BMI(n:198)26.2±4.626.7±525.6±3.8.123Disease duration,years9(5-15)10(5-16)8(5-13).205DVT following time years6(3-11)7(3-11.5)5(3-9).179Current age39±9.540.5±9.636.8±8.8.012Number of vascular events1(1-2)1(1-2)1(1-2).723VeinesQoL total82±16.375.8±1492.2±14.6<.001VeinesQoL symptom37.5±934.4±8.342.6±7.7<.001Doppler Findingsİliofemoral thrombi41,26.5%32,35%9,17%.014Bilateral involvement62,43.4%45,49%17,33%.080

All median values presented with interquartileranges(IQR)

Table 2 summarize multivariate logistic regression analyses for the risk of having PTS-moderate/severePTS.

Table 2.

Multivariate Regression Analysis of presence of PTS

Odds Ratio(with 95%CI)PCurrent age1.05(1.01-1.10).048BSAS1.06(1.04-1.10).000Bilateral Doppler USG involvement2.81(1.18-6.67).019İliofemoral thrombi2.74(1.02-7.38).045Moderate/severe PTSOdds RatiopBody mass index1.09(1.001-1.19).048IS0.10 (0.02-0.05).005

Severe PTS patients had increased reflux(p=.027) compared to mild group and decreased recanalization scores(p=.013)compared to moderate group(Figure1)Patients treated with AC+IS had increased recanalization(p:.078),collateral scores compared patients treated with only ISs(p=.004)(Figure2)

Conclusion:

After an acuteDVT,BD patients faced with high risk of having PTS,severe PTS.ISs decreases the risk of having PTS.Our results also suggest that AC treatment may decrease severity of PTS by increasing recanalization of thrombi.

Figure 1.

US scores for PTS absent and present group Reflux score(p=.054) and thrombosis scores(p=.02)

Figure 2.

US scores for treatment groups

References:

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

P973Intravascular lithotripsy for lesion preparation in calcified coronary lesions: a prospective, observational, two-center registry

Background

Intravascular coronary lithotripsy (IVL) is a novel alternative treatment for heavily calcified lesions. This study sought to determine the strategy success and safety of IVL on calcified lesions in an all-comers cohort of patients.

Methods

Patients with moderate and severely calcified coronary lesions were screened in two centers in Spain and Germany starting April 2018. Until February 2019, 61 patients with 67 lesions were eligible for IVL. Patients were assigned to the following groups: A) Primary IVL therapy for patients with circumferential calcified de-novo coronary lesions (n=32), B) Secondary IVL therapy for patients with moderate or severe calcified coronary lesions in which conventional non-compliant balloon dilatation failed (n=18) and C) Tertiary IVL therapy in patients with in-stent stenosis due to stent underexpansion after previous stenting (n=17). Primary endpoint was strategy success and safety outcome. Strategy success was defined as successful stent delivery and expansion with attainment of <20% in-stent residual stenosis of the target lesion. Safety outcome were procedural complication, defined as coronary dissection, slow or no-reflow phenomenon, new coronary thrombus formation during PCI, abrupt vessel closure and device failure (inability to place the balloon, malfunction, or burst) and in hospital MACE.

Results

61 patients with 67 calcified lesions were treated with IVL. Mean diameter of calcified stenosis on quantitative coronary angiography was 72.02±13.8% at baseline and decreased to 17.7±15.84% (p-value: <0.01) after IVL with an acute gain of 1.9±0.63 mm. Mean minimal lumen diameter was 1.0±0.5 mm at baseline and increased after IVL to 2.9±0.6 mm. The overall average of applied pulses was 63±22. The primary endpoint of strategy success was reached overall in 85.2% of patients. 4 type b dissections (3 in group A, 1 in group B) were observed without further sequelae. There were no in-hospital MACE. In one patient (1.6%) non-ischemia driven target lesion failure was observed in routine follow up coronary angiography and was in need for revascularization. According to the subgroups, strategy success in primary IVL treatment (group A) and secondary IVL treatment (group B) was reached in 81.3% and 83.3% of cases, respectively. In tertiary IVL therapy (group C), the primary study endpoint was reached in 64.7% of cases. Device delivery and IVL treatment of target lesion could be performed in all lesions without vessel complications. 7 IVL balloons ruptured during treatment without any sequelae. Rupture was observed in most cases after repositioning of the balloon within the calcified lesion.

