1
|
Mitchell G, Torres L, Fishbaugher ME, Lam M, Chuenchob V, Zalpuri R, Ramasubban S, Baxter CN, Flannery EL, Harupa A, Mikolajczak SA, Jorgens DM. Correlative light-electron microscopy methods to characterize the ultrastructural features of the replicative and dormant liver stages of Plasmodium parasites. Malar J 2024; 23:53. [PMID: 38383417 PMCID: PMC10882739 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infection of the liver by Plasmodium parasites is an obligatory step leading to malaria disease. Following hepatocyte invasion, parasites differentiate into replicative liver stage schizonts and, in the case of Plasmodium species causing relapsing malaria, into hypnozoites that can lie dormant for extended periods of time before activating. The liver stages of Plasmodium remain elusive because of technical challenges, including low infection rate. This has been hindering experimentations with well-established technologies, such as electron microscopy. A deeper understanding of hypnozoite biology could prove essential in the development of radical cure therapeutics against malaria. RESULTS The liver stages of the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei, causing non-relapsing malaria, and the simian parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi, causing relapsing malaria, were characterized in human Huh7 cells or primary non-human primate hepatocytes using Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy (CLEM). Specifically, CLEM approaches that rely on GFP-expressing parasites (GFP-CLEM) or on an immunofluorescence assay (IFA-CLEM) were used for imaging liver stages. The results from P. berghei showed that host and parasite organelles can be identified and imaged at high resolution using both CLEM approaches. While IFA-CLEM was associated with more pronounced extraction of cellular content, samples' features were generally well preserved. Using IFA-CLEM, a collection of micrographs was acquired for P. cynomolgi liver stage schizonts and hypnozoites, demonstrating the potential of this approach for characterizing the liver stages of Plasmodium species causing relapsing malaria. CONCLUSIONS A CLEM approach that does not rely on parasites expressing genetically encoded tags was developed, therefore suitable for imaging the liver stages of Plasmodium species that lack established protocols to perform genetic engineering. This study also provides a dataset that characterizes the ultrastructural features of liver stage schizonts and hypnozoites from the simian parasite species P. cynomolgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mitchell
- Open Innovation at Global Health Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA.
| | - Laura Torres
- Open Innovation at Global Health Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Melanie Lam
- Open Innovation at Global Health Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Global Health Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Reena Zalpuri
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shreya Ramasubban
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin N Baxter
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Global Health Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Anke Harupa
- Global Health Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Danielle M Jorgens
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zanghi G, Patel H, Camargo N, Smith JL, Bae Y, Flannery EL, Chuenchob V, Fishbaugher ME, Mikolajczak SA, Roobsoong W, Sattabongkot J, Hayes K, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI. Global gene expression of human malaria parasite liver stages throughout intrahepatocytic development. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.05.522945. [PMID: 36711670 PMCID: PMC9881933 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is causing the greatest malaria burden, yet the liver stages (LS) of this most important parasite species have remained poorly studied. Here, we used a human liver-chimeric mouse model in combination with a novel fluorescent PfNF54 parasite line (PfNF54cspGFP) to isolate PfLS-infected hepatocytes and generate transcriptomes that cover the major LS developmental phases in human hepatocytes. RNA-seq analysis of early Pf LS trophozoites two days after infection, revealed a central role of translational regulation in the transformation of the extracellular invasive sporozoite into intracellular LS. The developmental time course gene expression analysis indicated that fatty acid biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis and iron metabolism are sustaining LS development along with amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis. Countering oxidative stress appears to play an important role during intrahepatic LS development. Furthermore, we observed expression of the variant PfEMP1 antigen-encoding var genes, and we confirmed expression of PfEMP1 protein during LS development. Transcriptome comparison of the late Pf liver stage schizonts with P. vivax (Pv) late liver stages revealed highly conserved gene expression profiles among orthologous genes. A notable difference however was the expression of genes regulating sexual stage commitment. While Pv schizonts expressed markers of sexual commitment, the Pf LS parasites were not sexually committed and showed expression of gametocytogenesis repression factors. Our results provide the first comprehensive gene expression profile of the human malaria parasite Pf LS isolated during in vivo intrahepatocytic development. This data will inform biological studies and the search for effective intervention strategies that can prevent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gigliola Zanghi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hardik Patel
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jenny L. Smith
- Research Scientific Computing, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yeji Bae
- Research Scientific Computing, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erika L. Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Matthew E. Fishbaugher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, United State
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kiera Hayes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mitchell G, Roma G, Voorberg-van der Wel A, Beibel M, Zeeman AM, Schuierer S, Torres L, Flannery EL, Kocken CHM, Mikolajczak SA, Diagana TT. Transcriptional profiling of hepatocytes infected with the replicative form of the malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J 2022; 21:393. [PMID: 36564750 PMCID: PMC9789591 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic simian parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi develops into replicating schizonts and dormant hypnozoites during the infection of hepatocytes and is used as a model organism to study relapsing malaria. The transcriptional profiling of P. cynomolgi liver stages was previously reported and revealed many important biological features of the parasite but left out the host response to malaria infection. METHODS Previously published RNA sequencing data were used to quantify the expression of host genes in rhesus macaque hepatocytes infected with P. cynomolgi in comparison to either cells from uninfected samples or uninfected bystander cells. RESULTS Although the dataset could not be used to resolve the transcriptional profile of hypnozoite-infected hepatocytes, it provided a snapshot of the host response to liver stage schizonts at 9-10 day post-infection and identified specific host pathways that are modulated during the exo-erythrocytic stage of P. cynomolgi. CONCLUSIONS This study constitutes a valuable resource characterizing the hepatocyte response to P. cynomolgi infection and provides a framework to build on future research that aims at understanding hepatocyte-parasite interactions during relapsing malaria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mitchell
- grid.418424.f0000 0004 0439 2056Open Innovation at Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA USA
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annemarie Voorberg-van der Wel
- grid.11184.3d0000 0004 0625 2495Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Beibel
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- grid.11184.3d0000 0004 0625 2495Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Schuierer
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Torres
- grid.418424.f0000 0004 0439 2056Open Innovation at Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA USA
| | - Erika L. Flannery
- grid.418424.f0000 0004 0439 2056Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA USA
| | - Clemens H. M. Kocken
- grid.11184.3d0000 0004 0625 2495Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. Mikolajczak
- grid.418424.f0000 0004 0439 2056Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA USA
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- grid.418424.f0000 0004 0439 2056Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gualdrón-López M, Díaz-Varela M, Zanghi G, Aparici-Herraiz I, Steel RW, Schäfer C, Cuscó P, Chuenchob V, Kangwangransan N, Billman ZP, Olsen TM, González JR, Roobsoong W, Sattabongkot J, Murphy SC, Mikolajczak SA, Borràs E, Sabidó E, Fernandez-Becerra C, Flannery EL, Kappe SH, del Portillo HA. Mass Spectrometry Identification of Biomarkers in Extracellular Vesicles From Plasmodium vivax Liver Hypnozoite Infections. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100406. [PMID: 36030044 PMCID: PMC9520272 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent liver stages termed hypnozoites cause relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria infection and represent a major obstacle in the goal of malaria elimination. Hypnozoites are clinically undetectable, and presently, there are no biomarkers of this persistent parasite reservoir in the human liver. Here, we have identified parasite and human proteins associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from in vivo infections exclusively containing hypnozoites. We used P. vivax-infected human liver-chimeric (huHEP) FRG KO mice treated with the schizonticidal experimental drug MMV048 as hypnozoite infection model. Immunofluorescence-based quantification of P. vivax liver forms showed that MMV048 removed schizonts from chimeric mice livers. Proteomic analysis of EVs derived from FRG huHEP mice showed that human EV cargo from infected FRG huHEP mice contain inflammation markers associated with active schizont replication and identified 66 P. vivax proteins. To identify hypnozoite-specific proteins associated with EVs, we mined the proteome data from MMV048-treated mice and performed an analysis involving intragroup and intergroup comparisons across all experimental conditions followed by a peptide compatibility analysis with predicted spectra to warrant robust identification. Only one protein fulfilled this stringent top-down selection, a putative filamin domain-containing protein. This study sets the stage to unveil biological features of human liver infections and identify biomarkers of hypnozoite infection associated with EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Gualdrón-López
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain,IGTP, Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Díaz-Varela
