1
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Kenny J, Kelsay K, Bunik M, Xiong S, Millar A, Talmi A. Addressing Adolescent Suicidality in Pediatric Primary Care. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2023; 44:e527-e535. [PMID: 37796627 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines prevalence rates of reported suicidal ideation (SI) in 2107 adolescents, characterizes recommendations and interventions given by primary care providers (PCPs) and behavioral health clinicians (BHCs) in response to SI on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item Modified for Adolescents (PHQ-9A) for 140 adolescents, and identifies factors associated with a decrease in the frequency of SI at follow-up visits for 85 adolescents. METHODS A retrospective mixed-method approach was taken. Clinical informatics was used to extract visit data, demographics, and PHQ-9A scores for all visits between January 3, 2017, and August 31, 2018. Conventional content analysis of electronic medical records was used to examine qualitative results, and qualitative codes were then analyzed using point-biserial correlations. The setting includes a fully integrated behavioral health team within the primary care clinic. RESULTS Of the 2107 adolescents, 140 (7%) endorsed SI within the past 2 weeks. Content analysis yielded 40 actions (17 PCP codes and 23 BHC codes) used in response to SI. Significant correlations were found between decreased SI frequency and the PCP referring to integrated behavioral health ( r = 0.24) and family navigators ( r = 0.26) and BHCs conducting a risk assessment ( r = 0.24), completing a safety plan ( r = 0.21), involving caregivers ( r = 0.29), sending the adolescent to the emergency department ( r = 0.28), and referring to family navigators ( r = 0.21; all p values < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings from this study support screening for SI and highlight specific multidisciplinary and family-centered interventions and recommendations to address adolescent endorsement of SI in pediatric primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kenny
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Division of Child and Adolescents, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Kimberly Kelsay
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Division of Child and Adolescents, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Maya Bunik
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Shengh Xiong
- Division of Child and Adolescents, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Amanda Millar
- Division of Child and Adolescents, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Ayelet Talmi
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Division of Child and Adolescents, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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2
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Vo T, Balderson B, Jones K, Ni G, Crawford J, Millar A, Tolson E, Singleton M, Kojic M, Robertson T, Walters S, Mulay O, Bhuva DD, Davis MJ, Wainwright BJ, Nguyen Q, Genovesi LA. Spatial transcriptomic analysis of Sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma identifies that the loss of heterogeneity and promotion of differentiation underlies the response to CDK4/6 inhibition. Genome Med 2023; 15:29. [PMID: 37127652 PMCID: PMC10150495 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant tumour of the cerebellum which can be classified into four major subgroups based on gene expression and genomic features. Single-cell transcriptome studies have defined the cellular states underlying each MB subgroup; however, the spatial organisation of these diverse cell states and how this impacts response to therapy remains to be determined. METHODS Here, we used spatially resolved transcriptomics to define the cellular diversity within a sonic hedgehog (SHH) patient-derived model of MB and show that cells specific to a transcriptional state or spatial location are pivotal for CDK4/6 inhibitor, Palbociclib, treatment response. We integrated spatial gene expression with histological annotation and single-cell gene expression data from MB, developing an analysis strategy to spatially map cell type responses within the hybrid system of human and mouse cells and their interface within an intact brain tumour section. RESULTS We distinguish neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells within tumours and from the surrounding cerebellar tissue, further refining pathological annotation. We identify a regional response to Palbociclib, with reduced proliferation and induced neuronal differentiation in both treated tumours. Additionally, we resolve at a cellular resolution a distinct tumour interface where the tumour contacts neighbouring mouse brain tissue consisting of abundant astrocytes and microglia and continues to proliferate despite Palbociclib treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the power of using spatial transcriptomics to characterise the response of a tumour to a targeted therapy and provide further insights into the molecular and cellular basis underlying the response and resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in SHH MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Vo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Brad Balderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kahli Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guiyan Ni
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joanna Crawford
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Elissa Tolson
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew Singleton
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Thomas Robertson
- Department of Pathology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Shaun Walters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Onkar Mulay
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dharmesh D Bhuva
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Quan Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Laura A Genovesi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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3
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Kojic M, Maybury MK, Waddell N, Koufariotis LT, Addala V, Millar A, Wood S, Pearson JV, Hansford JR, Hassall T, Wainwright BJ. Efficient detection and monitoring of pediatric brain malignancies with liquid biopsy based on patient-specific somatic mutation screening. Neuro Oncol 2023:7033124. [PMID: 36757207 PMCID: PMC10398816 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Early detection and serial monitoring are essential for better therapeutic outcomes. Liquid biopsy has recently emerged as a promising approach for detecting these tumors by screening body fluids for the presence of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Here we tested the limits of liquid biopsy using patient-specific somatic mutations to detect and monitor primary and metastatic pediatric brain cancer. METHODS Somatic mutations were identified in 3 ependymoma, 1 embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, 1 central nervous system neuroblastoma and 7 medulloblastoma patients. The mutations were used as liquid biomarkers for serial assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples using a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) system. The findings were correlated to the imaging data and clinical assessment to evaluate the utility of the approach for clinical translation. RESULTS We developed personalized somatic mutation ddPCR assays which we show are highly specific, sensitive and efficient in detection and monitoring of ctDNA, with a positive correlation between presence of ctDNA, disease course and clinical outcomes in the majority of patients. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility and clinical utility of personalized mutation-based liquid biopsy for the surveillance of brain cancer in children. However, even with this specific and sensitive approach, we identified some potential false negative analyses. Overall, our results indicate that changes in ctDNA profiles over time demonstrate the great potential of our specific approach for predicting tumor progression, burden, and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kojic
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mellissa K Maybury
- Queensland Children's Tumor Bank, The University of Queensland Child Health Research Centre, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.,Children's Brain Cancer Centre, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - Venkateswar Addala
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Scott Wood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - John V Pearson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Michael Rice Cancer Centre, Women's and Children's Hospital; South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tim Hassall
- Children's Brain Cancer Centre, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.,Oncology Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.,Children's Brain Cancer Centre, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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4
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Gaik M, Kojic M, Stegeman MR, Öncü‐Öner T, Kościelniak A, Jones A, Mohamed A, Chau PYS, Sharmin S, Chramiec‐Głąbik A, Indyka P, Rawski M, Biela A, Dobosz D, Millar A, Chau V, Ünalp A, Piper M, Bellingham MC, Eichler EE, Nickerson DA, Güleryüz H, Abbassi NEH, Jazgar K, Davis MJ, Mercimek‐Andrews S, Cingöz S, Wainwright BJ, Glatt S. Functional divergence of the two Elongator subcomplexes during neurodevelopment. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15608. [PMID: 35698786 PMCID: PMC9260213 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Elongator complex is a translational regulator that plays a critical role in neurodevelopment, neurological diseases, and brain tumors. Numerous clinically relevant variants have been reported in the catalytic Elp123 subcomplex, while no missense mutations in the accessory subcomplex Elp456 have been described. Here, we identify ELP4 and ELP6 variants in patients with developmental delay, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and motor dysfunction. We determine the structures of human and murine Elp456 subcomplexes and locate the mutated residues. We show that patient-derived mutations in Elp456 affect the tRNA modification activity of Elongator in vitro as well as in human and murine cells. Modeling the pathogenic variants in mice recapitulates the clinical features of the patients and reveals neuropathology that differs from the one caused by previously characterized Elp123 mutations. Our study demonstrates a direct correlation between Elp4 and Elp6 mutations, reduced Elongator activity, and neurological defects. Foremost, our data indicate previously unrecognized differences of the Elp123 and Elp456 subcomplexes for individual tRNA species, in different cell types and in different key steps during the neurodevelopment of higher organisms.