Conclusions

IVL provides a valid strategy for lesion preparation in severely calcified coronary lesions, with high success rate, and low procedural complication and MACE rates. Longitudinal studies will confirm if these favourable initial results of IVL-supported PCI are followed by good long-term results.

Fluoride Release and Recharge from Different Materials Used as Fissure Sealants

Objectives: Fluoride release/recharge properties of fissure sealants are important for their longterm inhibition of caries. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between fluoride release and recharge of pit-and-fissure sealants.

Methods: Specimens were prepared from 5 different sealant materials: Fissurit F, a conventional resin; Fuji VII, a glass-ionomer cement (GIC); Fuji II LC, a resin-modified GIC; Ionosit, a polyacidmodified composite resin (PMRC); and Aelite Flo, a flowable composite resin. Specimens stored in a polyethylene test tube containing 5.0 ml ultrapure water. On day 21, specimens were exposed to 1.23% APF gel. Fluoride release was measured using a fluoride-specific ion electrode at 1-7, 14, 21, 22, 28, 35 and 42 days.

Results: The glass-ionomer based sealants Fuji VII and Fuji II LC had significantly higher fluoride release than the other materials at all times tested (P<.05). Fluoride release of all materials tested increased following exposure to APF gel (P<.05).

Conclusions: Within the limitations of this short-term study, glass ionomer-based sealants were shown to have higher initial fluoride release as well as higher fluoride recharge capacity than other sealants. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:245-250)

Effects of iloprost and sildenafil treatment on elabela, apelin-13, nitric oxide, and total antioxidant and total oxidant status in experimental enzyme-positive acute coronary syndrome in rats

Despite significant advances in medicine, mortality due to cardiovascular disease is not yet preventable. We investigated the amounts of elabela (ELA) and apelin, synthesized by cardiomyocytes, and changes of these compounds in cardiac tissue and circulation after administration of iloprost (ILO) and sildenafil (SIL) in rats with induced myocardial ischemia (MI). We also investigated a connection with circulating troponin-I, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) and nitric oxide (NO), and total anti-oxidant (TAS)/total oxidant status (TOS). We established eight study groups of five rats each. Group 1, sham, was given only physiologic serum; group 2, ILO; group 3, SIL; group 4, ILO + SIL; group 5, MI; group 6, MI + ILO; group 7, MI + SIL; group 8, MI + ILO + SIL. Troponin-I, CK, CK-MB and TAS-TOS were investigated using an autoanalyzer. NO, ELA and apelin were analyzed by ELISA. Tissue apelin and ELA expressions and localizations were determined by immunohistochemistry. The MI group compared to the control (sham) group showed that ELA, apelin, troponin-I, CK, CK-MB, NO and TOS levels were elevated significantly. Concentrations of these factors increased in MI, but decreased after ILO and SIL administration. The largest decrease of TOS was identified in the ILO + SIL group. ELA and apelin may be novel indicators of MI and administration of ILO and SIL, individually or together, may be useful for treating MI.

Effects of Oral Propolis on Mucosal Wound Healing after Endoscopic Nasal Surgery in a Rabbit Model

Objective

If the respiratory nasal mucosa is damaged and the mucosa does not heal properly during nasal or paranasal sinus surgery, a revision surgery may be required. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of oral propolis application on mucosal wound healing following endoscopic nasal surgery in a rabbit model.

Methods

Twenty four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, namely the experimental group (EG), the control group (CG), and the negative control group (NCG). Mucosal resection was applied with 3-mm punch forceps in the bilateral ventral nasal concha in the experimental and control groups. 75 mg/kg/day propolis was added to the diet of the rabbits in the EG for 14 days. The CG continued with the standard diet postoperatively. In the NCG, no surgical intervention was made, and no dietary support was given. On postoperative day 14 all rabbits were sacrificed and left nasal specimens were examined histopathologically, hydroxyproline levels were measured in right nasal specimens.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in hydroxyproline level, epithelial and subepithelial thickness, ciliary and goblet cell count, subepithelial fibrosis and collagen density between EG and CG. Neutrophil count was statistically significantly lower in EG, compared to CG (p=0.019, Tamhane test).

