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Enhancer-promoter interactions become more instructive in the transition from cell-fate specification to tissue differentiation. Nat Genet 2024; 56:686-696. [PMID: 38467791 PMCID: PMC11018526 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
To regulate expression, enhancers must come in proximity to their target gene. However, the relationship between the timing of enhancer-promoter (E-P) proximity and activity remains unclear, with examples of uncoupled, anticorrelated and correlated interactions. To assess this, we selected 600 characterized enhancers or promoters with tissue-specific activity in Drosophila embryos and performed Capture-C in FACS-purified myogenic or neurogenic cells during specification and tissue differentiation. This enabled direct comparison between E-P proximity and activity transitioning from OFF-to-ON and ON-to-OFF states across developmental conditions. This showed remarkably similar E-P topologies between specified muscle and neuronal cells, which are uncoupled from activity. During tissue differentiation, many new distal interactions emerge where changes in E-P proximity reflect changes in activity. The mode of E-P regulation therefore appears to change as embryogenesis proceeds, from largely permissive topologies during cell-fate specification to more instructive regulation during terminal tissue differentiation, when E-P proximity is coupled to activation.
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Chromatin gene-gene loops support the cross-regulation of genes with related function. Mol Cell 2024; 84:822-838.e8. [PMID: 38157845 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Chromatin loops between gene pairs have been observed in diverse contexts in both flies and vertebrates. Combining high-resolution Capture-C, DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, and genetic perturbations, we dissect the functional role of three loops between genes with related function during Drosophila embryogenesis. By mutating the loop anchor (but not the gene) or the gene (but not loop anchor), we disentangle loop formation and gene expression and show that the 3D proximity of paralogous gene loci supports their co-regulation. Breaking the loop leads to either an attenuation or enhancement of expression and perturbs their relative levels of expression and cross-regulation. Although many loops appear constitutive across embryogenesis, their function can change in different developmental contexts. Taken together, our results indicate that chromatin gene-gene loops act as architectural scaffolds that can be used in different ways in different contexts to fine-tune the coordinated expression of genes with related functions and sustain their cross-regulation.
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CTCF, BEAF-32, and CP190 are not required for the establishment of TADs in early Drosophila embryos but have locus-specific roles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1085. [PMID: 36735786 PMCID: PMC9897672 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs) are delimited by insulators and/or active promoters; however, how they are initially established during embryogenesis remains unclear. Here, we examined this during the first hours of Drosophila embryogenesis. DNA-FISH confirms that intra-TAD pairwise proximity is established during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) but with extensive cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Most newly formed boundaries are occupied by combinations of CTCF, BEAF-32, and/or CP190. Depleting each insulator individually from chromatin revealed that TADs can still establish, although with lower insulation, with a subset of boundaries (~10%) being more dependent on specific insulators. Some weakened boundaries have aberrant gene expression due to unconstrained enhancer activity. However, the majority of misexpressed genes have no obvious direct relationship to changes in domain-boundary insulation. Deletion of an active promoter (thereby blocking transcription) at one boundary had a greater impact than deleting the insulator-bound region itself. This suggests that cross-talk between insulators and active promoters and/or transcription might reinforce domain boundary insulation during embryogenesis.
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Extremely rapid and reversible optogenetic perturbation of nuclear proteins in living embryos. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2348-2363.e8. [PMID: 34363757 PMCID: PMC8387026 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many developmental regulators have complex and context-specific roles in different tissues and stages, making the dissection of their function extremely challenging. As regulatory processes often occur within minutes, perturbation methods that match these dynamics are needed. Here, we present the improved light-inducible nuclear export system (iLEXY), an optogenetic loss-of-function approach that triggers translocation of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. By introducing a series of mutations, we substantially increased LEXY's efficiency and generated variants with different recovery times. iLEXY enables rapid (t1/2 < 30 s), efficient, and reversible nuclear protein depletion in embryos, and is generalizable to proteins of diverse sizes and functions. Applying iLEXY to the Drosophila master regulator Twist, we phenocopy loss-of-function mutants, precisely map the Twist-sensitive embryonic stages, and investigate the effects of timed Twist depletions. Our results demonstrate the power of iLEXY to dissect the function of pleiotropic factors during embryogenesis with unprecedented temporal precision.