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5
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Vo T, Balderson B, Jones K, Crawford J, Millar A, Tolson E, Ruitenberg M, Robertson T, Bhuva D, Davis M, Wainwright B, Nguyen Q, Genovesi L. MEDB-06. Spatial transcriptomic analysis of Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma identifies that loss of heterogeneity and induced differentiation underlies the response to CDK4/6 inhibition. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9165004 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant tumour of the cerebellum which can be classified into four major subgroups on the basis of gene expression and genomic features. Single cell transcriptome studies have defined the cellular states underlying each MB subgroup, however the spatial organisation of these diverse cell states and how this impacts response to therapy remains to be determined. Here, we used spatially resolved transcriptomics to define the cellular diversity within a sonic hedgehog (SHH) patient-derived model of MB and identify how cells specific to a transcriptional state or spatial location are pivotal in responses to treatment with the CDK4/6 inhibitor, Palbociclib. We distinguish neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells within tumours and from the surrounding cerebellar tissue, further refining pathological annotation. We identify a regional response to Palbociclib, with reduced proliferation and induced neuronal differentiation in the majority of the tumours. Additionally, we resolve in cellular resolution a distinct tumour “interface” where the tumour contacts neighbouring mouse brain consisting of abundant astrocytes and microglia and continues to proliferate despite Palbociclib treatment. Our data highlight the power of this approach to characterise the response of a tumour to targeted therapy and provide further insights into the molecular and cellular basis underlying the response and resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in SHH MB
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Vo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Brad Balderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Kahli Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Joanna Crawford
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Elissa Tolson
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Marc Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Thomas Robertson
- Department of Pathology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Dharmesh Bhuva
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Melissa Davis
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Brandon Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Quan Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Laura Genovesi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia , QLD , Australia
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Adolphe C, Millar A, Kojic M, Barkauskas DS, Sundström A, Swartling FJ, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Tan CW, Davis MJ, Genovesi LA, Wainwright BJ. SOX9 Defines Distinct Populations of Cells in SHH Medulloblastoma but Is Not Required for Math1-Driven Tumor Formation. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1831-1839. [PMID: 34330843 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and there is an urgent need for molecularly targeted and subgroup-specific therapies. The stem cell factor SOX9, has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma (SHH-MB) subgroup tumors, given its role as a downstream target of Hedgehog signaling and in functionally promoting SHH-MB metastasis and treatment resistance. However, the functional requirement for SOX9 in the genesis of medulloblastoma remains to be determined. Here we report a previously undocumented level of SOX9 expression exclusively in proliferating granule cell precursors (GCP) of the postnatal mouse cerebellum, which function as the medulloblastoma-initiating cells of SHH-MBs. Wild-type GCPs express comparatively lower levels of SOX9 than neural stem cells and mature astroglia and SOX9low GCP-like tumor cells constitute the bulk of both infant (Math1Cre:Ptch1lox/lox ) and adult (Ptch1LacZ/+ ) SHH-MB mouse models. Human medulloblastoma single-cell RNA data analyses reveal three distinct SOX9 populations present in SHH-MB and noticeably absent in other medulloblastoma subgroups: SOX9 + MATH1 + (GCP), SOX9 + GFAP + (astrocytes) and SOX9 + MATH1 + GFAP + (potential tumor-derived astrocytes). To functionally address whether SOX9 is required as a downstream effector of Hedgehog signaling in medulloblastoma tumor cells, we ablated Sox9 using a Math1Cre model system. Surprisingly, targeted ablation of Sox9 in GCPs (Math1Cre:Sox9lox/lox ) revealed no overt phenotype and loss of Sox9 in SHH-MB (Math1Cre:Ptch1lox/lox;Sox9lox/lox ) does not affect tumor formation. IMPLICATIONS: Despite preclinical data indicating SOX9 plays a key role in SHH-MB biology, our data argue against SOX9 as a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Adolphe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deborah S Barkauskas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anders Sundström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura A Genovesi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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7
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Genovesi L, Millar A, Tolson E, Singleton M, Hassall E, Kojic M, Brighi C, Girald E, Andradas C, Kuchibhotla M, Endersby R, Gottardo N, Bernard A, Adolphe C, Olson J, Davis M, Wainwright B. MOMC-5. Systems pharmacogenomics identifies novel targets and clinically actionable therapeutics for medulloblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021. [PMCID: PMC8255431 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab070.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity. Existing treatment protocols are aggressive in nature resulting in significant neurological, intellectual and physical disabilities for the children undergoing treatment. Clearly, there is an urgent need for improved, targeted therapies that minimize these harmful side effects. Methods We identified candidate drugs for MB using a network-based systems-pharmacogenomics approach: based on results from a functional genomics screen, we identified a network of interactions implicated in human MB growth regulation. We then integrated drugs and their known mechanisms of action, along with gene expression data from a large collection of medulloblastoma patients to identify drugs with potential to treat MB. Results Our analyses identified drugs targeting CDK4, CDK6, and AURKA as strong candidates for MB; all of these genes are well validated as drug targets in other tumour types. We also identified non-WNT MB as a novel indication for drugs targeting TUBB, CAD, SNRPA, SLC1A5, PTPRS, P4HB and CHEK2. Based upon these analyses we subsequently demonstrated that one of these drugs, the new microtubule stabilizing agent, ixabepilone, blocked tumour growth in vivo in mice bearing Sonic Hedgehog and Group 3 patient-derived xenograft tumours, providing the first demonstration of its efficacy in MB. Conclusions Our findings confirm that this data-driven systems pharmacogenomics strategy is a powerful approach for the discovery and validation of novel therapeutic candidates relevant to MB treatment, and along with data validating ixabepilone in PDX models of the two most aggressive subtypes of medulloblastoma, we present the network analysis framework as a resource for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Genovesi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Elissa Tolson
