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Napolitano S, Woods M, Lee HM, De Falco V, Martini G, Della Corte CM, Martinelli E, Famiglietti V, Ciardiello D, Anderson A, Fowlkes NW, Villareal OE, Sorokin A, Kanikarla P, Coker O, Morris V, Altucci L, Tabernero J, Troiani T, Ciardiello F, Kopetz S. Antitumor Efficacy of Dual Blockade with Encorafenib + Cetuximab in Combination with Chemotherapy in Human BRAFV600E-Mutant Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2299-2309. [PMID: 37040395 PMCID: PMC10261917 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Encorafenib + cetuximab (E+C) is an effective therapeutic option in chemorefractory BRAFV600E metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, there is a need to improve the efficacy of this molecular-targeted therapy and evaluate regimens suitable for untreated BRAFV600E in patients with mCRC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed a series of in vivo studies using BRAFV600E mCRC tumor xenografts. Mice were randomized to receive 5-fluoruracil (5-FU), irinotecan, or oxaliplatin regimens (FOLFIRI or FOLFOX), (E+C) or the combination. Patients received long-term treatment until disease progression, with deescalation strategies used to mimic maintenance therapy. Transcriptomic changes after progression on cytotoxic chemotherapy or targeted therapy were assessed. RESULTS Antitumor activity of either FOLFIRI or E+C was better as first-line treatment as compared with second-line, with partial cross-resistance seen between a cytotoxic regimen and targeted therapy with an average 62% loss of efficacy for FOLFIRI after E+C and a 45% loss of efficacy of E+C after FOLFIRI (P < 0.001 for both). FOLFIRI-treated models had upregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and MAPK pathway activation, where E+C treated models had suppressed MAPK signaling. In contrast, with chemotherapy with E+C, EMT and MAPK signaling remained suppressed. FOLFOX or FOLFIRI, each in combination with E+C, were the most active first-line treatments as compared with E+C or to chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, FOLFOX in combination with E+C as first-line induction therapy, followed by E+C ± 5-FU as maintenance therapy, was the most effective strategy for long-term disease control. CONCLUSIONS These results support the combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy and molecular-targeted therapy as a promising therapeutic approach in the first-line treatment of BRAFV600E mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Napolitano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Melanie Woods
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hey Min Lee
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vincenzo De Falco
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Martini
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carminia Maria Della Corte
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Famiglietti
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Amanda Anderson
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalie Wall Fowlkes
- Veterinary Medicine & Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Oscar Eduardo Villareal
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Preeti Kanikarla
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Olu Coker
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Van Morris
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d' Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Oncology, University of Vic/Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Institute of Barcelona-Quironsalud, Biomedical Research Center in Cancer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Thatikonda V, Lu H, Jurado S, Kostyrko K, Bristow CA, Bosch K, Feng N, Gao S, Gerlach D, Gmachl M, Lieb S, Jeschko A, Machado AA, Marszalek ED, Mahendra M, Jaeger PA, Sorokin A, Strauss S, Trapani F, Kopetz S, Vellano CP, Petronczki M, Kraut N, Heffernan TP, Marszalek JR, Pearson M, Waizenegger I, Hofmann MH. Combined KRAS G12C and SOS1 inhibition enhances and extends the anti-tumor response in KRAS G12C-driven cancers by addressing intrinsic and acquired resistance. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.23.525210. [PMID: 36747713 PMCID: PMC9900819 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the anti-tumor response to KRASG12C targeted therapy have benefited from leveraging combination approaches. Here, we compare the anti-tumor response induced by the SOS1-KRAS interaction inhibitor, BI-3406, combined with a KRASG12C inhibitor (KRASG12Ci) to those induced by KRASG12Ci alone or combined with SHP2 or EGFR inhibitors. In lung cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) models, BI-3406 plus KRASG12Ci induces an anti-tumor response stronger than that observed with KRASG12Ci alone and comparable to those by the other combinations. This enhanced anti-tumor response is associated with a stronger and extended suppression of RAS-MAPK signaling. Importantly, BI-3406 plus KRASG12Ci treatment delays the emergence of acquired adagrasib resistance in both CRC and lung cancer models and is associated with re-establishment of anti-proliferative activity in KRASG12Ci-resistant CRC models. Our findings position KRASG12C plus SOS1 inhibition therapy as a promising strategy for treating both KRASG12C-mutated tumors as well as for addressing acquired resistance to KRASG12Ci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hengyu Lu
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sabine Jurado
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaja Kostyrko
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher A. Bristow
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karin Bosch
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ningping Feng
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sisi Gao
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Simone Lieb
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Annette A. Machado
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ethan D. Marszalek
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mikhila Mahendra
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Alexey Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher P. Vellano
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timothy P. Heffernan
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R. Marszalek
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Parseghian CM, Sun R, Woods M, Napolitano S, Lee HM, Alshenaifi J, Willis J, Nunez S, Raghav KP, Morris VK, Shen JP, Eluri M, Sorokin A, Kanikarla P, Vilar E, Rehn M, Ang A, Troiani T, Kopetz S. Resistance Mechanisms to Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Therapy in RAS/RAF Wild-Type Colorectal Cancer Vary by Regimen and Line of Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:460-471. [PMID: 36351210 PMCID: PMC9870238 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acquired resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor (EGFRi) therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) has previously been explained by the model of acquiring new mutations in KRAS/NRAS/EGFR, among other MAPK-pathway members. However, this was primarily on the basis of single-agent EGFRi trials and little is known about the resistance mechanisms of EGFRi combined with effective cytotoxic chemotherapy in previously untreated patients. METHODS We analyzed paired plasma samples from patients with RAS/BRAF/EGFR wild-type metastatic CRC enrolled in three large randomized trials evaluating EGFRi in the first line in combination with chemotherapy and as a single agent in third line. The mutational signature of the alterations acquired with therapy was evaluated. CRC cell lines with resistance to cetuximab, infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin, and SN38 were developed, and transcriptional changes profiled. RESULTS Patients whose tumors were treated with and responded to EGFRi alone were more likely to develop acquired mutations (46%) compared with those treated in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy (9%). Furthermore, contrary to the generally accepted hypothesis of the clonal evolution of acquired resistance, we demonstrate that baseline resistant subclonal mutations rarely expanded to become clonal at progression, and most remained subclonal or disappeared. Consistent with this clinical finding, preclinical models with acquired resistance to either cetuximab or chemotherapy were cross-resistant to the alternate agents, with transcriptomic profiles consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. By contrast, commonly acquired resistance alterations in the MAPK pathway do not affect sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapy. CONCLUSION These findings support a model of resistance whereby transcriptomic mechanisms of resistance predominate in the presence of active cytotoxic chemotherapy combined with EGFRi, with a greater predominance of acquired MAPK mutations after single-agent EGFRi. The proposed model has implications for prospective studies evaluating EGFRi rechallenge strategies guided by acquired MAPK mutations, and highlights the need to address transcriptional mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Parseghian
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ryan Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Melanie Woods
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | - Hey Min Lee
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jumanah Alshenaifi
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jason Willis
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shakayla Nunez
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kanwal P. Raghav
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Van K. Morris
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - John P. Shen
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Madhulika Eluri
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Preeti Kanikarla
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Teresa Troiani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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4
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Fan F, Ghosh S, Powell R, Roszik J, Park Y, Sobieski M, Sorokin A, Stephan C, Kopetz S, Ellis LM, Bhattacharya R. Combining MEK and SRC inhibitors for treatment of colorectal cancer demonstrate increased efficacy in vitro but not in vivo. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281063. [PMID: 36952536 PMCID: PMC10035898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. More than 50% of patients with mCRC harbor mutations of the oncogenic driver RAS (KRAS or NRAS). Because directly targeting most mutations of RAS is technically challenging, researchers have concentrated on targeting MEK, a downstream mediator of RAS. However, targeting MEK as single-agent therapy is ineffective in patients with mCRC. We hypothesize that combining a MEK inhibitor with other agents can enhance the efficacy of MEK targeting in mCRC. Unbiased high-throughput screening (HTS) was performed to identify drugs that enhance the efficacy of MEK inhibitors. HTS was performed with KRAS-mutated CRC cells using the MEK inhibitor trametinib as a "backbone" and two "clinically ready" compound libraries approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or in clinical trials. HTS demonstrated that the combination of the SRC inhibitor dasatinib and trametinib was synergistic in CRC cells in vitro (MTT and colony formation assays). Analysis of markers for cell proliferation and apoptosis using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, reverse-phase protein array, or Western blotting demonstrated decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death when targeting both SRC and MEK as compared to single agents in multiple CRC cell lines. However, combining dasatinib and trametinib in vivo at doses in mice equivalent to doses used in humans failed to significantly enhance the antitumor activity of trametinib when compared to that of trametinib alone. These results underscore the importance of performing careful preclinical in vivo validation studies using clinically relevant doses as a prerequisite for translating in vitro findings to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susmita Ghosh
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reid Powell
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Roszik
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongsun Park
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary Sobieski
