1
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Totsch SK, Ishizuka AS, Kang KD, Gary SE, Rocco A, Fan AE, Zhou L, Valdes PA, Lee S, Li J, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Blitz S, Garliss CM, Johnston JM, Markert JM, Lynn GM, Bernstock JD, Friedman GK. Combination immunotherapy with vaccine and oncolytic HSV virotherapy is time dependent. Mol Cancer Ther 2024:745194. [PMID: 38710101 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncolytic virotherapy or immunovirotherapy is a strategy that utilizes viruses to selectively infect and kill tumor cells while also stimulating an immune response against the tumor. Early clinical trials in both pediatric and adult patients using oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have demonstrated safety and promising efficacy; however, combinatorial strategies designed to enhance oncolysis while also promoting durable T cell responses for sustaining disease remission are likely required. We hypothesized that combining the direct tumor cell killing and innate immune stimulation by oHSV with a vaccine that promotes T cell mediated immunity may lead to more durable tumor regression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To this end, we investigated the preclinical efficacy and potential synergy of combining oHSV with a self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine co-delivering peptide antigens and Toll-like receptor-7 and -8 agonists (TLR-7/8a) (referred to as SNAPvax™), that induces robust tumor specific T cell immunity. We then assessed how timing of the treatments (i.e., vaccine before or after oHSV) impacts T cell responses, viral replication, and preclinical efficacy. RESULTS The sequence of treatments was critical, as survival was significantly enhanced when the SNAPvax™ vaccine was given prior to oHSV. Increased clinical efficacy was associated with reduced tumour volume and increases in virus replication and tumor antigen specific CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings substantiate the criticality of combination immunotherapy timing and provide preclinical support for combining SNAPvax with oHSV as a promising treatment approach for both pediatric and adult tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie K Totsch
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Kyung-Don Kang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Alabama, United States
| | - Sam E Gary
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Abbey Rocco
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Aaron E Fan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li Zhou
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States
| | - Pablo A Valdes
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States
| | - SeungHo Lee
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Jason Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
| | | | | | | | - James M Johnston
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James M Markert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | | | - Gregory K Friedman
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
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2
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Finnigan JP, Newman JH, Patskovsky Y, Patskovska L, Ishizuka AS, Lynn GM, Seder RA, Krogsgaard M, Bhardwaj N. Structural basis for self-discrimination by neoantigen-specific TCRs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2140. [PMID: 38459027 PMCID: PMC10924104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCR) are pivotal in mediating tumour cell cytolysis via recognition of mutation-derived tumour neoantigens (neoAgs) presented by major histocompatibility class-I (MHC-I). Understanding the factors governing the emergence of neoAg from somatic mutations is a major focus of current research. However, the structural and cellular determinants controlling TCR recognition of neoAgs remain poorly understood. This study describes the multi-level analysis of a model neoAg from the B16F10 murine melanoma, H2-Db/Hsf2 p.K72N68-76, as well as its cognate TCR 47BE7. Through cellular, molecular and structural studies we demonstrate that the p.K72N mutation enhances H2-Db binding, thereby improving cell surface presentation and stabilizing the TCR 47BE7 epitope. Furthermore, TCR 47BE7 exhibited high functional avidity and selectivity, attributable to a broad, stringent, binding interface enabling recognition of native B16F10 despite low antigen density. Our findings provide insight into the generation of anchor-residue modified neoAg, and emphasize the value of molecular and structural investigations of neoAg in diverse MHC-I contexts for advancing the understanding of neoAg immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Finnigan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenna H Newman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larysa Patskovska
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Barinthus Biotherapeutics, Germantown, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Barinthus Biotherapeutics, Germantown, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, NY, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Ramirez-Valdez RA, Baharom F, Khalilnezhad A, Fussell SC, Hermans DJ, Schrager AM, Tobin KKS, Lynn GM, Khalilnezhad S, Ginhoux F, Van den Eynde BJ, Leung CSK, Ishizuka AS, Seder RA. Intravenous heterologous prime-boost vaccination activates innate and adaptive immunity to promote tumor regression. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112599. [PMID: 37279110 PMCID: PMC10592466 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic neoantigen cancer vaccines have limited clinical efficacy to date. Here, we identify a heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy using a self-assembling peptide nanoparticle TLR-7/8 agonist (SNP) vaccine prime and a chimp adenovirus (ChAdOx1) vaccine boost that elicits potent CD8 T cells and tumor regression. ChAdOx1 administered intravenously (i.v.) had 4-fold higher antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses than mice boosted by the intramuscular (i.m.) route. In the therapeutic MC38 tumor model, i.v. heterologous prime-boost vaccination enhances regression compared with ChAdOx1 alone. Remarkably, i.v. boosting with a ChAdOx1 vector encoding an irrelevant antigen also mediates tumor regression, which is dependent on type I IFN signaling. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the tumor myeloid compartment shows that i.v. ChAdOx1 reduces the frequency of immunosuppressive Chil3 monocytes and activates cross-presenting type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s). The dual effect of i.v. ChAdOx1 vaccination enhancing CD8 T cells and modulating the TME represents a translatable paradigm for enhancing anti-tumor immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro A Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sloane C Fussell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dalton J Hermans