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Singleton
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily Hassall
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Caterina Brighi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily Girald
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Bernard
- QFAB Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christelle Adolphe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - James Olson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Melissa Davis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, USA
| | - Brandon Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, USA
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8
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Genovesi LA, Millar A, Tolson E, Singleton M, Hassall E, Kojic M, Brighi C, Girard E, Andradas C, Kuchibhotla M, Bhuva DD, Endersby R, Gottardo NG, Bernard A, Adolphe C, Olson JM, Taylor MD, Davis MJ, Wainwright BJ. Systems pharmacogenomics identifies novel targets and clinically actionable therapeutics for medulloblastoma. Genome Med 2021; 13:103. [PMID: 34154646 PMCID: PMC8215804 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity. Existing treatment protocols are aggressive in nature resulting in significant neurological, intellectual and physical disabilities for the children undergoing treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need for improved, targeted therapies that minimize these harmful side effects. METHODS We identified candidate drugs for MB using a network-based systems-pharmacogenomics approach: based on results from a functional genomics screen, we identified a network of interactions implicated in human MB growth regulation. We then integrated drugs and their known mechanisms of action, along with gene expression data from a large collection of medulloblastoma patients to identify drugs with potential to treat MB. RESULTS Our analyses identified drugs targeting CDK4, CDK6 and AURKA as strong candidates for MB; all of these genes are well validated as drug targets in other tumour types. We also identified non-WNT MB as a novel indication for drugs targeting TUBB, CAD, SNRPA, SLC1A5, PTPRS, P4HB and CHEK2. Based upon these analyses, we subsequently demonstrated that one of these drugs, the new microtubule stabilizing agent, ixabepilone, blocked tumour growth in vivo in mice bearing patient-derived xenograft tumours of the Sonic Hedgehog and Group 3 subtype, providing the first demonstration of its efficacy in MB. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that this data-driven systems pharmacogenomics strategy is a powerful approach for the discovery and validation of novel therapeutic candidates relevant to MB treatment, and along with data validating ixabepilone in PDX models of the two most aggressive subtypes of medulloblastoma, we present the network analysis framework as a resource for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Genovesi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Elissa Tolson
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew Singleton
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Emily Hassall
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Caterina Brighi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Clara Andradas
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mani Kuchibhotla
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dharmesh D Bhuva
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Anne Bernard
- QFAB Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christelle Adolphe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, MSG 1X8, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, MSG 1X8, Canada
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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9
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Genovesi LA, Puttick S, Millar A, Kojic M, Ji P, Lagendijk AK, Brighi C, Bonder CS, Adolphe C, Wainwright BJ. Patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models of medulloblastoma lack a functional blood-brain barrier. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:732-742. [PMID: 33258962 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel targeted therapies for children diagnosed with medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, are urgently required. A major hurdle in the development of effective therapies is the impaired delivery of systemic therapies to tumor cells due to a specialized endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB). Accordingly, the integrity of the BBB is an essential consideration in any preclinical model used for assessing novel therapeutics. This study sought to assess the functional integrity of the BBB in several preclinical mouse models of MB. METHODS Dynamic contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate blood-brain-tumor barrier (BBTB) permeability in a murine genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) MB, patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models of MB (SHH and Gp3), and orthotopic transplantation of GEMM tumor cells, enabling a comparison of the direct effects of transplantation on the integrity of the BBTB. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to compare the structural and subcellular features of tumor-associated vasculature in all models. RESULTS Contrast enhancement was observed in all transplantation models of MB. No contrast enhancement was observed in the GEMM despite significant tumor burden. Cellular analysis of BBTB integrity revealed aberrancies in all transplantation models, correlating to the varying levels of BBTB permeability observed by MRI in these models. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight functional differences in the integrity of the BBTB and tumor vessel phenotype between commonly utilized preclinical models of MB, with important implications for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutic agents for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Genovesi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Puttick
- Probing Biosystems Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pengxiang Ji