Conclusion

Although there are many studies that show the positive effects of propolis on wound healing, such effect was not observed in this study. This study is deemed to constitute a unique experimental study that can be a resource for future similar studies to be performed with higher numbers of subjects and higher dosage of propolis.

Effect of occlusal splint on interleukin 6, malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in the synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular disorders

The actual role of splint therapy in preventing excessive loading of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is still debated. Lower intra-articular pressure levels have been measured in patients wearing occlusal splints, which may also reduce oxidative stress in the articular spaces. The aim of this study was to determine whether splint therapy reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in TMJ internal derangement patients by measuring interleukin 6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the synovial fluid (SF). Twenty-four patients with a temporomandibular disorder (TMD) were included in the study. TMJ SF samples were obtained prior to arthrocentesis. Twelve patients used a 2-mm hard acrylic, maxillary stabilization-type splint for 3 months after arthrocentesis. Twelve patients had no treatment after the SF aspiration. Second SF samples were obtained from all patients at 3 months post arthrocentesis. IL-6, MDA, and 8-OHdG levels in the samples were evaluated. All patients showed a significant symptomatic improvement after treatment (P < 0.005). No statistical correlation was found between the two groups concerning pre-treatment and 3-month SF levels of MDA, 8-OHdG, and IL-6. Although splint therapy was found to be successful in eliminating clinical symptoms of TMD, the results showed no beneficial effect on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in the synovial fluid.

An evaluation of the levels of organochlorine compounds (OCPs and PCBs) in cultured freshwater and wild sea fish eggs as an exposure biomarker for environmental contamination

In this study, the eggs of 30 wild Black Sea whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus, Nordmann, 1840) and 30 farmed freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) collected from Samsun Province in Turkey were analyzed to determine the level of contamination by nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), namely α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-HCH, γ-HCH (lindane), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 4,4'-DDT, 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), 4,4'-DDE, and 15 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (PCB-28, -70, -74, -81, -99, -101, -118, -138, -153, -156, -170, -180, -183, -187, and -208), and their potential use as biomarkers to monitor levels of environmental contamination. OCPs and PCBs in the fat of fish eggs were extracted cryogenically and their concentrations were determined with a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The whiting eggs showed high OCP and PCB levels compared to the rainbow trout eggs. The median ∑ DDT values for whiting and rainbow trout eggs were 1601.62 ng g^-1 fat (range 824.87-5049.81) and 406.49 ng g^-1 fat (range 199.88-588.82); median ∑Indicator PCBs were 1264.24 ng g^-1 fat (range 520.05-6140.32) and 82.11 ng g^-1 fat (range 2.85-215.97); and median ∑ HCHs were 155.66 ng g^-1 fat (range 35.45-330.40) and 13.48 ng g^-1 fat (range 4.44-66.44), respectively. In the whiting eggs, the ∑Indicator PCB level was above the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 200 ng g^-1 fat stated in the European Commission Regulation (EC) and Turkish Food Codex (TFC). In addition, there was a significant difference between the contamination levels of the eggs of the two species. In conclusion, it appears that fish eggs can serve as a valuable biomarker for the level of contamination of persistent organochlorine contaminants in different aquatic environments.