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain,IGTP, Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gigliola Zanghi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Iris Aparici-Herraiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain,IGTP, Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ryan W.J. Steel
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pol Cuscó
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Niwat Kangwangransan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zachary P. Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tayla M. Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Juan R. González
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- MVRU, Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sebastian A. Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eva Borràs
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain,IGTP, Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika L. Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stefan H.I. Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hernando A. del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain,IGTP, Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain,ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain,For correspondence: Hernando A. del Portillo
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Flannery EL, Kangwanrangsan N, Chuenchob V, Roobsoong W, Fishbaugher M, Zhou K, Billman ZP, Martinson T, Olsen TM, Schäfer C, Campo B, Murphy SC, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SH, Sattabongkot J. Plasmodium vivax latent liver infection is characterized by persistent hypnozoites, hypnozoite-derived schizonts, and time-dependent efficacy of primaquine. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:427-440. [PMID: 36092359 PMCID: PMC9418049 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a malaria-causing pathogen that establishes a dormant form in the liver (the hypnozoite), which can activate weeks, months, or years after the primary infection to cause a relapse, characterized by secondary blood-stage infection. These asymptomatic and undetectable latent liver infections present a significant obstacle to the goal of global malaria eradication. We use a human liver-chimeric mouse model (FRG huHep) to study P. vivax hypnozoite latency and activation in an in vivo model system. Functional activation of hypnozoites and formation of secondary schizonts is demonstrated by first eliminating primary liver schizonts using a schizont-specific antimalarial tool compound, and then measuring recurrence of secondary liver schizonts in the tissue and an increase in parasite RNA within the liver. We also reveal that, while primaquine does not immediately eliminate hypnozoites from the liver, it arrests developing schizonts and prevents activation of hypnozoites, consistent with its clinical activity in humans. Our findings demonstrate that the FRG huHep model can be used to study the biology of P. vivax infection and latency and assess the activity of anti-relapse drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika L. Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Corresponding author Erika L. Flannery, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matthew Fishbaugher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Zachary P. Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Thomas Martinson
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tayla M. Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Sebastian A. Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H.I. Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Corresponding author Stefan H.I. Kappe, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Corresponding author Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schäfer C, Dambrauskas N, Reynolds LM, Trakhimets O, Raappana A, Flannery EL, Roobsoong W, Sattabongkot J, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI, Sather DN. Partial protection against P. vivax infection diminishes hypnozoite burden and blood-stage relapses. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:752-756.e4. [PMID: 33857426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Latent forms of Plasmodium vivax, called hypnozoites, cause malaria relapses from the liver into the bloodstream and are a major obstacle to malaria eradication. To experimentally assess the impact of a partially protective pre-erythrocytic vaccine on reducing Plasmodium vivax relapses, we developed a liver-humanized mouse model that allows monitoring of relapses directly in the blood. We passively infused these mice with a suboptimal dose of an antibody that targets the circumsporozoite protein prior to challenge with P. vivax sporozoites. Although this regimen did not completely prevent primary infection, antibody-treated mice experienced 62% fewer relapses. The data constitute unprecedented direct experimental evidence that suboptimal efficacy of infection-blocking antibodies, while not completely preventing primary infection, has a pronounced benefit in reducing the number of relapses. These findings suggest that a partially efficacious pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium vivax vaccine can have a disproportionately high impact in positive public health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura M Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Raappana
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schäfer C, Roobsoong W, Kangwanrangsan N, Bardelli M, Rawlinson TA, Dambrauskas N, Trakhimets O, Parthiban C, Goswami D, Reynolds LM, Kennedy SY, Flannery EL, Murphy SC, Sather DN, Draper SJ, Sattabongkot J, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI. A Humanized Mouse Model for Plasmodium vivax to Test Interventions that Block Liver Stage to Blood Stage Transition and Blood Stage Infection. iScience 2020; 23:101381. [PMID: 32739836 PMCID: PMC7399188 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax remains vastly understudied, mainly due to the lack of suitable laboratory models. Here, we report a humanized mouse model to test interventions that block P. vivax parasite transition from liver stage infection to blood stage infection. Human liver-chimeric FRGN huHep mice infected with P. vivax sporozoites were infused with human reticulocytes, allowing transition of exo-erythrocytic merozoites to reticulocyte infection and development into all erythrocytic forms, including gametocytes, in vivo. In order to test the utility of this model for preclinical assessment of interventions, the invasion blocking potential of a monoclonal antibody targeting the essential interaction of the P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein with the Duffy antigen receptor was tested by passive immunization. This antibody inhibited invasion by over 95%, providing unprecedented in vivo evidence that PvDBP constitutes a promising blood stage vaccine candidate and proving our model highly suitable to test blood stage interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura M Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Spencer Y Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seilie AM, Chang M, Hanron AE, Billman ZP, Stone BC, Zhou K, Olsen TM, Daza G, Ortega J, Cruz KR, Smith N, Healy SA, Neal J, Wallis CK, Shelton L, Mankowski TV, Wong-Madden S, Mikolajczak SA, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI, Fishbaugher M, Betz W, Kennedy M, Hume JCC, Talley AK, Hoffman SL, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Richie TL, Wald A, Plowe CV, Lyke KE, Adams M, Fahle GA, Cowan EP, Duffy PE, Kublin JG, Murphy SC. Beyond Blood Smears: Qualification of Plasmodium 18S rRNA as a Biomarker for Controlled Human Malaria Infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1466-1476. [PMID: 31017084 PMCID: PMC6553913 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
18S rRNA is a biomarker that provides an alternative to thick blood smears in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) trials. We reviewed data from CHMI trials at non-endemic sites that used blood smears and Plasmodium 18S rRNA/rDNA biomarker nucleic acid tests (NATs) for time to positivity. We validated a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for Plasmodium 18S rRNA, prospectively compared blood smears and qRT-PCR for three trials, and modeled treatment effects at different biomarker-defined parasite densities to assess the impact on infection detection, symptom reduction, and measured intervention efficacy. Literature review demonstrated accelerated NAT-based infection detection compared with blood smears (mean acceleration: 3.2–3.6 days). For prospectively tested trials, the validated Plasmodium 18S rRNA qRT-PCR positivity was earlier (7.6 days; 95% CI: 7.1–8.1 days) than blood smears (11.0 days; 95% CI: 10.3–11.8 days) and significantly preceded the onset of grade 2 malaria-related symptoms (12.2 days; 95% CI: 10.6–13.3 days). Discrepant analysis showed that the risk of a blood smear–positive, biomarker-negative result was negligible. Data modeling predicted that treatment triggered by specific biomarker-defined thresholds can differentiate complete, partial, and non-protective outcomes and eliminate many grade 2 and most grade 3 malaria-related symptoms post-CHMI. Plasmodium 18S rRNA is a sensitive and specific biomarker that can justifiably replace blood smears for infection detection in CHMI trials in non-endemic settings. This study led to biomarker qualification through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in CHMI studies at non-endemic sites, which will facilitate biomarker use for the qualified context of use in drug and vaccine trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ming Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amelia E Hanron
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zachary P Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brad C Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Glenda Daza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jose Ortega
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kurtis R Cruz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nahum Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sara A Healy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Jillian Neal
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carolyn K Wallis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa Shelton
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Tracie VonGoedert Mankowski
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Sharon Wong-Madden
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Matt Fishbaugher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Jen C C Hume
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela K Talley
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Wald
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Adams
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary A Fahle
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James G Kublin
