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Verzijl CRC, Oldoni F, Loaiza N, Wolters JC, Rimbert A, Tian E, Yang W, Struik D, Smit M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Fernandez AJ, Samara NL, Ten Hagen KG, Dalal K, Chernish A, McCluggage P, Tabak LA, Jonker JW, Kuivenhoven JA. A novel role for GalNAc-T2 dependent glycosylation in energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101472. [PMID: 35304331 PMCID: PMC9019398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GALNT2, encoding polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GalNAc-T2), was initially discovered as a regulator of high-density lipoprotein metabolism. GalNAc-T2 is known to exert these effects through post-translational modification, i.e., O-linked glycosylation of secreted proteins with established roles in plasma lipid metabolism. It has recently become clear that loss of GALNT2 in rodents, cattle, nonhuman primates, and humans should be regarded as a novel congenital disorder of glycosylation that affects development and body weight. The role of GALNT2 in metabolic abnormalities other than plasma lipids, including insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis, is poorly understood. METHODS GWAS data from the UK Biobank was used to study variation in the GALNT2 locus beyond changes in high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Experimental data were obtained through studies in Galnt2-/- mice and wild-type littermates on both control and high-fat diet. RESULTS First, we uncovered associations between GALNT2 gene variation, adiposity, and body mass index in humans. In mice, we identify the insulin receptor as a novel substrate of GalNAc-T2 and demonstrate that Galnt2-/- mice exhibit decreased adiposity, alterations in insulin signaling and a shift in energy substrate utilization in the inactive phase. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a novel role for GALNT2 in energy homeostasis, and our findings suggest that the local effects of GalNAc-T2 are mediated through posttranslational modification of the insulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Oldoni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Loaiza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weiming Yang
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amy J Fernandez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kruti Dalal
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aliona Chernish
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peggy McCluggage
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Fernandez AJ, Berger JM. Biochemical methods to monitor loading and activation of hexameric helicases. Methods Enzymol 2022; 672:143-152. [PMID: 35934473 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ring-shaped hexameric helicases are an essential class of enzymes that unwind duplex nucleic acids to support a variety of cellular processes. Because of their critical roles in cells, hexameric helicase dysfunction has been linked to DNA damage and genomic instability. Biochemical characterization of hexameric helicase activity and regulation in vitro is necessary for understanding enzyme function and aiding drug discovery efforts. In this chapter, we describe protocols for characterizing mechanisms of helicase loading, activation, and unwinding using the model replicative hexameric DnaB helicase and its cognate DnaC loading factor from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Fernandez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James M Berger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Abstract
Ring-shaped hexameric helicases are essential motor proteins that separate duplex nucleic acid strands for DNA replication, recombination, and transcriptional regulation. Two evolutionarily distinct lineages of these enzymes, predicated on RecA and AAA+ ATPase folds, have been identified and characterized to date. Hexameric helicases couple NTP hydrolysis with conformational changes that move nucleic acid substrates through a central pore in the enzyme. How hexameric helicases productively engage client DNA or RNA segments and use successive rounds of NTPase activity to power translocation and unwinding have been longstanding questions in the field. Recent structural and biophysical findings are beginning to reveal commonalities in NTP hydrolysis and substrate translocation by diverse hexameric helicase families. Here, we review these molecular mechanisms and highlight aspects of their function that are yet to be understood.