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander M Schrager
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kennedy K S Tobin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Shabnam Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Benoit J Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol Sze Ki Leung
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Finnigan JP, Newman JH, Patskovsky Y, Patskovska L, Ishizuka AS, Lynn GM, Seder RA, Krogsgaard M, Bhardwaj N. Structural Basis for Self-Discrimination by Neoantigen-Specific TCRs. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2531184. [PMID: 36778273 PMCID: PMC9915759 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2531184/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs) and mutation-derived tumour neoantigens (neoAg) presented by major histocompatibility class-I (MHC-I) enable sensitive and specific cytolysis of tumour cells. Adoptive transfer of neoAg-reactive T cells in patients is correlated with response to immunotherapy; however, the structural and cellular mechanisms of neoAg recognition remain poorly understood. We have identified multiple cognate neoAg:TCRs from B16F10, a common murine implantable tumour model of melanoma. We identified a high affinity TCR targeting H2-Db-restricted Hsf2K72N that conferred specific recognition of B16F10 in vitro and in vivo. Structural characterization of the peptide-MHC (pMHC) binary and pMHC:TCR ternary complexes yielded high-resolution crystal structures, revealing the formation of a solvent-exposed hydrophobic arch in H2-Db that enables multiple intermolecular contacts between pMHC and the TCR. These features of structural stability strikingly mimic that of a previously published influenza peptide-H2-Db complex and its corresponding TCR, suggesting that there are shared structural motifs between neoantigens and viral peptides that explain their shared immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Finnigan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery; 75 Francis St., Boston, MA
| | - Jenna H. Newman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health
| | - Larysa Patskovska
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health
| | - Andrew S. Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vaccitech North America, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey M. Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vaccitech North America, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
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5
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Baharom F, Ramirez-Valdez RA, Khalilnezhad A, Khalilnezhad S, Dillon M, Hermans D, Fussell S, Tobin KKS, Dutertre CA, Lynn GM, Müller S, Ginhoux F, Ishizuka AS, Seder RA. Systemic vaccination induces CD8 + T cells and remodels the tumor microenvironment. Cell 2022; 185:4317-4332.e15. [PMID: 36302380 PMCID: PMC9669246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to increase tumor-specific T cell immunity. However, suppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment (TME) may limit T cell function. Here, we assessed how the route of vaccination alters intratumoral myeloid cells. Using a self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine that links tumor antigen peptides to a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist (SNP-7/8a), we treated tumor-bearing mice subcutaneously (SNP-SC) or intravenously (SNP-IV). Both routes generated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that infiltrated tumors. However, only SNP-IV mediated tumor regression, dependent on systemic type I interferon at the time of boost. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that intratumoral monocytes expressing an immunoregulatory gene signature (Chil3, Anxa2, Wfdc17) were reduced after SNP-IV boost. In humans, the Chil3+ monocyte gene signature is enriched in CD16- monocytes and associated with worse outcomes. Our results show that the generation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells combined with remodeling of the TME is a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ramiro A Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | | | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dalton Hermans
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sloane Fussell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kennedy K S Tobin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94805, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif 94800, France
| | | | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif 94800, France; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Vaccitech North America, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Olsen HE, Lynn GM, Valdes PA, Cerecedo Lopez CD, Ishizuka AS, Arnaout O, Bi WL, Peruzzi PP, Chiocca EA, Friedman GK, Bernstock JD. Therapeutic cancer vaccines for pediatric malignancies: advances, challenges, and emerging technologies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab027. [PMID: 33860227 PMCID: PMC8034661 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though outcomes for pediatric cancer patients have significantly improved over the past several decades, too many children still experience poor outcomes and survivors suffer lifelong, debilitating late effects after conventional chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical treatment. Consequently, there has been a renewed focus on developing novel targeted therapies to improve survival outcomes. Cancer vaccines are a promising type of immunotherapy that leverage the immune system to mediate targeted, tumor-specific killing through recognition of tumor antigens, thereby minimizing off-target toxicity. As such, cancer vaccines are orthogonal to conventional cancer treatments and can therefore be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities to maximize efficacy. To date, cancer vaccination has remained largely understudied in the pediatric population. In this review, we discuss the different types of tumor antigens and vaccine technologies (dendritic cells, peptides, nucleic acids, and viral vectors) evaluated in clinical trials, with a focus on those used in children. We conclude with perspectives on how advances in combination therapies, tumor antigen (eg, neoantigen) selection, and vaccine platform optimization can be translated into clinical practice to improve outcomes for children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Olsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Pablo A Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian D Cerecedo Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Omar Arnaout
