A comparison of phylogenetic and distance-based approaches for the distinction of genetically closed species, Draba rimarum (Rech.f.) A.R. Khosravi & A. Eslami-Farouji, and Draba aucheri Boiss. (Brassicaceae) as a case study

Circumscribing species boundries is necessary in systematic plant biology. Even a mistake in delimiting taxa may lead to incorrect scientific interpretations. Draba rimarum (Rech.f.) A.R. Khosravi & A. Eslami-Farouji is an endemic Iranian species with a narrow geographic distribution, and is genetically close to D. aucheri. The present study provided a phylogenetic review, time divergence, and planar network of both species to unravel the distinct position of both species along with the prediction of any conflicting or ambiguous signals. Regarding this purpose, here we represent that phylogenetic trees may fail to show reliable results toward the distinct position of genetically close species.

Toward a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships within Conringieae (Brassicaceae)

One new tribe (Plagiolobeae), one new species (Plagioloba derakii) together with two new combinations (P. persica and P. clavata) are established within Brassicaceae based on a decisive consideration of molecular phylogenetic dataset, morphological characters, fruit septum nature, as well as seed microsculpturing features. Results distinctly justified Arabis ottonis-schulzii as a synonym of Conringia persica and further molecular analyses proved its placement as a member of genus Plagioloba. It is also placed in a new tribe Plagiolobeae as close relatives of Conringieae and Coluteocarpeae. Finally, the diagnostic morphological characters separating the new tribe from the previously assigned tribe (Conringieae) are also discussed.

Airborne Pollens and Their Association with Meteorological Parameters in the Atmosphere of Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Airborne pollen is considered one of the causative agents of hay fever, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma. We aimed to investigate airborne pollens in the context of Shiraz located in the southwest of Iran and find their association with meteorological parameters.  The survey was conducted from October 2017 to September 2018, using seven days of volumetric Burkard spore trap, located in the center of the city. A total of 5810 pollen grains/m3 belonging to 15 taxa were identified and recorded. Among them, 73.8% was the tree, while the grass, shrub, and weed constituted 13.56%, 3.5%, and 9.2% of total reported pollens, respectively. The major pollen types were Platanaceae (28.39%), Oleaceae (21.17%), Pinaceae (15.11%), Amaranthaceae (9.29%), and Brassicaceae (8.02%). A higher number of pollen counts and types were recorded in March, followed by September, while it was lower in May. Meteorological parameters were correlated with the monthly pollen counts. Wind speed was found to have a positive correlation with Platanaceae concentration. The significant correlation between pollen concentration and the temperature was positive for Poaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Plantaginaceae and negative for Rosaceae, Oleaceae, and Ulmaceae.  Poaceae and Amaranthaceae were negatively correlated with humidity and positively with Rosaceae, Oleaceae, and Plantaginaceae. A negative correlation was found between rainfall and Poaceae and Amaranthaceae, while Plantaginaceae had a positive correlation with this parameter. The results of this study may be helpful for allergologists in the diagnosis and treatment of airborne allergic disorders due to pollen grains.

Aspergillus fumigatus conidia stimulate lung epithelial cells (TC-1 JHU-1) to produce IL-12, IFNγ, IL-13 and IL-17 cytokines: Modulatory effect of propolis extract

Aspergillus fumigatus conidia are the most prevalent indoors fungal allergens. The interaction between Aspergillus antigens and lung epithelial cells (LECs) result in innate immune functions. The association between Aspergillus conidia and allergic reactions, like allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and asthma have been repeatedly reported. Since conventional therapies for allergy and asthma are limited, finding new promising treatments are inevitable. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of A. fumigatus conidia on IL-12, IFNγ, IL-13 and IL-17 release from mouse LECs and to investigate the effect of propolis on cytokines modulation. Cells were divided to two groups, one was exposed to 3×10⁴ conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus and another group was treated by propolis (25μg/mL) as well as exposed to A. fumigatus conidia. Cytokines IL-13, IL-12, IFNγ and IL-17 were measured at times 0, 6 and 12hours after exposure using ELISA assay. The results indicated that A. fumigatus could increase the release of the cytokines with IL-13 and IL-17 being the most affected ones whilst treatment with propolis decreased the effects of A. fumigatus on IL-13 and IL-17 production. The results showed that propolis has down regulatory effects on Th2 cytokine, IL-13, and IL-17 production, whereas it caused a significant induction of IL-12, as an important Th1 cytokines by LECs. With respect to the obtained results, propolis extract might be contributed to decrease Th2 responses in allergic asthma phenomenon. However more investigations must be done in future to fully understand its efficacy.