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clifford Stephan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lee M Ellis
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajat Bhattacharya
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Kopetz S, Ridinger M, Sorokin A, Kanikarla P, Gao F, Liu Z, Samuelsz E, Smeal T, Starr J, Sharma M. 366P The PLK1 inhibitor onvansertib overcomes irinotecan resistance in RAS-mutated (mRAS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in vivo and in patients (pts). Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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6
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Gonzalez-Cantero Á, Patel N, Hong C, Abbad-Jaime de Aragón C, Berna-Rico E, Solis J, Ballester A, Sorokin A, Teague H, Playford M, Barderas M, Fernandez-Friera L, Mehta N. 845 HDL composition, particle number and size is associated with non-calcified coronary plaque in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hsu L, Bui V, O'Hagan R, Sorokin A, Zhou W, Jones E, Mehta N, Chen M. 404 Fully Automated Quantification Of Epicardial And Thoracic Adipose Tissue From Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ryan MB, Coker O, Sorokin A, Fella K, Barnes H, Wong E, Kanikarla P, Gao F, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Kopetz S, Corcoran RB. KRAS G12C-independent feedback activation of wild-type RAS constrains KRAS G12C inhibitor efficacy. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110993. [PMID: 35732135 PMCID: PMC9809542 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although KRAS has long been considered undruggable, direct KRASG12C inhibitors have shown promising initial clinical efficacy. However, the majority of patients still fail to respond. Adaptive feedback reactivation of RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has been proposed by our group and others as a key mediator of resistance, but the exact mechanism driving reactivation and the therapeutic implications are unclear. We find that upstream feedback activation of wild-type RAS, as opposed to a shift in KRASG12C to its active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state, is sufficient to drive RAS-MAPK reactivation in a KRASG12C-independent manner. Moreover, multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) can drive feedback reactivation, potentially necessitating targeting of convergent signaling nodes for more universal efficacy. Even in colorectal cancer, where feedback is thought to be primarily epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated, alternative RTKs drive pathway reactivation and limit efficacy, but convergent upstream or downstream signal blockade can enhance activity. Overall, these data provide important mechanistic insight to guide therapeutic strategies targeting KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 149 13(th) Street, 7(th) Floor, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwadara Coker
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katerina Fella
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 149 13(th) Street, 7(th) Floor, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haley Barnes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 149 13(th) Street, 7(th) Floor, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edmond Wong
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 149 13(th) Street, 7(th) Floor, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Preeti Kanikarla
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fengqin Gao
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Kopetz
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 149 13(th) Street, 7(th) Floor, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Parseghian CM, Sun R, Woods MN, Napolitano S, Alshenaifi J, Willis J, Nunez SK, Sorokin A, Kanikarla Marie P, Raghav KPS, Morris VK, Shen JPY, Vilar Sanchez E, Rehn M, Ang A, Troiani T, Kopetz S. Resistance mechanisms to anti-EGFR therapy in RAS/RAF wildtype colorectal cancer varies by regimen and line of therapy. J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3554 Background: The conventional theory for the development of treatment resistance to anti-EGFR for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is the selective growth advantage of pre-existing therapy-resistant subclones with genomic mechanisms such as RAS mutations, leading to treatment resistance and disease progression. However, the impact of cytotoxic chemotherapy in combination with anti-EGFR on the mechanisms of resistance has not been assessed. Methods: We analyzed paired plasma samples from RAS/BRAF/EGFR wild-type mCRC patients enrolled in three large randomized phase 3 trials of anti-EGFR rechallenge in whom paired baseline and time of progression plasma samples had been collected for sequencing of ctDNA on a platform optimized for very low allele frequencies. 569 patients had paired baseline and progression ctDNA samples analyzed, including 147 in the first line study of FOLFOX +/- panitumumab, 91 patients in third line with panitumumab vs best supportive care, and 331 patients in the third line study of cetuximab vs. panitumumab. The mutational signature of the alterations acquired with therapy was evaluated. We also established colon cancer cell lines with resistance to cetuximab, FOLFOX, and SN38, and profiled transcriptional changes. Results: Using serial plasma samples, we demonstrate that patients whose tumors were treated with and responded to anti-EGFR alone were approximately 5-times more likely to develop acquired mutations at progression compared to those treated with an EGFR inhibitor in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy (46% vs. 9%, respectively; p < 0.001). Consistent with this clinical finding, cell lines with non-genomic acquired resistance to cetuximab were cross-resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy and vice-versa, with transcriptomic profiles consistent with epithelial to mesenchymal transition. In contrast, common acquired genomic alterations in the MAPK pathway that drive resistance to EGFR monoclonal antibodies do not impact sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Further, contrary to the generally accepted hypothesis of clonal expansion of acquired resistance, in our work we demonstrate that baseline resistant subclonal mutations rarely expanded to become clonal at the time of progression (8%), and most remained subclonal (44%) or disappeared (49%). Conclusions: Collectively, this work outlines a model of resistance where non-genomic mechanisms of resistance common to both EGFR inhibitors and cytotoxic chemotherapy predominate in patients treated with EGFR and chemotherapy combinations. With EGFR inhibitor monotherapy, genomic acquired resistance mechanisms predominate, although only rarely through expansion of pre-existing subclones. These findings have important implications for strategies of EGFR-inhibitor rechallenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Sun
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Biostatistics, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Jason Willis
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Alexey Sorokin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Van K. Morris
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Teresa Troiani
- Medical Oncology Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Scott Kopetz
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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10
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Orouji E, Raman AT, Singh AK, Sorokin A, Arslan E, Ghosh AK, Schulz J, Terranova CJ, Jiang S, Tang M, Maitituoheti M, Barrodia P, Jiang Y, Callahan SC, Tomczak KJ, Jiang Z, Davis JS, Ghosh S, Lee HM, Reyes-Uribe L, Chang K, Liu Y, Chen H, Azhdarnia A, Morris JS, Vilar E, Carmon KS, Kopetz S, Rai K. Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer. Gut 2022; 71:938-949. [PMID: 34059508 PMCID: PMC8745382 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhancer aberrations are beginning to emerge as a key epigenetic feature of colorectal cancers (CRC), however, a comprehensive knowledge of chromatin state patterns in tumour progression, heterogeneity of these patterns and imparted therapeutic opportunities remain poorly described. DESIGN We performed comprehensive epigenomic characterisation by mapping 222 chromatin profiles from 69 samples (33 colorectal adenocarcinomas, 4 adenomas, 21 matched normal tissues and 11 colon cancer cell lines) for six histone modification marks: H3K4me3 for Pol II-bound and CpG-rich promoters, H3K4me1 for poised enhancers, H3K27ac for enhancers and transcriptionally active promoters, H3K79me2 for transcribed regions, H3K27me3 for polycomb repressed regions and H3K9me3 for heterochromatin. RESULTS We demonstrate that H3K27ac-marked active enhancer state could distinguish between different stages of CRC progression. By epigenomic editing, we present evidence that gains of tumour-specific enhancers for crucial oncogenes, such as ASCL2 and FZD10, was required for excessive proliferation. Consistently, combination of MEK plus bromodomain inhibition was found to have synergistic effects in CRC patient-derived xenograft models. Probing intertumour heterogeneity, we identified four distinct enhancer subtypes (EPIgenome-based Classification, EpiC), three of which correlate well with previously defined transcriptomic subtypes (consensus molecular subtypes, CMSs). Importantly, CMS2 can be divided into two EpiC subgroups with significant survival differences. Leveraging such correlation, we devised a combinatorial therapeutic strategy of enhancer-blocking bromodomain inhibitors with pathway-specific inhibitors (PARPi, EGFRi, TGFβi, mTORi and SRCi) for EpiC groups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the dynamics of active enhancer underlies CRC progression and the patient-specific enhancer patterns can be leveraged for precision combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Orouji
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Epigenetics Initiative, Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ayush T. Raman
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anand K. Singh
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emre Arslan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Archit K. Ghosh
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J. Terranova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mayinuer Maitituoheti
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Praveen Barrodia
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingda Jiang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S. Carson Callahan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katarzyna J. Tomczak
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Davis
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sukhen Ghosh
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hey Min Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura Reyes-Uribe
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyle Chang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yusha Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Azhdarnia
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Morris
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kendra S. Carmon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kunal Rai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA .,Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Woods MN, De Falco V, Prisco C, Martini G, Guerrera LP, Belli V, Troiani T, Morris VK, Shen JPY, Lee HM, Villarreal O, Sorokin A, Kanikarla Marie P, Ciardiello F, Kopetz S, Napolitano S. Encorafenib, cetuximab, and cytotoxic chemotherapy combinations in BRAFV600E CRC murine models. J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.4_suppl.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