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Peruzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Avidea Technologies, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Lynn GM, Sedlik C, Baharom F, Zhu Y, Ramirez-Valdez RA, Coble VL, Tobin K, Nichols SR, Itzkowitz Y, Zaidi N, Gammon JM, Blobel NJ, Denizeau J, de la Rochere P, Francica BJ, Decker B, Maciejewski M, Cheung J, Yamane H, Smelkinson MG, Francica JR, Laga R, Bernstock JD, Seymour LW, Drake CG, Jewell CM, Lantz O, Piaggio E, Ishizuka AS, Seder RA. Peptide-TLR-7/8a conjugate vaccines chemically programmed for nanoparticle self-assembly enhance CD8 T-cell immunity to tumor antigens. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:320-332. [PMID: 31932728 PMCID: PMC7065950 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines targeting patient-specific neoantigens are a promising cancer treatment modality; however, neoantigen physicochemical variability can present challenges to manufacturing personalized cancer vaccines in an optimal format for inducing anticancer T cells. Here, we developed a vaccine platform (SNP-7/8a) based on charge-modified peptide-TLR-7/8a conjugates that are chemically programmed to self-assemble into nanoparticles of uniform size (~20 nm) irrespective of the peptide antigen composition. This approach provided precise loading of diverse peptide neoantigens linked to TLR-7/8a (adjuvant) in nanoparticles, which increased uptake by and activation of antigen-presenting cells that promote T-cell immunity. Vaccination of mice with SNP-7/8a using predicted neoantigens (n = 179) from three tumor models induced CD8 T cells against ~50% of neoantigens with high predicted MHC-I binding affinity and led to enhanced tumor clearance. SNP-7/8a delivering in silico-designed mock neoantigens also induced CD8 T cells in nonhuman primates. Altogether, SNP-7/8a is a generalizable approach for codelivering peptide antigens and adjuvants in nanoparticles for inducing anticancer T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaling Zhu
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramiro A Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kennedy Tobin
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Neeha Zaidi
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua M Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Denizeau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe de la Rochere
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Brian J Francica
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Tempest Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Cheung
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hidehiro Yamane
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery G Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Charles G Drake
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Totsch SK, Schlappi C, Kang KD, Ishizuka AS, Lynn GM, Fox B, Beierle EA, Whitley RJ, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Bernstock JD, Friedman GK. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus immunotherapy for brain tumors: current pitfalls and emerging strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 2019; 38:6159-6171. [PMID: 31289361 PMCID: PMC6771414 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) continue to be a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both
children and adults. Traditional therapies for malignant brain tumors consist of surgical resection and adjuvant chemoradiation;
such approaches are often associated with extreme morbidity. Accordingly, novel, targeted therapeutics for neoplasms of the CNS,
such as immunotherapy with oncolytic engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV) therapy, are urgently warranted. Herein, we discuss
treatment challenges related to HSV virotherapy delivery, entry, replication, and spread, and in so doing focus on host antiviral
immune responses and the immune microenvironment. Strategies to overcome such challenges including viral re-engineering,
modulation of the immunoregulatory microenvironment and combinatorial therapies with virotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors,
radiation, and vaccination are also examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie K Totsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles Schlappi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Brandon Fox
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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9
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Martin MD, Jensen IJ, Ishizuka AS, Lefebvre M, Shan Q, Xue HH, Harty JT, Seder RA, Badovinac VP. Bystander responses impact accurate detection of murine and human antigen-specific CD8 T cells. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3894-3908. [PMID: 31219804 DOI: 10.1172/jci124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of memory CD8 T cells is important for controlling infections such as malaria HIV/AIDS, and for cancer immunotherapy. Accurate assessment of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T-cells is critical for vaccine optimization and defining correlates of protection. However, conditions for determining Ag-specific CD8 T-cell responses ex-vivo using ICS may be variable, especially in humans with complex antigens. Here, we used an attenuated whole parasite malaria vaccine model in humans and various experimental infections in mice to show that the duration of antigenic stimulation and timing of brefeldin A (BFA) addition influences the magnitude of Ag-specific and bystander T cell responses. Indeed, following immunization with an attenuated whole sporozoite malaria vaccine in humans, significantly higher numbers of IFN-γ producing memory CD8 T-cells comprised of antigen specific and bystander responses were detected by increasing the duration of Ag-stimulation prior to addition of BFA. Mechanistic analyses of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in mice revealed that the increase in IFNg producing CD8 T-cells was due to bystander activation of Ag-experienced memory CD8 T-cells, and correlated with the proportion of Ag-experienced CD8 T-cells in the stimulated populations. Incubation with anti-cytokine antibodies (ex. IL-12) improved accuracy in detecting bona-fide memory CD8 T-cell responses suggesting this as the mechanism for the bystander activation. These data have important implications for accurate assessment of immune responses generated by vaccines intended to elicit protective memory CD8 T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mitchell Lefebvre
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology and.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology and.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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10
