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Wang W, He H, Zheng L, Zeng S, Cho HY, Kouhi A, Khawli LA, Chen L, Stathopoulos A, Schönthal AH, Epstein AL, Chen TC. Enhancing brain entry and therapeutic activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells with intra-arterial NEO100 in a mouse model of CNS lymphoma. J Neurosurg 2023:1-9. [PMID: 38157532 DOI: 10.3171/2023.10.jns231097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malignancies of the CNS are difficult to treat because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents most therapeutics from reaching the intracranial lesions at sufficiently high concentrations. This also applies to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, for which systemic delivery is inferior to direct intratumoral or intraventricular injection of the cells. The authors previously reported on a novel approach to safely and reversibly open the BBB of mice by applying intra-arterial (IA) injections of NEO100, a pharmaceutical-grade version of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol. The authors hypothesized that this method would enable enhanced brain entry and therapeutic activity of intravenously delivered CAR T cells, which the authors tested in a mouse model of CNS lymphoma. METHODS Human Raji lymphoma cells were implanted into the brains of immune-deficient mice. After tumor uptake was confirmed with bioluminescent imaging, 0.3% NEO100 was injected intra-arterially, which was followed by intravenous (IV) delivery of CD19-targeted CAR T cells. After this single intervention, tumor growth was monitored with imaging, long-term survival of mice was recorded, and select mice were euthanized to analyze the distribution of CAR T cells in brain tissue. RESULTS Intravenously injected CAR T cells could be readily detected in brain tumor areas after IA injection of NEO100 but not after IA injection of the vehicle (without NEO100). Although all untreated control animals died within 3 weeks, all mice that received IA NEO100 followed by IV CAR T cells survived and thrived for 200 days, when the experiment was terminated. Of the mice that received IV CAR T cells without prior IA NEO100, 3 died within 3 weeks and 2 survived long-term. CONCLUSIONS BBB opening by IA NEO100 facilitates brain entry of intravenously delivered CD19 CAR T cells. The long-term survival of all mice with CNS lymphoma, along with the disappearance of the tumor as determined with imaging, suggests that this one-time therapeutic intervention was curative. BBB opening by IA NEO100 may offer a novel option to increase brain access by CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiping He
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Shan Zeng
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Ligang Chen
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Apostolos Stathopoulos
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- 5Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan L Epstein
- 3Pathology, and
- 6Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery
- 3Pathology, and
- 6Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Wang W, He H, Zeng S, Cho HY, Minea RO, Swenson SD, Zheng L, Epstein AL, Stathopoulos A, Chen L, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Enhanced brain entry of checkpoint-inhibitory therapeutic antibodies facilitated by intraarterial NEO100 in mouse models of brain-localized malignancies. J Neurosurg 2023; 139:822-830. [PMID: 36738464 DOI: 10.3171/2022.12.jns221285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune checkpoint-inhibitory therapeutic antibodies have shown striking activity against several types of cancers but are less effective against brain-localized malignancies, in part due to the protective effect of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The authors hypothesized that intraarterial (IA) delivery of a novel compound, NEO100, has the potential to safely and reversibly open the BBB to enable brain-targeted therapeutic activity of checkpoint-inhibitory antibodies. METHODS Immunocompetent mice with syngeneic glioblastoma or melanoma cells implanted into their brains were subjected to a single IA injection of NEO100 to open their BBB. One dose of murine anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody was either coinjected with NEO100 or separately injected intravenously. Brain penetration of these antibodies and levels of CD8+ T cell infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment were quantitated and animal survival was monitored. RESULTS IA NEO100 enabled the increased accumulation of checkpoint-inhibitory antibodies in the brain, along with greater numbers of T cells. In both malignancy models, a single intervention of IA NEO100 combined with antibody resulted in the long-term survival of animals. Antibody treatment in the absence of NEO100 was far less effective. CONCLUSIONS BBB opening by IA NEO100 facilitates brain tumor access by checkpoint-inhibitory antibodies and enables their therapeutic activity, along with increased levels of T-cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiping He
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Radu O Minea
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery
- 3Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | | | | | - Alan L Epstein
- 3Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
- 4Pathology
| | - Apostolos Stathopoulos
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Ligang Chen
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- 6Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery
- 3Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
- 4Pathology
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Lapierre JA, Geary LA, Jang JK, Epstein AL, Hong F, Shih JC. Deletion of monoamine oxidase A in a prostate cancer model enhances anti-tumor immunity through reduced immune suppression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 634:100-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Cheng Q, Dai Z, Smbatyan G, Epstein AL, Lenz HJ, Zhang Y. Eliciting anti-cancer immunity by genetically engineered multifunctional exosomes. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3066-3077. [PMID: 35746867 PMCID: PMC9481992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles involved in regulating intercellular communications. In contrast to conventional nanomedicines, exosomes are characterized by unique advantages for therapeutic development. Despite their major successes in drug delivery, the full potential of exosomes for immunotherapy remains untapped. Herein we designed genetically engineered exosomes featured with surfaced-displayed antibody targeting groups and immunomodulatory proteins. Through genetic fusions with exosomal membrane proteins, Expi293F cell-derived exosomes were armed with monoclonal antibodies specific for human T-cell CD3 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as immune checkpoint modulators, programmed death 1 (PD-1) and OX40 ligand (OX40L). The resulting genetically engineered multifunctional immune-modulating exosomes (GEMINI-Exos) can not only redirect and activate T cells toward killing EGFR-positive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells but also elicit robust anti-cancer immunity, giving rise to highly potent inhibition against established TNBC tumors in mice. GEMINI-Exos represent candidate agents for immunotherapy and may offer a general strategy for generating exosome-based immunotherapeutics with desired functions and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhefu Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Goar Smbatyan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Cao X, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhong X, Gunes EG, Dang J, Wang J, Epstein AL, Querfeld C, Sun Z, Rosen ST, Feng M. Targeting macrophages for enhancing CD47 blockade-elicited lymphoma clearance and overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression. Blood 2022; 139:3290-3302. [PMID: 35134139 PMCID: PMC9164740 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Strategies targeting TAMs to enable tumor cell killing through cellular phagocytosis have emerged as promising cancer immunotherapy. Although several phagocytosis checkpoints have been identified, the desired efficacy has not yet been achieved by blocking such checkpoints in preclinical models or clinical trials. Here, we showed that late-stage non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was resistant to therapy targeting phagocytosis checkpoint CD47 due to the compromised capacity of TAMs to phagocytose lymphoma cells. Via a high-throughput screening of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved anticancer small molecule compounds, we identified paclitaxel as a potentiator that promoted the clearance of lymphoma by directly evoking phagocytic capability of macrophages, independently of paclitaxel's chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity toward NHL cells. A combination with paclitaxel dramatically enhanced the anticancer efficacy of CD47-targeted therapy toward late-stage NHL. Analysis of TME by single-cell RNA sequencing identified paclitaxel-induced TAM populations with an upregulation of genes for tyrosine kinase signaling. The activation of Src family tyrosine kinases signaling in macrophages by paclitaxel promoted phagocytosis against NHL cells. In addition, we identified a role of paclitaxel in modifying the TME by preventing the accumulation of a TAM subpopulation that was only present in late-stage lymphoma resistant to CD47-targeted therapy. Our findings identify a novel and effective strategy for NHL treatment by remodeling TME to enable the tumoricidal roles of TAMs. Furthermore, we characterize TAM subgroups that determine the efficiency of lymphoma phagocytosis in the TME and can be potential therapeutic targets to unleash the antitumor activities of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute
| | | | - Wencan Zhang
- Department of Immunology & Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute
| | - Xiancai Zhong
- Department of Immunology & Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute
| | - E Gulsen Gunes
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and
| | - Jessica Dang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and
- Division of Dermatology
- Department of Pathology, and
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology & Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute
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Kumar P, Balakrishnan S, Surendra Lele S, Setty S, Dhingra S, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. Restoration of Follicular T Regulatory/Helper Cell Balance by OX40L-JAG1 Cotreatment Suppresses Lupus Nephritis in NZBWF1/j Mice. J Immunol 2022; 208:2467-2481. [PMID: 35470257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Class-switched antinuclear autoantibodies produced by T follicular helper (TFH) cell-dependent germinal center (GC) B cell response play an essential pathogenic role in lupus nephritis (LN). The role of T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, an effector subset of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), which are specialized in suppressing TFH-GC response and Ab production, remains elusive in LN. Contrasting reports have shown increased/reduced circulating TFR cells in human lupus that might not accurately reflect their presence in the GCs of relevant lymphoid organs. In this study, we report a progressive reduction in TFR cells and decreased TFR/TFH ratio despite increased Tregs in the renal lymph nodes of NZBWF1/j mice, which correlated with increased GC-B cells and proteinuria onset. Cotreatment with soluble OX40L and Jagged-1 (JAG1) proteins increased Tregs, TFR cells, and TFR/TFH ratio, with a concomitant reduction in TFH cells, GC B cells, and anti-dsDNA IgG Ab levels, and suppressed LN onset. Mechanistic studies showed attenuated TFH functions and diminished GC events such as somatic hypermutation and isotype class-switching in OX40L-JAG1-treated mice. RNA sequencing studies revealed inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1a) and STAT3 signaling in T conventional cells from OX40L-JAG1-treated mice, which are critical for the glycolytic flux and differentiation into TFH cell lineage. Therefore, the increased TFR/TFH ratio seen in OX40L-JAG1-treated mice could involve both impaired differentiation of TFH cells from T conventional cells and expansion of TFR cells. We show a key role for GC-TFR/TFH imbalance in LN pathogenesis and how restoring homeostatic balance can suppress LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sivasangari Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Swarali Surendra Lele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Suman Setty
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Shaurya Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL;
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7