145 Background: Based on promising results from latest trials, a crucial point is to evaluate whether encorafenib (E) plus cetuximab (C), alone or in combination with chemotherapy, can improve clinical outcomes relative to current standard of care in previously untreated BRAFV600E mutant mCRC. Considering the high number of BRAFV600E mutant mCRC patients who will never receive a second-line treatment, the rationale of this strategy is to maximize treatment outcome within the first-line setting. Methods: We performed an in vivo study using human BRAFV600E CRC cell line-derived xenografts in nude mice. We evaluated the efficacy of encorafenib (E) + cetuximab (C), FOLFOX, and FOLFIRI, both as individual regimens and in combinations. Mice were treated for 3 weeks and followed for an additional 8 weeks to evaluate durability of tumor control. Additionally, we validated our findings using 3 BRAFV600E mutated patient derived xenografts. Tumors progressing on single agent and combined treatment were profiled by RNA sequencing, protein extraction for RPPA/Western blot, and establishment of in vitro primary cell cultures for further analyses. Results: Our study showed across all 4 models both FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, each in combination with encorafenib plus cetuximab, having greater efficacy than encorafenib plus cetuximab or either chemotherapy alone. No significant change in toxicity was seen with the addition of chemotherapy. Interestingly, in the one model with long term treatment, FOLFOX + E +/- C performed greatest over the long-term, with significant endpoint separation against all other treatment arms (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, results from our study suggest that the addition of chemotherapy to BRAF+EGFR targeted therapy can further increase the magnitude of response in BRAFV600E mCRC and is a promising combination now being explored clinically. Additionally, this research will substantially contribute to our understanding of the genetic and molecular bases of resistance to target therapies and chemo-based approach in BRAFV600Econtext.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Prisco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universita degil Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Martini
- Medical Oncology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Pio Guerrera
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, Universita degli Studi della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Troiani
- Medical Oncology Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Van K. Morris
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Hey Min Lee
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Alexey Sorokin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Scott Kopetz
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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12
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Gordeychuk I, Kyuregyan K, Kondrashova A, Bayurova E, Gulyaev S, Gulyaeva T, Potemkin I, Karlsen A, Isaeva O, Belyakova A, Lyashenko A, Sorokin A, Chumakov A, Morozov I, Isaguliants M, Ishmukhametov A, Mikhailov M. Immunization with recombinant ORF2 p551 protein protects common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) against homologous and heterologous hepatitis E virus challenge. Vaccine 2022; 40:89-99. [PMID: 34836660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide, prompting continuous HEV vaccine efforts. Vaccine development is hampered by the lack of convenient animal models susceptible to infection with different HEV genotypes. We produced recombinant open reading frame 2 protein (pORF2; p551) of HEV genotype (GT) 3 and assessed its immunogenicity and protectivity against HEV challenge in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, CM). METHODS p551 with consensus sequence corresponding to amino acid residues 110-660 of HEV GT3 pORF2 was expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. CMs were immunized intramuscularly with 20 μg of p551 VLPs with alum adjuvant (n = 4) or adjuvant alone (n = 2) at weeks 0, 3, 7 and 19. At week 27, p551-immunized and control animals were challenged with HEV GT1 or GT3 and thereafter longitudinally screened for markers of liver function, anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA in feces and sera. RESULTS Purified p551 formed VLPs with particle size of 27.71 ± 2.42 nm. Two immunizations with p551 induced anti-HEV IgG mean titer of 1:1810. Immunized CMs challenged with homologous and heterologous HEV genotype did not develop HEV infection during the follow-up. Control CMs infected with both HEV GT1 and GT3 demonstrated signs of HEV infection with virus shedding and elevation of the levels of liver enzymes. High levels of anti-HEV IgG persisted in vaccinated CMs and control CMs that resolved HEV infection, for up to two years post challenge. CONCLUSIONS CMs are shown to be a convenient laboratory animal model susceptible to infection with HEV GT1 and GT3. Immunization with HEV GT3 ORF2/p551 triggers potent anti-HEV antibody response protecting CMs from homologous and heterologous HEV challenge. This advances p551 in VLPs as a prototype vaccine against HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia.
| | - Karen Kyuregyan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
| | - Alla Kondrashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Stanislav Gulyaev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Gulyaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Ilya Potemkin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Karlsen
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia; N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Olga Isaeva
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
| | - Alla Belyakova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Anna Lyashenko
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Alexey Chumakov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Igor Morozov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Maria Isaguliants
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aydar Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Mikhailov
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow 125993, Russia.
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13
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Kim E, Mordovkina DA, Sorokin A. Targeting XPO1-Dependent Nuclear Export in Cancer. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2022; 87:S178-S70. [PMID: 35501995 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is tightly regulated in eukaryotic cells. XPO1 is a transport factor responsible for the nuclear export of several hundred protein and RNA substrates. Elevated levels of XPO1 and recurrent mutations have been reported in multiple cancers and linked to advanced disease stage and poor survival. In recent years, several novel small-molecule inhibitors of XPO1 were developed and extensively tested in preclinical cancer models and eventually in clinical trials. In this brief review, we summarize the functions of XPO1, its role in cancer, and the latest results of clinical trials of XPO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kim
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Daria A Mordovkina
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Kanikarla Marie P, Fowlkes NW, Afshar-Kharghan V, Martch SL, Sorokin A, Shen JP, Morris VK, Dasari A, You N, Sood AK, Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Menter DG. The Provocative Roles of Platelets in Liver Disease and Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643815. [PMID: 34367949 PMCID: PMC8335590 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both platelets and the liver play important roles in the processes of coagulation and innate immunity. Platelet responses at the site of an injury are rapid; their immediate activation and structural changes minimize the loss of blood. The majority of coagulation proteins are produced by the liver—a multifunctional organ that also plays a critical role in many processes: removal of toxins and metabolism of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs. Chronic inflammation, trauma, or other causes of irreversible damage to the liver can dysregulate these pathways leading to organ and systemic abnormalities. In some cases, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios can also be a predictor of disease outcome. An example is cirrhosis, which increases the risk of bleeding and prothrombotic events followed by activation of platelets. Along with a triggered coagulation cascade, the platelets increase the risk of pro-thrombotic events and contribute to cancer progression and metastasis. This progression and the resulting tissue destruction is physiologically comparable to a persistent, chronic wound. Various cancers, including colorectal cancer, have been associated with increased thrombocytosis, platelet activation, platelet-storage granule release, and thrombosis; anti-platelet agents can reduce cancer risk and progression. However, in cancer patients with pre-existing liver disease who are undergoing chemotherapy, the risk of thrombotic events becomes challenging to manage due to their inherent risk for bleeding. Chemotherapy, also known to induce damage to the liver, further increases the frequency of thrombotic events. Depending on individual patient risks, these factors acting together can disrupt the fragile balance between pro- and anti-coagulant processes, heightening liver thrombogenesis, and possibly providing a niche for circulating tumor cells to adhere to—thus promoting both liver metastasis and cancer-cell survival following treatment (that is, with minimal residual disease in the liver).
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla Marie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Natalie W Fowlkes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie L Martch
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Van K Morris
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arvind Dasari
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nancy You
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David George Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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Coker O, Sorokin A, Gale K, Gao F, Shen JP, Kwong L, Wu J, Lee HM, Woods M, Villareal O, Kopetz S. Abstract LB264: Oncogenic KRASG12C dependency in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Oncogenic KRAS mutations occur in 50% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and have long been considered undruggable. Novel covalent inhibitors targeting the KRASG12C mutation have been developed, presenting a unique opportunity to directly target KRAS. However, clinical trials focusing on sotorasib reveal that KRASG12C inhibitors are only modestly active in CRC compared to lung cancer patients with response rates being 7% and 54%, respectively. Adaptive and acquired feedback has contributed to the diminished therapeutic efficacies observed in CRC patients. Recent studies have shown that receptor tyrosine kinases may be the conduit for adaptive feedback to KRASG12C inhibition, with EGFR being the focus of this class. However, while preclinical and clinical studies evaluating combinatorial strategies to maintain the inactivation of KRASG12C have proven that adaptive feedback can be overcome through combinations, the acquired resistance mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examine the adaptive and acquired response to KRASG12C inhibition using PDX-CRC models.
Methods: We treated three KRASG12C PDX-CRC cell lines (B8182, C1047, and F3008) with sotorasib, panitumumab, and the combo of the two drugs for 6h and 24h. We compare their response to untreated samples to understand the adaptive response over time. Adaptive response to treatment was assessed by measuring the pERK and pEGFR response via western blots. We also treated two KRASG12C PDX-CRC mouse models, B8026 and C1177, with sotorasib, panitumumab, trametinib, as well as doublet and triplet combos with sotorasib. We then assessed treatment response by measuring tumor volume. To develop PDX-CRC models that acquire resistance to sotorasib, we treated the mice continuously with sotorasib over time until we observed noticeable tumor growth.
Results: B8182, C1047, and F3008 all show adaptive response to sotorasib. However, while the source of adaptive response is not clear, our data suggests that EGFR may not be the driver in all three cell lines. In our PDX-CRC mouse models, both B8026 and C1177 are responsive to sotorasib and panitumumab. However, C1177 was not responsive to trametinib. Both models however are responsive to doublet combos of sotorasib with either agent, with triplet combo providing the greatest effectiveness in reducing tumor volume. Additionally, B8026 and C1177 PDX-CRC models developed acquired resistance to sotorasib.
Conclusion: KRASG12C inhibitors are only modestly active in CRC. Treatment of sotorasib in KRASG12C PDX-CRC cell lines showed that EGFR may not be the primary mediator of adaptive resistance in all models. However, inactivation of KRASG12C can be maintained through combinations targeting the kinases involved in the feedback mechanisms. Finally, while functional characterization of resistance mechanisms is underway, the mechanisms of resistance to KRASG12C appear to be transcriptomic.