Potential effect of 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) alone and in combination with fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei

Limitations of antifungals used in the treatment of candidiasis, as the development of resistant strains, are known by the scientific community. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the activity of 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) in combination with fluconazole (FLZ) against clinical Candida strains. The antifungal activity of thymol along with FLZ was evaluated by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A2 broth microdilution method. In addition, synergism was observed for clinical strains of Candida spp. with combination of thymol-FLZ evaluated by the chequerboard microdilution method. The mean of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of thymol and FLZ were 49.37 and 0.475μg/ml for C. albicans, 51.25 and 18.80μg/ml for C. glabrata and 70 and 179.20μg/ml for C. krusei strains, respectively. Thymol in combination with FLZ exhibited the synergistic effects against all species of Candida tested. FICI values for thymol plus FLZ ranged from 0.366 to 0.607 for C. albicans strains, 0.367 to 0.482 for C. glabrata strains, and 0.375 to 0.563 for C. krusei strains. No antagonistic activity was seen in the strains tested. Thymol was found to have a fungicidal effect on Candida species and a synergistic effect when combined with FLZ.

Evaluation of murine lung epithelial cells (TC-1 JHU-1) line to develop Th2-promoting cytokines IL-25/IL-33/TSLP and genes Tlr2/Tlr4 in response to Aspergillus fumigatus

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this study were to determine the role of live and heat-killed Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in releasing interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and to express Toll-like receptor (Tlr)2 and Tlr4 genes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Murine lung epithelial cells were incubated with live and heat-killed A. fumigatus conidia at 37°C for 6, 24 and 48h. After treatments, ELISA was performed to measure the concentrations of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in the supernatants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to assess the expression levels of Tlr2 and Tlr4 genes.

RESULTS

The concentrations of IL-25 and IL-33 significantly increased after exposure to live and heat-killed conidia for various times when compared with untreated control (P<0.05). The secretion of TSLP at different concentrations of heat-killed conidia was significantly higher than both live conidia and untreated control (P<0.05). qRT-PCR results indicated a up-regulation from 1.08 to 3.60-fold for Tlr2 gene expression and 1.20 to 1.80-fold for Tlr4 gene expression exposed to heat-killed conidia.

CONCLUSION

A. fumigatus has a potential ability to stimulate murine lung epithelial cells to produce IL-25/IL-33/TSLP, as well as to express Tlr2/Tlr4 genes, indicating an important role of lung epithelial cells in innate immune responses to A. fumigatus interaction.

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, a case study and literature review

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a clinically heterogeneous disease. Some immunologic and hormonal abnormalities have been associated with CMC. The factors that predispose host to CMC infection could be autosomal or acquisitive. The disease usually occurs in childhood. Here, we reviewed the published literature on chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and a four years old girl is presented with CMC. She had a history of recurrent thrush and otomycosis since the age of one. Candida albicans was detected in skin scraping and biopsy samples. Serum iron was low. TSH hormone level was high and T4 level was low. Giardia cysts were found in stool sample. Mucocutaneous and nail manifestations of the disease were disappeared after a period of Itraconazole therapy.

Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antifungal effects of five Iranian essential oils against Candida strains isolated from urine samples

Systemic candidiasis has become an emerging fungal infection in recent years. Anti-Candida resistance to conventional antifungal agents has subsequently increased. This study reported the chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-Candida activity of Origanum majorana, Artemisia dracunculus, Cymbopogon citrate, Cinnamomum verum and Caryophyllus aromaticus essential oils. Different Candida species, from urine tracts of hospitalized patients, were included to be challenged with understudied essential oils. Chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis and antioxidant activity was measured using DDPH assay. MIC of these essential oils was evaluated using broth micro-dilution test. Caryophyllus aromaticus had the highest antioxidant activity while the lowest antioxidant activity was for Artemisia dracunculus. MICs of Cinnamomum verum, Caryophillium aromaticus, Artemisia dracunculus, Origanum vulgare and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils ranged from 125 to 175μg/mL (mean value: 147.7±25.5μg/mL), 700 to 1000μg/mL (mean value: 740.9±105.4μg/mL), 1000 to 2000μg/mL (mean value: 1454.5±509.6μg/mL), 173 to 350μg/mL (mean value: 208±55.8μg/mL) and 125 to 175μg/mL (mean value: 156.8±24.6μg/mL) for different Candida species, respectively. In general, natural compounds are suitable to be used as anti-Candida and antioxidant agents. However in this stage, these compounds could be applied as supplementary agents along with conventional antifungal drugs.