- Seattle Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muller I, Jex AR, Kappe SHI, Mikolajczak SA, Sattabongkot J, Patrapuvich R, Lindner S, Flannery EL, Koepfli C, Ansell B, Lerch A, Emery-Corbin SJ, Charnaud S, Smith J, Merrienne N, Swearingen KE, Moritz RL, Petter M, Duffy MF, Chuenchob V. Transcriptome and histone epigenome of Plasmodium vivax salivary-gland sporozoites point to tight regulatory control and mechanisms for liver-stage differentiation in relapsing malaria. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:501-513. [PMID: 31071319 PMCID: PMC9973533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the key obstacle to malaria elimination in Asia and Latin America, largely attributed to its ability to form resilient hypnozoites (sleeper cells) in the host liver that escape treatment and cause relapsing infections. The decision to form hypnozoites is made early in the liver infection and may already be set in sporozoites prior to invasion. To better understand these early stages of infection, we undertook a comprehensive transcriptomic and histone epigenetic characterization of P. vivax sporozoites. Through comparisons with recently published proteomic data for the P. vivax sporozoite, our study found that although highly transcribed, transcripts associated with functions needed for early infection of the vertebrate host are not detectable as proteins and may be regulated through translational repression. We identified differential transcription between the sporozoite and published transcriptomes of asexual blood stages and mixed versus hypnozoite-enriched liver stages. These comparisons point to multiple layers of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational control that appear active in sporozoites and to a lesser extent hypnozoites, but are largely absent in replicating liver schizonts or mixed blood stages. We also characterised histone epigenetic modifications in the P. vivax sporozoite and explored their role in regulating transcription. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that the sporozoite is a tightly programmed stage to infect the human host and identify mechanisms for hypnozoite formation that may be further explored in liver stage models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivo Muller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia,Malaria: Parasites & Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28
Rue de Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria, 3010, Australia,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The
University of Melbourne, Corner of Park and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,
3010, Australia
| | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sebastian A. Mikolajczak
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Center, Faculty of Tropical
Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Scott Lindner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center
for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802,
USA
| | - Erika L. Flannery
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Brendan Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The
University of Melbourne, Corner of Park and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,
3010, Australia
| | - Anita Lerch
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Charnaud
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Smith
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Nicolas Merrienne
- Malaria: Parasites & Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28
Rue de Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Michaela Petter
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter
Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne,
Victoria 3000, Australia,Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Erlangen,
Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Michael F. Duffy
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter
Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne,
Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bertschi NL, Voorberg-van der Wel A, Zeeman AM, Schuierer S, Nigsch F, Carbone W, Knehr J, Gupta DK, Hofman SO, van der Werff N, Nieuwenhuis I, Klooster E, Faber BW, Flannery EL, Mikolajczak SA, Chuenchob V, Shrestha B, Beibel M, Bouwmeester T, Kangwanrangsan N, Sattabongkot J, Diagana TT, Kocken CH, Roma G. Transcriptomic analysis reveals reduced transcriptional activity in the malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi during progression into dormancy. eLife 2018; 7:41081. [PMID: 30589413 PMCID: PMC6344078 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapses of Plasmodium dormant liver hypnozoites compromise malaria eradication efforts. New radical cure drugs are urgently needed, yet the vast gap in knowledge of hypnozoite biology impedes drug discovery. We previously unraveled the transcriptome of 6 to 7 day-old P. cynomolgi liver stages, highlighting pathways associated with hypnozoite dormancy (Voorberg-van der Wel et al., 2017). We now extend these findings by transcriptome profiling of 9 to 10 day-old liver stage parasites, thus revealing for the first time the maturation of the dormant stage over time. Although progression of dormancy leads to a 10-fold decrease in transcription and expression of only 840 genes, including genes associated with housekeeping functions, we show that pathways involved in quiescence, energy metabolism and maintenance of genome integrity remain the prevalent pathways active in mature hypnozoites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Bertschi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | | | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Schuierer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Florian Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Walter Carbone
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Judith Knehr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Devendra K Gupta
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | - Sam O Hofman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole van der Werff
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Els Klooster
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | | | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | - Binesh Shrestha
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Martin Beibel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | - Clemens Hm Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gualdrón-López M, Flannery EL, Kangwanrangsan N, Chuenchob V, Fernandez-Orth D, Segui-Barber J, Royo F, Falcón-Pérez JM, Fernandez-Becerra C, Lacerda MVG, Kappe SHI, Sattabongkot J, Gonzalez JR, Mikolajczak SA, Del Portillo HA. Characterization of Plasmodium vivax Proteins in Plasma-Derived Exosomes From Malaria-Infected Liver-Chimeric Humanized Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1271. [PMID: 29988527 PMCID: PMC6026661 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin containing molecular signatures implying the cell of origin; thus, they offer a unique opportunity to discover biomarkers of disease. Plasmodium vivax, responsible for more than half of all malaria cases outside Africa, is a major obstacle in the goal of malaria elimination due to the presence of dormant liver stages (hypnozoites), which after the initial infection may reactivate to cause disease. Hypnozoite infection is asymptomatic and there are currently no diagnostic tools to detect their presence. The human liver-chimeric (FRG huHep) mouse is a robust P. vivax infection model for exo-erythrocytic development of liver stages, including hypnozoites. We studied the proteome of plasma-derived exosomes isolated from P. vivax infected FRG huHep mice with the objective of identifying liver-stage expressed parasite proteins indicative of infection. Proteomic analysis of these exosomes showed the presence of 290 and 234 proteins from mouse and human origin, respectively, including canonical exosomal markers. Human proteins include proteins previously detected in liver-derived exosomes, highlighting the potential of this chimeric mouse model to study plasma exosomes derived unequivocally from human hepatocytes. Noticeably, we identified 17 parasite proteins including enzymes, surface proteins, components of the endocytic pathway and translation machinery, as well as uncharacterized proteins. Western blot analysis validated the presence of human arginase-I and an uncharacterized P. vivax protein in plasma-derived exosomes. This study represents a proof-of-principle that plasma-derived exosomes from P. vivax infected FRG-huHep mice contain human hepatocyte and P. vivax proteins with the potential to unveil biological features of liver infection and identify biomarkers of hypnozoite infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Gualdrón-López
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Joan Segui-Barber
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHD), Derio, Spain
| | - Juan M Falcón-Pérez
- Exosomes Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHD), Derio, Spain.,Metabolomics platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASKE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Health Sciences Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roth A, Maher SP, Conway AJ, Ubalee R, Chaumeau V, Andolina C, Kaba SA, Vantaux A, Bakowski MA, Thomson-Luque R, Adapa SR, Singh N, Barnes SJ, Cooper CA, Rouillier M, McNamara CW, Mikolajczak SA, Sather N, Witkowski B, Campo B, Kappe SHI, Lanar DE, Nosten F, Davidson S, Jiang RHY, Kyle DE, Adams JH. A comprehensive model for assessment of liver stage therapies targeting Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1837. [PMID: 29743474 PMCID: PMC5943321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria liver stages represent an ideal therapeutic target with a bottleneck in parasite load and reduced clinical symptoms; however, current in vitro pre-erythrocytic (PE) models for Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum lack the efficiency necessary for rapid identification and effective evaluation of new vaccines and drugs, especially targeting late liver-stage development and hypnozoites. Herein we report the development of a 384-well plate culture system using commercially available materials, including cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. Hepatocyte physiology is maintained for at least 30 days and supports development of P. vivax hypnozoites and complete maturation of P. vivax and P. falciparum schizonts. Our multimodal analysis in antimalarial therapeutic research identifies important PE inhibition mechanisms: immune antibodies against sporozoite surface proteins functionally inhibit liver stage development and ion homeostasis is essential for schizont and hypnozoite viability. This model can be implemented in laboratories in disease-endemic areas to accelerate vaccine and drug discovery research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Roth
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Steven P Maher
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr. Suite 370, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amy J Conway
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Ratawan Ubalee
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), 315/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Victor Chaumeau
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd, Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - Chiara Andolina
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd, Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - Stephen A Kaba
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong-PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12 201, Cambodia
| | - Malina A Bakowski