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Lynn GM, Chytil P, Francica JR, Lagová A, Kueberuwa G, Ishizuka AS, Zaidi N, Ramirez-Valdez RA, Blobel NJ, Baharom F, Leal J, Wang AQ, Gerner MY, Etrych T, Ulbrich K, Seymour LW, Seder RA, Laga R. Impact of Polymer-TLR-7/8 Agonist (Adjuvant) Morphology on the Potency and Mechanism of CD8 T Cell Induction. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:854-870. [PMID: 30608149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule Toll-like receptor-7 and -8 agonists (TLR-7/8a) can be used as vaccine adjuvants to induce CD8 T cell immunity but require formulations that prevent systemic toxicity and focus adjuvant activity in lymphoid tissues. Here, we covalently attached TLR-7/8a to polymers of varying composition, chain architecture and hydrodynamic behavior (∼300 nm submicrometer particles, ∼10 nm micelles and ∼4 nm flexible random coils) and evaluated how these parameters of polymer-TLR-7/8a conjugates impact adjuvant activity in vivo. Attachment of TLR-7/8a to any of the polymer compositions resulted in a nearly 10-fold reduction in systemic cytokines (toxicity). Moreover, both lymph node cytokine production and the magnitude of CD8 T cells induced against protein antigen increased with increasing polymer-TLR-7/8a hydrodynamic radius, with the submicrometer particle inducing the highest magnitude responses. Notably, CD8 T cell responses induced by polymer-TLR-7/8a were dependent on CCR2+ monocytes and IL-12, whereas responses by a small molecule TLR-7/8a that unexpectedly persisted in vaccine-site draining lymph nodes (T1/2 = 15 h) had less dependence on monocytes and IL-12 but required Type I IFNs. This study shows how modular properties of synthetic adjuvants can be chemically programmed to alter immunity in vivo through distinct immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Petr Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Anna Lagová
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Gray Kueberuwa
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Ramiro A Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Joseph Leal
- Department of Immunology , University of Washington , South Lake Union E-411, 750 Republican Street , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Amy Q Wang
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , 9800 Medical Center Drive , Rockville , Maryland 20850 , United States
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Department of Immunology , University of Washington , South Lake Union E-411, 750 Republican Street , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Karel Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám. 2 , 162 06 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
- Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
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11
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Finnigan JP, Ishizuka AS, Lynn GM, Rubinsteyn A, Seder RA, Bhardwaj N. Abstract B108: Molecular and cellular properties of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T-cells on interaction with B16F10 melanoma in situ. Cancer Immunol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-b108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mutation-derived tumor antigens (MTA)—alternatively known as “neoantigens”—are a class of tumor antigens generated by tumor cell-intrinsic somatic DNA alterations. MTA are thought to be the predominant target of spontaneous and treatment-induced anti-tumor immunity. Direct targeting of MTA with therapeutic vaccination or other approaches is thus an active area of clinical research. However, pre-clinical studies of MTA-specific immunity have been limited in part due to a lack of reproducible targets. Furthermore, properties distinguishing effective MTA-specific immune responses, from less effective responses targeting other types of non-mutated tumor antigens have not been identified. To address this deficit, we previously reported the development of a system wherein MTA-specific CD8+ T-cell-mediated immunity could be systematically characterized. Briefly, we performed exome (WES) and RNASeq on the B16F1 and B16F10 melanoma cell lines, as well as matched normal tissue. We identified somatic single-nucleotide substitutions, insertion and deletion (INDEL), as well as larger INDEL and gene translocation events. The sequence identity and expression of somatic variants was validated by RNASeq. Standard in silico protocols were used to predict MHC-I binding affinity, which we subsequently validated via cell-free fluorescent peptide:MHC-I stability assay. Using a nanoparticle-based vaccination protocol, we identified and characterized multiple MHC-I restricted MTA in the B16F10 model system. We report an initial characterization of the vaccine-induced MTA-specific CD8+ T-cell response and demonstrate activity of vaccine monotherapy following subcutaneous tumor challenge. We extend prior observations were expanded upon in the following manner: First, the sensitivity and specificity of MTA-specific CD8+ T-cells was determined by in vitro stimulation with target MTA peptide and matched wildtype-sequence peptide followed by intracellular flow cytometry. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cells exhibit selectivity to MTA peptide targets ranging perfect specificity to moderate selectivity. A cell-based MHC-I binding assay was used to measure the relative affinity of MTA and matched wildtype peptides. The selectivity of vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cells to MTA peptides was observed to depend both on peptide:MHC-I as well as TCR:pMHC interactions. With respect to sensitivity of CD8+ T-cells towards target antigen, CD8+ T-cells targeting MTA were found to be more sensitive than those targeting nonmutated tumor antigens. We assessed direct recognition of target antigen endogenously presented by autologous tumor cells and describe tumor cell-intrinsic, as antigen-specific features affecting lymphocyte recognition and effector function. Second, we longitudinally profiled the surface receptor phenotype, and transcription factor usage of MTA-specific CD8+ T-cells by single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF). We describe the phenotype of peripheral, as well as tumor-infiltrating MTA-specific CD8+ T-cells. Using a genetically-encoded fluorescent reporter we identify MTA-specific CD8+ T-cells actively engaged with antigen in situ and describe the molecular and cellular characterization of these tumor-reactive MTA-specific CD8+ T-cells. In summary, we report the identification and detailed characterization of multiple previously-undescribed MHC-I restricted MTA relevant to the widely-utilized B16F10 model. We characterize the phenotype and function of MTA-specific CD8+ T-cells. Finally, we describe phenotypic and functional properties of MTA-specific CD8+ T-cells associated with therapeutic activity in vivo.