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373 Determining Patterns of Postconcussive Symptoms in Adults Presenting to the Emergency Department After Motor Vehicle Collision Across Age Groups. Ann Emerg Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.08.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Modulation of Apoptosis Controls Inhibitory Interneuron Number in the Cortex. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1710-1721. [PMID: 29444425 PMCID: PMC6230259 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are composed of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Finding the right balance between the two is important for controlling overall cortical excitation and network dynamics. However, it is unclear how the correct number of cortical interneurons (CIs) is established in the mammalian forebrain. CIs are generated in excess from basal forebrain progenitors, and their final numbers are adjusted via an intrinsically determined program of apoptosis that takes place during an early postnatal window. Here, we provide evidence that the extent of CI apoptosis during this critical period is plastic and cell-type specific and can be reduced in a cell-autonomous manner by acute increases in neuronal activity. We propose that the physiological state of the emerging neural network controls the activity levels of local CIs to modulate their numbers in a homeostatic manner. Lhx6 is required for survival of CIs generated in the MGE MGE-derived CI loss is compensated for by a decrease in CGE-derived interneuron apoptosis Increases in cortical network activity are correlated with improved CI survival Transient, cell-autonomous depolarization improves the survival of grafted CIs
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B-40The e4 Allele of the APOE Gene Influences Neurocognitive Performance Variability Following Sports-Related Concussion. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw043.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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SETD2 loss-of-function promotes renal cancer branched evolution through replication stress and impaired DNA repair. Oncogene 2015; 34:5699-708. [PMID: 25728682 PMCID: PMC4660036 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defining mechanisms that generate intratumour heterogeneity and branched evolution may inspire novel therapeutic approaches to limit tumour diversity and adaptation. SETD2 (Su(var), Enhancer of zeste, Trithorax-domain containing 2) trimethylates histone-3 lysine-36 (H3K36me3) at sites of active transcription and is mutated in diverse tumour types, including clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCCs). Distinct SETD2 mutations have been identified in spatially separated regions in ccRCC, indicative of intratumour heterogeneity. In this study, we have addressed the consequences of SETD2 loss-of-function through an integrated bioinformatics and functional genomics approach. We find that bi-allelic SETD2 aberrations are not associated with microsatellite instability in ccRCC. SETD2 depletion in ccRCC cells revealed aberrant and reduced nucleosome compaction and chromatin association of the key replication proteins minichromosome maintenance complex component (MCM7) and DNA polymerase δ hindering replication fork progression, and failure to load lens epithelium-derived growth factor and the Rad51 homologous recombination repair factor at DNA breaks. Consistent with these data, we observe chromosomal breakpoint locations are biased away from H3K36me3 sites in SETD2 wild-type ccRCCs relative to tumours with bi-allelic SETD2 aberrations and that H3K36me3-negative ccRCCs display elevated DNA damage in vivo. These data suggest a role for SETD2 in maintaining genome integrity through nucleosome stabilization, suppression of replication stress and the coordination of DNA repair.
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A sharing-oriented design strategy for networked knowledge organization systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON DIGITAL LIBRARIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00799-015-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Recurrent chromosomal gains and heterogeneous driver mutations characterise papillary renal cancer evolution. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6336. [PMID: 25790038 PMCID: PMC4383019 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is an important subtype of kidney cancer with a problematic pathological classification and highly variable clinical behaviour. Here we sequence the genomes or exomes of 31 pRCCs, and in four tumours, multi-region sequencing is undertaken. We identify BAP1, SETD2, ARID2 and Nrf2 pathway genes (KEAP1, NHE2L2 and CUL3) as probable drivers, together with at least eight other possible drivers. However, only ~10% of tumours harbour detectable pathogenic changes in any one driver gene, and where present, the mutations are often predicted to be present within cancer sub-clones. We specifically detect parallel evolution of multiple SETD2 mutations within different sub-regions of the same tumour. By contrast, large copy number gains of chromosomes 7, 12, 16 and 17 are usually early, monoclonal changes in pRCC evolution. The predominance of large copy number variants as the major drivers for pRCC highlights an unusual mode of tumorigenesis that may challenge precision medicine approaches.