The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea eriophora DC. on blood pressure of anaesthetized male rat

Achillea eriophora (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used in Iran. This study was performed to determine the cardiovascular effects of hydroethanolic extract of A. eriophora (HEAE) and the underlying mechanisms in anaesthetized rats. The acute effects of intravenous (i.v.) administration of different doses of HEAE (40, 50, 60, 80 mg/kg), and its probable interaction with cholinergic and nitrergic systems were investigated in the presence of ACh and NOS blocker (L-NAME) as well as ethanol (HEAE solvent in sham group). Intravenous administration of different doses of HEAE induced hypotension. HEAE (60 mg/kg) significantly reduced mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic arterial blood pressure (DBP) compared to control rats that treated with ethanol only, but no change in heart rate (HR) was seen in both groups. The results showed significant decrease in MAP, SBP, DBP and increase of HR in the presence of HEAE plus ACh (10 µg/kg) compared to when ACh was injected alone. Finally i.v. administration of HEAE, significantly reduced MAP and DBP in L-NAME (5 mg/kg) treated animals, while bradycardic responses to L-NAME were not significantly changed by HEAE. It can be concluded that Achillea eriophora induced hypotensive effect via lowering total peripheral resistance and cardiac output that may be synergist with cholinergic and independent of nitrergic system.

Mechanisms of resistance to fluconazole in Candida albicans clinical isolates from Iranian HIV-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis

OBJECTIVES

The opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is the major agent of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in HIV/AIDS patients. The increased use of fluconazole can lead to the emergence of azole-resistant strains and treatment failures in PLWH (people living with HIV) receiving long-term therapy for OPC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, and ERG11 gene expression in C. albicans clinically isolated from HIV-infected patients in Iran.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in 20 fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates obtained from Iranian HIV-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The overexpression of drug efflux pump CDR1 gene was found to be the major resistance mechanism observed in these isolates. The overexpression of the CDR1 gene correlated strongly with increasing resistance to fluconazole (P<0.05). Additionally, an increased level of mRNA in ERG11 was not observed in any of the tested isolates.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested that the CDR1 gene expression to fluconazole resistance in C. albicans is greater than other known genes.

Antifungal effect of Trachyspermum ammi against susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans

OBJECTIVE

Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) has been known as having many therapeutic properties and its antimicrobial activity has currently received a renewed interest. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of T. ammi essential oil to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains isolated from HIV(+) patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography. Susceptibility tests were expressed as inhibition zone by the disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) by the broth microdilution method.

RESULTS

Thymol (63.4%), p-cymene (19%) and γ-terpinen (16.9%) were found as the most abundant constituents. The disk diffusion results revealed that 67% of oral C. albicans isolates were susceptible, 9% susceptible-dose dependent and 24% resistant to fluconazole. In the broth microdilution method, 68% of isolates were susceptible, 5% susceptible-dose dependent and 27% resistant to fluconazole. The increase in concentration led to a significant reduction in yeasts that were growing in exponential phase. In addition, with increasing in T. ammi oil concentration, the time of remaining cells in lag phase was significantly increased.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that all clinical C. albicans isolates were susceptible to T. ammi essential oil, indicating a significant reduction in the yeast growth in exponential phase.

Immunomodulatory efficacy of ethanol extract of propolis on tumor-bearing mice with disseminated candidiasis

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of propolis on immunosurveillance by measuring the levels of serum interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in tumor-bearing mice with disseminated candidiasis.

METHODS

The ethanol extract of propolis was selected for this study. Balb/C female mice were infected with Candida albicans (C. albicans) and inoculated with spontaneous mouse mammary tumor (SMMT). The serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) were assessed by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mice were treated daily with propolis solution (100mg/kg, 0.1 mL, orally) for 3 days before IV challenge with C. albicans and SC challenge with SMMT and continued for 10 days. The rates of survival and tumor growth of understudy mice were investigated as well. The levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17 cytokines in culture supernatants were determined by ELISA.

RESULTS

The mean tumor size was significantly increased in tumor-bearing mice infected with C. albicans (16.98 ± 0.49 mm(2)) as compared to other mice groups (P<0.05). The results showed a significant decline of IL-4 and IL-10 levels after propolis administration to tumor-bearing mice infected with C. albicans (53.41 pg/mL, 156.81 pg/mL and 63.45 pg/mL) (P < 0.05). The increment of TNF-α (433.85 pg/mL) and IFN-γ (120.43 pg/mL) levels were also observed.