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119N. Torrey Pines Rd, Suite 100, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Richard Thomson-Luque
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Swamy Rakesh Adapa
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Naresh Singh
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Samantha J Barnes
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Caitlin A Cooper
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr. Suite 370, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mélanie Rouillier
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Pré-Bois Rd 20, Meyrin, 1215, Switzerland
| | - Case W McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119N. Torrey Pines Rd, Suite 100, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Benoît Witkowski
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119N. Torrey Pines Rd, Suite 100, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Pré-Bois Rd 20, Meyrin, 1215, Switzerland
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - David E Lanar
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd, Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - Silas Davidson
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), 315/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rays H Y Jiang
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr. Suite 370, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd 404, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Foquet L, Schafer C, Minkah NK, Alanine DGW, Flannery EL, Steel RWJ, Sack BK, Camargo N, Fishbaugher M, Betz W, Nguyen T, Billman ZP, Wilson EM, Bial J, Murphy SC, Draper SJ, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI. Plasmodium falciparum Liver Stage Infection and Transition to Stable Blood Stage Infection in Liver-Humanized and Blood-Humanized FRGN KO Mice Enables Testing of Blood Stage Inhibitory Antibodies (Reticulocyte-Binding Protein Homolog 5) In Vivo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:524. [PMID: 29593746 PMCID: PMC5861195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The invention of liver-humanized mouse models has made it possible to directly study the preerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. In contrast, the current models to directly study blood stage infection in vivo are extremely limited. Humanization of the mouse blood stream is achievable by frequent injections of human red blood cells (hRBCs) and is currently the only system with which to study human malaria blood stage infections in a small animal model. Infections have been primarily achieved by direct injection of P. falciparum-infected RBCs but as such, this modality of infection does not model the natural route of infection by mosquito bite and lacks the transition of parasites from liver stage infection to blood stage infection. Including these life cycle transition points in a small animal model is of relevance for testing therapeutic interventions. To this end, we used FRGN KO mice that were engrafted with human hepatocytes and performed a blood exchange under immune modulation to engraft the animals with more than 50% hRBCs. These mice were infected by mosquito bite with sporozoite stages of a luciferase-expressing P. falciparum parasite, resulting in noninvasively measurable liver stage burden by in vivo bioluminescent imaging (IVIS) at days 5–7 postinfection. Transition to blood stage infection was observed by IVIS from day 8 onward and then blood stage parasitemia increased with a kinetic similar to that observed in controlled human malaria infection. To assess the utility of this model, we tested whether a monoclonal antibody targeting the erythrocyte invasion ligand reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (with known growth inhibitory activity in vitro) was capable of blocking blood stage infection in vivo when parasites emerge from the liver and found it highly effective. Together, these results show that a combined liver-humanized and blood-humanized FRGN mouse model infected with luciferase-expressing P. falciparum will be a useful tool to study P. falciparum preerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages and enables the testing of interventions that target either one or both stages of parasite infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lander Foquet
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Carola Schafer
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nana K Minkah
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Erika L Flannery
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ryan W J Steel
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brandon K Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Will Betz
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zachary P Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - John Bial
- Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, OR, United States
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gural N, Mancio-Silva L, Miller AB, Galstian A, Butty VL, Levine SS, Patrapuvich R, Desai SP, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI, Fleming HE, March S, Sattabongkot J, Bhatia SN. In Vitro Culture, Drug Sensitivity, and Transcriptome of Plasmodium Vivax Hypnozoites. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:395-406.e4. [PMID: 29478773 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The unique relapsing nature of Plasmodium vivax infection is a major barrier to malaria eradication. Upon infection, dormant liver-stage forms, hypnozoites, linger for weeks to months and then relapse to cause recurrent blood-stage infection. Very little is known about hypnozoite biology; definitive biomarkers are lacking and in vitro platforms that support phenotypic studies are needed. Here, we recapitulate the entire liver stage of P. vivax in vitro, using a multiwell format that incorporates micropatterned primary human hepatocyte co-cultures (MPCCs). MPCCs feature key aspects of P. vivax biology, including establishment of persistent small forms and growing schizonts, merosome release, and subsequent infection of reticulocytes. We find that the small forms exhibit previously described hallmarks of hypnozoites, and we pilot MPCCs as a tool for testing candidate anti-hypnozoite drugs. Finally, we employ a hybrid capture strategy and RNA sequencing to describe the hypnozoite transcriptome and gain insight into its biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nil Gural
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex B Miller
- Broad Institute, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Vincent L Butty
- BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stuart S Levine
- BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Heather E Fleming
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sandra March
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kublin JG, Mikolajczak SA, Sack BK, Fishbaugher ME, Seilie A, Shelton L, VonGoedert T, Firat M, Magee S, Fritzen E, Betz W, Kain HS, Dankwa DA, Steel RWJ, Vaughan AM, Noah Sather D, Murphy SC, Kappe SHI. Complete attenuation of genetically engineered Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in human subjects. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/371/eaad9099. [PMID: 28053159 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of humans with whole sporozoites confers complete, sterilizing immunity against malaria infection. However, achieving consistent safety while maintaining immunogenicity of whole parasite vaccines remains a formidable challenge. We generated a genetically attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria parasite by deleting three genes expressed in the pre-erythrocytic stage (Pf p52-/p36-/sap1-). We then tested the safety and immunogenicity of the genetically engineered (Pf GAP3KO) sporozoites in human volunteers. Pf GAP3KO sporozoites were delivered to 10 volunteers using infected mosquito bites with a single exposure consisting of 150 to 200 bites per subject. All subjects remained blood stage-negative and developed inhibitory antibodies to sporozoites. GAP3KO rodent malaria parasites engendered complete, protracted immunity against infectious sporozoite challenge in mice. The results warrant further clinical testing of Pf GAP3KO and its potential development into a vaccine strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G Kublin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brandon K Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matt E Fishbaugher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Annette Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, NW150, Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
| | - Lisa Shelton
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tracie VonGoedert
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Melike Firat
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sara Magee
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emma Fritzen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather S Kain
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dorender A Dankwa
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan W J Steel
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, NW150, Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, E630, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Flannery EL, Foquet L, Chuenchob V, Fishbaugher M, Billman Z, Navarro MJ, Betz W, Olsen TM, Lee J, Camargo N, Nguyen T, Schafer C, Sack BK, Wilson EM, Saunders J, Bial J, Campo B, Charman SA, Murphy SC, Phillips MA, Kappe SH, Mikolajczak SA. Assessing drug efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum liver stages in vivo. JCI Insight 2018; 3:92587. [PMID: 29321371 PMCID: PMC5821200 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria eradication necessitates new tools to fight the evolving and complex Plasmodium pathogens. These tools include prophylactic drugs that eliminate Plasmodium liver stages and consequently prevent clinical disease, decrease transmission, and reduce the propensity for resistance development. Currently, the identification of these drugs relies on in vitro P. falciparum liver stage assays or in vivo causal prophylaxis assays using rodent malaria parasites; there is no method to directly test in vivo liver stage activity of candidate antimalarials against the human malaria-causing parasite P. falciparum. Here, we use a liver-chimeric humanized mouse (FRG huHep) to demonstrate in vivo P. falciparum liver stage development and describe the efficacy of clinically used and candidate antimalarials with prophylactic activity. We show that daily administration of atovaquone-proguanil (ATQ-PG; ATQ, 30 mg/kg, and PG, 10 mg/kg) protects 5 of 5 mice from liver stage infection, consistent with the use in humans as a causal prophylactic drug. Single-dose primaquine (60 mg/kg) has similar activity to that observed in humans, demonstrating the activity of this drug (and its active metabolites) in FRG huHep mice. We also show that DSM265, a selective Plasmodial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor with causal prophylactic activity in humans, reduces liver stage burden in FRG huHep mice. Finally, we measured liver stage-to-blood stage transition of the parasite, the ultimate readout of prophylactic activity and measurement of infective capacity of parasites in the liver, to show that ATQ-PG reduces blood stage patency to below the limit of quantitation by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The FRG huHep model, thus, provides a platform for preclinical evaluation of drug candidates for liver stage causal prophylactic activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics studies, and biological studies to investigate the mechanism of action of liver stage active antimalarials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lander Foquet