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Abstract
Spatial and temporal dissection of the genomic changes occurring during the evolution of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may help elucidate the basis for its dismal prognosis. We sequenced 25 spatially distinct regions from seven operable NSCLCs and found evidence of branched evolution, with driver mutations arising before and after subclonal diversification. There was pronounced intratumor heterogeneity in copy number alterations, translocations, and mutations associated with APOBEC cytidine deaminase activity. Despite maintained carcinogen exposure, tumors from smokers showed a relative decrease in smoking-related mutations over time, accompanied by an increase in APOBEC-associated mutations. In tumors from former smokers, genome-doubling occurred within a smoking-signature context before subclonal diversification, which suggested that a long period of tumor latency had preceded clinical detection. The regionally separated driver mutations, coupled with the relentless and heterogeneous nature of the genome instability processes, are likely to confound treatment success in NSCLC.
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B-07 * The Cognitive Health Questionnaire: Initial Psychometric Data in a Multisite Multiple Sclerosis Sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu038.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Development of synchronous VHL syndrome tumors reveals contingencies and constraints to tumor evolution. Genome Biol 2014; 15:433. [PMID: 25159823 PMCID: PMC4166471 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic analysis of multi-focal renal cell carcinomas from an individual with a germline VHL mutation offers a unique opportunity to study tumor evolution. RESULTS We perform whole exome sequencing on four clear cell renal cell carcinomas removed from both kidneys of a patient with a germline VHL mutation. We report that tumors arising in this context are clonally independent and harbour distinct secondary events exemplified by loss of chromosome 3p, despite an identical genetic background and tissue microenvironment. We propose that divergent mutational and copy number anomalies are contingent upon the nature of 3p loss of heterozygosity occurring early in tumorigenesis. However, despite distinct 3p events, genomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical analyses reveal evidence for convergence upon the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Four germline tumors in this young patient, and in a second, older patient with VHL syndrome demonstrate minimal intra-tumor heterogeneity and mutational burden, and evaluable tumors appear to follow a linear evolutionary route, compared to tumors from patients with sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS In tumors developing from a germline VHL mutation, the evolutionary principles of contingency and convergence in tumor development are complementary. In this small set of patients with early stage VHL-associated tumors, there is reduced mutation burden and limited evidence of intra-tumor heterogeneity.
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Evidence-Based Applied Sport Psychology: A Practitioner's Manual. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Genomic architecture and evolution of clear cell renal cell carcinomas defined by multiregion sequencing. Nat Genet 2014; 46:225-233. [PMID: 24487277 PMCID: PMC4636053 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 933] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCCs) can display intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). We applied multiregion exome sequencing (M-seq) to resolve the genetic architecture and evolutionary histories of ten ccRCCs. Ultra-deep sequencing identified ITH in all cases. We found that 73-75% of identified ccRCC driver aberrations were subclonal, confounding estimates of driver mutation prevalence. ITH increased with the number of biopsies analyzed, without evidence of saturation in most tumors. Chromosome 3p loss and VHL aberrations were the only ubiquitous events. The proportion of C>T transitions at CpG sites increased during tumor progression. M-seq permits the temporal resolution of ccRCC evolution and refines mutational signatures occurring during tumor development.
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Development of a High-Throughput Gaussia Luciferase Reporter Assay for the Activation of the GADD45a Gene by Mutagens, Promutagens, Clastogens, and Aneugens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:1302-15. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057112453312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to genotoxic carcinogens leads to increased expression of the GADD45a gene in mammalian cells. This signature of genotoxic hazard has previously been exploited in the GreenScreen HC assay, in which GADD45a expression is linked to green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the human TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line. This article describes the development and validation of an alternative assay (“BlueScreen HC”), in which expression is linked to Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) expression, yielding a luminescent reporter, the preferred optical output in high-throughput screening. The coelentrazine substrate of GLuc is relatively unstable, and a new buffer is reported that improves its stability. A more sensitive method is demonstrated for the measurement of cell densities in the assay, using the fluorescent cyanine dye thiazole orange. A protocol amendment also allows the assessment of pro-genotoxicity using S9 liver extracts. Compounds from the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) recommended list for the assessment of new or improved genotoxicity assays were evaluated with and without S9 in the new assay. The new GLuc assay was as effective as the GFP assay in producing positive results for all classes of genotoxic carcinogen and negative results for all nongenotoxins tested.