CONCLUSION

Data revealed that propolis has remarkable immunomodulatory effect, which provides a scientific validation for the popular use of this natural substance, and further investigation will help to understand propolis usefulness during immunosuppressive conditions.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sirjan in Kerman Province, Iran

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

From ancient time human beings have used different plants, animals and minerals to prevent and treat various diseases. In this respect, plants have been of particular importance. Ethnobotany is the science of reviewing how indigenous people and local tribes have used their regional plants for particular purposes such as treating diseases in the past. The information gathered from such studies can help to improve national health systems and even lead to the discovery of new medicines. Keeping this in mind, in this study a survey of Sirjan area ethnobotany was conducted during 2011-2012.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

At the beginning, thirteen local people were interviewed about their region׳s medicinal plants and their consumptions. These plants were collected and identified using identification keys. The data collected was analyzed using quantitative value indices FIC, RFC and CI.

RESULT

Many plants collected have medicinal properties and have been used by local people to treat various ailments. Of these plants, nineteen families, 37 genera and 43 species belonged to medicinal plants. Among them, Lamiaceae with 8 species and Malva L. with 3 species were the largest medicinal plant families and genera, respectively. These plants are often used as decoction (28%) and as powder (21%). Also, the fruit of these plants are used most often. Besides being used as medicinal plants, they have other uses such as food, fuel, etc. Malva sylvestris has the largest value of relative frequency of citation and cultural importance indices. The most ailment categories have the highest level of informant agreement (mean FIC=0.92).

CONCLUSION

Despite the semi-desert climate and lack of rich vegetation, many medicinal and economic plants are found in Sirjan region. Uncontrolled harvesting of the medicinal plants such as Bunium persicum, Cuminum cyminum, Zataria multiflora and Satureja bachtiarica in this region by local people has increased the risk of their extinction and calls for a restrict control over their protection by the authorities.

Antifungal efficacy of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and menthol as alternative agents to control the growth of food-relevant fungi

OBJECTIVE

This work is an attempt to examine the antifungal activity of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and menthol against 11 food-decaying fungi.

METHODS

The susceptibility test for the compounds was carried out in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) using microdilution method in 96 multi-well microtiter plates.

RESULTS

Results indicated that all compounds were effective to varying extents against various fungal isolates, with the highest efficacy displayed by carvacrol (mean MIC value: 154.5 μg/mL) (P<0.05). The incorporation of increased concentrations of all compounds to the media led to progressive and significant reduction in growth for all fungi. The most potent inhibitory activity of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and menthol was found for Cladosporium spp. (MIC: 100 μg/mL), Aspergillus spp. (MIC: 100 μg/mL), Cladosporium spp. (MIC: 350 μg/mL), and Aspergillus spp. and Cladosporium spp. (MIC: 125 μg/mL), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the application of these herbal components could be considered as a good alternatives to inhibit fungal growth and to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides.

Ocular fungal flora from healthy horses in Iran

OBJECTIVE

This study was carried out in order to isolate and identify the normal conjunctival fungal flora from Caspian miniature, Thoroughbred, Turkmen and Persian Arab breeds in Tehran, Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of seventy-two adult healthy horses were studied. Ocular samples were collected from right and left eyes by using sterile cotton swabs; samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and incubated at 30°C for 7-10 days. Molds and yeasts were identified using macro and micro-morphological and physiological characteristics.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Number of fungal colonies per eye varied between 0 and 123 colony forming units (CFUs). The most predominant fungal isolates were Aspergillus (19.9%), Rhizopus (15.9%) and Penicillium (15.1%). No significant differences were observed between types of eye fungal floras in different breeds. Caspian miniature horses had significantly the highest number of fungal isolates in compare with other breeds (P<0.001), however no significant difference was observed among other breeds under study. The fungal isolates were almost the same as with studies performed in other countries, although differences in species isolated could be related to geographic and climate difference.

The potential effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil on growth, aflatoxin production and transcription of aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway genes of toxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus

This study aims at evaluating the effects of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) essential oil (EO) on growth, aflatoxin production and transcription of aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway genes. Total RNAs of Aspergillus parasiticus (A.parasiticus) ATCC56775 grown in yeast extract sucrose (YES) broth medium treated with Z. multiflora EO were subjected to reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Specific primers of nor-1, ver-1, omt-A and aflR genes were used. In parallel mycelial dry weight of samples were measured and all the media were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for aflatoxinB1 (AFB1), aflatoxinB2 (AFB2), aflatoxinG1 (AFG1), aflatoxinG2 (AFG2) and aflatoxin total (AFTotal) production. The results showed that mycelial dry weight and aflatoxin production reduce in the presence of Z. multiflora EO (100 ppm) on day 5 of growth. It was found that the expression of nor-1, ver-1, omt-A and aflR genes was correlated with the ability of fungus to produce aflatoxins on day 5 in YES medium. RT-PCR showed that in the presence of Z.multiflora EO (100 ppm) nor-1, ver-1 and omtA genes expression was reduced. It seems that toxin production inhibitory effects of Z. multiflora EO on day 5 may be at the transcription level and this herb may cause reduction in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway genes activity.