Citation Format: John P. Finnigan, Andrew S. Ishizuka, Geoffrey M. Lynn, Alex Rubinsteyn, Robert A Seder, Nina Bhardwaj. Molecular and cellular properties of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T-cells on interaction with B16F10 melanoma in situ [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B108.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Finnigan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Avidea Technologies, Baltimore, MD; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Andrew S. Ishizuka
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Avidea Technologies, Baltimore, MD; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Geoffrey M. Lynn
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Avidea Technologies, Baltimore, MD; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alex Rubinsteyn
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Avidea Technologies, Baltimore, MD; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Robert A Seder
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Avidea Technologies, Baltimore, MD; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Avidea Technologies, Baltimore, MD; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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12
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Murphy SC, Ishizuka AS, Billman ZP, Olsen TM, Seilie AM, Chang M, Smith N, Chuenchob V, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Kappe SHI, Hoffman SL, Seder RA. Plasmodium 18S rRNA of intravenously administered sporozoites does not persist in peripheral blood. Malar J 2018; 17:275. [PMID: 30053881 PMCID: PMC6062992 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium 18S rRNA is a biomarker used to monitor blood-stage infections in malaria clinical trials. Plasmodium sporozoites also express this biomarker, and there is conflicting evidence about how long sporozoite-derived 18S rRNA persists in peripheral blood. If present in blood for an extended timeframe, sporozoite-derived 18S rRNA could complicate use as a blood-stage biomarker. Methods Blood samples from Plasmodium yoelii infected mice were tested for Plasmodium 18S rRNA and their coding genes (rDNA) using sensitive quantitative reverse transcription PCR and quantitative PCR assays, respectively. Blood and tissues from Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite (PfSPZ)-infected rhesus macaques were similarly tested. Results In mice, when P. yoelii sporozoite inoculation and blood collection were performed at the same site (tail vein), low level rDNA positivity persisted for 2 days post-infection. Compared to intact parasites with high rRNA-to-rDNA ratios, this low level positivity was accompanied by no increase in rRNA-to-rDNA, indicating detection of residual, non-viable parasite rDNA. When P. yoelii sporozoites were administered via the retro-orbital vein and blood sampled by cardiac puncture, neither P. yoelii 18S rRNA nor rDNA were detected 24 h post-infection. Similarly, there was no P. falciparum 18S rRNA detected in blood of rhesus macaques 3 days after intravenous injection with extremely high doses of PfSPZ. Plasmodium 18S rRNA in the rhesus livers increased by approximately 101-fold from 3 to 6 days post infection, indicating liver-stage proliferation. Conclusions Beyond the first few hours after injection, sporozoite-derived Plasmodium 18S rRNA was not detected in peripheral blood. Diagnostics based on 18S rRNA are unlikely to be confounded by sporozoite inocula in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., E630, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 3512, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Zachary P Billman
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., E630, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., E630, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Annette M Seilie
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., E630, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ming Chang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., E630, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Nahum Smith
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., E630, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N #500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N #500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stephen L Hoffman
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 40, Room 3512, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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13
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Jongo SA, Shekalaghe SA, Church LWP, Ruben AJ, Schindler T, Zenklusen I, Rutishauser T, Rothen J, Tumbo A, Mkindi C, Mpina M, Mtoro AT, Ishizuka AS, Kassim KR, Milando FA, Qassim M, Juma OA, Mwakasungula S, Simon B, James ER, Abebe Y, Kc N, Chakravarty S, Saverino E, Bakari BM, Billingsley PF, Seder RA, Daubenberger C, Sim BKL, Richie TL, Tanner M, Abdulla S, Hoffman SL. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy against Controlled Human Malaria Infection of Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Vaccine in Tanzanian Adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:338-349. [PMID: 29943719 PMCID: PMC6090339 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We are using controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) by direct venous inoculation (DVI) of cryopreserved, infectious Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) (PfSPZ Challenge) to try to reduce time and costs of developing PfSPZ Vaccine to prevent malaria in Africa. Immunization with five doses at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 20 weeks of 2.7 × 105 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Vaccine gave 65% vaccine efficacy (VE) at 24 weeks against mosquito bite CHMI in U.S. adults and 52% (time to event) or 29% (proportional) VE over 24 weeks against naturally transmitted Pf in Malian adults. We assessed the identical regimen in Tanzanians for VE against PfSPZ Challenge. Twenty- to thirty-year-old men were randomized to receive five doses normal saline or PfSPZ Vaccine in a double-blind trial. Vaccine efficacy was assessed 3 and 24 weeks later. Adverse events were similar in vaccinees and controls. Antibody responses to Pf circumsporozoite protein were significantly lower than in malaria-naïve Americans, but significantly higher than in Malians. All 18 controls developed Pf parasitemia after CHMI. Four of 20 (20%) vaccinees remained uninfected after 3 week CHMI (P = 0.015 by time to event, P = 0.543 by proportional analysis) and all four (100%) were uninfected after repeat 24 week CHMI (P = 0.005 by proportional, P = 0.004 by time to event analysis). Plasmodium falciparum SPZ Vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and induced durable VE in four subjects. Controlled human malaria infection by DVI of PfSPZ Challenge appeared more stringent over 24 weeks than mosquito bite CHMI in United States or natural exposure in Malian adults, thereby providing a rigorous test of VE in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said A Jongo
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Seif A Shekalaghe
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Tobias Schindler
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Zenklusen
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Rutishauser
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Rothen
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anneth Tumbo
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Catherine Mkindi
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ali T Mtoro
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Florence A Milando
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Munira Qassim
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omar A Juma
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Solomon Mwakasungula
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Beatus Simon
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bakari M Bakari
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Protein Potential LLC, Rockville, Maryland.,Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Marcel Tanner
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
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14