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A pre-validation transferability study of the GreenScreen HC GADD45a-GFP assay with a metabolic activation system (S9). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 700:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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How does increasing cytotoxicity affect the accuracy of the GADD45a-GFP genotoxicity screening assay: A comparison of 4 different toxicity testing methods. Toxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hypotension during surgery for femoral neck fracture in elderly patients: effect of anaesthetic techniques. A retrospective study. Minerva Anestesiol 2008; 74:691-696. [PMID: 19034248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the incidence of hypotension between different anaesthetic techniques, including general anaesthesia (GA), spinal anaesthesia single injection (SA), continuous spinal anaesthesia with 2.5 mg bolus injections as needed (CSA 2.5) or 5 mg bolus injections as needed (CSA 5) in elderly patients (>75 yrs old) undergoing surgery for femoral neck fractures. METHODS Demographic, surgical and hemodynamic data from 333 patients over a four year period within a single hospital were recorded and examined. RESULTS Forty-two patients underwent GA, 109 underwent SA, 61 underwent CSA 5, and 121 underwent CSA 2.5. Patients receiving GA, SA or CSA 5 had a higher incidence of hypotension (83%, 68%, and 34%, respectively) than patients who underwent CSA 2.5 (4%; P<0.05). The CSA 2.5 group required less colloid infusion (490+/-50 mL) than the GA and SA groups (810+/-330 and 645+/-230 mL, respectively). The CSA 2.5 group also required less crystalloid infusion volume (760+/-371 mL) than the GA group (1140+/-770 mL). Ephedrine infusion was higher in the GA and SA groups (30+/-10 and 26+/-9 mg, respectively) than the CSA 2.5 (15+/-8 mg; P<0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CSA 2.5 causes fewer episodes of hypotension than other anaesthetic techniques for surgical repair of hip fracture in elderly patients.
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Bulls-Eye Cutaneous Infarct of Zygomycosis. J Cutan Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.320gg.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Description of the leaf deer (
Muntiacus putaoensis
), a new species of muntjac from northern Myanmar. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Systemic delivery of morpholino oligonucleotide restores dystrophin expression bodywide and improves dystrophic pathology. Nat Med 2006; 12:175-7. [PMID: 16444267 DOI: 10.1038/nm1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For the majority of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mutations, antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-mediated exon skipping has the potential to restore a functional protein. Here we show that weekly intravenous injections of morpholino phosphorodiamidate (morpholino) AONs induce expression of functional levels of dystrophin in body-wide skeletal muscles of the dystrophic mdx mouse, with resulting improvement in muscle function. Although the level of dystrophin expression achieved varies considerably between muscles, antisense therapy may provide a realistic hope for the treatment of a majority of individuals with DMD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Skeletal
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
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Systemic delivery of antisense oligoribonucleotide restores dystrophin expression in body-wide skeletal muscles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 102:198-203. [PMID: 15608067 PMCID: PMC544058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406700102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated alternative splicing has great potential for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) caused by mutations within nonessential regions of the dystrophin gene. We have recently shown in the dystrophic mdx mouse that exon 23, bearing a nonsense mutation, can be skipped after intramuscular injection of a specific 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate antisense oligoribonucleotide (2OMeAO). This skipping created a shortened, but in-frame, transcript that is translated to produce near-normal levels of dystrophin expression. This expression, in turn, led to improved muscle function. However, because DMD affects muscles body-wide, effective treatment requires dystrophin induction ideally in all muscles. Here, we show that systemic delivery of specific 2OMeAOs, together with the triblock copolymer F127, induced dystrophin expression in all skeletal muscles but not in cardiac muscle of the mdx dystrophic mice. The highest dystrophin expression was detected in diaphragm, gastrocnemius, and intercostal muscles. Large numbers of fibers with near-normal level of dystrophin were observed in focal areas. Three injections of 2OMeAOs at weekly intervals enhanced the levels of dystrophin. Dystrophin mRNA lacking the targeted exon 23 remained detectable 2 weeks after injection. No evidence of tissue damage was detected after 2OMeAO and F127 treatment either by serum analysis or histological examination of liver, kidney, lung, and muscles. The simplicity and safety of the antisense protocol provide a realistic prospect for treatment of the majority of DMD mutations. We conclude that a significant therapeutic effect may be achieved by further optimization in dose and regime of administration of antisense oligonucleotide.