Determination of plasma concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in pet cats and dogs

The aim of this study was the determination of plasma concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in cats and dogs and evaluation of their prevalence and possible effects. The concentrations of nine OCPs, such as α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH, γ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, 2,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (2,4′-DDT), 4,4′-DDT, 2,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (2,4′-DDE) and 4,4′-DDE and 16 PCBs (PCB-28, -52, -70, -74, -81, -99, -101, -118, -138, -153, -156, -170, -180, -183, -187 and -208) were evaluated in the plasma samples of pet cats ( n = 15) and dogs ( n = 21). The concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.12 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) to 7.65 ng g−1 lw in cats and from 1.25 ng g−1 lw to 6.79 ng g−1 lw in dogs. In addition, mean PCB levels were 0.58–5.66 and 0.52–6.62 ng g−1 lw in cats and dogs, respectively. β-HCH, γ-HCH and PCB-138 levels were significantly higher in dogs ( p < 0.05). As far as could be determined, OCPs and PCBs were detected in the plasma samples of domestic cats and dogs in Turkey for the first time. Their concentrations were similar to those reported in earlier studies abroad. However, in contrast to other research, the levels of some OCPs were higher in dogs than in cats. It is concluded that, because of their high prevalence and potential health effects in animals and humans, OCP and PCB levels should be monitored systematically in domestic cats and dogs.

Organochlorine compounds in the adipose tissue of urban and rural women who gave birth by cesarean delivery in northern Turkey

In this study, the levels of a group of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the adipose tissue of women living in northern Turkey who gave birth by cesarean delivery were investigated. Sixty subcutaneous samples were collected in 2013 from women in urban (30) and rural (30) areas. The levels of nine OCPs, namely α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH (lindane), γ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), 4,4'-DDE, 2,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDT, and 16 PCBs, PCB-28, -52, -70, -74, -81, -99, -101, -118, -138, -153, -156, -170, -180, -183, -187 and -208, were investigated with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). β-HCH was detected in nine samples (mean 23.70 ± 4.24 ng g-1 of fat) and γ-HCH was detected in six samples (mean 41.88 ± 12.41 ng g-1 of fat). HCB was detected in five samples (mean 30.97 ± 14.31 ng g-1 of fat), 2,4'-DDT in one sample (5 ng g-1 of fat), 4,4-DDT in two samples (mean 6.70 ± 0.42 ng g-1 of fat), 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in three samples (mean 6.27 ± 0.42 ng g-1 of fat), PCB-28 in six samples (mean 10.03 ± 7.79 ng g-1 of fat), PCB-81 in one sample (7.60 ng g-1 of fat) and PCB-118 in one sample (10.20 ng g-1 of fat). In total, organochlorine compounds were detected in 12 (40%) of rural and 12 (40%) of urban women. These results are an indication of the level of organochlorine compounds in the environment where the subjects of the study lived.

Central nervous system metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer. Clinical parameters and prognostic factors: a multicenter study of Anatolian Society of Medical Oncology

Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis is a rare event in the course of late stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC); however its incidence is increasing in parallel with prolonged survival of patients.

OBJECTIVE

The authors assessed the clinical parameters and potential prognostic features in patients with CNS metastatic disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinical data of the 33 patients from the participating centers were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Median age at the time of CNS metastasis was 57 years. Median time from the diagnosis of primary EOC until CNS metastatic disease was 22 months. Nearly half (45.5%) of the patients had single CNS metastatic lesions and all patients in the study group except two received radiotherapy as palliative treatment. Median overall survival (OS) from the time of CNS metastasis was 15 months (0-66). At univariate analysis only number of brain metastatic lesions (p = 0.001) and presence of extracranial disease (p = 0.004) were strongly associated with OS whereas multimodal treatment, size of metastatic lesions, platinum sensitivity, age, grade, and disease stage at presentation were not. Development of CNS metastasis carries a poor prognosis, however patients with single metastatic lesions and only intracranial metastatic disease can have prolonged survival after appropriate palliative management of their disease.

Development and validation of glycoprotein-based native-subunit vaccine for fish against Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas hydrophila is known to be causative agent of an infection named as Bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia or red pest in freshwater fish. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the glycoprotein-based fish vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila. For this aim, after identification and characterization of A. hydrophila isolates from fish farms, one A. hydrophila isolate was selected as vaccine strain. Antigenic glycoproteins of this vaccine strain were determined by Western blotting and glycan detection kit. The connection types of these glycoproteins were examined by glycoprotein differentiation kit. Two glycoproteins, molecular weights of 19 and 38 kDa, with SNA connection type were selected for use in vaccination trials. After their purification by SNA-specific lectin and size-exclusion chromatography, protection studies with purified proteins were performed. For challenge trials, four experimental fish groups were designated: Group I (with montanide), Group II (with montanide and ginseng), Group III [with Al(OH)3 ] and Group IV [with Al(OH)3 and ginseng]. The survival ratings of fish were determined, and protection was calculated as 21.56%, 29.41%, 69.83% and 78.88% in groups I, II, III and IV, respectively. In conclusion, A. hydrophila glycoproteins with Al(OH)3 and ginseng could be used as a safe and effective vaccine for fish.