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Payne RO, Silk SE, Elias SC, Miura K, Diouf A, Galaway F, de Graaf H, Brendish NJ, Poulton ID, Griffiths OJ, Edwards NJ, Jin J, Labbé GM, Alanine DG, Siani L, Di Marco S, Roberts R, Green N, Berrie E, Ishizuka AS, Nielsen CM, Bardelli M, Partey FD, Ofori MF, Barfod L, Wambua J, Murungi LM, Osier FH, Biswas S, McCarthy JS, Minassian AM, Ashfield R, Viebig NK, Nugent FL, Douglas AD, Vekemans J, Wright GJ, Faust SN, Hill AV, Long CA, Lawrie AM, Draper SJ. Human vaccination against RH5 induces neutralizing antimalarial antibodies that inhibit RH5 invasion complex interactions. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96381. [PMID: 29093263 PMCID: PMC5752323 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a highly effective vaccine remains a key strategic goal to aid the control and eventual eradication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In recent years, the reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5) has emerged as the most promising blood-stage P. falciparum candidate antigen to date, capable of conferring protection against stringent challenge in Aotus monkeys. We report on the first clinical trial to our knowledge to assess the RH5 antigen - a dose-escalation phase Ia study in 24 healthy, malaria-naive adult volunteers. We utilized established viral vectors, the replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63), and the attenuated orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoding RH5 from the 3D7 clone of P. falciparum. Vaccines were administered i.m. in a heterologous prime-boost regimen using an 8-week interval and were well tolerated. Vaccine-induced anti-RH5 serum antibodies exhibited cross-strain functional growth inhibition activity (GIA) in vitro, targeted linear and conformational epitopes within RH5, and inhibited key interactions within the RH5 invasion complex. This is the first time to our knowledge that substantial RH5-specific responses have been induced by immunization in humans, with levels greatly exceeding the serum antibody responses observed in African adults following years of natural malaria exposure. These data support the progression of RH5-based vaccines to human efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth O. Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C. Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hans de Graaf
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J. Brendish
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick J. Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Loredana Siani
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d’Europa, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Marco
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d’Europa, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachel Roberts
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky Green
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Martino Bardelli
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frederica D. Partey
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael F. Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lea Barfod
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Wambua
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Linda M. Murungi
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Faith H. Osier
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James S. McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Ashfield
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K. Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fay L. Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V.S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison M. Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Sack BK, Mikolajczak SA, Fishbaugher M, Vaughan AM, Flannery EL, Nguyen T, Betz W, Jane Navarro M, Foquet L, Steel RWJ, Billman ZP, Murphy SC, Hoffman SL, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Behet M, Reuling IJ, Walk J, Scholzen A, Sauerwein RW, Ishizuka AS, Flynn B, Seder RA, Kappe SHI. Humoral protection against mosquito bite-transmitted Plasmodium falciparum infection in humanized mice. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:27. [PMID: 29263882 PMCID: PMC5634440 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A malaria vaccine that prevents infection will be an important new tool in continued efforts of malaria elimination, and such vaccines are under intense development for the major human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Antibodies elicited by vaccines can block the initial phases of parasite infection when sporozoites are deposited into the skin by mosquito bite and then target the liver for further development. However, there are currently no standardized in vivo preclinical models that can measure the inhibitory activity of antibody specificities against Pf sporozoite infection via mosquito bite. Here, we use human liver-chimeric mice as a challenge model to assess prevention of natural Pf sporozoite infection by antibodies. We demonstrate that these mice are consistently infected with Pf by mosquito bite and that this challenge can be combined with passive transfer of either monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal human IgG from immune serum to measure antibody-mediated blocking of parasite infection using bioluminescent imaging. This methodology is useful to down-select functional antibodies and to investigate mechanisms or immune correlates of protection in clinical trials, thereby informing rational vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thao Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Lander Foquet
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Zachary P. Billman
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jona Walk
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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16
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Ramirez-Valdez A, Blobel NJ, Ishizuka AS, Pan J, Vodnala S, Restifo NP, Lynn GM, Seder RA. Peptide-based polymer Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 agonist nanoparticles increase the breadth of anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.73.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Targeting tumor specific neoantigens through personalized therapeutic vaccination is a promising approach to induce T cell immunity against a variety of tumors. Current vaccine formulations induce CD8 T cell responses against a limited subset of pre-selected neoantigens. We developed a novel vaccine platform to enhance the breadth and magnitude of CD8 T cell responses by chemically coupling synthetic neoantigen peptides to a synthetic polymer containing a toll-like receptor-7/8 agonist that self-assembles into nanoparticles (termed SPP-7/8a). To test the efficiency of the SPP-7/8a platform for inducing antigenic breadth, 173 transcribed non-synonymous single nucleotide variants were identified in a mouse melanoma tumor line (SB-3123). Mice were vaccinated twice with a random set of 96 SB-3123 neoantigens with SPP-7/8a. The binding affinity was predicted for each neoantigen using the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB.org) Consensus algorithm, which ranged from the 0.15 to 3.05 percentile. Overall, CD8 T cell responses were detectable at frequencies ranging from 0.1% to 16% of total CD8 T cells against 10 of the 96 neoantigens (~10%). However, by stratifying the 96 neoantigens according to high affinity binders (Consensus < 0.5), 7/14 (50%) induced CD8 T cell responses. These data show that the SPP-7/8a platform efficiently induces CD8 T cell using peptides that have high binding affinity. Ongoing studies will determine whether the increased breadth of CD8 responses following SPP-7/8a vaccination confers protection against established tumors.
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17
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Blobel NJ, Ramirez-Valdez A, Ishizuka AS, Lynn GM, Seder RA. Antigenic competition affects the magnitude and breadth of CD8 T cell immunity following immunization with a nanoparticle neoantigen cancer vaccine. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.73.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Induction of T cell immunity against neoantigens of cancers is a promising personalized vaccine approach against tumors. We developed a novel vaccine platform to enhance the breadth and magnitude of neoantigen-specific CD8 T cell responses by coupling neoantigen peptides to a polymer containing a Toll-Like Receptor-7/8 agonist that self-assembles into nanoparticles (termed SPP-7/8a). As the SPP-7/8 vaccine platform can be formulated to immunize against multiple neoantigen peptides, a critical issue is how the delivery influences the magnitude and breadth of CD8 T cell responses. Thus, C57BL/6 mice were injected subcutaneously against a single neoantigen at either a single site, or divided across four sites. CD8 T cell responses were ~3% in the mice immunized at multiple sites compared to ~1% at a single injection site. To assess breadth, mice were immunized with four antigens, with either a single antigen at each of four injection sites or a combination of all four antigens across four injection sites. In mice that received all four antigens in each site, CD8 T cell responses against two of the antigens were undetectable. By contrast, in animals that received 1 antigen per site, responses were detected against all four antigens, and the total magnitude was higher than animals receiving 4 antigens per site. Collectively, these data suggest that despite increasing the CD8 T cell response of a single antigen via multi-site injection, vaccination even with as few as 4 antigens can interfere with the induction of neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells. Current work is focused on altering the delivery of the SPP-7/8a immunization approach to optimize both magnitude and breadth of CD8 T cell immunity that will be critical for tumor treatment and protection.