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Adverse events associated with balloon rupture during percutaneous coronary intervention. Can J Cardiol 1999; 15:962-6. [PMID: 10504176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balloon rupture is a potential complication of coronary angioplasty. The literature is inconsistent regarding associated adverse consequences. The experience of St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, with balloon rupture is reviewed. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention complicated by balloon rupture at St Paul's Hospital from April 1992 to March 1996 were identified from the hospital's database (Seattle Systems, Seattle, Washington). Procedural logs, database records, clinical charts and all cineangiograms were reviewed in detail. RESULTS A total of 2984 patients had percutaneous coronary revascularization and 110 patients experienced balloon rupture. These occurred in 101 (92%) native coronary arteries and 9 (8%) occurred in saphenous vein grafts. Stents were deployed in 44 (40%) patients; 34 of the stents used were half Johnson & Johnson PS153 stents (Johnson & Johnson Interventinal Systems, Peterborough, Ontario). An event-free postangioplasty course during the index hospitalization was observed in 102 patients (93%); eight patients (7%) had one or more important adverse events postprocedure. These included three deaths (one following a dissection and out-of-catheterization laboratory occlusion, a second following an abrupt occlusion of another target artery and emergency bypass surgery, and another with cardiogenic shock postmyocardial infarction and an unaltered course following angioplasty); one urgent bypass surgery after a left main dissection; and two nonfatal myocardial infarctions (one patient had tamponade and one patient experienced congestive heart failure). Four of the eight events were directly related to the procedure. The rate of death and emergency bypass surgery with balloon rupture did not differ from that of patients without balloon rupture in the authors' centre (1.8% versus 1.4%, not significant). CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients did not experience any adverse clinical outcomes and demonstrated good angiographic results after balloon rupture. The data did not detect an excess of major adverse events beyond that expected in a diverse general angioplasty population.
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Epidermal necrosis as a predictive sign of malignancy in adult dermatomyositis. Cutis 1998; 61:190-4. [PMID: 9564590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
The Arrow-Fischell pullback atherectomy catheter is designed to circumferentially debulk and retrieve coronary atheroma. We performed pullback atherectomy before balloon angioplasty or stenting in 41 patients. The device crossed the target lesion in 38 (93%) and obtained tissue in 36 (88%). All procedures were completed successfully and without myocardial infarction, emergency cardiac surgery, or death. Complications included major spasm in 8 patients, postprocedural abrupt closure in 1, and otherwise uncomplicated arterial perforation in 2. Pullback atherectomy can be performed relatively safely, but is more difficult than balloon angioplasty, obtains less tissue than directional atherectomy, and is associated with significant limitations.
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Abstract
This prospective study represents the initial assessment of the Micro Stent PL (Arterial Vascular Engineering, Inc.) coronary stent. From one to three radiopaque stainless steel stents, each measuring 4 mm long, were premounted onto specially designed balloon catheters. A total of 123 stents were implanted in 41 patients without procedural failure or complications. Stent dislodgment proved a concern, with 7 of 123 stents (5.7%) moving > 3 mm from the site of placement and late downstream migration occurring in an additional patient. Subacute stent thrombosis occurred in two patients (5%). Six-month angiographic follow-up was available in 37 of 41 patients (90%). Minimal lumen diameter at baseline was 0.93 +/- 0.51 mm, increasing to 2.74 +/- 0.49 mm after stenting, and falling to 1.66 +/- 0.89 mm at 6 months; this represents a late loss of 60% of the initial gain. Restenosis, based on a binary definition of > 50% diameter stenosis, was documented in 18 patients (49%). Advantages of the Micro Stent PL include its radiopacity and marked ease of distal delivery. The potential for stent dislodgment has implications for future stent designs. The role of the Micro Stent PL in managing restenosis is unclear, but it appears useful in the management of dissection and threatened closure after balloon angioplasty.