Citation Format: Oluwadara Coker, Alexey Sorokin, Kelly Gale, Fengqin Gao, John Paul Shen, Lawrence Kwong, Ji Wu, Hey Min Lee, Melanie Woods, Oscar Villareal, Scott Kopetz. Oncogenic KRASG12C dependency in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB264.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelly Gale
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Fengqin Gao
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - John Paul Shen
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lawrence Kwong
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ji Wu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hey Min Lee
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Melanie Woods
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Scott Kopetz
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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16
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Sorokin A, Miller B, Palygin O, El-Meanawy A, Staruschenko A. POS-395 P66SHC-MEDIATED H2O2 PRODUCTION IMPAIRS NEPHROGENESIS CAUSING REDUCTION OF NUMBER OF GLOMERULI. Kidney Int Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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17
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Kopetz S, Guthrie KA, Morris VK, Lenz HJ, Magliocco AM, Maru D, Yan Y, Lanman R, Manyam G, Hong DS, Sorokin A, Atreya CE, Diaz LA, Allegra C, Raghav KP, Wang SE, Lieu CH, McDonough SL, Philip PA, Hochster HS. Randomized Trial of Irinotecan and Cetuximab With or Without Vemurafenib in BRAF-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (SWOG S1406). J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:285-294. [PMID: 33356422 PMCID: PMC8462593 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAFV600E mutations are rarely associated with objective responses to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Blockade of BRAFV600E by vemurafenib causes feedback upregulation of EGFR, whose signaling activities can be impeded by cetuximab. METHODS One hundred six patients with BRAFV600E-mutated metastatic CRC previously treated with one or two regimens were randomly assigned to irinotecan and cetuximab with or without vemurafenib (960 mg PO twice daily). RESULTS Progression-free survival, the primary end point, was improved with the addition of vemurafenib (hazard ratio, 0.50, P = .001). The response rate was 17% versus 4% (P = .05), with a disease control rate of 65% versus 21% (P < .001). A decline in circulating tumor DNA BRAFV600E variant allele frequency was seen in 87% versus 0% of patients (P < .001), with a low incidence of acquired RAS alterations at the time of progression. RNA profiling suggested that treatment benefit did not depend on previously established BRAF subgroups or the consensus molecular subtype. CONCLUSION Simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and BRAF combined with irinotecan is effective in BRAFV600E-mutated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kopetz
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Van K. Morris
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Dipen Maru
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - David S. Hong
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Chloe E. Atreya
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Luis A. Diaz
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Sorokin A, Miller B, Palygin O, El-Meanawy A, Staruschenko A. SUN-098 MUTATION OF p66SHC IN RATS CAUSES INCREASED H2O2 PRODUCTION AND LEADS TO REDUCED NUMBER OF GLOMERULI. Kidney Int Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.02.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Napolitano S, Matrone N, Muddassir AL, Martini G, Sorokin A, De Falco V, Giunta EF, Ciardiello D, Martinelli E, Belli V, Furia M, Kopetz S, Morgillo F, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Triple blockade of EGFR, MEK and PD-L1 has antitumor activity in colorectal cancer models with constitutive activation of MAPK signaling and PD-L1 overexpression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:492. [PMID: 31842958 PMCID: PMC6915948 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular mechanisms driving acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are complex but generally involve the activation of the downstream RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK pathway. Nevertheless, even if inhibition of EGFR and MEK could be a strategy for overcoming anti-EGFR resistance, its use is limited by the development of MEK inhibitor (MEKi) resistance. METHODS We have generated in vitro and in vivo different CRC models in order to underline the mechanisms of MEKi resistance. RESULTS The three different in vitro MEKi resistant models, two generated by human CRC cells quadruple wild type for KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA genes (SW48-MR and LIM1215-MR) and one by human CRC cells harboring KRAS mutation (HCT116-MR) showed features related to the gene signature of colorectal cancer CMS4 with up-regulation of immune pathway as confirmed by microarray and western blot analysis. In particular, the MEKi phenotype was associated with the loss of epithelial features and acquisition of mesenchymal markers and morphology. The change in morphology was accompanied by up-regulation of PD-L1 expression and activation of EGFR and its downstream pathway, independently to RAS mutation status. To extend these in vitro findings, we have obtained mouse colon cancer MC38- and CT26-MEKi resistant syngeneic models (MC38-MR and CT26-MR). Combined treatment with MEKi, EGFR inhibitor (EGFRi) and PD-L1 inhibitor (PD-L1i) resulted in a marked inhibition of tumor growth in both models. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a strategy to potentially improve the efficacy of MEK inhibition by co-treatment with EGFR and PD-L1 inhibitors via modulation of host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Napolitano
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy.,Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicin0065, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - N Matrone
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy.,Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - A L Muddassir
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicin0065, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - G Martini
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy.,Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Gastrointestinal and neuroendocrine tumor group, C/Natzaret 115-117, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicin0065, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - V De Falco
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - E F Giunta
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - D Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - E Martinelli
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - V Belli
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - M Furia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - S Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicin0065, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - F Morgillo
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - F Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - T Troiani
- Medical Oncology Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100, Naples, Italy.
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Ayzel G, Heistermann M, Sorokin A, Nikitin O, Lukyanova O. All convolutional neural networks for radar-based precipitation nowcasting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Sorokin A, Kotani K, Dey A, Harrington C, Lerman J, Chung J, Rodante J, Bluemke D, Chen M, Playford M, Mehta N. Psoriasis specific changes in oxidized lipoproteins and its association with non-calcified coronary plaque. Atherosclerosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Morris V, Sorokin A, Blum M, Korphaisarn K, Estrella J, Faoro L, Wang M, Hamilton S, Kapoun AM, Kopetz S. Abstract A055: RSPO3 overexpression is a characteristic feature of signet ring gastrointestinal malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-17-a055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is critical in the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal malignancies, and, when disrupted, promotes aberrant cell proliferation and loss of cell stemness. Mutations in APC are the most common etiology of Wnt/β-catenin signaling dysfunction in colorectal (CRC) cancers. However, in the approximately 20% of CRCs that are APC wild-type, abnormalities in cell-surface genes like RNF43 and RSPO drive pathologic Wnt/β-catenin activity. We sought to characterize further gastrointestinal tumors harboring RSPO alterations. Methods: Under an IRB-approved protocol at MD Anderson, tumors from 665 patients with metastatic CRC at MD Anderson were evaluated by next-generation sequencing for APC mutations and for the presence of signet ring cells. Mutation profiling and gene expression data from the TCGA (www.cbioportal.org) were analyzed in 223 patients with CRC for APC mutations and for RSPO overexpression for a correlation using a Fisher’s exact test. RNA extracted from 19 separate frozen tumors from patients with confirmed signet ring metastatic CRC was next analyzed by RNA-seq for the presence for RSPO fusions and for RSPO gene expression levels. In a validation set of FFPE samples derived from patients with signet ring metastatic CRC or signet ring gastric adenocarcinomas, RSPO3 gene expression was analyzed using RT-PCR in a CLIA-validated setting (Oncomed Pharmaceuticals). Results: APC mutations were detected less frequently in signet ring CRC tumors relative to non-signet ring counterparts (18% vs. 56%, P< .001). RSPO overexpression was also observed more commonly in APC wild-type CRC tumors (16% vs. 7%, P= .04). Given these associations, we investigated further a correlation between signet ring adenocarcinomas and RSPO overexpression. Gene expression analysis of signet ring CRC tumors revealed high RSPO3 expression in 13 of 19 cases (68%). Here, a trend towards higher RSPO3 expression was observed in tumors with > 50% signet ring cells present (P=.20). In a validation cohort of patients with signet ring adenocarcinomas, RSPO3 overexpression was noted in 20/38 (52%) CRCs and 21/22 (96%) gastric adenocarcinomas. RSPO fusions were detected in 0 of 19 patients with signet ring CRC analyzed by RNA-seq. Conclusions: In molecularly specified populations of patients with colorectal and gastric malignancies, RSPO3 overexpression is detected in high frequencies in signet ring adenocarcinomas. Given the cell surface localization of RSPO3 and the importance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal malignancies, our findings warrant further evaluation for anti-RSPO3 therapies as novel treatment options for patients with signet ring adenocarcinomas.