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caterina Brighi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claudine S Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christelle Adolphe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Kenny J, Costello L, Kelsay K, Bunik M, Xiong S, Chiaravalloti L, Millar A, Talmi A. All Hands on Deck: Addressing Adolescent Depression in Pediatric Primary Care. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:903-911. [PMID: 34010421 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines prevalence rates of elevated depression symptoms utilizing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item Modified for Adolescents (PHQ-9A), characterizes recommendations and interventions by primary care providers (PCPs) and behavioral health clinicians (BHCs) in response to elevated PHQ-9As, and identifies factors associated with improved PHQ-9A scores at follow-up pediatric primary care visits. METHODS A mixed methods approach was taken. Visit data, demographics, and PHQ-9A scores for 2,107 adolescents aged 11-18 were extracted using clinical informatics between January 3, 2017 and August 31, 2018. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were conducted, followed by conventional content analysis of electronic medical records to examine qualitative results. Qualitative analyses were transformed into quantitative results and analyzed using point biserial correlations. RESULTS Of the 2,107 adolescents, 277 (13%) had an elevated PHQ-9A. Content analysis resulted in 40 actions (17 PCP codes, 23 BHC codes) in response to an elevated PHQ-9A. Significant correlations were found between an improved PHQ-9A at a follow-up visit and the PCP referring to integrated behavioral health (r = .20, p < .01), and BHCs recommending and checking in at a follow-up visit (r = .20, p < .05), conducting a risk assessment (r = .15, p < .05), and providing psychoeducation about mood symptoms (r = .15, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Primary care is an ideal setting to address the public health crisis of untreated adolescent depression. Implications for screening processes, practice implications for PCPs and BHCs, future directions, and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Costello
- Children's Hospital Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Kim Kelsay
- Children's Hospital Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Maya Bunik
- Children's Hospital Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Shengh Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | | | - Amanda Millar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Ayelet Talmi
- Children's Hospital Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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11
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Hillerton JE, Bryan MA, Beattie BH, Scott D, Millar A, French N. Use of antimicrobials for food animals in New Zealand: updated estimates to identify a baseline to measure targeted reductions. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:180-185. [PMID: 33720815 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1890648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe the use of antimicrobial drugs for food animals in New Zealand, based on sales data reported to government for 2005-2018, to provide a baseline to determine the success of measures to reduce antimicrobial use for food animals and to compare usage to selected European countries. METHODS Data were sourced from official government and industry reports to update previous estimates of use (as amount sold) of antimicrobial products applied to animals in New Zealand. The data included antimicrobial sales and animal populations, weighted where appropriate by breed and age class. Antimicrobial use was estimated based on the amount of active ingredient sold, per kg of animal biomass standardised to the probable weight at time of treatment or lifetime average but not slaughter weight (population correction unit; PCU). New Zealand data for 2017 and 2018 were adjusted to account only for antimicrobials used for farm animals by discounting horticulture use, companion animal use and export. RESULTS Between 2014 and 2018 the estimated usage of antimicrobials in animals flattened to a 5-year rolling average of 10.40 mg/PCU. New data on use for companion animals and on exports of zinc bacitracin and tylosin, included previously in the gross New Zealand values, allow a more refined estimate of use of antimicrobials in food animals of 10.21 mg/PCU in 2018, the third lowest rate of use for countries reporting by the same methodology. The intensive industries of pigs and poultry combined use more than 500 mg/PCU whereas the extensive red meat and dairy industries use an estimated 6.25 mg/PCU. New Zealand uses proportionally more cephalosporins and macrolides, two of the critically important antimicrobial groups, when compared with European countries, but less quinolones. The most obvious difference is the extensive use of zinc bacitracin and tylosin fed to pigs and poultry in New Zealand but not in the European Union. CONCLUSIONS Use of antimicrobials in food animals has stabilised to a rate of approximately 10.2 mg/PCU. This baseline should be used by the animal health industry to measure future success in its efforts to reduce and make more refined use of antimicrobial drugs as New Zealand works to deliver the government's Antimicrobial Resistance Action Plan. High rates of use of zinc bacitracin and some critically important macrolides represent clear targets in attempts to reduce usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B H Beattie
- New Zealand Veterinary Association, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - D Scott
- Ethical Agents, Manukau City, Manukau, New Zealand
| | - A Millar
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Russley, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N French
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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12
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Talmi A, Millar A, Buchholz M, Burnett B, Wolcott C. BHIPP:0–5: Primary care practice transformation in early childhood behavioral health integration. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1037/cpp0000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Brighi C, Reid L, Genovesi LA, Kojic M, Millar A, Bruce Z, White AL, Day BW, Rose S, Whittaker AK, Puttick S. Comparative study of preclinical mouse models of high-grade glioma for nanomedicine research: the importance of reproducing blood-brain barrier heterogeneity. Theranostics 2020; 10:6361-6371. [PMID: 32483457 PMCID: PMC7255036 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical translation of new nanoparticle-based therapies for high-grade glioma (HGG) remains extremely poor. This has partly been due to the lack of suitable preclinical mouse models capable of replicating the complex characteristics of recurrent HGG (rHGG), namely the heterogeneous structural and functional characteristics of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The goal of this study is to compare the characteristics of the tumor BBB of rHGG with two different mouse models of HGG, the ubiquitously used U87 cell line xenograft model and a patient-derived cell line WK1 xenograft model, in order to assess their suitability for nanomedicine research. Method: Structural MRI was used to assess the extent of BBB opening in mouse models with a fully developed tumor, and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI was used to obtain values of BBB permeability in contrast enhancing tumor. H&E and immunofluorescence staining were used to validate results obtained from the in vivo imaging studies. Results: The extent of BBB disruption and permeability in the contrast enhancing tumor was significantly higher in the U87 model than in rHGG. These values in the WK1 model are similar to those of rHGG. The U87 model is not infiltrative, has an entirely abnormal and leaky vasculature and it is not of glial origin. The WK1 model infiltrates into the non-neoplastic brain parenchyma, it has both regions with intact BBB and regions with leaky BBB and remains of glial origin. Conclusion: The WK1 mouse model more accurately reproduces the extent of BBB disruption, the level of BBB permeability and the histopathological characteristics found in rHGG patients than the U87 mouse model, and is therefore a more clinically relevant model for preclinical evaluations of emerging nanoparticle-based therapies for HGG.