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Salatino A, Mirabelli M, Chiefari E, Greco M, Di Vito A, Bonapace G, Brunetti FS, Crocerossa F, Epstein AL, Foti DP, Brunetti A. The anticancer effects of Metformin in the male germ tumor SEM-1 cell line are mediated by HMGA1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1051988. [PMID: 36506071 PMCID: PMC9727077 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1051988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common type of cancer in young men. These tumors usually originate from the testis, but they can occasionally develop from extragonadal sites probably due to primordial germ cells (PGCs) migration errors. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is usually effective for male GCTs, but the risk of toxicity is high and new therapeutic strategies are needed. Although Metformin (Met) has been widely studied as a potential cancer treatment over the past decades, there is limited evidence to support its use in treating male GCTs. Additionally, the mechanism by which it acts on tumor cells is still not entirely understood. METHODS SEM-1 cells, a newly established human cell line of extragonadal origin, were treated with Met. Cell viability was studied by MTT assay, while cell migration and invasion were studied by the wound healing assay and the transwell assay, respectively. The effect of Met on 3D spheroid formation was determined by seeding SEM-1 cells in appropriate cell suspension culture conditions, and cell cycle was characterized by flow cytometry. Factors involved in PGCs migration and GCT invasion, such as IGFBP1, IGF1R, MMP-11 and c-Kit, together with cyclin D1 (a key regulator of cell cycle progression), and the upstream factor, HMGA1, were determined by immunoblots. RESULTS Treatment of SEM-1 cells with Met resulted in a potent and dose-dependent reduction of cell proliferation, as evidenced by decreased nuclear abundance of cyclin D1 and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Also, Met prevented the formation of 3D spheroids, and blocked cell migration and invasion by reducing the expression of IGFBP1, IGF1R and MMP-11. Both, IGFBP1 and MMP-11 are under control of HMGA1, a chromatin-associated protein that is involved in the regulation of important oncogenic, metabolic and embryological processes. Intriguingly, an early reduction in the nuclear abundance of HMGA1 occurred in SEM-1 cells treated with Met. CONCLUSIONS Our results document the antiproliferative and antimigratory effects of Met in SEM-1 cells, providing new insights into the potential treatments for male GCTs. The anticancer properties of Met in SEM-1 cells are likely related to its ability to interfere with HMGA1 and downstream targets, including cyclin D1, the IGFs system, and MMP-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Salatino
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Mirabelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eusebio Chiefari
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Greco
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Di Vito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bonapace
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco S. Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Crocerossa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alan L. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniela P. Foti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonio Brunetti,
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Dong T, Dave P, Yoo E, Ebright B, Ahluwalia K, Zhou E, Asante I, Salimova M, Pei H, Lin T, Mead A, Li Z, Humayun M, Petasis NA, Epstein AL, Louie SG. NAP1051, a Lipoxin A4 Biomimetic Analogue, Demonstrates Antitumor Activity Against the Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2384-2397. [PMID: 34607931 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resolving tumor-associated inflammation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may promote antitumor effects. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a short-lived endogenous bioactive lipid with potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Here, a biomimetic of LXA4, NAP1051, was shown to have LXA4-like in vitro properties and antitumor activity in colorectal cancer xenograft models. NAP1051 inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLP and dose-dependently promoted dTHP-1 efferocytosis which was equipotent to aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 (ATLA). In dTHP-1 cells, NAP1051 induced strong phosphorylation on ERK1/2 and AKT similar to formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) agonists. In two mouse xenograft colorectal cancer models, NAP1051 significantly inhibited tumor growth when given orally at 4.8 to 5 mg/kg/day. Flow cytometric analyses showed that NAP1051 reduced splenic and intratumoral neutrophil and myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations, which correlated to the antitumor effect. In addition, NAP1051 reduced NETosis in the TME while stimulating T-cell recruitment. Overall, these results show that NAP1051 possesses key lipoxin-like properties and has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer via modulation of neutrophils and NETosis in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Dong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Priyal Dave
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - EunJeong Yoo
- HD Biosciences, Wuxi Apptec, San Diego, California
| | - Brandon Ebright
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kabir Ahluwalia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eugene Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Isaac Asante
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Malika Salimova
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hua Pei
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracey Lin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Mead
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zeyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark Humayun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicos A Petasis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stan G Louie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Kouhi A, Pachipulusu V, Kapenstein T, Hu P, Epstein AL, Khawli LA. Brain Disposition of Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Dogma, Approaches and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126442. [PMID: 34208575 PMCID: PMC8235515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Research in the past few decades has revealed that one of the biggest challenges in the development of antibodies for drug delivery to the CNS is the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which acts to restrict drug delivery and contributes to the limited uptake (0.1–0.2% of injected dose) of circulating antibodies into the brain. This article reviews the various methods currently used for antibody delivery to the CNS at the preclinical stage of development and the underlying mechanisms of BBB penetration. It also describes efforts to improve or modulate the physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibodies (e.g., charge, Fc receptor binding affinity, and target affinity), to adapt their pharmacokinetics (PK), and to influence their distribution and disposition into the brain. Finally, a distinction is made between approaches that seek to modify BBB permeability and those that use a physiological approach or antibody engineering to increase uptake in the CNS. Although there are currently inherent difficulties in developing safe and efficacious antibodies that will cross the BBB, the future prospects of brain-targeted delivery of antibody-based agents are believed to be excellent.
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Oishi N, Hundal T, Phillips JL, Dasari S, Hu G, Viswanatha DS, He R, Mai M, Jacobs HK, Ahmed NH, Syrbu SI, Salama Y, Chapman JR, Vega F, Sidhu J, Bennani NN, Epstein AL, Medeiros JL, Clemens MW, Miranda RN, Feldman AL. Molecular profiling reveals a hypoxia signature in breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2021; 106:1714-1724. [PMID: 32414854 PMCID: PMC8168507 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.245860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIAALCL) is a recently characterized T-cell malignancy that has raised significant patient safety concerns and led to worldwide impact on the implants used and clinical management of patients undergoing reconstructive or cosmetic breast surgery. Molecular signatures distinguishing BIA-ALCL from other anaplastic large cell lymphomas have not been fully elucidated and classification of BIA-ALCL as a World Health Organization entity remains provisional. We performed RNA sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis comparing BIA-ALCL to non-BIAALCL and identified dramatic upregulation of hypoxia signaling genes including the hypoxia-associated biomarker CA9 (carbonic anyhydrase- 9). Immunohistochemistry validated CA9 expression in all BIA-ALCL, with only minimal expression in non-BIA-ALCL. Growth induction in BIA-ALCL-derived cell lines cultured under hypoxic conditions was proportional to upregulation of CA9 expression, and RNA sequencing demonstrated induction of the same gene signature observed in BIAALCL tissue samples compared to non-BIA-ALCL. CA9 silencing blocked hypoxia-induced BIA-ALCL cell growth and cell cycle-associated gene expression, whereas CA9 overexpression in BIA-ALCL cells promoted growth in a xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, CA9 was secreted into BIA-ALCL cell line supernatants and was markedly elevated in human BIA-ALCL seroma samples. Finally, serum CA9 concentrations in mice bearing BIA-ALCL xenografts were significantly elevated compared to those in control serum. Together, these findings characterize BIA-ALCL as a hypoxia-associated neoplasm, likely attributable to the unique microenvironment in which it arises. These data support classification of BIA-ALCL as a distinct entity and uncover opportunities for investigating hypoxia-related proteins such as CA9 as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tanya Hundal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jessica L Phillips
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Guangzhen Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David S Viswanatha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ming Mai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hailey K Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nada H Ahmed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sergei I Syrbu
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Youssef Salama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jagmohan Sidhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, United Health Services, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | - Alan L Epstein
- Dept of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark W Clemens
- Department of Plastic Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto N Miranda
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Kumar P, Setty S, Epstein AL, Chiba S, Prabhakar BS. Expansion of T follicular regulatory cells by OX40L-JAG1 co-signaling ameliorates experimental lupus nephritis. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.51.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antinuclear autoantibodies (Nabs) promote tissue inflammation involving multiple organs including the kidneys in Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus (SLE). T-follicular helper (TFH) cell-dependent B-cell response plays an essential role in lupus nephritis (LN). TFH and B-cells receive mutual help in the germinal centers (GCs) to enable high-affinity autoantibody production. T follicular regulatory cells (TFR) cells, a specialized subset of CD4+Foxp3+Tregs, suppress GC formation and TFH-dependent B-cell response. Previously, we have shown that the expansion of functional Tregs using soluble OX40L and JAG1 proteins suppressed experimental autoimmune diabetes and thyroiditis. However, unlike other autoimmune diseases, the role of Tregs in lupus remains unresolved. Here, we show that NZBWF1/j mice with severe proteinuria and higher anti-dsDNA IgG levels had increased GC-TFH, GC-B cells, and GC-TFH/GC-TFR ratio in their renal lymph nodes compared to mice with no proteinuria. While total Tregs were significantly higher in mice with proteinuria, GC-TFRs were significantly reduced. Intriguingly, OX40L-JAG1 treatment significantly increased Tregs, GC-TFRs, and reduced GC-TFH/GC-TFR ratio. Periodic OX40L-JAG1 treatment resulted in a significant reduction in GC-B-cells, anti-dsDNA IgG level, proteinuria and kidney pathology, and increased survival. Mechanistic studies showed increased PD1 expression in Tconv cells, Tregs, TFH, and TFR cells, and PD-L1 expression in GC-B-cells suggesting a key role for PD1 signaling in the observed protective effect. Our results show that OX40L-JAG1 treatment expanded TFRs which inhibited GC-B cell activation and NAb production, proteinuria and LN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan L Epstein
- 3University of southern california keck school of medicine
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12