Citation Format: Van Morris, Alexey Sorokin, Mariela Blum, Krittiya Korphaisarn, Jeannelyn Estrella, Leonardo Faoro, Min Wang, Stanley Hamilton, Ann M. Kapoun, Scott Kopetz. RSPO3 overexpression is a characteristic feature of signet ring gastrointestinal malignancies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A055.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Wang
- 2Oncomed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Redwood City, CA
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Abdrashitov A, Abdrashitov G, Anikeev A, Bagryansky P, Beklemishev A, Deichuli P, Ivanov A, Korepanov S, Maximov V, Murakhtin S, Lizunov A, Prikhodko V, Kapitonov V, Kolmogorov V, Khil’chenko A, Mishagin V, Savkin V, Shoukaev A, Shulzhenko G, Solomakhin A, Sorokin A, Stepanov D, Stupishin N, Tsidulko Y, Zouev A, Noack K, Fiksel G, Den Hartog D. Status of the GDT Experiment and Future Plans. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Abdrashitov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - G. Abdrashitov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Anikeev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P. Bagryansky
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Beklemishev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P. Deichuli
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Ivanov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S. Korepanov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V. Maximov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S. Murakhtin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Lizunov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V. Prikhodko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V. Kapitonov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V. Kolmogorov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Khil’chenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V. Mishagin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V. Savkin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Shoukaev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - G.I. Shulzhenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Solomakhin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Sorokin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D. Stepanov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N.V. Stupishin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu. Tsidulko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Zouev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K. Noack
- Forschungszentrum Rossendorf e.V., D-01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - G. Fiksel
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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Davydenko V, Amirov V, Gorbovsky A, Deichuli P, Ivanov A, Kolmogorov A, Kapitonov V, Mishagin V, Shikhovtsev I, Sorokin A, Stupishin N, Karpushov AN, Smirnov A, Uhlemann R. Multi-slit triode ion optical system with ballistic beam focusing. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:02B303. [PMID: 26932031 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multi-slit triode ion-optical systems with spherical electrodes are of interest for formation of intense focused neutral beams for plasma heating. At present, two versions of focusing multi-slit triode ion optical system are developed. The first ion optical system forms the proton beam with 15 keV energy, 140 A current, and 30 ms duration. The second ion optical system is intended for heating neutral beam injector of Tokamak Configuration Variable (TCV). The injector produces focused deuterium neutral beam with 35 keV energy, 1 MW power, and 2 s duration. In the later case, the angular beam divergence of the neutral beam is 20-22 mrad in the direction across the slits of the ion optical system and 12 mrad in the direction along the slits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Davydenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - V Amirov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - A Gorbovsky
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - P Deichuli
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - A Ivanov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - A Kolmogorov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - V Kapitonov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - V Mishagin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - I Shikhovtsev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - A Sorokin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - N Stupishin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - A N Karpushov
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas (CRPP), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Smirnov
- Tri Alpha Energy, Inc., Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, USA
| | - R Uhlemann
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
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Deichuli P, Davydenko V, Ivanov A, Korepanov S, Mishagin V, Smirnov A, Sorokin A, Stupishin N. Low energy, high power hydrogen neutral beam for plasma heating. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:113509. [PMID: 26628137 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high power, relatively low energy neutral beam injector was developed to upgrade of the neutral beam system of the gas dynamic trap device and C2-U experiment. The ion source of the injector produces a proton beam with the particle energy of 15 keV, current of up to 175 A, and pulse duration of a few milliseconds. The plasma emitter of the ion source is produced by superimposing highly ionized plasma jets from an array of four arc-discharge plasma generators. A multipole magnetic field produced with permanent magnets at the periphery of the plasma box is used to increase the efficiency and improve the uniformity of the plasma emitter. Multi-slit grids with 48% transparency are fabricated from bronze plates, which are spherically shaped to provide geometrical beam focusing. The focal length of the Ion Optical System (IOS) is 3.5 m and the initial beam diameter is 34 cm. The IOS geometry and grid potentials were optimized numerically to ensure accurate beam formation. The measured angular divergences of the beam are ±0.01 rad parallel to the slits and ±0.03 rad in the transverse direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deichuli
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prospect Lavrentieva 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V Davydenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prospect Lavrentieva 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Ivanov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prospect Lavrentieva 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S Korepanov
- Tri Alpha Energy, Inc., Foothill Ranch, California 92610, USA
| | - V Mishagin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prospect Lavrentieva 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Smirnov
- Tri Alpha Energy, Inc., Foothill Ranch, California 92610, USA
| | - A Sorokin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prospect Lavrentieva 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N Stupishin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prospect Lavrentieva 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ugrumov M, Taxi J, Pronina T, Kurina A, Sorokin A, Sapronova A, Calas A. Neurons expressing individual enzymes of dopamine synthesis in the mediobasal hypothalamus of adult rats: functional significance and topographic interrelations. Neuroscience 2014; 277:45-54. [PMID: 24997271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Besides dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neurons having all enzymes of DA synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), "monoenzymatic" neurons expressing only one of them were found in the brain, mostly in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). The aim of this study was to test our hypothesis that DA is synthesized by monoenzymatic neurons, i.e. l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), which produced in the monoenzymatic TH neurons is transported in the monoenzymatic AADC neurons for DA synthesis. Incubation of MBH in Krebs-Ringer solution with l-leucine, a competitive inhibitor of l-DOPA uptake, was used to prevent a hypothetical l-DOPA capture into AADC-containing neurons. Incubation of the substantia nigra containing DA-ergic neurons under the same conditions served as the control. According to our data, the l-leucine administration provoked a decrease of DA concentration in MBH and in the incubation medium but not in the substantia nigra and respective incubation medium, showing a decrease of cooperative synthesis of DA in MBH. This conclusion was supported by an observation of higher concentration of l-DOPA in the incubation medium under perfusion of MBH with Krebs-Ringer solution containing tolcapone, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, and l-leucine than under perfusion with the same solution, but without l-leucine. Functional interaction between monoenzymatic TH and AADC neurons was indirectly confirmed by finding in electron microscopy their close relations in MBH. Besides monoenzymatic AADC neurons, any AADC-possessing neurons, catecholaminergic and serotoninergic, apparently, could participate in DA synthesis together with monoenzymatic TH neurons. This idea was confirmed by the observation of close topographic relations between monoenzymatic TH neurons and those containing both enzymes, i.e. DA-ergic, noradrenergic or adrenergic. Thus, monoenzymatic neurons possessing TH or AADC and being in close topographic relations can synthesize DA in cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ugrumov
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - J Taxi
- Laboratoire de Pathophysiologie des maladies du système nervoux central, UMR5 INSERM 952, IFR 83, Université P. et M. Curie, 7 quai St. Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - T Pronina
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - A Kurina
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - A Sorokin
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia; Laboratoire de Pathophysiologie des maladies du système nervoux central, UMR5 INSERM 952, IFR 83, Université P. et M. Curie, 7 quai St. Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - A Sapronova
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - A Calas
- IINS, UMR CNRS 5297, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux-Cedex, France
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Sorokin A, DiCapua D, Mittal S, Jabbari B. Gluteal Myokymia, a Proximal Counterpart of Painless Legs, Moving Toes (P04.039). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Deichuli P, Davydenko V, Belov V, Gorbovsky A, Dranichnikov A, Ivanov A, Sorokin A, Mishagin V, Abdrashitov A, Kolmogorov V, Kondakov A. Commissioning of heating neutral beams for COMPASS-D tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02B114. [PMID: 22380271 DOI: 10.1063/1.3672108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two neutral beam injectors have been developed for plasma heating on COMPASS-D tokamak (Institute of Plasma Physics, Prague). The 4-electrodes multihole ion-optical system with beam focusing was chosen to provide the low divergence 300 kW power in both deuterium and hydrogen atoms. The accelerating voltage is 40 kV at extracted ion current up to 15 A. The power supply system provides the continuous and modulated mode of the beam injection at a maximal pulse length 300 ms. The optimal arrangement of the cryopanels and the beam duct elements provides sufficiently short-length beamline which reduces the beam losses. The evolution of the impurities and molecular fraction content is studied in the process of the high voltage conditioning of the newly made ion sources. Two injectors of the same type have been successfully tested and are ready for operation at tokamak in IPP, Prague.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deichuli
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Sorokin A, Meunier B, Séris JL. Efficient oxidative dechlorination and aromatic ring cleavage of chlorinated phenols catalyzed by iron sulfophthalocyanine. Science 2010; 268:1163-6. [PMID: 17840631 DOI: 10.1126/science.268.5214.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method has been developed for the catalytic oxidation of pollutants that are not easily degraded. The products of the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) oxidation of 2,4,6,-trichlorophenol (TCP) catalyzed by the iron complex 2,9,16,23-tetrasulfophthalocyanine (FePcS) were observed to be chloromaleic, chlorofumaric, maleic, and fumaric acids from dechlorination and aromatic cycle cleavage, as well as additional products that resulted from oxidative coupling. Quantitative analysis of the TCP oxidation reaction revealed that up to two chloride ions were released per TCP molecule. This chemical system, consisting of an environmentally safe oxidant (H(2)O(2)) and an easily accessible catalyst (FePcS), can perform several key steps in the oxidative mineralization of TCP, a paradigm of recalcitrant pollutants.