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Abstract
Coronary stenting was performed in 15 selected patients with cardiogenic shock, with favorable clinical and angiographic outcomes. This experience suggests that coronary stenting may play an important adjunctive role in the management of cardiogenic shock and may improve outcome beyond that achieved with balloon angioplasty alone.
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Abstract
Following an acute anterior myocardial infarction, a 56-yr-old female underwent two balloon angioplasty procedures for a recurrent proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis. She had recurrent angina pectoris. Angiography showed a noncritical restenosis with marked provocable superimposed vasospasm. Despite repeat balloon dilatation and stenting of the lesion, she developed recurrent symptoms. One month later, angiography showed progressive fixed disease and reversible spasm proximal and distal to, but not involving, the stented arterial segment. She underwent single-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting, and is asymptomatic at 6-mo follow-up.
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Transfusion practice in medical patients. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1993; 153:2575-80. [PMID: 8239850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood transfusion raises serious issues of safety and economics. We therefore examined blood usage and its characteristics in medical inpatients, given the relative scarcity of existing data. DESIGN During a 1-year period, transfusion episodes on two medical services were reviewed by five specialists for justifiability on the basis of generally agreed on guidelines. SETTING The study was conducted at two institutions, a municipal teaching hospital where house staff deliver care and a community hospital where patients are under the direct care of private physicians. PATIENTS Four hundred thirty-eight randomly selected transfusion episodes on the medical services of the two institutions were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of unjustifiable transfusions based only on the information available to the managing physician at the time of transfusion. RESULTS Eighteen percent of the 438 randomly selected transfusion episodes were viewed as not justifiable by at least four of five reviewers; another 17% were classified as equivocal because two or three reviewers judged them to be not justifiable. The most striking observation was the greater prevalence of nonjustifiable transfusion episodes at the community hospital (26% vs 16% at the teaching institution; P = .0121). Other observations included a tendency for physicians to prescribe transfusions by the numbers (at least 11% of nonjustifiable transfusions) and to overtransfuse. The routineness with which transfusion was viewed by managing physicians was also identifiable by the absence of written transfusion notes in 39% of all episodes reviewed, which incidentally raises questions about the adequacy of the medical chart's documentary functions today. CONCLUSIONS The rate of nonjustifiable or equivocal transfusion on medical services may be as high as 35%. Reliance on numbers rather than clinical status seems to be a major problem. Education is obviously a critical issue and should also target private practitioners, who seemed to perform less well than physicians in training. Transfusion guidelines that use specific hematocrit values also need to be reexamined.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if there are racial differences in the blood pressure patterns among urban adolescents. Blood pressure (BP) was measured according to Task Force guidelines in health-screening and education sessions conducted in urban public and parochial high schools. The prevalence of BP > or = 95th% (HBP) on initial screening was determined in a population of 3,349 students. Differences in prevalence of HBP among race, sex, and age groups were tested for significance by chi 2 analysis. The overall prevalence of HBP in this urban adolescent population was 8.1%. Significant race differences were present in females (blacks = 6.6% versus non-Hispanics = 2.9%, p < 0.01). Within the black females, HBP occurred more frequently among the girls attending predominantly black public schools (7.7%) compared to an interracial parochial school (2.0%) p < 0.001. This difference could not be explained by weight, height, or the occurrence of obesity. The observed BP differences within black females, by school, may reflect a family-environment effect on cardiovascular risk.