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Wang W, Marín-Ramos NI, He H, Zeng S, Cho HY, Swenson SD, Zheng L, Epstein AL, Schönthal AH, Hofman FM, Chen L, Chen TC. NEO100 enables brain delivery of blood‒brain barrier impermeable therapeutics. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:63-75. [PMID: 32877532 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracarotid injection of mannitol has been applied for decades to support brain entry of therapeutics that otherwise do not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the elaborate and high-risk nature of this procedure has kept its use restricted to well-equipped medical centers. We are developing a more straightforward approach to safely open the BBB, based on the intra-arterial (IA) injection of NEO100, a highly purified version of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol. METHODS In vitro barrier permeability with NEO100 was evaluated by transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance and antibody diffusion assays. Its mechanism of action was studied by western blot, microarray analysis, and electron microscopy. In mouse models, we performed ultrasound-guided intracardiac administration of NEO100, followed by intravenous application of Evan's blue, methotrexate, checkpoint-inhibitory antibodies, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. RESULTS NEO100 opened the BBB in a reversible and nontoxic fashion in vitro and in vivo. It enabled greatly increased brain entry of all tested therapeutics and was well tolerated by animals. Mechanistic studies revealed effects of NEO100 on different BBB transport pathways, along with translocation of tight junction proteins from the membrane to the cytoplasm in brain endothelial cells. CONCLUSION We envision that this procedure can be translated to patients in the form of transfemoral arterial catheterization and cannulation to the cerebral arteries, which represents a low-risk procedure commonly used in a variety of clinical settings. Combined with NEO100, it is expected to provide a safe, widely available approach to enhance brain entry of any therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, USC, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Haiping He
- Department of Neurological Surgery, USC, Luzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, USC, Luzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, USC, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Long Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, USC, Luzhou, China.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Roussos Torres ET, Epstein AL. Adopting an alternative structure for clinical trials in immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:373-375. [PMID: 33435760 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1875822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: This evaluation emphasizes the main points of the original article 'Position paper: new insights into the immunobiology and dynamics of tumor-host interactions require adaptations of clinical studies' by Sprenger et al. and provides further justification for the use of an alternative approach in the design of human clinical trials for new investigational drugs in the field of immuno-oncology.Objective: Standard trial design utilizing the double blind placebo trial approach, while effective for drugs that directly treat tumors, is too costly, slow, and not effective for drugs and protocols that depend on activation of the immune system for killing of tumors.Methods/results: This paper has proposed through the use of detailed diagnostic profiling, small groups of patients with similar tumor microenvironment characteristics be grouped to determine the clinical benefit of immunological combinations that enter clinical trials. In addition, mega data from larger trials in which patients are subcategorized as above can provide the necessary data as a substitute for current double blind placebo trials which do not take into account the immune status of the host and tumor.Conclusion: There needs to be evolution of the clinical trial landscape so that it matches the exponential growth of the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia T Roussos Torres
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Shirinbak S, Chan RY, Shahani S, Muthugounder S, Kennedy R, Hung LT, Fernandez GE, Hadjidaniel MD, Moghimi B, Sheard MA, Epstein AL, Fabbri M, Shimada H, Asgharzadeh S. Combined immune checkpoint blockade increases CD8+CD28+PD-1+ effector T cells and provides a therapeutic strategy for patients with neuroblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1838140. [PMID: 33489468 PMCID: PMC7801125 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1838140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy has resulted in minimal clinical response in many pediatric cancers. We sought to understand the influence of immune checkpoint inhibition using anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies individually, in combination, and after chemotherapy on immune responses in minimal and established murine neuroblastoma models. We also sought to understand the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and PD-L1 expression and their alteration post-chemotherapy in our models and human tissues. PD-L1 expression was enriched in human tumor-associated macrophages and up-regulated after chemotherapy. In a murine minimal disease model, single and dual immune checkpoint blockade promoted tumor rejection, improved survival, and established immune memory with long-term anti-tumor immunity against re-challenge. In an established tumor model, only dual immune checkpoint blockade showed efficacy. Interestingly, dual immune checkpoint therapy distinctly influenced adaptive and innate immune responses, with significant increase in CD8+CD28+PD-1+ T cells and inflammatory macrophages (CD11bhiCD11c−F4/80+Ly6Chi) in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Adding chemotherapy before immunotherapy provided significant survival benefit for mice with established tumors receiving anti-PD-1 or dual immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings demonstrate anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy induces a novel subset of effector T cells, and support administration of induction chemotherapy immediately prior to immune checkpoint blockade in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Shirinbak
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Randall Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shilpa Shahani
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sakunthala Muthugounder
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebekah Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Long T Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G Esteban Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Hadjidaniel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Moghimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Sheard
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Lee C, Peddi S, Anderson C, Su H, Cui H, Epstein AL, MacKay JA. Adaptable antibody Nanoworms designed for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Biomaterials 2020; 262:120338. [PMID: 32916604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in antibody-based therapies for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), at least two major therapeutic needs remain unmet: i) heterogenous activation of host immunity towards B cell NHL; and ii) lack of antibody-based therapeutics for T cell NHL. This study explores the molecular characteristics of an adaptable modality called antibody Nanoworms and demonstrates their receptor clustering activity as a means to overcome and address abovementioned needs. To test this, four selected therapeutic receptors of B cell (CD19, CD20, HLA-DR10) and T cell (CD3) NHL were targeted by Nanoworms. Regardless of the target or the cell type, Nanoworms inherently clustered bound receptors on the cell-surface through their multivalency and activated intracellular signaling without any secondary crosslinker. As a sole agent, Nanoworms induced apoptosis by clustering CD20 or HLA-DR10, and arrested the cell cycle upon CD19 clustering. Interestingly, CD3 clustering was particularly advantageous in inducing activation-induced cell death (AICD) in an aggressive form of T cell NHL named Sézary syndrome that is fatal, limited in antibody-based therapeutics, and has poor outcomes to traditional chemotherapy. As Nanoworms can be easily designed to target any receptor for which a scFv is available, they may provide solutions and add therapeutic novelty to underserved diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrim Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Santosh Peddi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Caleb Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States.
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16
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Kadin ME, Morgan J, Kouttab N, Xu H, Adams WP, Glicksman C, McGuire P, Sieber D, Epstein AL, Miranda RN, Clemens MW. Comparative Analysis of Cytokines of Tumor Cell Lines, Malignant and Benign Effusions Around Breast Implants. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:630-637. [PMID: 31589747 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 700 women have developed an anaplastic large T cell lymphoma (ALCL) surrounding textured surface breast implants, termed breast implant-associated ALCL (BIA-ALCL). Most patients with BIA-ALCL present with an accumulation of fluid (delayed seroma) around the implant. However, benign seromas without malignant cells complicating scar contracture, implant rupture, trauma, infection, and other causes are more common. For proper patient management and to avoid unnecessary surgery, a simple diagnostic test to identify malignant seromas is desirable. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop an ancillary test for the diagnosis of malignant seromas and to gain insight into the nature of the malignant cells and their microenvironment. METHODS We employed an immunologic assay on only 50 µL of aspirated seroma fluid. The assay measures 13 cytokines simultaneously by flow cytometry. To establish a baseline for clinical studies we measured cytokines secreted by BIA-ALCL and cutaneous ALCL lines. RESULTS Our study of cell line culture supernatants, and 8 malignant compared with 9 benign seromas indicates that interleukin 9 (IL-9), IL-10, IL-13, IL-22, and/or interferon γ concentrations >1000 pg/mL distinguish malignant seromas from benign seromas. IL-6, known to be a driver of malignant cells, is also elevated in benign seromas and does not distinguish them from malignant seromas. CONCLUSIONS The cytokine assay introduced in this study can be used together with levels of soluble CD30 to identify malignant seromas. Validation of these findings in a larger prospective patient cohort is warranted. The unique pattern of cytokine expression in malignant effusions surrounding breast implants gives further insight into the pathogenesis and cells of origin of BIA-ALCL. Level of Evidence: 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall E Kadin
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University and Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence RI
| | | | | | - Haiying Xu
- Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
| | - William P Adams
- Dr Adams is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas TX
| | - Caroline Glicksman
- Dr Glicksman is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall, Nutley, NJ
| | | | | | - Alan L Epstein
- Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roberto N Miranda
- Dr Miranda is a Professor of Pathology, Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Mark W Clemens
- Dr Clemens is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX; and is Breast Surgery Section Co-editor for Aesthetic Surgery Journal
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17
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Zheng L, Ren L, Kouhi A, Khawli LA, Hu P, Kaslow HR, Epstein AL. A Humanized Lym-1 CAR with Novel DAP10/DAP12 Signaling Domains Demonstrates Reduced Tonic Signaling and Increased Antitumor Activity in B-Cell Lymphoma Models. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3694-3706. [PMID: 32273277 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The murine Lym-1 mAb targets a discontinuous epitope (Lym-1 epitope) on several subtypes of HLA-DR, which is upregulated in a majority of human B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. Unlike CD19, the Lym-1 epitope does not downregulate upon crosslinking, which may provide an advantage as a target for CAR T-cell therapy. Lym-1 CAR T cells with a conventional 4-1BB and CD3ζ (BB3z) signaling domain exhibited impaired ex vivo expansion. This study aimed to identify the underlying mechanisms and develop strategies to overcome this effect. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A functional humanized Lym-1 antibody (huLym-1-B) was identified and its scFv form was used for CAR design. To overcome observed impaired expansion in vitro, a huLym-1-B CAR using DAP10 and DAP12 (DAP) signaling domains was evaluated for ex vivo expansion and in vivo function. RESULTS Impaired expansion in huLym-1-B-BB3z CAR T cells was shown to be due to ligand-dependent suboptimal CAR signaling caused by interaction of the CAR binding domain and the surface of human T cells. Using the novel DAP signaling domain construct, the effects of suboptimal CAR signaling were overcome to produce huLym-1-B CAR T cells with improved expansion ex vivo and function in vivo. In addition, the Lym-1 epitope does not significantly downregulate in response to huLym-1-B-DAP CAR T cells both ex vivo and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS DAP intracellular domains can serve as signaling motifs for CAR, and this new construct enables nonimpaired production of huLym-1-B CAR T cells with potent in vivo antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Luqing Ren
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aida Kouhi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peisheng Hu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harvey R Kaslow
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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18