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Zachary Billman
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - William Betz
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tayla M. Olsen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua Lee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carola Schafer
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brandon K. Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jessica Saunders
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Bial
- Yecuris Corporation, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - Stefan H.I. Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sack BK, Mikolajczak SA, Fishbaugher M, Vaughan AM, Flannery EL, Nguyen T, Betz W, Jane Navarro M, Foquet L, Steel RWJ, Billman ZP, Murphy SC, Hoffman SL, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Behet M, Reuling IJ, Walk J, Scholzen A, Sauerwein RW, Ishizuka AS, Flynn B, Seder RA, Kappe SHI. Humoral protection against mosquito bite-transmitted Plasmodium falciparum infection in humanized mice. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:27. [PMID: 29263882 PMCID: PMC5634440 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A malaria vaccine that prevents infection will be an important new tool in continued efforts of malaria elimination, and such vaccines are under intense development for the major human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Antibodies elicited by vaccines can block the initial phases of parasite infection when sporozoites are deposited into the skin by mosquito bite and then target the liver for further development. However, there are currently no standardized in vivo preclinical models that can measure the inhibitory activity of antibody specificities against Pf sporozoite infection via mosquito bite. Here, we use human liver-chimeric mice as a challenge model to assess prevention of natural Pf sporozoite infection by antibodies. We demonstrate that these mice are consistently infected with Pf by mosquito bite and that this challenge can be combined with passive transfer of either monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal human IgG from immune serum to measure antibody-mediated blocking of parasite infection using bioluminescent imaging. This methodology is useful to down-select functional antibodies and to investigate mechanisms or immune correlates of protection in clinical trials, thereby informing rational vaccine optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thao Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Lander Foquet
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Zachary P. Billman
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jona Walk
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ishizuka AS, Lyke KE, DeZure A, Berry AA, Richie TL, Mendoza FH, Enama ME, Gordon IJ, Chang LJ, Sarwar UN, Zephir KL, Holman LA, James ER, Billingsley PF, Gunasekera A, Chakravarty S, Manoj A, Li M, Ruben AJ, Li T, Eappen AG, Stafford RE, K C N, Murshedkar T, DeCederfelt H, Plummer SH, Hendel CS, Novik L, Costner PJM, Saunders JG, Laurens MB, Plowe CV, Flynn B, Whalen WR, Todd JP, Noor J, Rao S, Sierra-Davidson K, Lynn GM, Epstein JE, Kemp MA, Fahle GA, Mikolajczak SA, Fishbaugher M, Sack BK, Kappe SHI, Davidson SA, Garver LS, Björkström NK, Nason MC, Graham BS, Roederer M, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Ledgerwood JE, Seder RA. Corrigendum: Protection against malaria at 1 year and immune correlates following PfSPZ vaccination. Nat Med 2016; 22:692. [PMID: 27270781 DOI: 10.1038/nm0616-692c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Ishizuka AS, Lyke KE, DeZure A, Berry AA, Richie TL, Mendoza FH, Enama ME, Gordon IJ, Chang LJ, Sarwar UN, Zephir KL, Holman LA, James ER, Billingsley PF, Gunasekera A, Chakravarty S, Manoj A, Li M, Ruben AJ, Li T, Eappen AG, Stafford RE, K C N, Murshedkar T, DeCederfelt H, Plummer SH, Hendel CS, Novik L, Costner PJM, Saunders JG, Laurens MB, Plowe CV, Flynn B, Whalen WR, Todd JP, Noor J, Rao S, Sierra-Davidson K, Lynn GM, Epstein JE, Kemp MA, Fahle GA, Mikolajczak SA, Fishbaugher M, Sack BK, Kappe SHI, Davidson SA, Garver LS, Björkström NK, Nason MC, Graham BS, Roederer M, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Ledgerwood JE, Seder RA. Protection against malaria at 1 year and immune correlates following PfSPZ vaccination. Nat Med 2016; 22:614-23. [PMID: 27158907 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) vaccine, PfSPZ Vaccine, is highly protective against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) 3 weeks after immunization, but the durability of protection is unknown. We assessed how vaccine dosage, regimen, and route of administration affected durable protection in malaria-naive adults. After four intravenous immunizations with 2.7 × 10(5) PfSPZ, 6/11 (55%) vaccinated subjects remained without parasitemia following CHMI 21 weeks after immunization. Five non-parasitemic subjects from this dosage group underwent repeat CHMI at 59 weeks, and none developed parasitemia. Although Pf-specific serum antibody levels correlated with protection up to 21-25 weeks after immunization, antibody levels waned substantially by 59 weeks. Pf-specific T cell responses also declined in blood by 59 weeks. To determine whether T cell responses in blood reflected responses in liver, we vaccinated nonhuman primates with PfSPZ Vaccine. Pf-specific interferon-γ-producing CD8 T cells were present at ∼100-fold higher frequencies in liver than in blood. Our findings suggest that PfSPZ Vaccine conferred durable protection to malaria through long-lived tissue-resident T cells and that administration of higher doses may further enhance protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Ishizuka
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam DeZure
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Floreliz H Mendoza
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Mary E Enama
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Ingelise J Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Lee-Jah Chang
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Uzma N Sarwar
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn L Zephir
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - LaSonji A Holman
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - MingLin Li
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tao Li
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Richard E Stafford
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha K C
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Hope DeCederfelt
- Pharmaceutical Development Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah H Plummer
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia S Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela J M Costner
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie G Saunders
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Laurens
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher V Plowe
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development and Division of Malaria Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - William R Whalen
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - J P Todd
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Jay Noor
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Kailan Sierra-Davidson
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Judith E Epstein
- Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret A Kemp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary A Fahle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Brandon K Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Silas A Davidson
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsey S Garver
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH), Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Douglass AN, Kain HS, Abdullahi M, Arang N, Austin LS, Mikolajczak SA, Billman ZP, Hume JCC, Murphy SC, Kappe SHI, Kaushansky A. Host-based Prophylaxis Successfully Targets Liver Stage Malaria Parasites. Mol Ther 2015; 23:857-865. [PMID: 25648263 PMCID: PMC4427874 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliminating malaria parasites during the asymptomatic but obligate liver stages (LSs) of infection would stop disease and subsequent transmission. Unfortunately, only a single licensed drug that targets all LSs, Primaquine, is available. Targeting host proteins might significantly expand the repertoire of prophylactic drugs against malaria. Here, we demonstrate that both Bcl-2 inhibitors and P53 agonists dramatically reduce LS burden in a mouse malaria model in vitro and in vivo by altering the activity of key hepatocyte factors on which the parasite relies. Bcl-2 inhibitors act primarily by inducing apoptosis in infected hepatocytes, whereas P53 agonists eliminate parasites in an apoptosis-independent fashion. In combination, Bcl-2 inhibitors and P53 agonists act synergistically to delay, and in some cases completely prevent, the onset of blood stage disease. Both families of drugs are highly effective at doses that do not cause substantial hepatocyte cell death in vitro or liver damage in vivo. P53 agonists and Bcl-2 inhibitors were also effective when administered to humanized mice infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Our data demonstrate that host-based prophylaxis could be developed into an effective intervention strategy that eliminates LS parasites before the onset of clinical disease and thus opens a new avenue to prevent malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyse N Douglass
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Heather S Kain
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Marian Abdullahi
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Nadia Arang
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Laura S Austin
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | - Zachary P Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jen C C Hume