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14
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Brighi C, Reid L, White AL, Genovesi LA, Kojic M, Millar A, Bruce Z, Day BW, Rose S, Whittaker AK, Puttick S. MR-guided focused ultrasound increases antibody delivery to nonenhancing high-grade glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa030. [PMID: 32642689 PMCID: PMC7212871 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade glioma (HGG) remains a recalcitrant clinical problem despite many decades of research. A major challenge in improving prognosis is the inability of current therapeutic strategies to address a clinically significant burden of infiltrating tumor cells that extend beyond the margins of the primary tumor mass. Such cells cannot be surgically excised nor efficiently targeted by radiation therapy. Therapeutic targeting of this tumor cell population is significantly hampered by the presence of an intact blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we performed a preclinical investigation of the efficiency of MR-guided Focused Ultrasound (FUS) to temporarily disrupt the BBB to allow selective delivery of a tumor-targeting antibody to infiltrating tumor. Methods Structural MRI, dynamic-contrast enhancement MRI, and histology were used to fully characterize the MR-enhancing properties of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) orthotopic mouse model of HGG and to develop a reproducible, robust model of nonenhancing HGG. PET–CT imaging techniques were then used to evaluate the efficacy of FUS to increase 89Zr-radiolabeled antibody concentration in nonenhancing HGG regions and adjacent non-targeted tumor tissue. Results The PDX mouse model of HGG has a significant tumor burden lying behind an intact BBB. Increased antibody uptake in nonenhancing tumor regions is directly proportional to the FUS-targeted volume. FUS locally increased antibody uptake in FUS-targeted regions of the tumor with an intact BBB, while leaving untargeted regions unaffected. Conclusions FUS exposure successfully allowed temporary BBB disruption, localized to specifically targeted, nonenhancing, infiltrating tumor regions and delivery of a systemically administered antibody was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Brighi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lee Reid
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alison L White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laura A Genovesi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zara Bruce
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Puttick
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Williamson M, Ranasinghe S, Raja F, Millar A, Tookman L. Introduction of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV Screening for Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in a District General Hospital in London: Uptake and Outcomes. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Maskrey V, Bond C, Alldred D, Blyth A, Daffu-O’Reilly A, Inch J, Millar A, Notman F, Hughes C, Holland R, Wright D. Care-homes independent pharmacist prescribing study (CHIPPS): Experiences from a non-randomised feasibility study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Buchholz M, Burnett B, Margolis KL, Millar A, Talmi A. Early childhood behavioral health integration activities and HealthySteps: Sustaining practice, averting costs. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/cpp0000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Cook Sangar ML, Genovesi LA, Nakamoto MW, Davis MJ, Knobluagh SE, Ji P, Millar A, Wainwright BJ, Olson JM. Inhibition of CDK4/6 by Palbociclib Significantly Extends Survival in Medulloblastoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Models. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28637687 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Bioinformatics analysis followed by in vivo studies in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were used to identify and validate CDK 4/6 inhibition as an effective therapeutic strategy for medulloblastoma, particularly group 3 MYC-amplified tumors that have the worst clinical prognosis.Experimental Design: A protein interaction network derived from a Sleeping Beauty mutagenesis model of medulloblastoma was used to identify potential novel therapeutic targets. The top hit from this analysis was validated in vivo using PDX models of medulloblastoma implanted subcutaneously in the flank and orthotopically in the cerebellum of mice.Results: Informatics analysis identified the CDK4/6/CYCLIN D/RB pathway as a novel "druggable" pathway for multiple subgroups of medulloblastoma. Palbociclib, a highly specific inhibitor of CDK4/6, was found to inhibit RB phosphorylation and cause G1 arrest in PDX models of medulloblastoma. The drug caused rapid regression of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and MYC-amplified group 3 medulloblastoma subcutaneous tumors and provided a highly significant survival advantage to mice bearing MYC-amplified intracranial tumors.Conclusions: Inhibition of CDK4/6 is potentially a highly effective strategy for the treatment of SHH and MYC-amplified group 3 medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5802-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A Genovesi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madison W Nakamoto
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue E Knobluagh
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pengxiang Ji
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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19
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Mcshane A, Millar A. AB0989 A Review of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Rheumatology Patients in The Northern Health & Social Care Trust. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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M Varda D, Hardy R, Millar A, Talmi A. Public Health, Mental Health and Primary Care Differences in Urban and Rural Counties in a System of Care for Children with Special Healthcare Needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.21767/2254-9137.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Millar A, Ellis M, Mollee P, Cochrane T, Fletcher J, Caudron A, Webster B, Trotman J. Deliverability and efficacy of R-CHOP chemotherapy in very elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an Australian retrospective analysis. Intern Med J 2015; 45:1147-53. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Millar
- University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - M. Ellis
- Princess Alexandra Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - P. Mollee
- Princess Alexandra Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - T. Cochrane
- Gold Coast University Hospital; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - J. Fletcher
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - A. Caudron
- Princess Alexandra Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - B. Webster
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - J. Trotman
- University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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22