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Sorokin A, Belov V, Davydenko V, Deichuli P, Ivanov A, Podyminogin A, Shikhovtsev I, Shulzhenko G, Stupishin N, Tiunov M. Characterization of 1 MW, 40 keV, 1 s neutral beam for plasma heating. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:02B108. [PMID: 20192415 DOI: 10.1063/1.3266141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neutral beam with geometrical focusing for plasma heating in moderate-size plasma devices has been developed in Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk. When operated with hydrogen, the neutral beam power is 1 MW, pulse duration is 1 s, beam energy is 40 keV, and angular divergence is 1.2 degrees. Initial ion beam is extracted and accelerated by triode multiapertures ion-optical system. To produce 1 MW neutral beam, about 40 A proton current is extracted with nominal current density of 320 mA/cm(2). Ion-optical system has 200 mm diameter grids with 44% transparency. The grids have inertia cooling and heat is removed between the pulses by water flowing in channels placed on periphery of the grids. A plasma emitter for ion extraction is produced by rf-plasma box. Ion species mix of rf plasma source amounts to 70%, 20%, and 10% of H(+), H(2)(+), and H(3)(+) ions, respectively, by current. Heavy impurities contribute less than 0.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sorokin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lavrentev Ave. 11, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Evdokimova V, Tognon C, Ng T, Ruzanov P, Melnyk N, Fink D, Sorokin A, Ovchinnikov LP, Davicioni E, Triche TJ, Sorensen PHB. Translational activation of snail1 and other developmentally regulated transcription factors by YB-1 promotes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:402-15. [PMID: 19411069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of the transcription/translation regulatory protein Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is associated with cancer aggressiveness, particularly in breast carcinoma. Here we establish that YB-1 levels are elevated in invasive breast cancer cells and correlate with reduced expression of E-cadherin and poor patient survival. Enforced expression of YB-1 in noninvasive breast epithelial cells induced an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by enhanced metastatic potential and reduced proliferation rates. YB-1 directly activates cap-independent translation of messenger RNAs encoding Snail1 and other transcription factors implicated in downregulation of epithelial and growth-related genes and activation of mesenchymal genes. Hence, translational regulation by YB-1 is a restriction point enabling coordinated expression of a network of EMT-inducing transcription factors, likely acting together to promote metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Evdokimova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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Sorokin A, Brown JL, Thompson PD. Primary biliary cirrhosis, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerotic risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2007; 194:293-9. [PMID: 17240380 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic, progressive liver disease associated with markedly elevated serum lipids, but it is not clear if PBC is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. The present systematic review examined the relationship of PBC to atherosclerotic risk. The lipid abnormalities in PBC are complex, depend on the stage of hepatic dysfunction and affect most lipoprotein classes. Increased cholesterol levels in PBC are primarily due to LP-X, an abnormal LDL particle. LP-X has anti-atherogenic properties and may reduce the atherosclerotic risk. Few studies have examined coronary artery disease (CAD) events in PBC, and none have sufficient sample size of follow-up to determine CAD risk in PBC patients. Nevertheless, one study suggested that 12% of PBC patients died from circulatory system diseases suggesting that lipid treatment is appropriate in some patients. Additional larger scale, prospective studies are required to determine the necessity of lipid treatment in this patient group. In the interim, decisions on the use of lipid lowering agents depend largely on the prognosis of the PBC and physician and patient preference for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sorokin
- Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
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Ruaño G, Thompson PD, Windemuth A, Seip RL, Dande A, Sorokin A, Kocherla M, Smith A, Holford TR, Wu AHB. Physiogenomic association of statin-related myalgia to serotonin receptors. Muscle Nerve 2007; 36:329-35. [PMID: 17600820 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We employed physiogenomic analyses to investigate the relationship between myalgia and selected polymorphisms in serotonergic genes, based on their involvement with pain perception and transduction of nociceptive stimuli. We screened 195 hypercholesterolemic, statin-treated patients, all of whom received either atorvastatin, simvastatin, or pravastatin. Patients were classified as having no myalgia, probable myalgia, or definite myalgia, and assigned a myalgia score of 0, 0.5, or 1, respectively. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from candidates within the 5-HT receptor gene families [5a-hydroxytryptamine receptor genes (HTR) 1D, 2A, 2C, 3A, 3B, 5A, 6, 7] and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4). SNPs in the HTR3B and HTR7 genes, rs2276307 and rs1935349, respectively, were significantly associated with the myalgia score. Individual differences in pain perception and nociception related to specific serotonergic gene variants may affect the development of myalgia in statin-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gualberto Ruaño
- Genomas, Inc., 67 Jefferson Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06102, USA.
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Abstract
Corneal arcus is a lipid-rich and predominantly extracellular deposit that forms at the corneoscleral limbus. It represents the most common peripheral corneal opacity and is not associated with tissue breakdown but rather with the deposition of lipids. The deposition of cholesterol in the peripheral cornea and arterial wall are similar in that both are accelerated by elevated serum levels of atherogenic lipoproteins, such as low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Corneal arcus is more prevalent in men than in women and in Blacks than in Whites. Its prevalence increases with advancing age. It has been associated with hypercholesterolemia, xanthelasmas, alcohol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, age, and coronary heart disease. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether or not corneal arcus is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). The present systematic review examines the relationship of corneal arcus and CHD to determine if corneal arcus is an independent CHD risk factor. We conclude that there is no consensus that corneal arcus is an independent risk factor. The presence of corneal arcus in a young person should prompt a search for lipid abnormalities. Also, because corneal arcus represents physical evidence of early lipid deposition, its presence suggests the need for aggressive lipid therapy.
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Makarova K, Slesarev A, Wolf Y, Sorokin A, Mirkin B, Koonin E, Pavlov A, Pavlova N, Karamychev V, Polouchine N, Shakhova V, Grigoriev I, Lou Y, Rohksar D, Lucas S, Huang K, Goodstein DM, Hawkins T, Plengvidhya V, Welker D, Hughes J, Goh Y, Benson A, Baldwin K, Lee JH, Díaz-Muñiz I, Dosti B, Smeianov V, Wechter W, Barabote R, Lorca G, Altermann E, Barrangou R, Ganesan B, Xie Y, Rawsthorne H, Tamir D, Parker C, Breidt F, Broadbent J, Hutkins R, O'Sullivan D, Steele J, Unlu G, Saier M, Klaenhammer T, Richardson P, Kozyavkin S, Weimer B, Mills D. Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15611-6. [PMID: 17030793 PMCID: PMC1622870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607117103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 944] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid-producing bacteria are associated with various plant and animal niches and play a key role in the production of fermented foods and beverages. We report nine genome sequences representing the phylogenetic and functional diversity of these bacteria. The small genomes of lactic acid bacteria encode a broad repertoire of transporters for efficient carbon and nitrogen acquisition from the nutritionally rich environments they inhabit and reflect a limited range of biosynthetic capabilities that indicate both prototrophic and auxotrophic strains. Phylogenetic analyses, comparison of gene content across the group, and reconstruction of ancestral gene sets indicate a combination of extensive gene loss and key gene acquisitions via horizontal gene transfer during the coevolution of lactic acid bacteria with their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - A. Slesarev
- Fidelity Systems Inc., 7961 Cessna Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
| | - Y. Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - A. Sorokin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - B. Mirkin
- School of Information Systems and Computer Science, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - E. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , , or
| | - A. Pavlov
- Fidelity Systems Inc., 7961 Cessna Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
| | - N. Pavlova
- Fidelity Systems Inc., 7961 Cessna Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
| | - V. Karamychev
- Fidelity Systems Inc., 7961 Cessna Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
| | - N. Polouchine
- Fidelity Systems Inc., 7961 Cessna Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
| | - V. Shakhova
- Fidelity Systems Inc., 7961 Cessna Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
| | - I. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - Y. Lou
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - D. Rohksar
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - S. Lucas
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - K. Huang
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - D. M. Goodstein
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - T. Hawkins
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - V. Plengvidhya
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695; Departments of
| | | | | | - Y. Goh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - A. Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - K. Baldwin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - J.-H. Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - I. Díaz-Muñiz
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - B. Dosti
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - V. Smeianov
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - W. Wechter
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - R. Barabote
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - G. Lorca
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - E. Altermann
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - R. Barrangou
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - B. Ganesan
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Y. Xie
- Nutrition and Food Science and
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - H. Rawsthorne
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | | | | | - F. Breidt
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695; Departments of
| | | | - R. Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - D. O'Sullivan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - J. Steele
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G. Unlu
- Department of Food Science and Toxicology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | - M. Saier
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - T. Klaenhammer
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , , or
| | - P. Richardson
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - S. Kozyavkin
- Fidelity Systems Inc., 7961 Cessna Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
| | - B. Weimer
- Nutrition and Food Science and
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , , or
| | - D. Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , , or
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Sorokin A, Vancassel X, Mirabel P. Kinetic model for binary homogeneous nucleation in the H2O–H2SO4 system: Comparison with experiments and classical theory of nucleation. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:244508. [PMID: 16396550 DOI: 10.1063/1.2141511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic model to predict nucleation rates in the sulfuric acid-water system is presented. It allows calculating steady-state nucleation rates and the corresponding time lag, using a direct solution of a system of kinetic equations that describe the populations of sub- and near-critical clusters. This kinetic model takes into account cluster-cluster collisions and decay of clusters into smaller clusters. The model results are compared with some predictions obtained with the classical nucleation theory (CNT) and also with available measurement data obtained in smog chambers or flow tubes. It is shown that in the case of slow nucleation processes, the kinetic model and the CNT as used by Shugard et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 75, 5298 (1974)] give the same results. However, in the case of intensive nucleation, a large part of the nucleation flux is due to cluster-cluster collisions and the CNT underestimates the nucleation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sorokin
- Université Louis Pasteur and CNRS, Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, 1 rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
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Sorokin A, Deichuli P, Ivanov A, Mishagin V. The Beam Forming Numerical Simulation for High Power Neutral Injector. Fusion Science and Technology 2005. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sorokin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, prospekt Lavrentjeva, 11, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia, E-mail: Tel.: +7-3832-394407
| | - P. Deichuli
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, prospekt Lavrentjeva, 11, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia, E-mail: Tel.: +7-3832-394407
| | - A. Ivanov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, prospekt Lavrentjeva, 11, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia, E-mail: Tel.: +7-3832-394407
| | - V. Mishagin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, prospekt Lavrentjeva, 11, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia, E-mail: Tel.: +7-3832-394407
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells to cytostatic agents is the major obstacle for the succesfull chemotherapy. One of the causes of the development of cellular resistance to a wide variety of drugs is the elevated expression of membrane transporter proteins such as members of ATP binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily. Expression of the ABC transporter MDR1, also termed P-glycoprotein (P-gp), seems to correlate with drug resistance of tumors to chemotherapy. Cyclooxygenase-2, an inducible isoform of enzyme, responsible for generation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, is constitutively expressed in a number of cancer cells. Anti-cancer potency of cyclooxygenase inhibitors is established, but the mechanism of Cox-2-dependent potentiation of tumor growth is a subject of intense discussion. Here we focus on the discussion of potential link between Cox-2 expression and development of multidrug resistance phenotype. Our observation, that enforced expression of Cox-2 causes enhancement in MDR1 expression and functional activity suggests the existence of causal link between Cox-2 activity and MDR1 expression. The use of Cox-2 inhibitors to decrease function of MDR1 may enhance accumulation of chemotherapy agents and decrease resistance of tumors to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sorokin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Foschi M, Franchi F, Han J, La Villa G, Sorokin A. Endothelin-1 induces serine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein p66Shc and its association with 14-3-3 protein in glomerular mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:26640-7. [PMID: 11342545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102008200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoconstrictor peptide known to be a potent mitogen for glomerular mesangial cells (GMC). In the current study, it is demonstrated that ET-1 treatment of GMC results in serine phosphorylation of the 66-kDa isoform of the adapter protein Shc (p66(Shc)). ET-1-induced serine phosphorylation of p66(Shc) requires activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling module and is efficiently inhibited by both a MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-selective inhibitor and adenovirus-mediated transfer of a dominant interfering MEK1 mutant. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated transfer of a constitutively active MEK1 mutant was found to markedly increase p66(Shc) serine phosphorylation. Adenoviruses encoding constitutively active mutants of MAPK kinases 3 and 6 (upstream kinases of p38(MAPK)) and 7 (upstream kinase of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase) failed to induce serine phosphorylation of this adaptor protein. Serine phosphorylation of p66(Shc) resulted in its association with the serine binding motif-containing protein 14-3-3. ET-1-induced phosphorylation of a serine encompassed in the 14-3-3 binding motif of p66(Shc) was confirmed in experiments employing anti-phospho-14-3-3 binding motif antibodies. These studies are the first to demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptors stimulate serine phosphorylation of p66(Shc) and the first to report the formation of a signaling complex between p66(Shc) and 14-3-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foschi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, v. le Morgagni 85, Florence 50141, Italy.