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kaushansky A, Mikolajczak SA, Vignali M, Kappe SHI. Of men in mice: the success and promise of humanized mouse models for human malaria parasite infections. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:602-11. [PMID: 24506682 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Forty percent of people worldwide are at risk of malaria infection, and despite control efforts it remains the most deadly parasitic disease. Unfortunately, rapid discovery and development of new interventions for malaria are hindered by the lack of small animal models that support the complex life cycles of the main parasite species infecting humans. Such tools must accommodate human parasite tropism for human tissue. Mouse models with human tissue developed to date have already enhanced our knowledge of human parasites, and are useful tools for assessing anti-parasitic interventions. Although these systems are imperfect, their continued refinement will likely broaden their utility. Some of the malaria parasite's interactions with human hepatocytes and human erythrocytes can already be modelled with available humanized mouse systems. However, interactions with other relevant human tissues such as the skin and immune system, as well as most transitions between life cycle stages in vivo will require refinement of existing humanized mouse models. Here, we review the recent successes achieved in modelling human malaria parasite biology in humanized mice, and discuss how these models have potential to become a valuable part of the toolbox used for understanding the biology of, and development of interventions to, malaria.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaushansky A, Ye AS, Austin LS, Mikolajczak SA, Vaughan AM, Camargo N, Metzger PG, Douglass AN, MacBeath G, Kappe SHI. Suppression of host p53 is critical for Plasmodium liver-stage infection. Cell Rep 2013; 3:630-7. [PMID: 23478020 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites infect the liver and replicate inside hepatocytes before they invade erythrocytes and trigger clinical malaria. Analysis of host signaling pathways affected by liver-stage infection could provide critical insights into host-pathogen interactions and reveal targets for intervention. Using protein lysate microarrays, we found that Plasmodium yoelii rodent malaria parasites perturb hepatocyte regulatory pathways involved in cell survival, proliferation, and autophagy. Notably, the prodeath protein p53 was substantially decreased in infected hepatocytes, suggesting that it could be targeted by the parasite to foster survival. Indeed, mice that express increased levels of p53 showed reduced liver-stage parasite burden, whereas p53 knockout mice suffered increased liver-stage burden. Furthermore, boosting p53 levels with the use of the small molecule Nutlin-3 dramatically reduced liver-stage burden in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that perturbation of the hepatocyte p53 pathway critically impacts parasite survival. Thus, host pathways might constitute potential targets for host-based antimalarial prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Kaushansky
- Malaria Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lindner SE, Mikolajczak SA, Vaughan AM, Moon W, Joyce BR, Sullivan WJ, Kappe SHI. Perturbations of Plasmodium Puf2 expression and RNA-seq of Puf2-deficient sporozoites reveal a critical role in maintaining RNA homeostasis and parasite transmissibility. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1266-83. [PMID: 23356439 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria's cycle of infection requires parasite transmission between a mosquito vector and a mammalian host. We here demonstrate that the Plasmodium yoelii Pumilio-FBF family member Puf2 allows the sporozoite to remain infectious in the mosquito salivary glands while awaiting transmission. Puf2 mediates this solely through its RNA-binding domain (RBD) likely by stabilizing or hastening the degradation of specific mRNAs. Puf2 traffics to sporozoite cytosolic granules, which are negative for several markers of stress granules and P-bodies, and disappear rapidly after infection of hepatocytes. In contrast to previously described Plasmodium berghei pbpuf2(-) parasites, pypuf2(-) sporozoites have no apparent defect in host infection when tested early in salivary gland residence, but become progressively non-infectious and prematurely transform into EEFs during prolonged salivary gland residence. The premature overexpression of Puf2 in oocysts causes striking deregulation of sporozoite maturation and infectivity while extension of Puf2 expression in liverstages causes no defect, suggesting that the presence of Puf2 alone is not sufficient for its functions. Finally, by conducting the first comparative RNA-seq analysis of Plasmodium sporozoites, we find that Puf2 may play a role in directly or indirectly maintaining the homeostasis of specific transcripts. These findings uncover requirements for maintaining a window of opportunity for the malaria parasite to accommodate the unpredictable moment of transmission from mosquito to mammalian host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Lindner
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nacer A, Movila A, Baer K, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI, Frevert U. Neuroimmunological blood brain barrier opening in experimental cerebral malaria. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002982. [PMID: 23133375 PMCID: PMC3486917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for nearly one million annual deaths worldwide. Because of the difficulty in monitoring the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria in humans, we conducted a study in various mouse models to better understand disease progression in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). We compared the effect on the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the histopathology of the brain of P. berghei ANKA, a known ECM model, P. berghei NK65, generally thought not to induce ECM, P. yoelii 17XL, originally reported to induce human cerebral malaria-like histopathology, and P. yoelii YM. As expected, P. berghei ANKA infection caused neurological signs, cerebral hemorrhages, and BBB dysfunction in CBA/CaJ and Swiss Webster mice, while Balb/c and A/J mice were resistant. Surprisingly, PbNK induced ECM in CBA/CaJ mice, while all other mice were resistant. P. yoelii 17XL and P. yoelii YM caused lethal hyperparasitemia in all mouse strains; histopathological alterations, BBB dysfunction, or neurological signs were not observed. Intravital imaging revealed that infected erythrocytes containing mature parasites passed slowly through capillaries making intimate contact with the endothelium, but did not arrest. Except for relatively rare microhemorrhages, mice with ECM presented no obvious histopathological alterations that would explain the widespread disruption of the BBB. Intravital imaging did reveal, however, that postcapillary venules, but not capillaries or arterioles, from mice with ECM, but not hyperparasitemia, exhibit platelet marginalization, extravascular fibrin deposition, CD14 expression, and extensive vascular leakage. Blockage of LFA-1 mediated cellular interactions prevented leukocyte adhesion, vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM. The endothelial barrier-stabilizing mediators imatinib and FTY720 inhibited vascular leakage and neurological signs and prolonged survival to ECM. Thus, it appears that neurological signs and coma in ECM are due to regulated opening of paracellular-junctional and transcellular-vesicular fluid transport pathways at the neuroimmunological BBB. Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of all human malaria parasites, can cause cerebral malaria, a severe and frequently fatal complication of this devastating disease. Young children are predominantly at risk and may progress rapidly from the first signs of neurological involvement to coma and death. Here we used a murine model for high-resolution in vivo imaging to demonstrate that cerebral malaria, but not high parasitemia and severe anemia, is associated with extensive leakage of fluid from cerebral blood vessels into the brain tissue. This vascular leakage occurs downstream from the capillary bed, at the neuroimmunological blood brain barrier, a site recently recognized as the immune cell entry point into the brain during neuroinflammation. Vascular leakage is closely associated with the appearance of neurological signs suggesting that the ultimate cause of brain edema, coma and death in cerebral malaria is a widespread opening of the neuroimmunological blood brain barrier. Indeed, vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM can be prevented with endothelial barrier-stabilizing drugs. Based on the unique role of this anatomical feature in neuroinflammation, our findings are expected to have implications for other infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adela Nacer
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Baer
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ute Frevert
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vaughan AM, Mikolajczak SA, Wilson EM, Grompe M, Kaushansky A, Camargo N, Bial J, Ploss A, Kappe SHI. Complete Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage development in liver-chimeric mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3618-28. [PMID: 22996664 DOI: 10.1172/jci62684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, which causes the most lethal form of human malaria, replicates in the host liver during the initial stage of infection. However, in vivo malaria liver-stage (LS) studies in humans are virtually impossible, and in vitro models of LS development do not reconstitute relevant parasite growth conditions. To overcome these obstacles, we have adopted a robust mouse model for the study of P. falciparum LS in vivo: the immunocompromised and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient mouse (Fah-/-, Rag2-/-, Il2rg-/-, termed the FRG mouse) engrafted with human hepatocytes (FRG huHep). FRG huHep mice supported vigorous, quantifiable P. falciparum LS development that culminated in complete maturation of LS at approximately 7 days after infection, providing a relevant model for LS development in humans. The infections allowed observations of previously unknown expression of proteins in LS, including P. falciparum translocon of exported proteins 150 (PTEX150) and exported protein-2 (EXP-2), components of a known parasite protein export machinery. LS schizonts exhibited exoerythrocytic merozoite formation and merosome release. Furthermore, FRG mice backcrossed to the NOD background and repopulated with huHeps and human red blood cells supported reproducible transition from LS infection to blood-stage infection. Thus, these mice constitute reliable models to study human LS directly in vivo and demonstrate utility for studies of LS-to-blood-stage transition of a human malaria parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Vaughan
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI, Ploss A, Mikolajczak SA. Development of humanized mouse models to study human malaria parasite infection. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:657-65. [PMID: 22568719 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted by mosquito bite. Five different species of Plasmodium infect humans with severe disease, but human malaria is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The burden of malaria on the developing world is enormous, and a fully protective vaccine is still elusive. One of the biggest challenges in the quest for the development of new antimalarial drugs and vaccines is the lack of accessible animal models to study P. falciparum infection because the parasite is restricted to the great apes and human hosts. Here, we review the current state of research in this field and provide an outlook of the development of humanized small animal models to study P. falciparum infection that will accelerate fundamental research into human parasite biology and could accelerate drug and vaccine design in the future.