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Bowers H, Smith D, de la Salle S, Choueiry J, Impey D, Philippe T, Dort H, Millar A, Daigle M, Albert PR, Beaudoin A, Knott V. COMT polymorphism modulates the resting-state EEG alpha oscillatory response to acute nicotine in male non-smokers. Genes Brain Behav 2015; 14:466-76. [PMID: 26096691 PMCID: PMC4514526 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Performance improvements in cognitive tasks requiring executive functions are evident with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, and activation of the underlying neural circuitry supporting these cognitive effects is thought to involve dopamine neurotransmission. As individual difference in response to nicotine may be related to a functional polymorphism in the gene encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that strongly influences cortical dopamine metabolism, this study examined the modulatory effects of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on the neural response to acute nicotine as measured with resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations. In a sample of 62 healthy non-smoking adult males, a single dose (6 mg) of nicotine gum administered in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was shown to affect α oscillatory activity, increasing power of upper α oscillations in frontocentral regions of Met/Met homozygotes and in parietal/occipital regions of Val/Met heterozygotes. Peak α frequency was also found to be faster with nicotine (vs. placebo) treatment in Val/Met heterozygotes, who exhibited a slower α frequency compared to Val/Val homozygotes. The data tentatively suggest that interindividual differences in brain α oscillations and their response to nicotinic agonist treatment are influenced by genetic mechanisms involving COMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Bowers
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D. Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S. de la Salle
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J. Choueiry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D. Impey
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - T. Philippe
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Care Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - H. Dort
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Care Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A. Millar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M. Daigle
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - P. R. Albert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A. Beaudoin
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Care Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - V. Knott
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Care Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Barratt S, Blythe T, Jarrett C, Welsh G, Ourradi K, Scotton C, Bates D, Millar A. S137 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (vegf) Expression In The Ipf Lung - A Role For Anti-angiogenic Isoforms? Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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24
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Sharp C, Dodds N, Edey A, Adamali H, Gunawardena H, Millar A. S8 Rituximab Therapy For Refractory Myositis Related Interstitial Lung Disease Unresponsive To Conventional Immunosuppression: The Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service Experience. Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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25
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Vorkas P, Want E, Holmes E, Holmgren A, Naslund U, Issac G, Millar A, Henein M. Significant inflammation pathophysiology features calcific coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown aetiology that usually leads to respiratory failure and death within 5 years of diagnosis. Alveolar epithelial cell injury, disruption of alveolar capillary membrane integrity and abnormal vascular repair and remodelling have all been proposed as possible pathogenic mechanisms. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the abnormalities in vascular remodelling observed in IPF and highlights several of the cytokines thought to play a pathogenic role, which may ultimately prove to be future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barratt
- From the Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Southmead BS10 5NB, UK
| | - A Millar
- From the Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Southmead BS10 5NB, UK
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Aston K, Savage E, Pathiraja M, Millar A, Stewart R, Ong G, Pendleton A. AB1065 A Regional Audit of Joint Aspirates from Hot, Swollen Joints; Experiences in Northern Ireland. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Moore SW, Tshifularo N, Banieghbal B, Le Grange E, Millar A, Lakhoo K. Anorectal atresia with gross terminal colonic distension in Africa. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:1287-91. [PMID: 23887770 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-013-3346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anorectal malformation (ARM) is a group of significant birth defects with geographic variation in incidence, individual phenotypes and regional geographic subtypes occurring in approximately 1:5,000 live births. Anorectal atresia with gross terminal colonic distension in the presence of an absent anal canal has also been known as 'pouch colon' which is mainly associated with the Indian subcontinent. Its prevalence is unknown but it is rare, possibly representing a fraction of 1 % of ARM. The problem seems to revolve around the gross terminal distension of the distal pouch which remains a significant surgical challenge to surgeons resulting in poorer postoperative continence in many instances. AIM This study set out to collate data on ARM patients with gross terminal distension of the distal pouch from Africa to evaluate its epidemiology and outcome in African patients. METHODS Fifteen African paediatric surgical centres (7 South African and 8 African centres) were polled on the occurrence of anorectal atresia with gross terminal distension of the terminal bowel, an ARM variant. Data included ethnic group, age, gender as well as the anatomical pathology, classification and presence or absence of associated anomalies. RESULTS Of 12 respondents, 8 (67 %) responded and sufficient data to classify and analyse were obtained from six of the eight positive replies (7 new cases). Abdominal X-ray showed a grossly dilated terminal portion of the colon in the presence of an imperforate anus. A colovesical fistula was observed in four (three males and one female cloaca). Three were associated with a colonic atresia, of which two were in the transverse colon and one in the sigmoid colon. Surgical corrective procedures were carried out in six, but one patient, with a cloaca, died prior to surgical correction. CONCLUSIONS In this survey of 15 African centres, we have attempted to document the occurrence and presentation of anorectal atresia with gross terminal distension in Africa and report seven additional new cases. A possible association with associated conditions like colonic atresia requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa,
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de la Salle S, Smith D, Choueiry J, Impey D, Philippe T, Dort H, Millar A, Albert P, Knott V. Effects of COMT genotype on sensory gating and its modulation by nicotine: Differences in low and high P50 suppressors. Neuroscience 2013; 241:147-56. [PMID: 23535252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated smoking rates seen in schizophrenia populations may be an attempt to correct neuropathologies associated with deficient nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and/or dopaminergic systems using exogenous nicotine. However, nicotine's effects on cognitive processing and sensory gating have been shown to be baseline-dependent. Evidence of a restorative effect on sensory gating deficits by nicotine-like agonists has been demonstrated, however, its underlying mechanisms in the context of dopamine dysregulation are unclear. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key dopamine regulator in the brain, contains a co-dominant allele in which a valine-to-methionine substitution causes variations in enzymatic activity leading to reduced synaptic dopamine levels in the Val/Val genotype. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design with 57 non-smokers, this study examined the effects of COMT genotype on sensory gating and its modulation by nicotine in low vs. high suppressors. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that increased dopamine resulting from nicotine stimulation or Met allelic activity would benefit gating in low suppressors and impair gating in high suppressors, and that this gating improvement with nicotine would be more evident in Val carriers who were low suppressors, while the gating impairment would be more evident in Met carriers who were high suppressors. These findings reaffirm the importance of baseline-dependency and suggest a subtle relationship between COMT genotype and baseline-stratified levels of sensory gating, which may help to explain the variability of cognitive abilities in schizophrenia populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de la Salle