The potential inhibitory effect of cuminum cyminum, ziziphora clinopodioides and nigella sativa essential oils on the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus

The goals of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Nigella sativa essential oils to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and A.flavus and to evoke ultrastructural changes. The fungi were cultured into RPMI 1640 media in the presence of oils at concentrations of 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1.25, 1, 0.75 and 0.5 mg/ml in broth microdilution and 2, 1.5, 1 and 0.5 mg/ml in broth macrodilution methods with shaking for 48 h at 28^oC. Conidial and mycelial samples exposed to 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg essential oils/ml for 5 days in 2% yeast extract granulated plus 15% Saccharose media were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on broth dilution methods, C. cyminum and to a lesser extent Z. clinopodioides oils exhibited the strongest activity against A. fumigatus and A.flavus with MIC₉₀ ranging from 0.25 to 1.5 mg/ml, while the oil from N. sativa exhibited relatively moderate activity against two above fungi with MIC₉₀ ranging from 1.5 to 2 mg/ml. The main changes observed by TEM were in the cell wall, plasma membrane and membranous organelles; in particular, in the nuclei and mitochondria. These modifications in fungal structure were associated with the interference of the essential oils with the enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis, which disturbed normal growth. Moreover, the essential oils caused high vacuolation of the cytoplasm, detachment of fibrillar layer of cell wall, plasma membrane disruption and disorganization of the nuclear and mitochondrial structures. Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus growth inhibition induced by these oils were found to be well-correlated with subsequent morphological changes of the fungi exposed to different fungistatic concentrations of the oils. Our results show the anti-Aspergillus activities of C. cyminum, Z. clinopodioides and N. sativa essential oils, which strengthens the potential use of these substances as anti-mould in the future.

Trichophyton Schoenleinii-induced widespread tinea corporis mimicking parapsoriasis

We report a case of extensive tinea corporis in an 80-year-old woman on her forearms, thighs, legs, buttocks and trunk, mimicking parapsoriasis due to Trichophyton schoenleinii, without scalp involvement. Diagnosis of Trichophyton schoenleinii was confirmed by microscopy and mycological culture specimens.

Sensibilisation of asthmatic patients to extracted antigens from strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger

OBJECTIVE

The main purpose of this study sought to evaluate the frequency of sensitivity of Iranian asthmatic patients to three regional Aspergillus species of fumigatus, flavus and niger, by detection of antigen-specific IgE in the patients' sera.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Crude extracts were prepared following the disruption of fungi cell walls by the application of glass beads and their protein fractions were isolated by SDS-PAGE. After electrotransfer of protein bands into the nitrocellulose membrane, IgE-immunoblotting was performed against the sera from 32 asthmatic patients in addition to 20 healthy controls.

RESULTS

Our results interestingly showed that all of the studied Iranian asthmatic patients were sensitive to A. fumigatus and A. flavus antigens. This frequency was 65.6% in the case of A. niger, however, all control samples were negative. Age/sex analysis generally indicated higher sensitivities of young patients (<30 years old) to Aspergillus species with a statistical significance in the case of A. niger (P=0.02) and additionally more sensitivity of females. Using Immunoblotting assay, 23 IgE-reactive allergenic components from A. fumigatus, 15 from A. flavus and 13 from A. niger in a broad molecular weight spectrum were identified, among which several fragments were not previously reported.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this study found a high frequency of sensitivity of Iranian asthmatic patients to regional isolates of A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. niger, which suggested the importance of these species in development of asthma. Moreover, we reported allergenic profiles of Iranian isolates in different patterns not previously observed.

Socioeconomic disparities and smoking habits in metabolic syndrome: evidence from isfahan healthy heart program

BACKGROUND

The metabolic syndrome (Mets) consists of major clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This study determines the association of socioeconomic determinants and smoking behavior in a population-based sample of Iranians with Mets.

METHODS

This cross-sectional survey comprised 12600 randomly selected men and women aged ≥ 19 years living in three counties in central part of Iran. They participated in the baseline survey of a community-based program for CVD prevention entitled" Isfahan Healthy Heart Program" in 2000-2001. Subjects with Mets were selected based on NCEP- ATPIII criteria. Demographic data, medical history, lifestyle, smoking habits, physical examination, blood pressure, obesity indices and serum lipids were determined.