The early pregnancy volume measurements in predicting pregnancy outcome

OBJECTIVE

The authors' aim was to develop a logistic regression model based on the ultrasonographic parameters on maternities which are showing a healthy improvement process during the first trimester of pregnancy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Using 2D transvaginal ultrasound imaging, the crown rump length (CRL), yolk sac (YS), and gestational sac (GS) diameters were recorded in 225 women with gestational age < 11 weeks. Simplified V = 0.523 x length x height x width formula was used for the volume calculations. The results which ended in abortion were not included in the study.

RESULTS

Linear regression analyses between yolk sac volume (YSV), YSV = 0.026 + 0.0018 x CRL (r²: 0.15; p < 0.001), gestational sac volume (GSV), GSV= -9.6 + 1.7 x CRL (r²: 0.52; p < 0.001), and embryo volume (EV), EV = -1.64 + 0.18 x CRL (r²: 0.4; p < 0.001), and CRL was made and a linear relationship was detected. The volume measurements showed a meaningful correlation with the week of pregnancy. The space in the GS (GS volume-embryo volume) increased as the age of pregnancy became older (r² = 0.46; p < 0.001).

DISCUSSION

The first volume value was made in the first trimester by transvaginal ultrasonography, which showed a correlation with the age of pregnancy.

d-Phenothrin-induced oxidative DNA damage in rat liver and kidney determined by HPLC-ECD/DAD

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of genotoxicity of d-phenothrin by measuring the oxidative stress it causes in rat liver and kidney. The level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)/10(6) 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) was measured by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array (DAD) and an electrochemical detector (ECD). Sixty male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups and one control group of 10 rats/group. d-phenothrin was administered intraperitoneally (IP) to the five experimental groups at 25 mg/kg (Group I), 50 mg/kg (Group II), 66.7 mg/kg (Group III), 100 mg/kg (Group IV), and 200 mg/kg (Group V) for 14 consecutive days, and the control group received only the vehicle, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DNA from samples frozen in liquid nitrogen was isolated with a DNA isolation kit. Following digestion with nuclease P1 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hydrolyzed DNA was subjected to HPLC. The dG and 8-oxodG levels were analyzed with a DAD and ECD, respectively. In the experimental groups, the mean 8-oxodG/10(6) dG levels were 48.15 ± 7.43, 68.92 ± 20.66, 82.07 ± 14.15, 85.08 ± 28.50, and 89.14 ± 21.73 in livers and 39.06 ± 7.63, 59.69 ± 14.22, 61.13 ± 17.46, 65.13 ± 23.40, and 72.66 ± 19.04 in kidneys of Groups I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively. The mean 8-oxodG/10(6) dG levels in the control groups were 44.96 ± 12.66 for the liver and 39.07 ± 4.80 for the kidney. A statistically significant (p < 0.05), dose-dependent increase in oxidative DNA damage was observed in both organs of animals exposed to d-phenothrin when compared to controls. Furthermore, the liver showed a significantly higher level of oxidative DNA damage than the kidney (p < 0.01). In conclusion, d-phenothrin administered to rats intraperitoneally for 14 consecutive days generated free radical species in a dose-dependent manner and caused oxidative DNA damage in the liver and kidney.

Therapeutic role of curcumin in oxidative DNA damage caused by formaldehyde

PURPOSE

Formaldehyde is a common environmental contaminant that causes oxidative DNA damage in cells by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to investigate the amount of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG), tumor protein 53(TP53), beta-amyloid[Aß(1-42), Aß (1-40)], total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the therapeutic role of curcumin in rat cells with oxidative DNA damage caused by formaldehyde.