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Z 7K4
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Millar A, Smith D, Choueiry J, Fisher D, Albert P, Knott V. The moderating role of the dopamine transporter 1 gene on P50 sensory gating and its modulation by nicotine. Neuroscience 2011; 180:148-56. [PMID: 21315807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia has been considered primarily a disease of dopaminergic neurotransmission, the role of dopamine in auditory sensory gating deficits in this disorder and their amelioration by smoking/nicotine is unclear. Hypothesizing that individual differences in striatal dopamine levels may moderate auditory gating and its modulation by nicotine, this preliminary study used the mid-latency (P50) auditory event-related potential (ERP) to examine the single dose (6 mg) effects of nicotine (vs. placebo) gum on sensory gating in 24 healthy nonsmokers varying in the genetic expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT). Consistent with an inverted-U relationship between dopamine level and the drug effects, individuals carrying the 9R (lower gene expression) allele, which is related to greater striatal dopamine levels, tended to evidence increased baseline gating compared to 10R (higher gene expression) allele carriers and showed a reduction in gating with acute nicotine. The present results may help to understand the link between excessive smoking and sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia and to explain the potential functional implications of genetic disposition on nicotinic treatment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Millar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada
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Sobnach S, Borkum M, Hoffman R, Muller E, McCurdie F, Millar A, Numanoglu A, Kahn D. Medical Students' Knowledge About Organ Transplantation: A South African Perspective. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:3368-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sheth J, Sharif K, Gupte G, Lloyd C, Hartley J, Kelly D, Buckels J, De Ville De Goyet J, Millar A, Muiesan P, Mirza D, Mayer D, Chardot C. P259 - Fermeture pariétale différée après transplantation intestinale ou multiviscérale. Arch Pediatr 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(10)70657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Knott V, Millar A, Fisher D, Albert P. Effects of nicotine on the amplitude and gating of the auditory P50 and its influence by dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism. Neuroscience 2010; 166:145-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Pendleton A, Millar A, O'Kane D, Wright GD, Taggart AJ. Can sonography be used to predict the response to intra‐articular corticosteroid injection in primary osteoarthritis of the knee? Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 37:395-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03009740802050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Wood S, Aziz N, Millar A, Schnauffer K, Meacock S, Ghobashy AE, Lewis-Jones I. Morphological and morphometric attributes of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa following surgical sperm retrieval for obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2003.tb00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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37
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Swaisland HC, Oliver SD, Morris T, Jones HK, Bakhtyari A, Mackey A, McCormick AD, Slamon D, Hargreaves JA, Millar A, Taboada MT. In vitrometabolism of the specific endothelin-A receptor antagonist ZD4054 and clinical drug interactions between ZD4054 and rifampicin or itraconazole in healthy male volunteers. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:444-56. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250902810944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of [(14)C]-gefitinib (1-3 microM) was investigated using human liver microsomes and a range of expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes, with particular focus on the formation of O-desmethyl-gefitinib (M523595), the major metabolite observed in human plasma. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet light, radiochemical and mass spectral analysis, together with the availability of authentic standards, enabled quantification and structural identification of metabolites. On incubation with pooled human liver microsomes, [(14)C]-gefitinib underwent rapid and extensive metabolism to a number of metabolites, although M523595 was only a minor microsomal product. Formation of most metabolites was markedly decreased by ketoconazole, but M523595 production was inhibited only by quinidine. Gefitinib was metabolized extensively by expressed CYP3A4, producing a similar range of metabolites to liver microsomes, but M523595 was not formed. CYP1A2, 2C9 and 2C19 produced no measurable metabolism of gefitinib, while CYP3A5 produced a range of metabolites similar to CYP3A4, but to a much lower degree. In contrast, CYP2D6 catalysed rapid and extensive metabolism of gefitinib to M523595. While formation of M523595 was CYP2D6 mediated, the overall metabolism of gefitinib was dependent primarily on CYP3A4, and this was not obviously diminished in liver microsomes from CYP2D6 poor metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McKillop
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Thalheimer
- Department of Gastroenterology, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Ochs MM, Bartlett W, Briles DE, Hicks B, Jurkuvenas A, Lau P, Ren B, Millar A. Vaccine-induced human antibodies to PspA augment complement C3 deposition on Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2007; 44:204-14. [PMID: 18006268 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein (PspA) is a virulence factor expressed by all clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PspAs are variable in structure and have been grouped into clades and cross-reacting families based on sequence similarities and immunologic cross-reactivity. At least 98% of PspAs are found in PspA families 1 or 2. PspA has been shown to interfere with complement deposition on pneumococci, thus reducing opsonization and clearance of bacteria by the host immune system. Prior studies using pooled human sera have shown that PspA interferes with C3 deposition on a single strain of S. pneumoniae, WU2, and that mouse antibody to PspA can enhance the deposition of C3 on WU2. The present studies have demonstrated that these previous findings are representative of most normal human sera and each of seven different strains of S. pneumoniae. It was observed that PspAs of PspA families 1 and 2 could inhibit C3 deposition in the presence of immunoglobulin present in all but 3 of 22 normal human sera. These studies have also demonstrated that rabbit and human antibody to PspA can enhance the deposition of C3 on pneumococci expressing either family 1 or 2 PspAs and either capsular types 2, 3, or 11. A vaccine candidate that can elicit immunity that neutralizes or compensates for S. pneumoniae's ability to thwart host immunity would be of value.