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18
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Mordmüller B, Surat G, Lagler H, Chakravarty S, Ishizuka AS, Lalremruata A, Gmeiner M, Campo JJ, Esen M, Ruben AJ, Held J, Calle CL, Mengue JB, Gebru T, Ibáñez J, Sulyok M, James ER, Billingsley PF, Natasha KC, Manoj A, Murshedkar T, Gunasekera A, Eappen AG, Li T, Stafford RE, Li M, Felgner PL, Seder RA, Richie TL, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Kremsner PG. Sterile protection against human malaria by chemoattenuated PfSPZ vaccine. Nature 2017; 542:445-449. [PMID: 28199305 PMCID: PMC10906480 DOI: 10.1038/nature21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A highly protective malaria vaccine would greatly facilitate the prevention and elimination of malaria and containment of drug-resistant parasites. A high level (more than 90%) of protection against malaria in humans has previously been achieved only by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (PfSPZ) inoculated by mosquitoes; by intravenous injection of aseptic, purified, radiation-attenuated, cryopreserved PfSPZ ('PfSPZ Vaccine'); or by infectious PfSPZ inoculated by mosquitoes to volunteers taking chloroquine or mefloquine (chemoprophylaxis with sporozoites). We assessed immunization by direct venous inoculation of aseptic, purified, cryopreserved, non-irradiated PfSPZ ('PfSPZ Challenge') to malaria-naive, healthy adult volunteers taking chloroquine for antimalarial chemoprophylaxis (vaccine approach denoted as PfSPZ-CVac). Three doses of 5.12 × 104 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Challenge at 28-day intervals were well tolerated and safe, and prevented infection in 9 out of 9 (100%) volunteers who underwent controlled human malaria infection ten weeks after the last dose (group III). Protective efficacy was dependent on dose and regimen. Immunization with 3.2 × 103 (group I) or 1.28 × 104 (group II) PfSPZ protected 3 out of 9 (33%) or 6 out of 9 (67%) volunteers, respectively. Three doses of 5.12 × 104 PfSPZ at five-day intervals protected 5 out of 8 (63%) volunteers. The frequency of Pf-specific polyfunctional CD4 memory T cells was associated with protection. On a 7,455 peptide Pf proteome array, immune sera from at least 5 out of 9 group III vaccinees recognized each of 22 proteins. PfSPZ-CVac is a highly efficacious vaccine candidate; when we are able to optimize the immunization regimen (dose, interval between doses, and drug partner), this vaccine could be used for combination mass drug administration and a mass vaccination program approach to eliminate malaria from geographically defined areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Güzin Surat
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heimo Lagler
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Albert Lalremruata
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Gmeiner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Meral Esen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlos Lamsfus Calle
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliana B Mengue
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamirat Gebru
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Javier Ibáñez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mihály Sulyok
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - K C Natasha
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Anita Manoj
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tao Li
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Richard E Stafford
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Minglin Li
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Phil L Felgner
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Ishizuka AS, Lyke KE, DeZure A, Berry AA, Richie TL, Mendoza FH, Enama ME, Gordon IJ, Chang LJ, Sarwar UN, Zephir KL, Holman LA, James ER, Billingsley PF, Gunasekera A, Chakravarty S, Manoj A, Li M, Ruben AJ, Li T, Eappen AG, Stafford RE, K C N, Murshedkar T, DeCederfelt H, Plummer SH, Hendel CS, Novik L, Costner PJM, Saunders JG, Laurens MB, Plowe CV, Flynn B, Whalen WR, Todd JP, Noor J, Rao S, Sierra-Davidson K, Lynn GM, Epstein JE, Kemp MA, Fahle GA, Mikolajczak SA, Fishbaugher M, Sack BK, Kappe SHI, Davidson SA, Garver LS, Björkström NK, Nason MC, Graham BS, Roederer M, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Ledgerwood JE, Seder RA. Corrigendum: Protection against malaria at 1 year and immune correlates following PfSPZ vaccination. Nat Med 2016; 22:692. [PMID: 27270781 DOI: 10.1038/nm0616-692c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Ishizuka AS, Lyke KE, DeZure A, Berry AA, Richie TL, Mendoza FH, Enama ME, Gordon IJ, Chang LJ, Sarwar UN, Zephir KL, Holman LA, James ER, Billingsley PF, Gunasekera A, Chakravarty S, Manoj A, Li M, Ruben AJ, Li T, Eappen AG, Stafford RE, K C N, Murshedkar T, DeCederfelt H, Plummer SH, Hendel CS, Novik L, Costner PJM, Saunders JG, Laurens MB, Plowe CV, Flynn B, Whalen WR, Todd JP, Noor J, Rao S, Sierra-Davidson K, Lynn GM, Epstein JE, Kemp MA, Fahle GA, Mikolajczak SA, Fishbaugher M, Sack BK, Kappe SHI, Davidson SA, Garver LS, Björkström NK, Nason MC, Graham BS, Roederer M, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Ledgerwood JE, Seder RA. Protection against malaria at 1 year and immune correlates following PfSPZ vaccination. Nat Med 2016; 22:614-23. [PMID: 27158907 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) vaccine, PfSPZ Vaccine, is highly protective against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) 3 weeks after immunization, but the durability of protection is unknown. We assessed how vaccine dosage, regimen, and route of administration affected durable protection in malaria-naive adults. After four intravenous immunizations with 2.7 × 10(5) PfSPZ, 6/11 (55%) vaccinated subjects remained without parasitemia following CHMI 21 weeks after immunization. Five non-parasitemic subjects from this dosage group underwent repeat CHMI at 59 weeks, and none developed parasitemia. Although Pf-specific serum antibody levels correlated with protection up to 21-25 weeks after immunization, antibody levels waned substantially by 59 weeks. Pf-specific T cell responses also declined in blood by 59 weeks. To determine whether T cell responses in blood reflected responses in liver, we vaccinated nonhuman primates with PfSPZ Vaccine. Pf-specific interferon-γ-producing CD8 T cells were present at ∼100-fold higher frequencies in liver than in blood. Our findings suggest that PfSPZ Vaccine conferred durable protection to malaria through long-lived tissue-resident T cells and that administration of higher doses may further enhance protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam DeZure
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Floreliz H Mendoza