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Hu G, Phillips JL, Dasari S, Jacobs HK, Luchtel RA, Oishi N, Hundal T, Ahmed NH, Satou A, Epstein AL, Bennani NN, Nowakowski GS, Murray JA, Feldman AL. Targetability of STAT3-JAK2 fusions: implications for T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Leukemia 2019; 34:1467-1471. [PMID: 31836854 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhen Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jessica L Phillips
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hailey K Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Luchtel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tanya Hundal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nada H Ahmed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Akira Satou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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19
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Shi X, Cheng Q, Hou T, Han M, Smbatyan G, Lang JE, Epstein AL, Lenz HJ, Zhang Y. Genetically Engineered Cell-Derived Nanoparticles for Targeted Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2019; 28:536-547. [PMID: 31843452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized membranous vesicles secreted by a variety of cells. Due to their unique and pharmacologically important properties, cell-derived exosome nanoparticles have drawn significant interest for drug development. By genetically modifying exosomes with two distinct types of surface-displayed monoclonal antibodies, we have developed an exosome platform termed synthetic multivalent antibodies retargeted exosome (SMART-Exo) for controlling cellular immunity. Here, we apply this approach to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing breast cancer by engineering exosomes through genetic display of both anti-human CD3 and anti-human HER2 antibodies, resulting in SMART-Exos dually targeting T cell CD3 and breast cancer-associated HER2 receptors. By redirecting and activating cytotoxic T cells toward attacking HER2-expressing breast cancer cells, the designed SMART-Exos exhibited highly potent and specific anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. This work demonstrates preclinical feasibility of utilizing endogenous exosomes for targeted breast cancer immunotherapy and the SMART-Exos as a broadly applicable platform technology for the development of next-generation immuno-nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qinqin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tianling Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Menglu Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Goar Smbatyan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Julie E Lang
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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20
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Xiong S, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Tsao-Wei D, Roman L, Gaur RK, Epstein AL, Pinski J. Expression of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1114. [PMID: 31729966 PMCID: PMC6857310 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association of LHR expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) with clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients. LHR expression was examined immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays (TMAs) of specimens from 232 OC patients. Each sample was scored quantitatively evaluating LHR staining intensity (LHR-I) and percentage of LHR (LHR-P) staining cells in tumor cells examined. LHR-I was assessed as no staining (negative), weak (+ 1), moderate (+ 2), and strong positive (+ 3). LHR-P was measured as 1 to 5, 6 to 50% and > 50% of the tumor cells examined. Positive LHR staining was found in 202 (87%) patients' tumor specimens and 66% patients had strong intensity LHR expression. In 197 (85%) of patients, LHR-P was measured in > 50% of tumor cells. LHR-I was significantly associated with pathologic stage (p = 0.007). We found that 72% of stage III or IV patients expressed strong LHR-I in tumor cells. There were 87% of Silberberg's grade 2 or 3 patients compared to 70% of grade 1 patients with LHR expression observed in > 50% of tumor cells, p = 0.037. Tumor stage was significantly associated with overall survival and recurrence free survival, p < 0.001 for both analyses, even after adjustment for age, tumor grade and whether patient had persistent disease after therapy or not. Our study demonstrates that LHR is highly expressed in the majority of OC patients. Both LHR-I and LHR-P are significantly associated with either the pathologic stage or tumor grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Xiong
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology Division, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia
- Aurora Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Gynecologic Pathology Consultant, San Antonio, TX, 78209, USA
| | - Denice Tsao-Wei
- University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Lynda Roman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rajesh K Gaur
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology Division, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, HMR 2011 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jacek Pinski
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology Division, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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21
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Kumar P, Lele SS, Ragothaman VK, Raghunathan D, Epstein AL, Chiba S, Prabhakar BS. OX40L-JAG1-Induced Expansion of Lineage-Stable Regulatory T Cells Involves Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling. J Immunol 2019; 203:3225-3236. [PMID: 31704879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+T regulatory cells (Tregs) control autoimmune response by suppressing proliferation and effector functions of self-reactive Foxp3-CD4+/CD8+ T cells and thereby maintain the critical balance between self-tolerance and autoimmunity. Earlier, we had shown that OX40L-JAG1 cosignaling mediated through their cognate receptors OX40 and Notch3 preferentially expressed on murine Tregs can selectively induce their proliferation in the absence of TCR stimulation. However, the differential molecular mechanisms regulating TCR-independent versus TCR-dependent Treg proliferation and lineage stability of the expanded Tregs remained unknown. In this study, we show that OX40L-JAG1 treatment induced TCR-independent proliferation of Tregs in the thymus and periphery. The use of Src kinase inhibitor permitted us to demonstrate selective inhibition of TCR-dependent T cell proliferation with little to no effect on OX40L-JAG1-induced TCR-independent Treg expansion in vitro, which was critically dependent on noncanonical NF-κB signaling. OX40L-JAG1-expanded Tregs showed sustained lineage stability as indicated by stable demethylation marks in Treg signature genes such as Foxp3, Il2ra, Ctla4, Ikzf2, and Ikzf4. Furthermore, OX40L-JAG1 treatment significantly increased CTLA4+ and TIGIT+ Tregs and alleviated experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice. Relevance of our findings to humans became apparent when human OX40L and JAG1 induced TCR-independent selective expansion of human Tregs in thymocyte cultures and increased human Tregs in the liver tissue of humanized NSG mice. Our findings suggest that OX40L-JAG1-induced TCR-independent Treg proliferation is a conserved mechanism that can be used to expand lineage-stable Tregs to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Swarali Surendra Lele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Vandhana K Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Divya Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900933
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Hematology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; and
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612; .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
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22
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Kouhi A, Yao Z, Zheng L, Li Z, Hu P, Epstein AL, MacKay JA. Generation of a Monoclonal Antibody to Detect Elastin-like Polypeptides. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2942-2952. [PMID: 31276401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification and use of antibodies dominate the biologic, clinical diagnostic, and therapeutic landscapes. In particular, antibodies have become essential tools in a variety of protein analytical experiments and to study the disposition of biologic therapeutics. One emerging class of peptide biologics is known as the elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), which are repetitive protein polymers inspired by human tropoelastin. A major limitation in the clinical translation of ELP biologics has been a lack of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to characterize their identity during expression. To facilitate these studies, we successfully generated a new mAb that is specific toward ELPs and ELP fusion proteins. A purified antibody was evaluated in an ELISA, western blotting, and immunofluorescence assay. The optimal anti-ELP mAb proved to be highly reactive and specific toward ELPs. Moreover, they were able to detect ELPs with a variety of aliphatic guest residues. ELPs phase-separate in response to heating; furthermore, when incubated at a great excess of ELPs, the anti-ELP mAb partially blocks phase separation. These findings are direct evidence that novel murine mAbs can be raised against purified ELPs. This new reagent will enable purification, experimental detection, and characterization of these biopolymers.
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23
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Lichtenstein JR, Epstein AL. Antibodies to Brewer's Yeast in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus 2019; 11:e4691. [PMID: 31333917 PMCID: PMC6636702 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to brewer’s yeast or anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) have been detected in 70% of patients with Crohn’s disease and have become a part of the evaluation of a patient for Crohn’s disease. Prior evaluation of these antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis have been inconsistent. In an initial small study, the levels of antibodies were elevated but not statistically significant. In a second large study from China, 40% of rheumatoid arthritis patients were positive for immunoglobulin A (IgA) ASCA and 20% positive for immunoglobulin G (IgG) ASCA. Our study was inspired by the observation that several seronegative patients with rheumatoid arthritis were positive for ASCA antibodies. Between January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2018, a total of 241 patients with clinical rheumatoid arthritis were evaluated for antibodies to IGA and IGG ASCA, rheumatoid factor, cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), and antinuclear antibody (ANA). Our results indicate that 158 (66%) of these patients were positive for ASCA; 70 (29%) of these patients were positive for ASCA but negative for other serologies; 62% of the patients were positive for rheumatoid factor. Our results also indicate that the percentage of rheumatoid factor (95%) and CCP positive (78%) patients in the ASCA negative group was higher than the percentage of rheumatoid factor positive (49%) and CCP positive (37%) patients in the ASCA positive group, suggesting serologic differences between the two groups. Only 4% of the rheumatoid patients were negative for all the evaluated serologies. The possible role of mannan, a mucopolysaccharide from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in producing rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.
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24
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Galle L, Sankaranarayanan I, Hurrell BP, Howard E, Lo R, Maazi H, Lewis G, Banie H, Epstein AL, Hu P, Rehan VK, Gilliland FD, Allayee H, Soroosh P, Sharpe AH, Akbari O. Costimulation of type-2 innate lymphoid cells by GITR promotes effector function and ameliorates type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.122.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by disturbances in glucose homeostasis and the development of low-grade systemic inflammation, which increase the risk to develop type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a recently discovered immune population secreting Th2-cytokines. While previous studies show how ILC2s can play a critical role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in the adipose tissue, a therapeutic target capable of modulating ILC2 activation has yet to be identified.
We found that GITR, a member of the TNF superfamily, is expressed on murine adipose tissue ILC2s and its engagement on activated ILC2s induces Th2-cytokine secretion. Moreover, we showed that GITR engagement on ILC2s improves glucose homeostasis resulting in both protection against insulin-resistance onset and amelioration of established insulin-resistance. Our adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that this protective effect is dependent on ILC2-derived Th2-cytokines, particularly IL-13. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that GITR agonist activates the NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibits ILC2 apoptosis, altogether favoring ILC2 survival and activation. Finally, we also found that GITR is expressed on human adipose tissue resident ILC2s and GITR engagement robustly induces Th2-cytokine.