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Sorokin A, Kozlowski P, Graves L, Philip A. Protein-tyrosine kinase Pyk2 mediates endothelin-induced p38 MAPK activation in glomerular mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21521-8. [PMID: 11278444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008869200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a member of a family of 21 amino acid peptides possessing vasoconstrictor properties, is known to stimulate mesangial cell proliferation. In this study, ET-1 (100 nm) induced a rapid activation of p21(ras) in human glomerular mesangial cells (HMC). Inhibition of Src family tyrosine kinase activation with [4-Amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine] or chelation of intracellular free calcium with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester significantly decreased ET-1dependent p21(ras) activation and suggested the involvement of the cytoplasmic proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk2. We have observed that Pyk2 was expressed in HMC and was tyrosine-phosphorylated within 5 min of ET-1 treatment. ET-1-induced activation of Pyk2 was further confirmed using phospho-specific anti-Pyk2 antibodies. Surprisingly, Src kinase activity was required upstream of ET-1-induced autophosphorylation of Pyk2. To determine whether Pyk2 autophosphorylation mediated ET-1-dependent p21(ras) activation, adenovirus-mediated transfer was employed to express a dominant-negative form of Pyk2 (CRNK). CRNK expression inhibited ET-1-induced endogenous Pyk2 autophosphorylation, but did not abolish ET-1-mediated increases in GTP-bound p21(ras) levels. ET-1-induced activation of the p38 MAPK (but not ERK) pathway was inhibited in HMC and in rat glomerular mesangial cells expressing the dominant-negative form of Pyk2. These findings suggest that the engagement of Pyk2 is important for ET-1-mediated p38 MAPK activation and hence the biological effect of this peptide in mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sorokin
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Bolotin A, Wincker P, Mauger S, Jaillon O, Malarme K, Weissenbach J, Ehrlich SD, Sorokin A. The complete genome sequence of the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis IL1403. Genome Res 2001; 11:731-53. [PMID: 11337471 PMCID: PMC311110 DOI: 10.1101/gr.gr-1697r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is a nonpathogenic AT-rich gram-positive bacterium closely related to the genus Streptococcus and is the most commonly used cheese starter. It is also the best-characterized lactic acid bacterium. We sequenced the genome of the laboratory strain IL1403, using a novel two-step strategy that comprises diagnostic sequencing of the entire genome and a shotgun polishing step. The genome contains 2,365,589 base pairs and encodes 2310 proteins, including 293 protein-coding genes belonging to six prophages and 43 insertion sequence (IS) elements. Nonrandom distribution of IS elements indicates that the chromosome of the sequenced strain may be a product of recent recombination between two closely related genomes. A complete set of late competence genes is present, indicating the ability of L. lactis to undergo DNA transformation. Genomic sequence revealed new possibilities for fermentation pathways and for aerobic respiration. It also indicated a horizontal transfer of genetic information from Lactococcus to gram-negative enteric bacteria of Salmonella-Escherichia group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolotin
- Génétique Microbienne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas CEDEX, France
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Chopin A, Bolotin A, Sorokin A, Ehrlich SD, Chopin M. Analysis of six prophages in Lactococcus lactis IL1403: different genetic structure of temperate and virulent phage populations. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:644-51. [PMID: 11160885 PMCID: PMC30408 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.3.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2000] [Revised: 12/10/2000] [Accepted: 12/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genetic organisation of six prophages present in the genome of Lactococcus lactis IL1403. The three larger prophages (36-42 kb), belong to the already described P335 group of temperate phages, whereas the three smaller ones (13-15 kb) are most probably satellites relying on helper phage(s) for multiplication. These data give a new insight into the genetic structure of lactococcal phage populations. P335 temperate phages have variable genomes, sharing homology over only 10-33% of their length. In contrast, virulent phages have highly similar genomes sharing homology over >90% of their length. Further analysis of genetic structure in all known groups of phages active on other bacterial hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, MYCOBACTERIUM: and Streptococcus thermophilus confirmed the existence of two types of genetic structure related to the phage way of life. This might reflect different intensities of horizontal DNA exchange: low among purely virulent phages and high among temperate phages and their lytic homologues. We suggest that the constraints on genetic exchange among purely virulent phages reflect their optimal genetic organisation, adapted to a more specialised and extreme form of parasitism than temperate/lytic phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chopin
- Génétique Microbienne, INRA-CRJ, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France.
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McGinty A, Foschi M, Chang YW, Han J, Dunn MJ, Sorokin A. Induction of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Biochem J 2000; 352 Pt 2:419-24. [PMID: 11085935 PMCID: PMC1221473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the formation of prostaglandin and thromboxane eicosanoids from arachidonic acid released by phospholipase A(2). Two forms of PGHS exist, PGHS-1 and PGHS-2. PGHS-2, normally absent from cells, is rapidly expressed in response to a wide variety of stimuli and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of colon cancer and several inflammatory diseases. The three principal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade and the p38-MAPK cascade. The present study was undertaken to investigate the putative involvement of the MAPK cascades in PGHS-2 induction. The potential role of ERK in PGHS-2 up-regulation was assessed by using cell lines expressing, both stably and after adenoviral infection, constitutively active forms of its upstream activator MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1). The possible involvement of JNK and p38-MAPK in positively modulating PGHS-2 transcription was investigated by using adenovirus-mediated transfer of active forms of their respective specific upstream kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) 7 and MKK3/MKK6. ERK activation promoted the induction of PGHS-2 mRNA and protein. Similarly, activation of JNK by Ad-MKK7D and p38-MAPK by Ad-MKK3bE/Ad-MKK6bE resulted in the increased expression of PGHS-2. These results provide evidence that activation of all three of the major mammalian MAPK leads to the induction of PGHS-2 mRNA and protein. Because PGHS-2 is up-regulated by a diverse range of stimuli, both mitogenic and stress-evoking, these results provide evidence that the convergence point of these stimuli could be the activation of one or more MAPK cascade(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- A McGinty
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
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Chang YW, Jakobi R, McGinty A, Foschi M, Dunn MJ, Sorokin A. Cyclooxygenase 2 promotes cell survival by stimulation of dynein light chain expression and inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:8571-9. [PMID: 11046152 PMCID: PMC102162 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.22.8571-8579.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. The inhibition of apoptosis by COX-2 was concomitant with prevention of caspase 3 activation. To understand how COX-2 prevents apoptosis, we used cDNA expression arrays to determine whether COX-2 regulates differential expression of apoptosis-related genes. The expression of dynein light chain (DLC) (also known as protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase [PIN]) was significantly stimulated in PC12 cells overexpressing COX-2. The COX-2-dependent stimulation of DLC expression was, at least in part, mediated by prostaglandin E(2). Overexpression of DLC also inhibited NGF withdrawal apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. Stimulation of DLC expression resulted in an increased association of DLC/PIN with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), thereby reducing nNOS activity. Furthermore, nNOS expression and activity were significantly increased in differentiated PC12 cells after NGF withdrawal. This increased nNOS activity as well as increased nNOS dimer after NGF withdrawal were inhibited by COX-2 or DLC/PIN overexpression. An nNOS inhibitor or a membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic protected differentiated PC12 cells from NGF withdrawal apoptosis. In contrast, NO donors induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells and potentiated apoptosis induced by NGF withdrawal. The protective effects of COX-2 on apoptosis induced by NGF withdrawal were also overcome by NO donors. These findings suggest that COX-2 promotes cell survival by a mechanism linking increased expression of prosurvival genes coupled to inhibition of NO- and superoxide-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Chang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In Escherichia coli, the Chi sequence modulates the activity of RecBCD, a powerful double-stranded (ds) DNA exonuclease/helicase. Chi attenuates RecBCD exonuclease activity and stimulates homologous recombination in an orientation-dependent manner. ChiEc is frequent and over-represented on its genome, which is thought to be related to its role in dsDNA break repair. We previously identified a Chi-like sequence (referred to as ChiLl) and an exonuclease/helicase in the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis. ChiLl and RexAB are functional analogues of ChiEc and RecBCD. RESULTS We report that ChiLl attenuates RexAB exonuclease activity and stimulates homologous recombination in an orientation-dependent manner. Analysis of ChiLl distribution on the L. lactis chromosome reveals that ChiLl is frequent, highly over-represented, and oriented with respect to the direction of replication. CONCLUSION Our results show that a single orientation of ChiLl interacts with RexAB. The active orientation is preferentially found on the replication leading strand of the L. lactis genome, consistent with a primary role of ChiLl in repair of dsDNA breaks at the replication fork. We propose that orientation-dependence of Chi activity and over-representation of Chi sequences on bacterial genomes may be conserved properties of exonuclease/helicase-Chi couples. Other properties of the Chi sequence distribution on the genomes might reflect more specific characteristics of each couple and of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El Karoui