Collapse
|
27
|
Khan SM, Janse CJ, Kappe SHI, Mikolajczak SA. Genetic engineering of attenuated malaria parasites for vaccination. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:908-16. [PMID: 22560204 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with live-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites that arrest in the liver can completely protect against a malaria infection both in animal models and in humans; this has provided the conceptual basis for the most promising, but also challenging, approach to develop an efficacious malaria vaccine. Advances in genetic manipulation of Plasmodium in conjunction with improved genomic and biological information has enabled new approaches to design genetically attenuated parasites (GAPs). In this review we discuss the principles in discovery and development of GAPs in preclinical models that are important in selecting GAP parasites for first-in-human clinical studies. Finally, we highlight the challenges in manufacture, formulation and delivery of a live-attenuated whole parasite malaria vaccine, as well as the further refinements that may be implemented in the next generation GAP vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Mikolajczak SA, Sacci JB, De La Vega P, Camargo N, VanBuskirk K, Krzych U, Cao J, Jacobs-Lorena M, Cowman AF, Kappe SHI. Disruption of the Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen-1 locus causes a differentiation defect in late liver-stage parasites. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1250-60. [PMID: 21569184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum infects humans and first targets the liver where liver-stage parasites undergo pre-erythrocytic replication. Liver-stage antigen-1 (LSA-1) is currently the only identified P. falciparum protein for which expression is restricted to liver stages. Yet, the importance of LSA-1 for liver-stage parasite development remains unknown. Here we deleted LSA-1 in the NF54 strain of P. falciparum and analysed the lsa-1(-) parasites throughout their life cycle. lsa-1(-) sporozoites had normal gliding motility and invasion into hepatocytes. Six days after infection of a hepatocytic cell line, lsa-1(-) parasites exhibited a moderate phenotype with an ~50% reduction of late liver-stage forms when compared with wild type. Strikingly, lsa-1(-) parasites growing in SCID/Alb-uPA mice with humanized livers showed a severe defect in late liver-stage differentiation and exo-erythrocytic merozoite formation 7 days after infection, a time point when wild-type parasites develop into mature merozoites. The lsa-1(-) parasites also showed aberrant liver-stage expression of key parasite proteins apical membrane antigen-1 and circumsporozoite protein. Our data show that LSA-1 plays a critical role during late liver-stage schizogony and is thus important in the parasite transition from the liver to blood. LSA-1 is the first P. falciparum protein identified to be required for this transitional stage of the parasite life cycle.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jacobs-Lorena VY, Mikolajczak SA, Labaied M, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI. A dispensable Plasmodium locus for stable transgene expression. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 171:40-4. [PMID: 20045029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ribosomal small subunit locus has been used for transgene expression in the rodent malaria parasites, Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii, but this strategy utilizes single crossover integration and is thus prone to reversion by plasmid excision. Targeting of the ribosomal subunit locus may also have a negative effect on oocyst development in the mosquito. In P. berghei, the p230 paralog locus has been used for transgene expression. Here, we show that the P. yoelii S1 locus (sporozoite expressed gene 1) (PY05712) is dispensable and can be used for stable transgene expression throughout the parasite life cycle. P. yoelii s1(-) parasites show no defect in blood stage replication, oocyst formation, sporozoite production, or liver stage development when compared to P. yoelii wildtype parasites. Further, we show that a fluorescent transgene can be stably expressed from this site. This demonstrates that the S1 locus can be utilized for stable expression of heterologous genes in rodent malaria parasites.
Collapse
|
31
|
Aly ASI, Mikolajczak SA, Rivera HS, Camargo N, Jacobs-Lorena V, Labaied M, Coppens I, Kappe SHI. Targeted deletion of SAP1 abolishes the expression of infectivity factors necessary for successful malaria parasite liver infection. Mol Microbiol 2008; 69:152-63. [PMID: 18466298 PMCID: PMC2615191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasite sporozoites prepare for transmission to a mammalian host by upregulation of UIS (Upregulated in Infectious Sporozoites) genes. A number of UIS gene products are essential for the establishment of the intrahepatocytic niche. However, the factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in gain of infectivity for the liver are unknown. Herein, we show that a conserved Plasmodium sporozoite low-complexity asparagine-rich protein, SAP1 (Sporozoite Asparagine-rich Protein 1), has an essential role in malaria parasite liver infection. Targeted deletion of SAP1 in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii generated mutant parasites that traverse and invade hepatocytes normally but cannot initiate liver-stage development in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, immunizations with Pysap1(−) sporozoites confer long-lasting sterile protection against wild-type sporozoite infection. Strikingly, lack of SAP1 abolished expression of essential UIS genes including UIS3, UIS4 and P52 but not the constitutively expressed genes encoding, among others, sporozoite proteins CSP and TRAP. SAP1 localization to the cell interior but not the nucleus of sporozoites suggests its involvement in a post-transcriptional mechanism of gene expression control. These findings demonstrate that SAP1 is essential for liver infection possibly by functioning as a selective regulator controlling the expression of infectivity-associated parasite effector genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S I Aly
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mikolajczak SA, Aly ASI, Dumpit RF, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI. An efficient strategy for gene targeting and phenotypic assessment in the Plasmodium yoelii rodent malaria model. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 158:213-6. [PMID: 18242728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe a cloning procedure for gene replacement by double homologous recombination in Plasmodium yoelii, which requires only one digestion and ligation step. This significantly shortens the time required to complete the production of the targeting vector. Furthermore, for more efficient phenotypic evaluation of the gene knockout parasites, we have also introduced a fluorescent protein cassette into the targeting vector. This allows for a more rapid assessment of parasite growth in all of its developmental stages. In addition, the introduction of the fluorescent marker via the replacement strategy confers the stable integration of the marker.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the potential of current preerythrocytic stage malaria vaccine approaches to reduce the global burden of malaria. RECENT FINDINGS Radiation-attenuated parasite vaccines induce lasting sterile protection in all models tested. Inherent safety concerns in conjunction with challenges to produce and deliver a radiation-attenuated parasite vaccine have prevented its mass production and application. Recent advances in genetic engineering and initiatives in production process development of live attenuated malaria vaccines, however, will overcome roadblocks that currently prevent their large-scale application. Development of preerythrocytic subunit vaccines has focused on the circumsporozoite protein and the thrombospondin related anonymous protein, yet the most advanced circumsporozoite protein-based vaccine confers limited protection against infection in malaria endemic areas. Work in rodent malaria models demonstrated that circumsporozoite protein-based immunity is not required for to achieve sterile protection. SUMMARY We conclude that preerythrocytic malaria vaccine efforts should focus on two major areas: development of a safe live attenuated sporozoite vaccine with its accelerated testing in malaria endemic areas and identification of as yet unknown antigens that reproduce sterilizing immune responses induced by vaccination with whole parasites. The sporozoite challenge model provides a unique opportunity to rapidly test preerythrocytic vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
All mammalian malaria parasite species have an initial tissue stage in liver cells. The liver stage produces new parasite forms that can enter and live inside red blood cells. Accordingly, the first place of residence provides parasites with a radically different cellular and molecular environment from their subsequent red blood cell home. Liver stages have remained refractory to reveal their secrets, yet the last few years have seen several advances in elucidating their biology. This review looks at the more recent findings concerning the liver stage-host hepatocyte association, some of which may become powerful weapons in the prevention of malaria infection. We also outline areas of liver stage research and technological development that provide promising foci to accelerate a better understanding of this most elusive of the parasites many life cycle stages.