RESULTS

The mean age of subjects with Mets was significantly higher. The mean age of smokers in both groups was higher than non-smokers but with lower WC and WHR. Marital status, age and residency were not significantly different in smokers with Mets and non-smokers with Mets. Smoking was more common in the middle educational group in the income category of Quartile 1-3. Mets was significantly related to age, sex and education. Middle-aged and elderly smokers were at approximately 4-5 times higher risk among Mets subjects. Low education decreased the risk of Mets by 0.48; similarly in non-smokers, 6-12 years of education decreased the risk of Mets by 0.72.

CONCLUSION

More educated persons had a better awareness and behavior related to their health and role of smoking. In the lower social strata of the Iranian population, more efforts are needed against smoking habits.

Aflatoxin Detoxification in Rice using Citric Acid

BACKGROUND

Aflatoxins cause health hazards to human and animals and has also economical problems. Therefore, the detoxification effect of citric acid was investigated in rice as the main food of Iranian people.

METHODS

Initially 275 samples of rice were examined for aflatoxins by HPLC. The aflatoxins contaminated samples were later treated by aqueous citric acid and detoxification of aflatoxins were quantified using HPLC.

RESULTS

Among the 275 samples analyzed, aflatoxin B(1) and aflatoxin B(2) were detected in 211(76.72% of total) samples. Aflatoxin B(1) was detected in 203(73.82% of total) samples with a mean and standard deviation of 2.3±10.21ppb. Aflatoxin B(2) together with aflatoxin B(1) were detected in only 8(2.91% of total) samples with a mean and standard deviation of 1.38±2.7ppb of aflatoxin B(2) and 2.99±1.56 of aflatoxin B(1) respectively. Aflatoxin B(1) level in 5 samples (1.82%) was above the maximum tolerated level of aflatoxin B(1) in Iran (5ppb). However considering the Iranian maximum tolerated level for aflatoxins in rice (30ppb), only 3(1.09%) samples were above the 30ppb and also in regard to the European maximum tolerated level for aflatoxins in rice (4ppb), only 9(3.27%) samples were considered as higher than 4ppb.

CONCLUSION

The HPLC assay showed that although aflatoxins with a concentration of <30 and <4 ppb in the rice samples were completely degraded, but 97.22% degradation occurred in rice contaminated with ≥30 and ≥4ppb when treated with 1N citric acid. These results revealed the efficacy of 1N citric acid in reducing aflatoxins levels in rice.

Comparative efficacies of Zataria multiflora essential oil and itraconazole against disseminated Candida albicans infection in BALB/c mice

Disseminated candidiasis is a serious problem in public health that results from the invasion of Candida species, in particular Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of Zataria multiflora essential oil and itraconazole in clearing C. albicans from the visceral organs of BALB/c mice suffered from disseminated candidiasis. Zataria multiflora essential oil was extracted using Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For clearance experiment, mice (20-25 g, N=8 per group) received essential oil at doses of 30, 48 and 64 mg/kg and itraconazole at dose of 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP) 2 days before and after intravenous inoculation of 0.5 × 10⁶C. albicans blastospores. The treated animals were sacrificed on day 20, and 0.1 g of the tissue homogenates was plated onto specific media. In GC-Mass, the main components of the essential oil were carvacrol (61.29%) and thymol (25.18%). The results demonstrated that IP administration of 64 mg/kg of the essential oil had the highest efficacy in reducing C. albicans and produced 39.5, 21.8, 141.5, 174 and 501-fold reductions in mean CFUs per 0.1 gram in Candida infections of the liver, spleen, lungs, brain and kidneys, respectively, compared to positive control. Itraconazole showed significantly more responsiveness than the essential oil at dose of 30 mg/kg in clearing C. albicans from the kidneys (P<0.02), brain (P<0.02) and spleen (P<0.04), and less responsiveness than that of 64 mg/kg in clearing the organism from the brain (P<0.01), lungs (P<0.0005) and kidneys (P<0.0005), whereas no significant difference was observed between this drug and Z. multiflora at dose of 48 mg/kg. These data explain the increased rate of yeast clearance and reduced dissemination to the viscera of Z. multiflora treated mice.