Together, these results highlight the critical role of GITR as a novel therapeutic molecule against T2DM and its fundamental role as an immune checkpoint for activated ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gavin Lewis
- 2Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson
| | - Homayon Banie
- 2Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson
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25
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De Nardo GL, De Nardo SJ, Miyao NP, Mills SL, Peng JS, O'Grady LF, Epstein AL, Young WC. Non-dehalogenation Mechanisms for Excretion of Radioiodine after Administration of Labeled Antibodies. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 3:1-9. [PMID: 3249042 DOI: 10.1177/172460088800300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In patients or mice with cancer the pharmacokinetic behavior of radioiodinated and radiometal chelated antibodies has been observed to be different. Rapid clearance from the tissues and excretion into the urine can occur after injection of radioiodinated antibodies. These observations have been interpreted to reflect in vivo dehalogenation of the antibody. This publication describes a variety of other mechanisms that can underlie these phenomena. These mechanisms include receptor uptake and catabolism of antibody and instability of the labeled antibody due to the labeling conditions. Specifically, the relative masses of chloramine-T and antibody in the iodination reaction mixture, the level of iodination of the antibody, and the amount of antibody administered to the recipient are all factors which can influence the clearance of radioiodinated antibody from the recipient. The final determinant for the different behavior of radioiodinated and In-111 metal chelated antibody relate to the different biologic pathways of indium when compared to iodine
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Affiliation(s)
- G L De Nardo
- University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento
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26
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Kadin ME, Morgan J, Xu H, Epstein AL, Sieber D, Hubbard BA, Adams WP, Bacchi CE, Goes JC, Clemens MW, Medeiros LJ, Miranda RN. IL-13 is produced by tumor cells in breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: implications for pathogenesis. Hum Pathol 2018; 78:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Kumar P, Marinelarena A, Bhattacharya P, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. OX40 signaling Induces Canonical Antigen Presentation-independent Proliferation of Human and Murine Thymic Regulatory T-cells. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.163.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in immune-tolerance, and loss of their function can lead to autoimmunity. Natural Tregs generated in the thymus contribute substantially to the Treg pool in the periphery where they suppress self-reactive Teff responses. Recently, we showed that OX40L (TNFSF4) can drive selective proliferation of peripheral Tregs independent of canonical antigen presentation (CAP-independent) in the presence of low dose IL-2. Therefore, we reasoned that OX40 signaling might be integral to the TCR-independent phase of murine and human thymic Treg (tTreg) development. Thymic Treg development is a two-step process: Strong T-cell receptor (TCR) signals combined with co-signals from the TNF receptor Super Family (TNFRSF) members facilitate tTreg precursor selection, followed by a TCR-independent phase of tTreg development when their maturation is driven by IL-2. Therefore, we investigated whether OX40 signaling can also play a critical role in the TCR-independent phase of tTreg development. OX40−/− mice had significantly reduced numbers of CD25−Foxp3low tTreg precursors and CD25+Foxp3+ matured tTregs, while OX40L treatment of WT mice induced significant proliferation of these cell subsets. Relative to tTeffs cells, OX40 was expressed at higher levels in both murine and human tTreg precursors and matured tTregs. In ex vivo cultures, OX40L increased tTreg maturation and induced CAP-independent proliferation of both murine and human tTregs which was mediated through the activation of AKT-mTOR signaling. These novel findings show an evolutionarily conserved role for OX40 signaling in tTreg development.
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28
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DeNardo SJ, DeNardo GL, O'Grady LF, Macey DJ, Mills SL, Epstein AL, Peng JS, McGahan JP. Treatment of a Patient with b Cell Lymphoma by 1-131 Lym-1 Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 2:49-53. [PMID: 3501448 DOI: 10.1177/172460088700200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A patient with Richter's syndrome, a malignant lymphomatous transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, had become moribund with rapidly enlarging masses, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia despite the use of conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Greater than ten percent of a test dose of I-131 Lym-1, a murine monoclonal antibody produced against Burkitt's African B cell lymphoma, was accumulated by her tumor. The patient was subsequently treated with a series of injections of I-131 Lym-1 with dramatic clinical response, reduction of tumor volume by x-ray computerized tomography and progression of circulating cellular elements toward normality. Her course over the next ten months was not like that to be expected for Richter's syndrome, which has an average survival of four months. This mode of treatment appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J DeNardo
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento
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29
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Kumar P, Marinelarena A, Raghunathan D, Ragothaman VK, Saini S, Bhattacharya P, Fan J, Epstein AL, Maker AV, Prabhakar BS. Critical role of OX40 signaling in the TCR-independent phase of human and murine thymic Treg generation. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:138-153. [PMID: 29578532 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2018.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in immune-tolerance, and loss of Treg function can lead to the development of autoimmunity. Natural Tregs generated in the thymus substantially contribute to the Treg pool in the periphery, where they suppress self-reactive effector T cells (Teff) responses. Recently, we showed that OX40L (TNFSF4) is able to drive selective proliferation of peripheral Tregs independent of canonical antigen presentation (CAP-independent) in the presence of low-dose IL-2. Therefore, we hypothesized that OX40 signaling might be integral to the TCR-independent phase of murine and human thymic Treg (tTreg) development. Development of tTregs is a two-step process: Strong T-cell receptor (TCR) signals in combination with co-signals from the TNFRSF members facilitate tTreg precursor selection, followed by a TCR-independent phase of tTreg development in which their maturation is driven by IL-2. Therefore, we investigated whether OX40 signaling could also play a critical role in the TCR-independent phase of tTreg development. OX40-/- mice had significantly reduced numbers of CD25-Foxp3low tTreg precursors and CD25+Foxp3+ mature tTregs, while OX40L treatment of WT mice induced significant proliferation of these cell subsets. Relative to tTeff cells, OX40 was expressed at higher levels in both murine and human tTreg precursors and mature tTregs. In ex vivo cultures, OX40L increased tTreg maturation and induced CAP-independent proliferation of both murine and human tTregs, which was mediated through the activation of AKT-mTOR signaling. These novel findings show an evolutionarily conserved role for OX40 signaling in tTreg development and proliferation, and might enable the development of novel strategies to increase Tregs and suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Divya Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vandhana K Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shikha Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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30
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Basu A, Kollengode KA, Rafatnia A, Manoli H, Danenberg G, Chakravartty E, Epstein AL, Pinski JK. Relationship between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and MDSC concentration in localized and metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.6_suppl.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
338 Background: Human Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) have gained recognition as a significant population of cells that arise in cancer patients to mediate immune tolerance. MDSCs have been validated as a prognostic factor in several tumor types. The Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is an easily obtained marker of inflammation that has also been validated as a prognostic marker in tumors including prostate cancer. We measured and compared MDSC concentrations and NLR in a cohort of patients with prostate cancer and also examined thier relationship with PSA Progression, a validated marker of overall survival. Methods: Blood was collected from patients with localized prostate cancer (n = 14) and mCRPC (n = 44) at 0 and 6 months. The percent CD33+ HLA-DRlow HIF1a+, CD33+ HLADRlow C/EBPb+, CD11b+ HLA-DRlow HIF1a+, and CD11b+ HLA-DRlow C/EBPb+cells as a fraction of PBMC were determined and reported. NLRs were obtained within 4 weeks of MDSC measurements. Patients were followed for a period of 2 years; PSA-Progression (PSA-P) was defined as a PSA doubling time of < 3 months in association with an increase of at least > 5ng/mL from PSA nadir Results: Higher Gleason scores were statistically associated with a NLR of greater than 2 (r = 0.07, p = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01-0.14]). Increasing MDSC% did not correlate with increasing Gleason scores (r = 0.13, p = 0.31) or predict PSA-P at 6 months (p = 0.16). MDSC% in patients with mCRPC (4.25%, 95% CI[3.34-5.17]) were significantly higher than localized prostate cancer (1.7%, 95% CI[1.02-2.37]) . There was a highly statistically significant relationship between the percentage of MDSC in PBMC with the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (r = 0.68, p = 0.001, 95% CI [0.31-1.05]). Conclusions: MDSC concentrations in metastatic prostate cancer patients are significantly higher than those with localized disease and are associated with an increased neutrophil lymphocyte ratio. Although a trend was detected towards MDSC% predicting PSA-P, in this limited sample it was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Basu
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Ali Rafatnia
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hugh Manoli
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Genevieve Danenberg
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Jacek K. Pinski
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
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31