- Laboratoire de Génétique Appliquée-URLGA, and; Laboratoire de Génétique Microbienne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
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McGinty A, Chang YW, Sorokin A, Bokemeyer D, Dunn MJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression inhibits trophic withdrawal apoptosis in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12095-101. [PMID: 10766843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the committed step in prostanoid biosynthesis, is the product of an immediate early gene capable of being up-regulated by diverse stimuli. Significantly Cox-2 mRNA is absent from rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, both basally and following stimulation with a range of agonists. Using PC12 cells engineered to stably express isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside-inducible Cox-2 (PCXII-4), we have investigated the putative effects of Cox-2 expression on differentiation, proliferation, and trophic withdrawal apoptosis. Cox-2 bioactivity had no effect on nerve growth factor-induced differentiation, epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation, or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase expression. However, trophic withdrawal apoptosis, induced by the removal of nerve growth factor following differentiation, was markedly reduced in the PCXII-4 when compared with control cells, as assessed by annexin V staining, DNA laddering, and Hoechst 33258 staining. The specificity of this effect was confirmed using two pharmacologically distinct nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and NS398. Investigations showed that the activity of the pro-apoptotic protease caspase-3 was reduced in PCXII cells. This study demonstrates that Cox-2-derived prostaglandins exert cytoprotective effects in trophic factor withdrawal apoptosis and provides evidence that this is, at least in part, due to suppression of caspase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McGinty
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Bolotin A, Mauger S, Malarme K, Ehrlich SD, Sorokin A. Low-redundancy sequencing of the entire Lactococcus lactis IL1403 genome. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1999; 76:27-76. [PMID: 10532372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is an AT-rich gram positive bacterium phylogenetically close to the genus Streptococcus. Various strains of L. lactis are used in dairy industry as starters for cheese making. L. lactis is also one of the well characterized laboratory microorganisms, widely used for studies on physiology of lactic acid bacteria. We describe here a low redundancy sequence of the genome of the strain L. lactis IL1403. The strategy which we followed to determine the sequence consists of two main steps. First, a limited number of plasmids and lambda-phages that carry random segments of the genome were sequenced. Second, sequences of the inserts were used for production of novel sequencing templates by applying Multiplex Long Accurate PCR protocols. Using of these PCR products allowed to determine the sequence of the entire 2.35 Mb genome with a very low redundancy, close to 2. The error rate of the sequence is estimated to be below 1%. The correctness of the sequence assembly was confirmed by PCR amplification of the entire L. lactis IL1403 genome, using a set of 266 oligonucleotides. Anotation of the sequence was undertaken by using automatic gene prediction computer tools. This allowed to identify 1495 protein-encoding genes, to locate them on the genome map and to classify their functions on the basis of homology to known proteins. The function of about 700 genes expected to encode proteins that lack homologs in data bases cannot be reliably predicted in this way. The approach which we used eliminates high redundancy sequencing and mapping efforts, needed to obtain detailed and comprehensive genetic and physical maps of a bacterium. Availability of detailed genetic and physical maps of the L. lactis IL1403 genome provides many entries to study metabolism and physiology of bacteria from this group. The presence of 42 copies of five different IS elements in the IL1403 genome confirms the importance of these elements for genetic exchange in Lactococci. These include two previously unknown elements, present at seven and fifteen copies and designated IS1077 and IS983, respectively. Five potential or rudimentary prophages were identified in the genome by detecting clusters of phage-related genes. The metabolic and regulatory potential of L. lactis was evaluated by inspecting gene sets classified into different functional categories. L. lactis has the genetic potential to synthesise 20 standard amino acids, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and at least four cofactors. Some of these metabolites, which are usually present in chemically defined media, can probably be omitted. About twenty compounds can be used by L. lactis as a sole carbon source. Some 83 regulators were revealed, indicating a regulatory potential close to that of Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium with a similar genome size. Unexpectedly, L. lactis has a complete set of late competence genes, which may have concerted transcriptional regulation and unleadered polycistronic mRNAs. These findings open new possibilities for developing genetic tools, useful for studies of gene regulation in AT-rich gram positive bacteria and for engineering of new strains for the diary industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolotin
- Génétique Microbienne, INRA, Jouy en Josas, France
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Bykov Y, Eremeev A, Egorov S, Ivanov V, Kotov Y, Khrustov V, Sorokin A. Sintering of nanostructural titanium oxide using millimeter-wave radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0965-9773(99)00077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dulin NO, Sorokin A, Reed E, Elliott S, Kehrl JH, Dunn MJ. RGS3 inhibits G protein-mediated signaling via translocation to the membrane and binding to Galpha11. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:714-23. [PMID: 9858594 PMCID: PMC83928 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.1.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1998] [Accepted: 10/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the function and the mechanism of action of RGS3, a member of a family of proteins called regulators of G protein signaling (RGS). Polyclonal antibodies against RGS3 were produced and characterized. An 80-kDa protein was identified as RGS3 by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with anti-RGS3 antibodies in a human mesangial cell line (HMC) stably transfected with RGS3 cDNA. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments in RGS3-overexpressing cell lysates revealed that RGS3 bound to aluminum fluoride-activated Galpha11 and to a lesser extent to Galphai3 and that this binding was mediated by the RGS domain of RGS3. A role of RGS3 in postreceptor signaling was demonstrated by decreased calcium responses and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity induced by endothelin-1 in HMC stably overexpressing RGS3. Moreover, depletion of endogenous RGS3 by transfection of antisense RGS3 cDNA in NIH 3T3 cells resulted in enhanced MAP kinase activation induced by endothelin-1. The study of intracellular distribution of RGS3 indicated its unique cytosolic localization. Activation of G proteins by AlF4-, NaF, or endothelin-1 resulted in redistribution of RGS3 from cytosol to the plasma membrane as determined by Western blotting of the cytosolic and particulate fractions with RGS3 antiserum as well as by immunofluorescence microscopy. Agonist-induced translocation of RGS3 occurred by a dual mechanism involving both C-terminal (RGS domain) and N-terminal regions of RGS3. Thus, coexpression of RGS3 with a constitutively active mutant of Galpha11 (Galpha11-QL) resulted in the binding of RGS3, but not of its N-terminal fragment, to the membrane fraction and in its interaction with Galpha11-QL in vitro without any stimuli. However, both full-length RGS3 and its N-terminal domain translocated to the plasma membrane upon stimulation of intact cells with endothelin-1 as assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The effect of endothelin-1 was also mimicked by calcium ionophore A23187, suggesting the importance of Ca2+ in the mechanism of redistribution of RGS3. These data indicate that RGS3 inhibits G protein-coupled receptor signaling by a complex mechanism involving its translocation to the membrane in addition to its established function as a GTPase-activating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Dulin
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Abstract
-Protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by arachidonic acid (AA), an important lipid second messenger, was investigated in rabbit renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. AA stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins with estimated molecular weights of 42, 44, 52, 56, 85, and 170/180 kDa. The phosphoproteins pp44 and pp42 were identified as 2 isoforms of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Phosphorylation of MAPK in response to AA was transient, dose-dependent, and accompanied by an increase in its activity. The mechanism of AA-induced MAPK activation in RTE cells was protein kinase C-independent and involved tyrosine phosphorylation of adaptor protein Shc and its association with Grb2-Sos complex. Moreover, stimulation of RTE cells with AA resulted in significant phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its association with Shc. The effect of AA on EGF receptor phosphorylation, its association with Shc, and MAPK activation was similar to the effect of 1 ng/mL EGF. Tyrphostin AG1478, a specific inhibitor of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity, completely blocked the effects of AA and EGF but not phorbol ester on MAPK phosphorylation. These data suggest that in renal tubular epithelial cells, the mechanism of AA-induced MAPK activation involves tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptor and its association with Shc and Grb2-Sos complex. Given the critical role of AA in signaling linked to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), these observations provide a mechanism for cross talk between GPCRs linked to phospholipases and the tyrosine kinase receptor signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Dulin
- Division of Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4982, USA
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