Evaluation of Candida albicans allergens reactive with specific IgE in asthma and atopic eczema patients

Candida albicans (C. albicans) produces important allergenic components which can induce allergic reactions in sensitised patients. The purpose of this study was to extract the C. albicans antigens for evaluating the specific anti-Candida IgE in sera of atopic eczema (AE) and asthmatic patients (AS). 95 AE, 85 AS, and 70 non-atopic cases were selected with sequential trials. Candida albicans antigens were prepared and then skin prick test (SPT), ELISA and IgE-immunoblotting tests were performed for all patients. Positive SPT reactions were obtained on 52.6% of AE and 54.1% of AS patients and 4.3% of healthy controls (P < 0.05). Using ELISA, specific anti-C. albicans IgE antibody was detected in 32.6% and 41.2% of patients with AE and AS, respectively. No specific IgE antibody was detected in healthy controls (P < 0.05). In SDS-PAGE, protein bands with molecular weights between 13 and 135 kDa were detected, and some of them reacted with specific IgE in immunoblotting. In AE patients, the most important allergenic components were 25, 34, and 57 kDa protein bands, whereas in AS, 22, 25, and 34 kDa protein bands were observed as major allergens. Candida albicans produces different allergenic components that can induce allergic reactions and may be pathogenetically important in patients with AE and AS.

Essential Oil Composition of Two Subspecies of Nepeta Glomerulosa Boiss. from Iran

Essential oil compositions of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss. subsp. glomerulosa and N. glomerulosa subsp. stapfiana (Bornm. ex Rech. f.) Rech. f., each gathered from two different locations, have been investigated by GC and GC/MS. 1,8-Cineole was the major compound in the oils of both collections of subspecies glomerulosa (27.4%, 30.6%), and was also a major constituent of subspecies stapfiana (14.9%, 17.8%). However, caryophyllene oxide was the predominant compound for both oils of subspecies stapfiana (32.0%, 24.1%). From the chemotaxonomic point of view, the two members of each subspecies comprised a separate group with a considerable distance from the other two, and the morphological differences of these two subspecies were well reflected in their essential oil compositions.

Outbreak of severe disseminated aspergillosis in a flock of ostrich (Struthio camelus)

This study was undertaken to describe clinical, mycological and histopathological findings in black neck ostriches affected with severe aspergillosis in a flock including 80 birds, near Tehran, Iran. The signs included anorexia, depression, notable weight loss, diarrhoea, severe respiratory distress and death. Grossly, the lungs showed numerous white to yellow caseous nodules and the walls of the thoracic and abdominal air sacs were thickened with inflammatory exudates containing cellular debris, necrotic masses and green mold colonies. Multiple nodules were observed in the liver, spleen and gastrointestinal tract as well. Histopathologically, there were conidial heads and fungal hyphae in the air sacs and multifocal necrotic and granulomatous lesions with septated and dichotomously branched hyphae in various tissues, which were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Grocott's methenamine silver nitrate. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated in various tissues taken from affected ostriches.

Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk at cattle farms in Babol, Iran

In this study, raw cow milk samples were collected from milk churns at 40 traditional and semi-industrial cattle farms located in Babol (Northern Iran) in winter 2006. In total, 120 raw milk samples were tested for Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination by competitive ELISA. In 68 out of 120 samples (56.7%) the presence of AFM1 was detected by concentration ranging from 50 to 352.3 ng L(-1). Fifty two samples (43.3%) contained AFM1 at levels of 4-50 ng L(-1) (The AFM1 contamination levels were between 4-352.3 ng L(-1) by the average of 102.73 ng L(-1)). In general, 56.7% of samples were beyond the limit of European community regulations (50 ng L(-1)). In other words, the AFM1 contamination levels in raw milk were more than twice over standard levels. The AFM1 contamination levels, (> 50 ng L(-1)), in January, February and March were 40, 65 and 65%, respectively. Estimation of contamination of AFB1 using AFM1 in feed stuff showed that it was about 0.25 to 22 microg kg(-1) holding the average of 46.7%, being higher than European community limit (5 microg kg(-1)).

Immediate hypersensitivity to Malassezia furfur in patients with atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic dermatitis that has unknown aetiology. It seems that Malassezia furfur has a role in pathogenesis of AD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate skin responses to M. furfur antigens in AD patients. Malassezia furfur was grown and the yeasts were broken. Cells were centrifuged and supernatants were used as crude extracts (CE). Protein components of CE were separated by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In addition, to fractionate CE antigens, gel filtration chromatography was performed. One hundred and fifteen AD patients were selected for skin-prick test (SPT). In SDS-PAGE, CE showed a total of 19 different protein bands (10-100 kDa). Chromatographic gel filtration with M. furfur proteins showed four major fractions (F). The protein pattern of F(1) (tube no. 40) was between 22 and 100 kDa and it was selected for SPT. In SPT, 49.6% and 42.6% patients showed positive reactions with CE and F(1) antigens respectively. The most positive results were obtained in 20-29 aged group (P < 0.001). The allergens of M. furfur may have a role in AD signs; it is suggested to use F(1) antigens in allergy tests.