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Basu A, Kollengode KA, Danenberg G, Manoli H, Rafatnia A, Chakravartty E, Epstein AL, Pinski JK. MDSC clinical assay for cancer detection and monitoring in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.6_suppl.tps713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS713 Background: Human Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) have gained recognition as a significant population of cells that arise in cancer patients to mediate immune tolerance. Some studies have shown MDSC concentrations to be associated with overall survival and response to therapy in renal cell carcinoma. MDSCs comprise a heterogenous population that are yet to be fully characterized. We have identified a set of biomarkers uniquely expressed by the suppressive human MDSC phenotype and have developed an assay targeted to these markers. MDSCs are potentially a relatively cheap and easily performed screening and monitoring tool in cancers. This study will examine how a proprietary clinical assay works in detecting and monitoring MDSCs in blood and urine samples from patients with localized or metastatic renal cell cancer. Methods: The pilot research trial will enroll 63 subjects in a 1:1:1 ratio in three groups, normal controls over age 40 without evidence of any malignancy, patients with metastatic disease and localized renal cell carcinoma prior to nephrectomy. This sample size provides 80% power to detect a 1SD difference in MDSC concentrations in these groups on an F test. Blood and urine samples will be drawn at baseline and at 4 months for comparison. The percent CD33+ HLA-DRlow HIF1a+, CD33+ HLADRlow C/EBPb+, CD11b+ HLA-DRlow HIF1a+, and CD11b+ HLA-DRlow C/EBPb+cells as a fraction of PBMC will be determined. Primary Outcome Measures will be 1. Change in MDSC levels in patients with known localized renal cell carcinoma who undergo surgical treatment. 2. Change in MDSC level in patients with known metastatic renal cell carcinoma who initiate systemic treatment and 3. The direction and magnitude of the changes compared with radiographically assessed tumor burden. Secondary outcome measures are to assess MDSC level measurements in urine cytology analysis at baseline and after treatment to determine whether the two tests correlate in any of the 3 groups of patients defined in this study. Conclusion: This pilot study will examine if a MDSC clinical assay works in detecting and monitoring MDSCs. Recruitment is open to patients at the USC Cancer center and LAC+USC medical center. Clinical trial information: NCT02664883.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Basu
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Genevieve Danenberg
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hugh Manoli
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ali Rafatnia
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Jacek K. Pinski
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
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32
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Basu A, Rafatnia A, Manoli H, Danenberg G, Epstein AL, Pinski JK. MDSC clinical assay for cancer detection and monitoring in urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.5_suppl.tps110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS110 Background: Human Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) have gained recognition as a significant population of cells that arise in cancer patients to mediate immune tolerance. Some studies have shown MDSC concentrations to be associated with overall survival and response to therapy in urothelial carcinoma. MDSCs comprise a heterogenous population that are yet to be fully characterized. We have identified a set of biomarkers uniquely expressed by the suppressive human MDSC phenotype and have developed an assay targeted to these markers. MDSCs are potentially a relatively cheap and easily performed screening and monitoring tool in cancers. This study will examine how a proprietary clinical assay works in detecting and monitoring MDSCs in blood and urine samples from patients with or without localized or metastatic bladder cancer. Methods: The pilot research trial will enroll 63 subjects in a 1:1:1 ratio in three groups, normal controls over age 40 without evidence of any malignancy, patients with metastatic disease and localized muscle invasive disease prior to cystectomy. This sample size provides 80% power to detect a 1SD difference in MDSC concentrations in these groups on an F test. Blood and urine samples will be drawn at baseline and at 4 months for comparison. The percent CD33+ HLA-DRlow HIF1a+, CD33+ HLADRlow C/EBPb+, CD11b+ HLA-DRlow HIF1a+, and CD11b+ HLA-DRlow C/EBPb+cells as a fraction of PBMC will be determined. Primary Outcome Measures will be 1. Change in MDSC levels in patients with known localized, muscle-invasive bladder cancer who undergo neoadjuvant and surgical treatment. 2. Change in MDSC level in patients with known metastatic bladder cancer who undergo systemic treatment and 3. The direction and magnitude of the changes compared with radiographically assessed tumor burden. Secondary outcome measures are to assess MDSC level measurements in urine cytology analysis at baseline and after treatment to determine whether the two tests correlate in any of the 3 groups of patients defined in this study. Conclusion: This pilot study will examine if a MDSC clinical assay works in detecting and monitoring MDSCs. Recruitment is open to patients at the USC Cancer center and LAC+USC medical center. Clinical trial information: NCT02735512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Basu
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ali Rafatnia
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hugh Manoli
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Genevieve Danenberg
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jacek K. Pinski
- USC Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Zheng L, Hu P, Wolfe B, Gonsalves C, Ren L, Khawli LA, Kaslow HR, Epstein AL. Lym-1 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Exhibit Potent Anti-Tumor Effects against B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122773. [PMID: 29261129 PMCID: PMC5751371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) recognizing CD19 epitopes have produced remarkable anti-tumor effects in patients with B-cell malignancies. However, cancer cells lacking recognized epitopes can emerge, leading to relapse and death. Thus, CAR T cells targeting different epitopes on different antigens could improve immunotherapy. The Lym-1 antibody targets a conformational epitope of Human Leukocyte Antigen-antigen D Related (HLA-DR) on the surface of human B-cell lymphomas. Lym-1 CAR T cells were thus generated for evaluation of cytotoxic activity towards lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Human T cells from healthy donors were transduced to express a Lym-1 CAR, and assessed for epitope-driven function in culture and towards Raji xenografts in NOD-scidIL2Rgammanull (NSG) mice. Lym-1 CAR T cells exhibited epitope-driven activation and lytic function against human B-cell lymphoma cell lines in culture and mediated complete regression of Raji/Luciferase-Green fluorescent protein (Raji/Luc-GFP) in NSG mice with similar or better reactivity than CD19 CAR T cells. Lym-1 CAR transduction of T cells is a promising immunotherapy for patients with Lym-1 epitope positive B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Peisheng Hu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Brandon Wolfe
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Caryn Gonsalves
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Luqing Ren
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Harvey R Kaslow
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Alharshawi K, Marinelarena A, Kumar P, El-Sayed O, Bhattacharya P, Sun Z, Epstein AL, Maker AV, Prabhakar BS. PKC-ѳ is dispensable for OX40L-induced TCR-independent Treg proliferation but contributes by enabling IL-2 production from effector T-cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6594. [PMID: 28747670 PMCID: PMC5529425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that OX40L/OX40 interaction is critical for TCR-independent selective proliferation of Foxp3+ Tregs, but not Foxp3- effector T-cells (Teff), when CD4+ T-cells are co-cultured with GM-CSF derived bone marrow dendritic cells (G-BMDCs). Events downstream of OX40L/OX40 interaction in Tregs responsible for this novel mechanism are not understood. Earlier, OX40L/OX40 interaction has been shown to stimulate CD4+ T-cells through the formation of a signalosome involving TRAF2/PKC-Ѳ leading to NF-kB activation. In this study, using CD4+ T-cells from WT and OX40-/- mice we first established that OX40 mediated activation of NF-kB was critical for this Treg proliferation. Although CD4+ T-cells from PKC-Ѳ-/- mice were also defective in G-BMDC induced Treg proliferation ex vivo, this defect could be readily corrected by adding exogenous IL-2 to the co-cultures. Furthermore, by treating WT, OX40-/-, and PKC-Ѳ-/- mice with soluble OX40L we established that OX40L/OX40 interaction was required and sufficient to induce Treg proliferation in vivo independent of PKC-Ѳ status. Although PKC-Ѳ is dispensable for TCR-independent Treg proliferation per se, it is essential for optimum IL-2 production by Teff cells. Finally, our findings suggest that OX40L binding to OX40 likely results in recruitment of TRAF1 for downstream signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alharshawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Osama El-Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Alharshawi K, Marinelarena A, Kumar P, El-Sayed O, Bhattacharya P, Sun Z, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. PKC-θ is dispensable for OX40L-induced TCR-independent Treg proliferation. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.220.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that GM-CSF-induced Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (G-BMDCs), upon co-culture with splenic CD4+ T cells, have the capability to induce preferential proliferation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in TCR-independent and OX40L/OX40 dependent manner. In this study we investigated the signaling involved in this Treg proliferation induced by G-BMDCs. Firstly, using splenic CD4+ T cells from OX40 deficient mice and G-BMDCs from WT mice, we confirmed the important role of OX40L/OX40 interaction in Treg expansion. Since OX40 stimulation in the absence of TCR engagement has been reported to induce the assembly of a signalosome involving PKC-θ, we investigated the requirement of PKC-θ in our Treg proliferation mechanism. Interestingly, PKC-θ deficient-CD4+ T cells showed impaired Treg proliferation upon co-culture with WT G-BMDCs. However, this defect in proliferation could be rescued upon IL-2 addition suggesting that PKC-θ was dispensable for Treg proliferation. We further demonstrated that PKC-θ was essential for T-effectors to provide IL-2, which was required for OX40L/OX40-induced Treg proliferation. Furthermore, injecting WT, OX40- deficient, and PKC-θ-deficient mice with soluble OX40L, we established that OX40L/OX40 signaling was sufficient to induce in vivo expansion of Tregs in WT and PKC- deficient mice, but not in OX40-deficient mice. Finally, our data suggested a possible involvement of TRAF1 in Tregs, downstream of OX40 activation.
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. Critical role for OX40 signaling in Thymic and Peripheral Treg Expansion. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.217.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) play a pivotal role in suppressing self-reactive effector T-cells (Teff) and help maintain the critical balance between self-tolerance and autoimmunity. Restoration of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells has been shown to ameliorate many autoimmune diseases including type-1 diabetes. Recently, we have reported a novel strategy for the selective expansion of Tregs using OX40L (a TNF-superfamily ligand) and Jagged (JAG)-1 (a Notch family ligand) treatment independent of canonical TCR-signaling, but mediated through specific interaction between OX40L-OX40 and JAG1-Notch3 preferentially expressed on Tregs. OX40L-JAG1 treatment of NOD mice with soluble OX40L and JAG1 increased proliferation of peripheral Tregs and delayed the onset of diabetes. In the present study, we show that OX40L treatment significantly increased Tregs in the thymus by inducing proliferation of thymic Tregs independent of TCR-stimulation upon addition of exogenous IL-2. OX40−/− mice had reduced numbers of thymic Tregs compared to wild type (WT) controls. The reduction in thymic Treg numbers likely due to impaired ability of proliferation in response to OX40L. However, we did not observe any change in IL-2 sensitivity of thymocytes in OX40−/− mice. Mechanistic studies suggested that OX40L-IL-2 induced thymic Treg proliferation was mediated through NF-kB and AKT-mTOR-S6 signaling. Further, phenotypic characterization studies revealed a significant decrease in TIGIT+Treg population, often associated with Treg activation, in both thymus and spleen of OX40−/− mice compared to WT controls. Taken together, these results suggest a critical role for OX40L/OX40 signaling in the development as well as function of Tregs.