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Mary E Enama
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Ingelise J Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Lee-Jah Chang
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Uzma N Sarwar
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn L Zephir
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - LaSonji A Holman
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - MingLin Li
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tao Li
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Richard E Stafford
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha K C
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Hope DeCederfelt
- Pharmaceutical Development Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah H Plummer
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia S Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela J M Costner
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie G Saunders
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Laurens
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher V Plowe
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - William R Whalen
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - J P Todd
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Jay Noor
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Kailan Sierra-Davidson
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Judith E Epstein
- Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret A Kemp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary A Fahle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Brandon K Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Silas A Davidson
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsey S Garver
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
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21
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Brune KD, Leneghan DB, Brian IJ, Ishizuka AS, Bachmann MF, Draper SJ, Biswas S, Howarth M. Plug-and-Display: decoration of Virus-Like Particles via isopeptide bonds for modular immunization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19234. [PMID: 26781591 PMCID: PMC4725971 DOI: 10.1038/srep19234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are non-infectious self-assembling nanoparticles, useful in medicine and nanotechnology. Their repetitive molecularly-defined architecture is attractive for engineering multivalency, notably for vaccination. However, decorating VLPs with target-antigens by genetic fusion or chemical modification is time-consuming and often leads to capsid misassembly or antigen misfolding, hindering generation of protective immunity. Here we establish a platform for irreversibly decorating VLPs simply by mixing with protein antigen. SpyCatcher is a genetically-encoded protein designed to spontaneously form a covalent bond to its peptide-partner SpyTag. We expressed in E. coli VLPs from the bacteriophage AP205 genetically fused to SpyCatcher. We demonstrated quantitative covalent coupling to SpyCatcher-VLPs after mixing with SpyTag-linked to malaria antigens, including CIDR and Pfs25. In addition, we showed coupling to the VLPs for peptides relevant to cancer from epidermal growth factor receptor and telomerase. Injecting SpyCatcher-VLPs decorated with a malarial antigen efficiently induced antibody responses after only a single immunization. This simple, efficient and modular decoration of nanoparticles should accelerate vaccine development, as well as other applications of nanoparticle devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl D. Brune
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Iona J. Brian
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- University Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Sahli Haus 2, Inselspital, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Lynn GM, Laga R, Darrah PA, Ishizuka AS, Balaci AJ, Dulcey AE, Pechar M, Pola R, Gerner MY, Yamamoto A, Buechler CR, Quinn KM, Smelkinson MG, Vanek O, Cawood R, Hills T, Vasalatiy O, Kastenmuller K, Francica JR, Stutts L, Tom JK, Ryu KA, Esser-Kahn AP, Etrych T, Fisher KD, Seymour LW, Seder RA. In vivo characterization of the physicochemical properties of polymer-linked TLR agonists that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1201-10. [PMID: 26501954 PMCID: PMC5842712 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of vaccine adjuvants such as Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) can be improved through formulation and delivery approaches. Here, we attached small molecule TLR-7/8a to polymer scaffolds (polymer-TLR-7/8a) and evaluated how different physicochemical properties of the TLR-7/8a and polymer carrier influenced the location, magnitude and duration of innate immune activation in vivo. Particle formation by polymer-TLR-7/8a was the most important factor for restricting adjuvant distribution and prolonging activity in draining lymph nodes. The improved pharmacokinetic profile by particulate polymer-TLR-7/8a was also associated with reduced morbidity and enhanced vaccine immunogenicity for inducing antibodies and T cell immunity. We extended these findings to the development of a modular approach in which protein antigens are site-specifically linked to temperature-responsive polymer-TLR-7/8a adjuvants that self-assemble into immunogenic particles at physiologic temperatures in vivo. Our findings provide a chemical and structural basis for optimizing adjuvant design to elicit broad-based antibody and T cell responses with protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Lynn
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Laga
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia A. Darrah
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew S. Ishizuka
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Balaci
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés E. Dulcey
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Y. Gerner
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ayako Yamamoto
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Connor R. Buechler
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery G. Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ondrej Vanek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan Cawood
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Vasalatiy
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kathrin Kastenmuller
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalisa Stutts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Keun Ah Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tomas Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kerry D. Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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