Dermatophytes isolated from domestic animals in Iran

Between 1994 and 1998, a total of 790 feather, hair and skin specimens from a variety of animals with suspected dermatophytoses were studied, of which 248 (31.4%) yielded dermatophytes. The most frequent dermatophytes isolated were Microsporum canis (38.3%), Trichophyton verrucosum (31.8%), T. mentagrophytes (13.3%) and M. gypseum (7.7%). There was a significantly higher proportion of positive cultures from cats (54.8%) than dogs (8.2%), and M. canis was the most common species isolated (87.2 and 50% respectively). Trichophyton verrucosum was the most frequent causative agent of dermatophytoses in ruminants, M. equinum in horses, M. gypseum in rabbits, M. gallinae in chickens and T. mentagrophytes in pet squirrels.

Onychomycosis in Tehran, Iran: prevailing fungi and treatment with itraconazole

A total of 187 Patients with suspected onychomycosis were examined for causative fungal agents between 1996 and 1997. Laboratory examination confirmed onychomycosis in 115 patients, of which 97 cases were presented with positive microscopic and cultural examinations, and they were selected for itraconazole pulse therapy. From an etiological point of view, 48.4% of the nail infections, mainly toenail infections, were caused by dermatophytes, 43.3% were infected with Candida spp, specially infected fingernails, and 8.2% by non-dermatophytic molds. Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigital and T. violaceum were the most prevalent species. Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis were the predominant species of the Genus Candida. Scopolariopsis brevicaulis was the most common non-dermatophyte molds observed. Female affected more frequently than male and in both sexes, those who were 30-49 years old, more infected. Toenails were affected more frequently than fingernails. In this study, itraconazole pulse therapy (400 mg daily) gave during the first week of per month for 3 months. The study included 51 patients with toenail onychomychosis (group 1) and 46 patients with fingernail infections (group 2). Patients were followed up for 9 months after the last treatment. Clinical response rates were 83% in the group 1, 95% in the group 2 at month 12; the corresponding mycological cure rates were 71 and 87%, respectively.

Case report: chronic dermatophyte infection in a patient with vitiligo and discoid lupus erythematosus

We report the case of a patient suffering from vitiligo and discoid lupus erythematosus. The nails of the left hand were involved with subungual hyperkeratosis. He was treated by local and systemic corticosteroid and chloroquine but hyperkeratotic lesions progressed on the affected sites and were found to be caused by Trichophyton violaceum.

Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon (Columbia livia droppings in northern Iran

Nine hundred and eighty three specimens of pigeon droppings, collected in different regions of northern Iran, were examined. Of these samples, 175 (17.8%) were positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. All isolates obtained were C. neoformans var. neoformans. Most of these isolates of C. neoformans were from pigeon shelters. There were significant differences in isolation frequency between pigeon shelters and the other collection sites.

Fungal flora of the hair coat of stray cats in Iran

The fungal flora of the hair coat of 100 stray cats in different districts of the city of Isfahan, Iran, were examined. Saprophytic fungi were isolated from all cats. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor and Cladosporium spp. were the most frequently isolated saprophytes. Microsporum canis was isolated from all kittens with clinical signs of dermatophytosis. In other cases, M. canis was isolated only from 22 of the 96 cats. No significant differences in sex, hair length, and fungal flora of the hair coat were found between the M. canis-infected and M. canis-free cats.

Dermatophytoses in Iran

A total of 12,150 cases of suspected dermatophytoses in different areas of Iran were studied between 1986 and 1991. The age groups most commonly infected were 1-9 and 20-29 years. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed in only 9345 cases by laboratory examination. Of these positive samples, 1633 cases were found to be positive by direct microscopic observation only, 429 by culture only and 7283 by both techniques. Scalp ringworm of children was the most common type of tinea. But according to the rate of infection, tinea corporis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea manuum, tinea unguium and tinea barbae were the next most prevalent in that order. The frequencies of dermatophytes isolated from patients were as follows: Microsporum canis 19.4%, Trichophyton rubrum 16.5%, Epidermophyton floccosum 14.9%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 14.6%, Trichophyton verrucosum 11.5%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes 6%, Trichophyton violaceum 8.7%, Trichophyton schoenleinii 5.5%, Trichophyton tonsurans 1.3%, Trichophyton erinacei 0.8% and Microsporum gallinae 0.2%.