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Puri N, Fernandez AJ, O'Shea Murray VL, McMillan S, Keck JL, Berger JM. The molecular coupling between substrate recognition and ATP turnover in a AAA+ hexameric helicase loader. eLife 2021; 10:64232. [PMID: 34036936 PMCID: PMC8213410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In many bacteria and eukaryotes, replication fork establishment requires the controlled loading of hexameric, ring-shaped helicases around DNA by AAA+(ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities) ATPases. How loading factors use ATP to control helicase deposition is poorly understood. Here, we dissect how specific ATPase elements of Escherichia coli DnaC, an archetypal loader for the bacterial DnaB helicase, play distinct roles in helicase loading and the activation of DNA unwinding. We have identified a new element, the arginine-coupler, which regulates the switch-like behavior of DnaC to prevent futile ATPase cycling and maintains loader responsiveness to replication restart systems. Our data help explain how the ATPase cycle of a AAA+-family helicase loader is channeled into productive action on its target; comparative studies indicate that elements analogous to the Arg-coupler are present in related, switch-like AAA+ proteins that control replicative helicase loading in eukaryotes, as well as in polymerase clamp loading and certain classes of DNA transposases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Puri
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Amy J Fernandez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Valerie L O'Shea Murray
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Saul Ewing Arnstein & Lehr, LLP, Centre Square West, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Sarah McMillan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - James L Keck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - James M Berger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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Fernandez AJ, Daniel EJP, Mahajan SP, Gray JJ, Gerken TA, Tabak LA, Samara NL. The structure of the colorectal cancer-associated enzyme GalNAc-T12 reveals how nonconserved residues dictate its function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20404-20410. [PMID: 31548401 PMCID: PMC6789641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902211116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases (GalNAc-Ts) initiate mucin type O-glycosylation by catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to Ser or Thr on a protein substrate. Inactive and partially active variants of the isoenzyme GalNAc-T12 are present in subsets of patients with colorectal cancer, and several of these variants alter nonconserved residues with unknown functions. While previous biochemical studies have demonstrated that GalNAc-T12 selects for peptide and glycopeptide substrates through unique interactions with its catalytic and lectin domains, the molecular basis for this distinct substrate selectivity remains elusive. Here we examine the molecular basis of the activity and substrate selectivity of GalNAc-T12. The X-ray crystal structure of GalNAc-T12 in complex with a di-glycosylated peptide substrate reveals how a nonconserved GalNAc binding pocket in the GalNAc-T12 catalytic domain dictates its unique substrate selectivity. In addition, the structure provides insight into how colorectal cancer mutations disrupt the activity of GalNAc-T12 and illustrates how the rules dictating GalNAc-T12 function are distinct from those for other GalNAc-Ts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Fernandez
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Sai Pooja Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jeffrey J Gray
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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Newland JG, Gerber JS, Kronman MP, Meredith G, Lee BR, Thurm C, Hersh AL, Berman DM, Handy L, Chan S, Tribble AC, Klein K, Maples H, Stahl D, Flett KB, Shapiro C, Fernandez AJ, Child J, Hurst AL, Parker SK, Pearce K, Mongkolrattanothai K, Metjian T, Grapentine S, Pomputius W, Goldman J, Yu D, Patel K, Yarbrough A, Cassady KA, Courter J, Haslam D, Thurman R, Mazade M, Varman M, Green A, Zwiener J, Simonsen K, Stec R, Bennett N, Girotto JE, Nolt D, Thomas J, Olivero R, Van Dyke C, Smith MJ, Lee K, Arnold SR, Schwenk H, Lee B, Patel SJ, Patel R, Calderon R, Dixon TC, Jaggi P, Tansmore J, Olson J, Thorell EM, Pong A, Nichols K, Cox E, Weissman S, Brothers A, Pak D, Bridger K, Poole N, Nelson M, Hymes S, Taylor R, Palazzi D, Wattier R, Faldasz J, Naeem F, Kuzmic B, Islam S. Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship (SHARPS): A Quality Improvement Collaborative. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:124-128. [PMID: 28379408 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pix020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many children's hospitals have established antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), data-driven benchmarks for optimizing antimicrobial use across centers are lacking. We developed a multicenter quality improvement collaborative focused on sharing data reports and benchmarking antimicrobial use to improve antimicrobial prescribing among hospitalized children. METHODS A national antimicrobial stewardship collaborative among children's hospitals, Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship (SHARPS), was established in 2013. Characteristics of the hospitals and their ASPs were obtained through a standardized survey. Antimicrobial-use data reports were developed on the basis of input from the participating hospitals. Collaborative learning opportunities were provided through monthly webinars and annual meetings. RESULTS Since 2013, 36 US hospitals have participated in the SHARPS collaborative. The median full-time equivalent (pharmacist and physician) dedicated to 30 of these ASPs was 0.75 (interquartile range, 0.45-1.4). To date, the collaborative has developed 26 data reports that include benchmarking reports according to specific antimicrobial agents, indications, and clinical service lines. The collaborative has conducted 27 webinars and 3 in-person meetings to highlight the stewardship work being conducted in the hospitals. The data reports and learning opportunities have resulted in approximately 36 distinct stewardship interventions. CONCLUSION A pediatric antimicrobial stewardship collaborative has been successful in promoting the development of and innovation among pediatric ASPs. Additional research is needed to determine the impact of these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Newland
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey S Gerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Matthew P Kronman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Washington
| | - Georgann Meredith
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Brian R Lee
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri.,Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Cary Thurm
- Children's Hospital Association, Statistical Analysis Services, Washington, DC
| | - Adam L Hersh
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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Vazquez R, Solanellas J, Alfageme I, Valenzuela-García LF, Pavon R, Leal J, Fernandez AJ, Sanchez-Burguillos FJ. Mitral valve prolapse and sudden deafness. Int J Cardiol 2008; 124:370-1. [PMID: 17363095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To examine the association between MVP and Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing loss (ISSNHL). 349 subjects, 86 with ISSNHL and 263 controls underwent a 2D-echocardiography. Patients with ISSNHL had higher rates of MVP (29.1% vs 2.7%, p<0.001), mitral leaflet thickening (15.1% vs 2.3%, p<0.001), mitral regurgitation (16.3% vs 6.5%, p=0.02) and left atrial enlargement (11.6% vs 3.8%, p=0.01). Our results support the hypothesis that MVP could be one of the etiological factors of ISSNHL.
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Miller S, Cordero M, Coleman AL, Figueroa J, Brito-Anderson S, Dabagh R, Calderon V, Cáceres F, Fernandez AJ, Nunez M. Quality of care in institutionalized deliveries: the paradox of the Dominican Republic. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 82:89-103; discussion 87-8. [PMID: 12834953 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(03)00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand the paradox in the Dominican Republic of a relatively high maternal mortality ratio despite nearly universal institutionalized deliveries with trained attendants, a rapid assessment using an adaptation of the strategic assessment method was conducted. METHODS A multi-disciplinary team reviewed national statistics and hospital records, inventoried facilities, and observed peripartum client-provider interactions at 14 facilities. RESULTS The major referral hospitals, where more than 40% of births in the country occur, were overcrowded and understaffed, with inexperienced residents overseeing care provided by medical students, interns and nurses. Uncomplicated labor and deliveries were overmedicalized, while complicated ones were not managed appropriately; emergencies were not dealt with in a timely fashion. In the peripheral hospitals physicians were seldom present and clients were either turned away or delivered by unprepared nursing staff. Providers in the busiest facilities suffered from compassion fatigue, and were demoralized and overworked. In all facilities, quality of care was lacking and the delivery and birthing process was dehumanized. CONCLUSIONS Access and availability of institutional delivery alone is not enough to decrease MMR, it is also the quality of emergency obstetric care that saves lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miller
- Women's Global Health Imperative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Fernandez AJ. Ureteral granuloma in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1978; 53:618. [PMID: 682693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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LaVerne AA, DiMaio DJ, Fernandez AJ. Occupational, accidental, explorational carbon dioxide inhalation poisonings, and prevention. Behav Neuropsychiatry 1973; 4-5:33-48. [PMID: 4147792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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La Verne AA, DiMaio DJ, Fernandez AJ. Occupational, accidental, explorational carbon dioxide inhalation poisonings, and prevention. PDM 1973; 4-5:83-94. [PMID: 4802549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fernandez AJ, Redd H. Retroperitoneal liposarcoma. J Ky Med Assoc 1970; 68:651-4. [PMID: 5472421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fernandez AJ, Bontrager RR. Acute promyelocytic leukemia. J Ky Med Assoc 1970; 68:367-70. [PMID: 5270862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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