Collapse
|
35
|
Labaied M, Harupa A, Dumpit RF, Coppens I, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI. Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites with simultaneous deletion of P52 and P36 are completely attenuated and confer sterile immunity against infection. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3758-68. [PMID: 17517871 PMCID: PMC1951999 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00225-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection starts when sporozoites are transmitted to the mammalian host during a mosquito bite. Sporozoites enter the blood circulation, reach the liver, and infect hepatocytes. The formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) establishes their intracellular niche. Recently, two members of the 6-Cys domain protein family, P52 and P36, were each shown to play an important albeit nonessential role in Plasmodium berghei sporozoite infectivity for the rodent host. Here, we generated p52/p36-deficient Plasmodium yoelii parasites by the simultaneous deletion of both genes using a single genetic manipulation. p52/p36-deficient parasites exhibited normal progression through the life cycle during blood-stage infection, transmission to mosquitoes, mosquito-stage development, and sporozoite infection of the salivary glands. p52/p36-deficient sporozoites also showed normal motility and cell traversal activity. However, immunofluorescence analysis and electron microscopic observations revealed that p52/p36-deficient parasites did not form a PV within hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. The p52/p36-deficient parasites localized as free entities in the host cell cytoplasm or the host cell nucleoplasm and did not develop as liver stages. Consequently, they did not cause blood-stage infections even at high sporozoite inoculation doses. Mice immunized with p52/p36-deficient sporozoites were completely protected against infectious sporozoite challenge. Our results demonstrate for the first time the generation of two-locus gene deletion-attenuated parasites that infect the liver but do not progress to blood-stage infection. The study will critically guide the design of Plasmodium falciparum live attenuated malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Labaied
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mikolajczak SA, Jacobs-Lorena V, MacKellar DC, Camargo N, Kappe SHI. L-FABP is a critical host factor for successful malaria liver stage development. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:483-9. [PMID: 17303141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite liver stage produces tens of thousands of red cell-infectious forms within its host hepatocyte. It is thought that the vacuole-enclosed parasite completely depends on the host cell for successful development but the molecular parasite-host cell interactions underlying this remarkable growth have remained elusive. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen and a yeast overexpression system we show that UIS3, a parasite protein essential for liver stage development, interacts directly with liver-fatty acid binding protein, L-FABP. Down-regulation of L-FABP expression in hepatocytes severely impairs parasite growth and overexpression of L-FABP promotes growth. This is the first identified direct liver stage-host cell protein interaction, providing a possible explanation for the importance of UIS3 in liver infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cadieux PA, Mikolajczak SA, Reeves J, Strathdee C, Reid G, Panchal CJ, Clarke MW. Rat PSP94 inhibits the growth and viability of the rat adenocarcinoma cell line PAIII in vitro. Cancer Invest 2006; 24:246-55. [PMID: 16809150 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600629575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that human PSP94 can inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. To further validate this potential and investigate the protein within a homologous setting, we examined the effects of rat PSP94 on the growth of the rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PAIII in vitro. To generate rat PSP94, we used both a plasmid-based expression system and a recombinant rat PSP molecule. Rat PSP was shown to inhibit the growth and survival of PAIII cells in a dose-dependent manner with > 90 percent reductions in both observed. TUNEL and Annexin-V assays confirmed PAIII cell death to be via apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Cadieux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ma BY, Mikolajczak SA, Danesh A, Hosiawa KA, Cameron CM, Takaori-Kondo A, Uchiyama T, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. The expression and the regulatory role of OX40 and 4-1BB heterodimer in activated human T cells. Blood 2005; 106:2002-10. [PMID: 15941918 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OX40 and 4-1BB are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of costimulatory receptors whose signaling is important for differential immune responses mediated by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Although activated T cells may acquire OX40/4-1BB double-positive phenotype and signaling from each receptor is expected to influence cell functions, the relevance between OX40 and 4-1BB has never been investigated before. While we were investigating the expression of OX40 and 4-1BB on activated human T cells, we found that they colocalize. The study of receptor gene–transfected cells showed that both receptors coendocytose and the complex of OX40 and 4-1BB was detected by specific ligands or antibodies (Abs). The heterodimer of OX40 and 4-1BB was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under nonreduced conditions and was associated with the tumor receptor–associated factor (TRAF) family proteins in a unique manner. Furthermore, the stimulation of OX40/4-1BB rendered cells sensitive to apoptosis induced by TNF-α that accompanied reduced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Finally, the OX40/4-1BB stimulation repressed the mitogen response in activated CD25+CD4+ T cells and preactivated CD8+ T cells. Thus, the OX40/4-1BB heterodimer appears to represent a unique regulatory receptor in activated T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dimerization
- Endocytosis
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Y Ma
- University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, MBRC-5R425, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mikolajczak SA, Ma BY, Yoshida T, Yoshida R, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. The modulation of CD40 ligand signaling by transmembrane CD28 splice variant in human T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1025-31. [PMID: 15067037 PMCID: PMC2211876 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of CD40 ligand (CD40L)/CD40 signaling in T cell–dependent B cell differentiation and maturation has been amply documented. The mechanism of CD40 signaling in B cells has been well established, whereas the signaling mechanism of CD40L in T cell costimulation remains unknown. In this study we show that CD28i, a transmembrane splice variant of CD28 costimulatory receptor, complexes with CD40L in human T cells. The cross-linking of CD40L resulted in the coendocytosis of CD28i with CD40L. The tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28i followed the cross-linking of CD40L, and the overexpression of CD28i augmented the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, p21-activated kinase 2, and nuclear factor κB activation. These data indicate that CD28i, by functioning as a signaling adaptor, transduces CD40L signaling as well as CD28 signaling in human T cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ma BY, Mikolajczak SA, Yoshida T, Yoshida R, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. CD28 T cell costimulatory receptor function is negatively regulated by N-linked carbohydrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:60-7. [PMID: 15047148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on T cells that modulates immune responses through its ability to transduce costimulatory signals. Even though nearly 50% of the molecular mass of CD28 is N-glycan, the physiological significance of CD28 glycosylation is at present unknown. In this report, we have investigated the function of hypoglycosylated wildtype CD28 and its splice variant, CD28i. When N-glycosylation was prevented through point mutations in N-glycosylation sites in CD28, or reduced by glycosidase inhibitors, the binding of CD28 to CD80 significantly increased. Stimulation of hypoglycosylated CD28 induced IL-2 promoter activity greater than that induced through the stimulation of wildtype CD28. Unlike hypoglycosylated wildtype CD28, hypoglycosylation of CD28i did not alter CD28i functions. Our data indicate that N-glycans of CD28 negatively regulate CD28/CD80 interactions, resulting in diminished CD28 signaling. It is also suggested that N-glycans regulate the density of CD28 clustering upon ligation with CD80/CD86. The results support the hypothesis that the N-glycosylation negatively regulates CD28-mediated T cell adhesion and costimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Y Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hanawa H, Ma Y, Mikolajczak SA, Charles ML, Yoshida T, Yoshida R, Strathdee CA, Litchfield DW, Ochi A. A novel costimulatory signaling in human T lymphocytes by a splice variant of CD28. Blood 2002; 99:2138-45. [PMID: 11877290 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.6.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a splice variant (isoform) of the human CD28 T cell costimulatory receptor. The nucleotide sequence of this CD28 isoform was identical to that of CD28 in the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic tail, but it was missing a large segment of the extracellular ligand-binding domain, which is encoded by the second exon. This isoform (CD28i), whose message level exceeded 25% of CD28, was a transmembrane homodimer. CD28i was found noncovalently associated with CD28 and was tyrosine-phosphorylated/PI3-kinase-complexed following the crosslinking of CD28, and the CD28 costimulatory signal was enhanced in T cells expressing CD28i. These data demonstrate that CD28i, via noncovalent association with CD28, plays a role as a costimulatory signal amplifier in human T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Hanawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1400 Western Road, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 2V4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|