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38
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Abstract
An evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol levels was performed in 15 girls affected with classic Rett syndrome. There were no differences between the patient group and the control group in plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin levels. But in Rett syndrome, a significant increase in beta-endorphin was noted in the cerebrospinal fluid, with an elevation of the cerebrospinal fluid/plasma beta-endorphin ratio and a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid cortisol. A substantial overlap between patients and control group diminishes the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid beta-endorphin assay in girls suspected of having Rett syndrome.
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39
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Detection of occult CNS involvement of follicular small cleaved lymphoma by the polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol 1990; 3:71-5. [PMID: 2308923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A patient with follicular small cleaved lymphoma presented with an unusual clinical relapse in the central nervous system (CNS) without morphologic evidence of lymphoma cells in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Molecular genetic analysis of the small number of cells in the CSF after in vitro DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the presence of an abnormal translocation sequence between chromosomes 14 and 18. A similar translocation could be detected from the original fixed archival lymph node biopsy and from a small proportion of circulating mononuclear cells. These results indicated that occult lymphoma cells were present in the CSF and peripheral blood. Secondary CNS lymphoma involvement was identified at autopsy. This case demonstrates the enhanced sensitivity of lymphoma diagnosis from poorly cellular specimens after in vitro DNA amplification.
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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Ann Intern Med 1989; 111:871-5. [PMID: 2573306 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-11-871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient had adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in the unusual setting of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). The leukemic cells were CD4 positive and showed clonal genetic rearrangement of the T-cell receptor complex. Cytogenetic analysis showed three clonal karyotypic abnormalities: trisomy 3 and two translocations [t(1;15), (X;1)]. The patient was seropositive for HIV and HTLV-I; HTLV-I and HIV-1 DNA sequences were detected in peripheral blood leukocytes by the polymerase chain reaction. The HTLV-I sequences were detected in a relatively high proportion of mononuclear cells (at least 1 in 30 cells), whereas HIV-1 sequences were detected in a smaller proportion of cells (at least 1 in 3000 cells). Clinical remission was achieved after chemotherapy. There was a decrease in the proportion of HTLV-I positive mononuclear cells (at least 1 in 1000 cells), whereas the proportion of HIV-1 positive cells was relatively unchanged (at least 1 in 1000 cells). Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in the setting of HIV coinfection may become increasingly common because asymptomatic retroviral coinfections are frequent.
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42
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Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis chromosomal locus that contains the genes encoding the menaquinone biosynthetic enzymes (the men genes) was cloned by using an integrable plasmid vector. The men cluster was reconstituted on three overlapping recombinant plasmids, and a tentative gene order was derived. Evaluations of the direction of transcription and of transcriptional boundaries suggested that the men genes are expressed in the form of at least one polycistronic message. In addition, a spectrum of Men phenotypes resulting from the integration of different internal fragments of the cluster indicate transcriptional complexities, possibly including an internal promoter. The size of cloned DNA fragments required to encompass the transcription unit, as well as the locations of known men mutations within these fragments, suggests that a gene(s) not previously identified with the men system is also located within the cluster. The cloned men sequences make available probes to examine the patterns of transcription from the men locus in response to changing environmental conditions and during the developmental sequence represented by endospore formation.
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43
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A coprological survey of parasites of wild neotropical felidae. J Parasitol 1986; 72:517-20. [PMID: 3783346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with an ecological study of jaguars in the Cockscomb Basin of Belize, Central America, fecal samples from jaguars (Panthera onca), jaguarundis (Felis yagouaroundi), ocelots (Felix pardalis), and pumas (Felix concolor) were examined for parasite products (eggs, larvae, and oocysts). Of the 45 samples examined, 39 (86.7%) were positive for parasite products, 23 of 25 (92%) jaguar samples were positive, as were all of the puma (4/4) and ocelot (8/8) samples. Four of 6 samples from unknown species were positive (66.7%). Two jaguarundis samples were negative. The following were identified in the samples: Paragonimus sp. eggs, Taeniidae eggs, Strongylate eggs, Toxocara cati eggs, Toxascaris sp. eggs, Capillaria sp. eggs, Spiruridae eggs, Aelurostrongylus sp. larvae, Oncicola sp. eggs, Hammondia pardalis oocysts, Isospora sp. oocysts, Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts and Sarcocystis sp. sporocyst.