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Chappell S, Daly L, Morgan K, Baranes TG, Roca J, Rabinovich R, Millar A, Donnelly SC, Keatings V, Macnee W, Stolk J, Hiemstra PS, Miniati M, Monti S, O'Connor CM, Kalsheker N. Variation in the tumour necrosis factor gene is not associated with susceptibility to COPD. Eur Respir J 2007; 30:810-2. [PMID: 17906092 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00057107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dixon J, Radhakrishna S, Hardy R, Keyhoe T, Millar A, Wong D, Aldridge B. O-66 New efficient breast cancer sentinel node biopsy technique for all. EJC Suppl 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(07)71756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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44
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Aleksic J, de Mora K, Millar A, Davidson B, Kozma-Bognar L, Ma H, French C, Bizzari F, Elfick A, Wilson J, Cai Y, Seshasayee S, Nicholson J, Ivakhno S. Development of a novel biosensor for the detection of arsenic in drinking water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-stb:20060002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Millar A, Rand D, Goryanin I, Saithong T, Edwards K. Dissecting and reconstructing the multi-loop mechanism of the circadian clock. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Knott V, McIntosh J, Millar A, Fisher D, Villeneuve C, Ilivitsky V, Horn E. Nicotine and smoker status moderate brain electric and mood activation induced by ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 85:228-42. [PMID: 17023037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As the increased smoking prevalence in schizophrenics may be interpreted as an adaptive response to an underlying biological defect, investigations into nicotine's actions within N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist drug models of schizophrenia may improve our understanding of the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in initiating and maintaining nicotine dependence in this disorder. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, the electroencephalographic (EEG) and subjective response to a sub-psychotomimetic intravenous dose of the NMDA antagonist ketamine was examined in 20 regular smokers and 20 non-smokers pretreated with placebo or nicotine gum. Although nicotine increased EEG arousal, ketamine produced electrocerebral signs of brain activation (decreased slow wave power) and sedation (decreased fast wave power and frequency), which were not affected by nicotine pretreatment and were evident only in non-smokers. Ketamine increased a number of self-report indices of subjective arousal, some of which were attenuated and potentiated by nicotine in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. These findings suggest that long-term (evidenced by smoker vs. non-smoker comparisons) and short-term (acute) nicotine exposure may alter NMDA receptor-mediated arousal and mood systems in a way that promotes nicotine dependence in smokers, and addresses neurobiological deficiencies in smokers with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Knott
- Clinical Neuroelectrophysiology and Cognitive Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Perkins GD, Roberts J, McAuley DF, Armstrong L, Millar A, Gao F, Thickett DR. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity in patients with acute lung injury. Thorax 2005; 60:153-8. [PMID: 15681505 PMCID: PMC1747283 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2004.027912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced bioactive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been demonstrated in several inflammatory lung conditions including the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). sVEGFR-1, a soluble form of VEGF-1 receptor, is a potent natural inhibitor of VEGF. We hypothesised that sVEGFR-1 plays an important role in the regulation of the bioactivity of VEGF within the lung in patients with ARDS. METHODS Forty one patients with ARDS, 12 at risk of developing ARDS, and 16 normal controls were studied. Bioactive VEGF, total VEGF, and sVEGFR-1 were measured by ELISA in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for sVEGFR-1 was performed on BAL cells. RESULTS sVEGFR-1 was detectable in the BAL fluid of 48% (20/41) of patients with early ARDS (1.4-54.8 ng/ml epithelial lining fluid (ELF)) compared with 8% (1/12) at risk patients (p = 0.017) and none of the normal controls (p = 0.002). By day 4 sVEGFR-1 was detectable in only 2/18 ARDS patients (p = 0.008). Patients with detectable sVEGFR-1 had lower ELF median (IQR) levels of bioactive VEGF than those without detectable sVEGFR-1 (1415.2 (474.9-3192) pg/ml v 4761 (1349-7596.6) pg/ml, median difference 3346 pg/ml (95% CI 305.1 to 14711.9), p = 0.016), but there was no difference in total VEGF levels. BAL cells expressed mRNA for sVEGFR-1 and produced sVEGFR-1 protein which increased following incubation with tumour necrosis factor alpha. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time the presence of sVEGFR-1 in the BAL fluid of patients with ARDS. This may explain the presence of reduced bioactive VEGF in patients early in the course of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Perkins
- Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Wood S, Aziz N, Millar A, Schnauffer K, Meacock S, El Ghobashy A, Lewis-Jones I. Morphological and morphometric attributes of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa following surgical sperm retrieval for obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 2003; 35:358-67. [PMID: 15018138 DOI: 10.1046/j.0303-4569.2003.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the morphological (shape) and morphometric (sperm head size) attributes of ejaculated spermatozoa have been well studied, the morphological and morphometric qualities of testicular and epididymal spermatozoa retrieved from males with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia is much less documented. We wished to examine the effect of aetiology of azoospermia and site of retrieval on the attributes of retrieved spermatozoa. This was a prospective observational study of 30 consecutive successful sperm retrievals, six for nonobstructive azoospermia and 24 for obstructive, of which five were retrieved from the epididymis and the remainder from the testis. The proportion of morphologically normal testicular spermatozoa in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia was not significantly different (7% versus 7.6%, P = 0.97). Testicular spermatozoa from males with obstructive azoospermia showed an increase in frequency of sperm with small heads [47/180 (26%) versus 97/909 (11%), P = 0.036] as well as small acrosome and increasing vacuole formation over nonobstructive spermatozoa. Similarly, there was a significant increase in tail deformities and decreases in tail lengths in sperm from males with nonobstructive azoospermia. Epididymal spermatozoa showed significantly greater proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa than testicular (20% versus 13%, P = 0.001) as well as a significant increase in acrosome vacuoles. Furthermore, morphometrically epididymal spermatozoa displayed with smaller head length, width and area than testicular spermatozoa. Testicular spermatozoa from obstructive azoospermia displayed significantly less tail defects (35% versus 57%, P = 0.003) as well as significantly longer tail lengths (30.6 microm versus 10.7 microm). These morphological and morphometric differences between epididymal and testicular and obstructive and nonobstructive spermatozoa may represent part of the natural maturation process. There were no associations between any morphological or morphometric abnormality with any significant parameter in subsequent use in ICSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wood
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Liverpool Womens Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cywes
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, School of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,South Africa
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Bateman RH, Carruthers R, Hoyes JB, Jones C, Langridge JI, Millar A, Vissers JPC. A novel precursor ion discovery method on a hybrid quadrupole orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer for studying protein phosphorylation. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2002; 13:792-803. [PMID: 12148804 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A tandem quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer has been programmed such that phosphorylated peptides can automatically be discovered and identified in a way similar to that of the use of precursor ion or neutral loss scanning, but without the need to scan the quadrupole mass filter. Instead, the method capitalizes on the innate capability of the Q-TOF to record mass spectra and product ion spectra quickly, with good sensitivity and with good mass accuracy. Alternate mass spectra, with and without fragmentation, are recorded at high and low collision energy with the quadrupole operating in wideband mode. The method of analysis is both compatible with and dependant on liquid chromatography for separation of complex mixtures. The method has been demonstrated by searching for the neutral loss of 98 Da (H3PO4) from phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues, or for the phosphorylated immonium ion at m/z 216 from phosphotyrosine. The method also incorporates acquisition of the product ion spectrum from any candidate precursor ions, thereby allowing confirmation of the neutral loss or product ion and providing additional sequence information to assist identification of the protein and assign the site of phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Bateman
- Micromass Ltd., Wythenshawe, Manchester, UK.
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