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Kumar P, Alharshawi K, Bhattacharya P, Marinelarena A, Haddad C, Sun Z, Chiba S, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. Soluble OX40L and JAG1 Induce Selective Proliferation of Functional Regulatory T-Cells Independent of canonical TCR signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39751. [PMID: 28045060 PMCID: PMC5206631 DOI: 10.1038/srep39751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Increasing Treg numbers/functions has been shown to ameliorate autoimmune diseases. However, common Treg expansion approaches use T-Cell Receptor (TCR)-mediated stimulation which also causes proliferation of effector T-cells (Teff). To overcome this limitation, purified patient-specific Tregs are expanded ex vivo and transfused. Although promising, this approach is not suitable for routine clinical use. Therefore, an alternative approach to selectively expand functional Tregs in vivo is highly desired. We report a novel TCR-independent strategy for the selective proliferation of Foxp3+Tregs (without Teff proliferation), by co-culturing CD4+ T-cells with OX40 L+Jagged(JAG)-1+ bone marrow-derived DCs differentiated with GM-CSF or treating them with soluble OX40 L and JAG1 in the presence of exogenous IL-2. Tregs expanded using soluble OX40 L and JAG1 were of suppressive phenotype and delayed the onset of diabetes in NOD mice. Ligation of OX40 L and JAG1 with their cognate-receptors OX40 and Notch3, preferentially expressed on Tregs but not on Teff cells, was required for selective Treg proliferation. Soluble OX40L-JAG1-induced NF-κB activation as well as IL-2-induced STAT5 activation were essential for the proliferation of Tregs with sustained Foxp3 expression. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the utility of soluble OX40 L and JAG1 to induce TCR-independent Treg proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khaled Alharshawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Haddad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kadin ME, Deva A, Xu H, Morgan J, Khare P, MacLeod RAF, Van Natta BW, Adams WP, Brody GS, Epstein AL. Biomarkers Provide Clues to Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Aesthet Surg J 2016; 36:773-81. [PMID: 26979456 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 200 women worldwide have been diagnosed with breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). The unique location and specific lymphoma type strongly suggest an etio-pathologic link between breast implants and BIA-ALCL. It is postulated that chronic inflammation via bacterial infection may be an etiological factor. BIA-ALCL resembles primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL) in morphology, activated T-cell phenotype, and indolent clinical course. Gene expression array analysis, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to study pcALCL and BIA-ALCL cell lines. Clinical samples were also studied to characterize transcription factor and cytokine profiles of tumor cells and surrounding lymphocytes. BIA-ALCL and pcALCL were found to have common expression of transcription factors SOCS3, JunB, SATB1, and a cytokine profile suggestive of a Th1 phenotype. Similar patterns were observed in a CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD). The patterns of cytokine and transcription factor expression suggest that BIA-ALCL is likely to arise from chronic bacterial antigen stimulation of T-cells. Further analysis of cytokine and transcription factor profiles may allow early detection and treatment of BIA-ALCL leading to better prognosis and survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5: Risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall E Kadin
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anand Deva
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Haiying Xu
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John Morgan
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pranay Khare
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roderick A F MacLeod
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bruce W Van Natta
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William P Adams
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Garry S Brody
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Dr Kadin is a Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and a Staff Physician, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr Deva is an Associate Professor of Cosmetic, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. Ms Xu is a Research Assistant, Dr Morgan is Director of the Research Core Facility, and Dr Khare is Director of the Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Facility, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI. Dr MacLeod is Director of Cytogenetics at the Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr Van Natta is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Dr Adams is an Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Dr Brody is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Plastic Surgery, and Dr Epstein is a Professor of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Haddad CS, Bhattacharya P, Alharshawi K, Marinelarena A, Kumar P, El-Sayed O, Elshabrawy HA, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. Age-dependent divergent effects of OX40L treatment on the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:298-311. [PMID: 27245356 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1183657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Earlier, we have shown that GM-CSF derived bone marrow (BM) dendritic cells (G-BMDCs) can expand Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) through a TCR-independent, but IL-2 dependent mechanism that required OX40L/OX40 interaction. While some reports have shown suppression of autoimmunity upon treatment with an OX40 agonist, others have shown exacerbation of autoimmune disease instead. To better understand the basis for these differing outcomes, we compared the effects of OX40L treatment in 6-week-old pre-diabetic and 12-week-old near diabetic NOD mice. Upon treatment with OX40L, 6-week-old NOD mice remained normoglycemic and showed a significant increase in Tregs in their spleen and lymph nodes, while 12-week-old NOD mice very rapidly developed hyperglycemia and failed to show Treg increase in spleen or LN. Interestingly, OX40L treatment increased Tregs in the thymus of both age groups. However, it induced Foxp3(+)CD103(+)CD38(-) stable-phenotype Tregs in the thymus and reduced the frequency of autoreactive Teff cells in 6-week-old mice; while it induced Foxp3(+)CD103(-)CD38(+) labile-phenotype Tregs in the thymus and increased autoreactive CD4(+) T cells in the periphery of 12-week-old mice. This increase in autoreactive CD4(+) T cells was likely due to either a poor suppressive function or conversion of labile Tregs into Teff cells. Using ex vivo cultures, we found that the reduction in Treg numbers in 12-week-old mice was likely due to IL-2 deficit, and their numbers could be increased upon addition of exogenous IL-2. The observed divergent effects of OX40L treatment were likely due to differences in the ability of 6- and 12-week-old NOD mice to produce IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Haddad
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Khaled Alharshawi
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Prabhakaran Kumar
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Osama El-Sayed
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Hatem A Elshabrawy
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Alan L Epstein
- b Department of Pathology , University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA and
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Jang JK, Khawli LA, Canter DC, Hu P, Zhu TH, Wu BW, Angell TE, Li Z, Epstein AL. Systemic delivery of chTNT-3/CpG immunoconjugates for immunotherapy in murine solid tumor models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:511-23. [PMID: 26960932 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) potently activate the immune system by mimicking microbial DNA. Conjugation of CpG to chTNT-3, an antibody targeting the necrotic centers of tumors, enabled CpG to accumulate in tumors after systemic delivery, where it can activate the immune system in the presence of tumor antigens. CpG chemically conjugated to chTNT-3 (chTNT-3/CpG) were compared to free CpG in their ability to stimulate the immune system in vitro and reduce tumor burden in vivo. In subcutaneous Colon 26 adenocarcinoma and B16-F10 melanoma models in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively, chTNT-3/CpG, free CpG, or several different control constructs were administered systemically. Intraperitoneal injections of chTNT-3/CpG delayed tumor growth and improved survival and were comparable to intratumorally administered CpG. Compared to saline-treated mice, chTNT-3/CpG-treated mice had smaller average tumor volumes by as much as 72% in Colon 26-bearing mice and 79% in B16-bearing mice. Systemically delivered free CpG and CpG conjugated to an isotype control antibody did not reduce tumor burden or improve survival. In this study, chTNT-3/CpG retained immunostimulatory activity of the CpG moiety and enabled delivery to tumors. Because systemically administered CpG rapidly clear the body and do not accumulate into tumors, chTNT-3/CpG provide a solution to the limitations observed in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Jang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 205, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 205, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - David C Canter
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 205, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Peisheng Hu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 205, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Tian H Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 205, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Brian W Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 205, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Trevor E Angell
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension, Thyroid Section, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 205, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Angell TE, Lechner MG, Smith AM, Martin SE, Groshen SG, Maceri DR, Singer PA, Epstein AL. Circulating Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Predict Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Extent. Thyroid 2016; 26:381-9. [PMID: 26756227 PMCID: PMC4790214 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing the preoperative diagnosis and long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) remain challenging in some patients. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are tumor-induced cells mediating immune tolerance that are detectable in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. The authors previously developed a novel clinical assay to detect the phenotypes of two human MDSC subsets in peripheral blood, and hypothesize that higher MDSC levels measured by this assay correlate positively with both malignancy and worse patient outcomes. METHODS A prospective observational pilot study was performed of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for a solitary thyroid nodule. The presence of a thyroid nodule >1 cm was confirmed sonographically, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy performed prior to surgery in all cases. Peripheral blood collected preoperatively was analyzed using a novel flow cytometry-based immunoassay to detect and quantify two subsets of human MDSC. Circulating MDSC levels were compared by histopathologic diagnosis, stage, and presence of persistent disease after treatment. RESULTS Of 50 patients included in this study, MDSC measurement was successful in 47 (94%). One patient was found to have a concurrent cancer, leaving 46 patients for primary analysis. The cytologic diagnoses were benign in five (10.8%), atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance in five (10.8%), suspicious for follicular neoplasm in five (10.8%), suspicious for malignant in three (6.5%), and malignant in 28 (60.1%) of the 46 nodules. Final histopathology was benign in 11 (24%) and DTC in 35 (76%), encompassing 34 PTC cases and one follicular thyroid carcinoma. Mean percentages of CD11b(+)HLA-DR(low)HIF1a(+) MDSC (CD11b(+)MDSC) were 14.0 ± 6.2% and 7.9 ± 3.6% in DTC versus benign nodules, respectively (p < 0.005). A cutoff of 12% yielded a specificity of 0.91, a sensitivity of 0.72, and a likelihood ratio of 7.9. Mean CD11b(+)MDSC levels increased linearly with higher TNM stage (p < 0.01), and were 19.4 ± 5.4 in patients with persistent cancer after surgery compared with 13.2 ± 6.8 in those without evidence of disease (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION MDSC measurement using this flow cytometry-based assay represents a novel approach for preoperatively assessing malignancy risk and cancer extent in patients with thyroid nodules. While further validation is needed, these data suggest that MDSC assessment may serve as a useful adjunct when cytology is indeterminate, and predict tumor stage and recurrence risk in cases of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor E. Angell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa G. Lechner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alison M. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sue E. Martin
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan G. Groshen
- Department of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis R. Maceri
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter A. Singer
- Department of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan L. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Andersen BM, Xia J, Epstein AL, Ohlfest JR, Chen W, Blazar BR, Pennell CA, Olin MR. Monomeric annexin A2 is an oxygen-regulated toll-like receptor 2 ligand and adjuvant. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:11. [PMID: 26885373 PMCID: PMC4755027 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a pleiotropic, calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding protein with a broad tissue distribution. It can be intracellular, membrane-bound, or secreted, and it exists as a monomer or heterotetramer. The secreted ANXA2 heterotetramer signals human and murine macrophages to produce IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α through TLR4/MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways. METHODS GL261 glioma cells were cultured in 5 % or 20 % O2. Monomeric ANXA2 (ANXA2m) was identified as a TLR2-binding protein enriched in 5 % O2 by mass spectrometry. Purified ANXA2m and ANXA2-derived peptides were added to TLR2-expressing reporter cells and immature dendritic cells (DCs) cells in vitro. ANXA2m was then mixed with chicken ovalbumin (OVA) for vaccination of TLR2 (+/+) and TLR2 (-/-) mice for subsequent quantification of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. The TLR2-binding region of ANXA2m was determined using various peptides derived from the ANXA2 amino terminus on TLR2 reporter cells and in vaccinated mice. RESULTS ANXA2m is overexpressed by murine glioblastoma GL261 cells grown under 5 % O2, but not atmospheric 20 % O2, and acts as an adjuvant by inducing murine and human DC maturation through TLR2. ANXA2m upregulates CD80 and CD86 expression, enhances antigen cross-presentation, and induces the secretion of IL-12p70, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The amino-terminal 15 amino acids of ANXA2m are necessary and sufficient for TLR2 binding and DC activation. CONCLUSION This novel finding adds to the known functions of ANXA2 and suggests ways to exploit it as a vaccine adjuvant. ANXA2-antigen fusion peptides could be developed for patients as "off-the-shelf" agents containing common tumor antigens. Alternatively, they could be "personalized" and synthesized after tumor sequencing to identify immunogenic tumor-specific neo-antigens. As the amino terminal 15 amino acids of ANXA2 are required to stimulate TLR2 activity, a fusion peptide could be as short as 30 amino acids if one or two CD8 T cell epitopes are fused to the ANXA2 amino terminal portion. Future work will address the efficacy of ANXA2 peptide fusions alone and in combination with established TLR agonists to induce synergy in preclinical models of glioma as observed in other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Andersen