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Data acquisition using a scintillation detector interfaced to a personal microcomputer. J Nucl Med 1985; 26:85-7. [PMID: 3965657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A method is described for interfacing a cadmium telluride semiconductor nonimaging detector to a personal microcomputer in order to store and display nuclear medicine data. There was virtual identity between the count rates stored in the computer and those recorded from the detector's display, demonstrating that the computer accurately acquired data from the probe without erroneous loss or addition of data. Interfacing a nonimaging detector to a microcomputer may provide an extremely versatile method of acquiring, storing, and displaying nuclear medicine data.
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Abstract
It was hypothesized that a permissive democratic parental attitude towards childrearing and favorable accepting attitude towards children's imagination are conducive to the development of their adolescent children's imaginative ability. It was also hypothesized that the mothers' role is more crucial than that of the fathers. The subjects were 104 adolescent Israeli boys and girls and their parents. The subjects were administered four scales of the Imaginal Processes Inventory and the Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory. The parents filled out a questionnaire devised to study their attitude to children's imagination. The first two hypotheses were not confirmed. The data point in the opposite direction as regards the first hypothesis. There was partial conformation for the third hypothesis. The data were also discussed in relation to healthy and neurotic daydreaming.
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Genetic analysis of bacteriophage P4 using P4-plasmid ColE1 hybrids. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1980; 177:399-412. [PMID: 6929401 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A set of plasmids that contain fragments of the bacteriophage P4 genome has been constructed by deleting portions of a P4-ColE1 hybrid. A P4 genetic map has been established and related to the physical map by examining the ability of these plasmids to rescue various P4 mutations. The P4 virl mutation and P4 genes involved in DNA replication (alpha), activation of P2 helper genes (delta and epsilon), polarity suppression (psu) and head size determination (sid) have been mapped, as has the region responsible for synthesis of a nonessential P4 protein. One of the deleted plasmids contains only 5900 base pairs (52%) of P4 but will form plaques if additional DNA is added to increase its total size to near that of P4. This plasmid is also unique in that it will not form stable associations with P2 lysogens of E. coli which are recA+. P4 alpha mutants can be suppressed as a result of replication under control of the ColE1 part of the hybrid.
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Abstract
Reactions to related performance feedback of 117 internal and external eighth-grade children were investigated under conditions which made denial of personal responsibility for outcomes difficult. Both internals and externals were equally pleased by success feedback and displeased by failure and their competence judgement was influenced by the feedback received. However, internals exhibited more effective coping with failure than did externals. They improved their performance following failure feedback relatively more than after success and no external feedback conditions, and their percieved competance did not decrease in comparison with externals.
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Modification of a gated acquisition test device. J Nucl Med 1978; 19:565. [PMID: 641587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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49
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Note on the self-focus sentence completion test. Psychol Rep 1976; 39:1007-10. [PMID: 1005585 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1976.39.3.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It was predicted that capacity for fantasy is positively correlated with scores on the Exner Self-focus Sentence Completion. A daydreaming questionnaire and the Self-focus Sentence Completion were administered to 45 Israeli college freshmen and sophomores. The hypotheses were not confirmed. The data were discussed in terms of the traits measured by the test. The similarity between the test profiles of these subjects and those of a homosexual group was noted, and an alternate explanation of the instrument was advanced.
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Abstract
Two-hundred and three male high school freshmen and sophomore students were administered a daydreaming questionnaire, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, and Rotter ISB. The latter was scored for hostility by the Renner, Maher, and Campbell method. The Subjects also rated one another on a sociometric scale measuring behavioral hostility. Subjects were divided into high and low fantasy groups. Analyses of variance were computed on the hostility measure data for 108 Subjects. The independent variables were obtained for the fantasy capacity measure and not for the peer rating measure. There was no positive correlation between the sociometric ratings and the hostility measures. In view of the results, the hostility measurement instruments are interpreted as measures of an individual's capacity to regard himself as hostile, rather than as measures of the actual hostility of his behavoir.
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