METHOD

The control group was given physiological saline for 15 days (i.p.) and the second group was given 37% formaldehyde (i.p.) at a dose of 9 mg/kg group every other day. The third group was given 9 mg/kg formaldehyde (i.p.) every other day and treated therapeutically with 100 mg/kg curcumin every day by gavage. At the end of the trial period, urine, blood, and brain tissue was collected from the rats.

RESULTS

The levels of MDA in sera were increased and the TAC, TP53, and Aß (1-40) levels were reduced in the formaldehyde-treated group with respect to the control group (p<0.005). After treatment with curcumin, the levels of sera MDA were significantly reduced, the TAC, TP53, and Aß (1-40) levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The levels of whole brain Aß (1-42) and 8-OhdG were increased in the formaldehyde-treated group and reduced after treatment with curcumin (P < 0.05). Urinary 8-OhdG excretion increased in the formaldehyde-treated group (P < 0.05) and decreased after treatment with curcumin (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the oxidative stress caused by formaldehyde exposure was reduced with the application of curcumin.

A familial case of Coffin-Lowry syndrome caused by RPS6KA3 C.898C>T mutation associated with multiple abnormal brain imaging findings

Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a rare X linked mental retardation syndrome characterised by severe psychomotor and growth retardation, distinct facial phenotype, and progressive skeletal malformations. It is caused by mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene located at Xp22.2. In this report we describe a family with CLS consists of three affected males, and two affected females, arising from c.898C>T mutation in RPS6KA3 gene. A 6 year-old, and a 3 year-old boy both had distinct clinical features of Coffin-Lowry syndrome; severe mental and motor retardation, microcephaly, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, large mouth, large ears, large soft hands, puffy tapered fingers, and pectus carinatum. In addition, they had multiple abnormal brain MRI findings. Other siblings presented with a mild and variable phenotype.

The effect of dexketoprofen on ischemia reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of dexketoprofen on experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury induced in rat testicles.

METHODS

Twenty-four male Wistar albino-type rats were randomly separated into three groups. To develop testicular torsion, the right testicle was rotated 720° clockwise. After five hours of rotation, reperfusion was applied for 24 hours. The control group rats (Group C) had no procedures or treatments; basal numbers were used. Intraperitoneal 25 mg/kg dexketoprofen (1 cc) (Group D) or the same volume of serum physiologic (Group SP) were given to the Group D and Group SP rats 40 minutes before and 12 hours after detorsion. Twenty-four hours after detorsion, histopathological evaluation was performed by bilateral orchiectomy. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were detected in testicular tissue and in serum.

RESULTS

Histopathologic changes in the spermatic cells of torsioned testicles in Group D were significantly less than those of Group SP (p < 0.05). MDA levels in both testicles in Group D were similar to those of the control group. Although they were lower than Group SP, the difference was not statistically significant. Serum MDA levels were lower in Group D compared to the other groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

We detected that dexketoprofen decreases I/R injury in both the torsion-formed testicle and the contralateral testicle. Thus, in patients who have urgent surgery for testicular detorsion, dexketoprofen can be preferred as an analgesic to reduce I/R injury. Further study is warranted to demonstrate this effect of dexketoprofen (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 30).

Toxic and essential elements in butter from the Black Sea region, Turkey

In this study, 88 randomly selected samples of butter produced in the Black Sea region of Turkey were purchased from different retail markets during different periods and investigated for toxic and essential elements content. Quantitative analyses of elements in the samples were performed using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Mean concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in the butter samples were 18.93, 100.32, 384.66, 4199.1, 887.47, 168.64, 56.13, 16.34 and 384.66 µg kg(-1), respectively. Cd and Co were detected in 19 (mean content 0.29 µg kg(-1)) and 81 (mean content 3.81 µg kg(-1)) samples of 88 butter samples, respectively. However, the dietary intake of these elements by the population of the Black Sea region is currently well below the dietary reference intake (DRI) and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) levels of essential and toxic elements.