- />Department of Neurology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 Ease 68th St, room F-610, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Junzhe Xia
- />Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Number 1 of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alan L. Epstein
- />Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - John R. Ohlfest
- />Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Wei Chen
- />Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, 8366A, 420 Delaware St SE University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- />Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, 8366A, 420 Delaware St SE University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Christopher A. Pennell
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael R. Olin
- />Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, 3-136 CCRB, 2231 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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Jang JK, Chretin J, Bruyette D, Hu P, Epstein AL. Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study with LEC/chTNT-3 and Toceranib Phosphate (Palladia ®) in Dogs with Spontaneous Malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:167-174. [PMID: 26635918 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES LEC chemokine promotes TH1 responses and recruits immune cells to inflammatory sites. By linking LEC to an antibody targeting tumor necrosis, LEC/chTNT-3 can be used for the immunotherapeutic treatment of tumors. The primary objective of this study was to determine the safety profile of LEC/chTNT-3 and toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) combination therapy in dogs with spontaneous malignancies. Secondary purpose was to determine objective responses to treatment. METHODS Twenty-three dogs with cancer were enrolled, covering nine different malignancies. In this dose escalation study, dogs received LEC/chTNT-3 for five days, and toceranib every 48 hours for the remainder of the study. Dogs received physical exams, chemistry panel, urinalysis, and complete blood counts on days 0, 10, 28 of the study, and every 6-8 weeks thereafter. RESULTS Lethargy was noted in 13% dogs. There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of anorexia, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity, or hepatic toxicity before or during the study. There were trends in increases in the prevalence of vomiting, lymphopenia, and neutropenia (all grade 2 or lower, p=0.07) over the initial 28 days of the study. By day 28, 10% of dogs had partial responses, 58% had stable disease, and 32% had progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS LEC/chTNT-3 and toceranib were well tolerated. This combination therapy showed some biological activity against a variety of cancers at a low dose and short duration of LEC/chTNT-3 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Jang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Chretin
- Veterinary Centers of America West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Bruyette
- Veterinary Centers of America West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peisheng Hu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Chang G, Kang I, Shahabi A, Nadadur M, Athreya K, Suer E, Canter D, Chen ML, Martin SE, Aron M, Groshen SG, Epstein AL, Pinski JK. MDSC clinical assay for disease surveillance in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Chang
- University of Southern California/Keck Medcl Ctr, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Irene Kang
- LAC and Univ of Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Ahva Shahabi
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Malini Nadadur
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kanthi Athreya
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Evren Suer
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Canter
- University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mo-Li Chen
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sue Ellen Martin
- University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Monish Aron
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan G. Groshen
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jacek K. Pinski
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, La Canada, CA
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Epstein AL, Jang J, Hu P, Khawli LA. Antibody targeted CpG for the immunotherapy of solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4649365 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-p287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Angell TE, Lechner MG, Jang JK, LoPresti JS, Epstein AL. MHC class I loss is a frequent mechanism of immune escape in papillary thyroid cancer that is reversed by interferon and selumetinib treatment in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6034-44. [PMID: 25294906 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate MHC class I expression on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and analyze changes in MHC expression and associated immune activation with current and experimental treatments for thyroid cancer using in vitro PTC cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MHC class I expression and assessment of tumor-infiltrating leukocyte populations were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. PTC cell lines were analyzed for HLA-ABC expression by flow cytometry following tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IFNα or IFNγ, or radiation treatment. Functional changes in antigenicity were assessed by coculture of allogeneic donor peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) with pretreated or untreated PTC cell lines and measurement of T-cell activation and cytokine production. RESULTS Both MHC class I and β2-microglobulin expression was reduced or absent in 76% of PTC specimens and was associated with reduced tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including effector (CD3(+), CD8(+), CD16(+)) and suppressor (FoxP3(+)) populations. Treatment of PTC cell lines with the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib or IFN increased HLA-ABC expression. This phenotypic change was associated with increased T-cell activation (%CD25(+) of CD3(+)) and IL2 production by PBL cocultured with treated PTC cell lines. Additive effects were seen with combination selumetinib and IFN treatment. CONCLUSIONS MHC class I expression loss is frequent in human PTC specimens and represents a significant mechanism of immune escape. Increased antigenicity following selumetinib and IFN treatment warrants further study for immunotherapy of progressive PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor E Angell
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Department of Pathology, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa G Lechner
- Department of Pathology, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie K Jang
- Department of Pathology, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan S LoPresti
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Angell TE, Lechner MG, Jang JK, Correa AJ, LoPresti JS, Epstein AL. BRAF V600E in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with increased programmed death ligand 1 expression and suppressive immune cell infiltration. Thyroid 2014; 24:1385-93. [PMID: 24955518 PMCID: PMC4148060 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There remain a small number of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) who suffer recurrence, metastases, or death. While mutation of the BRAF gene, corresponding to the constitutively active BRAF(V600E) protein, has been associated with worse clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer, the reasons underlying this observation are presently unknown. Disruption of endogenous host immune surveillance and promotion of tumor immune escape is one mechanism by which BRAF(V600E) tumors may achieve more aggressive behavior. This study evaluated the relationship between BRAF(V600E) status and known strategies of tumor-mediated immune suppression. METHODS Tissue sections of PTC tumors from 33 patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for tumor-expressed suppressive ligands and enzymes and effector and suppressor populations of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Presence of BRAF(V600E) was evaluated by direct DNA sequencing of PTC specimens and the results correlated with tumor-expressed molecules and tumor-infiltrating immune cell populations, as well as patient characteristics and pathologic findings. RESULTS BRAF(V600E) tumors more often express high levels of immunosuppressive ligands programmed death ligand 1 (53% vs. 12.5%) and human leukocyte antigen G (41% vs. 12.5%) compared to BRAF wild-type tumors. There was no association between indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression and BRAF(V600E) status. Furthermore, BRAF(V600E) tumors demonstrate both lower CD8(+) effector to FoxP3(+) regulatory T cell, and CD68(+) pan-macrophage to CD163(+) M2 macrophage ratios, indicating relative increases in suppressive T cell and macrophage components, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, BRAF(V600E) PTC tumors display a broadly immunosuppressive profile and evidence of disturbed host tumor immune surveillance that may contribute to the poorer outcomes observed in this subset of patients with thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor E. Angell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melissa G. Lechner
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julie K. Jang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adrian J. Correa
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan S. LoPresti
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan L. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Bryan RA, Jiang Z, Jandl T, Strauss J, Koba W, Onyedika C, Morgenstern A, Bruchertseifer F, Epstein AL, Dadachova E. Treatment of experimental pancreatic cancer with 213-Bismuth-labeled chimeric antibody to single-strand DNA. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1243-9. [PMID: 25156106 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.952285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel approaches to treatment of pancreatic cancer (PCa) are urgently needed. A chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) chTNT3 binds to single-strand DNA (ssDNA) and RNA released from the non-viable cells in fast growing tumors. Here the authors investigated whether radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using chTNT3 mAb radiolabeled with 213-Bismuth ((213)Bi) could be effective in treatment of experimental PCa. METHODS Two human PCa cell lines, Panc1 and MiaPaCa-2, were used for in vitro experiments. The xenografts in mice were established using MiaPaCa-2 cells. Therapy compared (213)Bi-chTNT3 (700 μCi) to gemcitabine or cisplatin, untreated controls and 'cold' chTNT3. RESULTS RIT abrogated the tumors growth while tumors in control groups grew aggressively. Chemotherapy was less effective than RIT and toxic to mice while RIT did not have any side effects. CONCLUSIONS RIT with (213)Bi-chTNT3 was safe and effective in the treatment of experimental PCa in comparison with chemotherapy. This makes α-RIT targeting ssDNA a promising modality for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Bryan
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695A Eastchester Rd. Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Andoh T, Fujimoto T, Sudo T, Suzuki M, Sakurai Y, Sakuma T, Moritake H, Sugimoto T, Takeuchi T, Sonobe H, Epstein AL, Fukumori Y, Ono K, Ichikawa H. Boron neutron capture therapy as new treatment for clear cell sarcoma: Trial on different animal model. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 88:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aluri SR, Shi P, Gustafson JA, Wang W, Lin YA, Cui H, Liu S, Conti PS, Li Z, Hu P, Epstein AL, MacKay JA. A hybrid protein-polymer nanoworm potentiates apoptosis better than a monoclonal antibody. ACS Nano 2014; 8:2064-76. [PMID: 24484356 PMCID: PMC4004287 DOI: 10.1021/nn403973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas continue to occur with a high incidence. The chimeric antibody known as Rituximab (Rituxan) has become a vital therapy for these patients. Rituximab induces cell death via binding and clustering of the CD20 receptor by Fcγ expressing effector cells. Because of the limited mobility of effector cells, it may be advantageous to cluster CD20 directly using multivalent nanostructures. To explore this strategy, this manuscript introduces a nanoparticle that assembles from a fusion between a single chain antibody and a soluble protein polymer. These hybrid proteins express in Escherichia coli and do not require bioconjugation between the antibody and a substrate. Surprisingly a fusion between an anti-CD20 single chain antibody and a soluble protein polymer assemble worm-like nanostructures, which were characterized using light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. These nanoworms competitively bind CD20 on two B-cell lymphoma cell lines, exhibit concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis, and induce apoptosis better than Rituximab alone. Similar activity was observed in vivo using a non-Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft model. In comparison to Rituximab, systemic nanoworms significantly slowed tumor growth. These findings suggest that hybrid nanoworms targeted at CD20 may be useful treatments for B-cell related malignancies. Because of the ubiquity of antibody therapeutics, related nanoworms may have uses against other molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaas Rayudu Aluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Pu Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Joshua A. Gustafson
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter S. Conti
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peisheng Hu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alan L. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - John Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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