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Boulesteix D, Buch A, Samson J, Freissinet C, Coscia D, He Y, Teinturier S, Stern JC, Trainer MG, Szopa C. Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal reagent for in situ chiral analyses of organic molecules on Titan with the Dragonfly mass spectrometer space instrument (Dragonfly mission). J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464860. [PMID: 38593521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Thanks to the Cassini-Huygens space mission between 2004 and 2017, a lot was learned about Titan, the biggest satellite of Saturn, and its intriguing atmosphere, surface, and organic chemistry complexity. However, key questions about the potential for the atmosphere and surface chemistry to produce organic molecules of direct interest for prebiotic chemistry and life did not find an answer. Due to Titan potential as a habitable world, NASA selected the Dragonfly space mission to be launched in 2027 to Titan's surface and explore the Shangri-La surface region for minimum 3 years. One of the main goals of this mission will be to understand the past and actual abundant prebiotic chemistry on Titan, especially using the Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer (DraMS). Two recently used sample pre-treatments for Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS mode of DraMS) analyses are planned prior analysis to extract refractory organic molecules of interest for prebiotic chemistry and astrobiology. The dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) derivatization reaction offers undoubtedly an opportunity to detect biosignatures by volatilizing refractory biological or prebiotic molecules and conserving the chiral carbons' conformation while an enantiomeric excess indicates a chemical feature induced primarily by life (and may be aided on the primitive systems by light polarization). The goal of this study is to investigate the ageing of DMF-DMA in DraMS (and likely MOMA) capsules prior to in situ analysis on Titan (or Mars). The main results highlighted by our work on DMF-DMA are first its satisfactory stability for space requirements through time (no significant degradation over a year of storage and less than 30 % of lost under thermal stress) to a wide range of temperature (0 °C to 250 °C), or the presence of water and oxidants during the derivatization reaction (between 0 and 10 % of DMF-DMA degradation). Moreover, this reagent derivatized very well amines and carboxylic acids in high or trace amounts (ppt to hundreds of ppm), conserving their molecular conformation during the heat at 145 °C for 3 min (0 to 4% in the enantiomeric form change).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulesteix
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - J Samson
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, Guyancourt 78280, France
| | - C Freissinet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, Guyancourt 78280, France
| | - D Coscia
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, Guyancourt 78280, France
| | - Y He
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - S Teinturier
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M G Trainer
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C Szopa
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, Guyancourt 78280, France
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Boulesteix D, Buch A, Ruscassier N, Freissinet C, Trainer MG, Coscia D, Teinturier S, Stern JC, He Y, Guzman M, Szopa C. Evaluation of the interference of Tenax®TA adsorbent with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal reagent for gas chromatography-Dragonfly mass spectrometry and future gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in situ analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464388. [PMID: 37742456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Among future space missions, national aeronautics and space administration (NASA) selected two of them to analyze the diversity in organic content within Martian and Titan soil samples using a gas chromatograph - mass spectrometer (GC-MS) instrument. The Dragonfly space mission is planned to be launched in 2027 to Titan's surface and explore the Shangri-La surface region for years. One of the main goals of this mission is to understand the past and actual abundant prebiotic chemistry on Titan, which is not well characterized yet. The ExoMars space mission is planned to be launched in 2028 to Mars' surface and explore the Oxia Planum and Mawrth Vallis region for years. The main objectives focus on the exploration of the subsurface soil samples, potentially richer in organics, that might be relevant for the search of past life traces on Mars where irradiation does not impact the matrices and organics. One recently used sample pre-treatment for gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis is planned on both space missions to detect refractory organic molecules of interest for astrobiology. This pre-treatment is called derivatization and uses a chemical reagent - called dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) - to sublimate organic compounds keeping them safe from thermal degradation and conserving the chirality of the molecules extracted from Titan or Mars' matrices. Indeed, the detection of building blocks of life or enantiomeric excess of some organics (e.g. amino acids) after DMF-DMA pre-treatment and GC-MS analyses would be both bioindicators. The main results highlighted by our work on DMF-DMA and Tenax®TA interaction and efficiency to detect organic compounds at ppb levels in a fast and single preparation are first that Tenax®TA did not show the onset of degradation until after 150 experiments - a 120 h at 300 °C experiment - which greatly exceeds the experimental lifetimes for the DraMS and GC-space in situ investigations. Tenax®TA polymer and DMF-DMA produce many by-products (about 70 and 46, respectively, depending on the activation temperature). Further, the interaction between the two leads to the production of 22 additional by-products from DMF-DMA degradation, but these listed by-products do not prevent the detection of trace-level organic molecules after their efficient derivatization and volatilization by DMF-DMA in the oven ahead the GC-MS trap and column.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulesteix
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - N Ruscassier
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - C Freissinet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, Guyancourt 78280, France
| | - M G Trainer
- Solar System Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D Coscia
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, Guyancourt 78280, France
| | - S Teinturier
- Solar System Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Solar System Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Y He
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - M Guzman
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - C Szopa
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, Guyancourt 78280, France
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Boulesteix D, Buch A, Samson J, Millan M, Jomaa J, Coscia D, Moulay V, McIntosh O, Freissinet C, Stern JC, Szopa C. Influence of pH and salts on DMF-DMA derivatization for future Space Applications. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1266:341270. [PMID: 37244655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
For gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses performed in situ, pH and salts (e.g., chlorides, sulfates) may enhance or inhibit the detection of targeted molecules of interest for astrobiology (e.g. amino acids, fatty acids, nucleobases). Obviously, salts influence the ionic strength of the solutions, the pH value, and the salting effect. But the presence of salts may also produce complexes or mask ions in the sample (masking effect on hydroxide ion, ammonia, etc.). For future space missions, wet chemistry will be conducted before GC-MS analyses to detect the full organic content of a sample. The defined organic targets for space GC-MS instrument requirements are generally strongly polar or refractory organic compounds, such as amino acids playing a role in the protein production and metabolism regulations for life on Earth, nucleobases essential for DNA and RNA formation and mutation, and fatty acids that composed most of the eukaryote and prokaryote membranes on Earth and resist to environmental stress long enough to still be observed on Mars or ocean worlds in geological well-preserved records. The wet-chemistry chemical treatment consists of reacting an organic reagent with the sample to extract and volatilize polar or refractory organic molecules (i.e. dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) in this study). DMF-DMA derivatizes functional groups with labile H in organics, without modifying their chiral conformation. The influence of pH and salt concentration of extraterrestrial materials on the DMF-DMA derivatization remains understudied. In this research, we studied the influence of different salts and pHs on the derivatization of organic molecules of astrobiological interest with DMF-DMA, such as amino acids, carboxylic acids, and nucleobases. Results show that salts and pH influence the derivatization yield, and that their effect depend on the nature of the organics and the salts studied. Second, monovalent salts lead to a higher or similar organic recovery compared to divalent salts regardless of pH below 8. However, a pH above 8 inhibits the DMF-DMA derivatization influencing the carboxylic acid function to become an anionic group without labile H. Overall, considering the negative effect of the salts on the detection of organic molecules, future space missions may have to consider a desalting step prior to derivatization and GC-MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulesteix
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - J Samson
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Millan
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - J Jomaa
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA; School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 42 W. Warren Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - D Coscia
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - V Moulay
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - O McIntosh
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - C Freissinet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - J C Stern
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - C Szopa
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
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Boulesteix D, Buch A, Williams AJ, He Y, Freissinet C, Trainer MG, Stern JC, Szopa C. Comparison of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) thermochemolysis for in situ space analysis of organic molecules in planetary environments. Talanta 2023; 257:124283. [PMID: 36870123 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the main objectives of present and future space exploration missions dedicated to astrobiology is the detection of organic molecules of interest for life (e.g. amino and fatty acids). With this aim, a sample preparation and a gas chromatograph (connected to a mass spectrometer) are generally used. To date, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) has been the first and only thermochemolysis reagent to be used for in situ sample preparation and chemical analysis of planetary environments. Although TMAH is widely used in terrestrial laboratories, numerous applications also leverage other thermochemolysis reagents that may be more relevant than TMAH to meet both scientific and technical objectives of space instrumentation. The present study compares the performance of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) reagents on molecules of interest to astrobiology. The study focuses on the analyses of 13 carboxylic acids (C7-C30), 17 proteinic amino acids, and the 5 nucleobases. Here we report the derivatization yield without stirring or adding solvents, the detection sensitivity with mass spectrometry, and the nature of the degradation products from the reagents produced during pyrolysis. We conclude that TMSH and TMAH are the best reagents for analyzing carboxylic acids and nucleobases. Amino acids are not relevant targets for a thermochemolysis over 300 °C as they are degraded and showed high limits of detection. As TMAH, and probably TMSH, meet the space instrumentation requirements, this study informs sample treatment approaches prior to GC-MS analysis in in situ space studies. The thermochemolysis reaction using TMAH or TMSH is also recommended for space return missions to extract organics from a macromolecular matrix, derivatize polar or refractory organic targets, and volatilize with the fewest organic degradations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulesteix
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Y He
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C Freissinet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - M G Trainer
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - C Szopa
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
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Kopfnagel V, Dreyer S, Zeitvogel J, Pieper DH, Buch A, Sodeik B, Rademacher F, Harder J, Werfel T. Free human DNA attenuates the activity of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2021; 76:3145-3154. [PMID: 34176149 DOI: 10.1111/all.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high susceptibility of AD patients to microbial skin infections has been attributed to a deficient antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression, which is contradicted by a growing amount of recent studies clearly demonstrating that AMP expression is not impaired in lesional skin of AD patients. The reasons for the high susceptibility of AD patients to microbial infections are still unknown. METHODS The influence of self-DNA on the antimicrobial activity of RNase 7, LL-37, and hBD2 has been investigated using antibacterial and antiviral assays. The amount of self-DNA on skin has been analyzed by skin rinsings and subsequent quantification using dsDNA assays. DNA source was identified by qPCR. RESULTS Complex formation of the AMPs with self-DNA significantly impaired their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and their antiviral activity against HSV-1. The inhibition of the antibacterial activity was dependent on the DNA concentration but not on the length of the DNA molecules. Of note, we detected significant higher amounts of cell-free self-DNA in skin rinses taken from lesional AD skin compared to skin rinses from non-lesional skin and from normal skin of healthy donors. Consequently, rinse solution from AD lesional skin prevented antibacterial activity of LL-37. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that extracellular self-DNA is released in considerable amounts in AD skin lesions and AMP-self-DNA-complex formation leads to a significant loss of antibacterial and antiviral activity in atopic dermatitis. Studies on strategies to reduce the amount of extracellular DNA in AD are needed to identify possible methods relevant in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Sylvia Dreyer
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Jana Zeitvogel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Dietmar H. Pieper
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- DZIF – German Centre for Infection Research Partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Institute of Virology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- DZIF – German Centre for Infection Research Partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research Department of Dermatology and Allergy Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
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Bouchra L, Szopa C, Buch A, Coscia D. Thermal stability of adsorbents used for gas chromatography in space exploration. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1644:462087. [PMID: 33819678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For analytical purpose, thermal desorption is now used in gas chromatographs developed to analyse the chemical composition of planetary environments. Due to technical constraints, the thermal desorption cannot be as finely controlled as in the laboratory resulting in possible thermal alteration of the adsorbents used. For these reasons, the influence of heat on physical and chemical properties of various adsorbents, either used or that could be used in gas chromatographs for space exploration, is studied. If the adsorbents made of carbon molecular sieves and graphitised carbon black that were tested show a very high thermal stability up to 800°C, the porous polymers tested are highly degraded from a minimum temperature that depends on the nature of the polymer. Poly-2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide is shown to be the more thermally robust as it is degraded at higher temperatures, confirming it is currently the best choice for analysing organic molecules with a space instrument. Finally, the products of degradation of the porous polymers tested were analysed after heating the porous polymers at 400 °C and 800 °C. They were identified and listed as potential contaminants of analyses performed with this type of adsorbent. If the exposure to the higher temperature produces numerous organic compounds, mainly aromatic ones, a few ones are also detected at the lower temperature tested, meaning they should be considered as potential contaminants. Again poly-2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide should be preferred because it releases less organic compounds, the structure of which is completely specific to the adsorbent composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bouchra
- Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - C Szopa
- Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Coscia
- Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
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Hensel N, Raker V, Förthmann B, Buch A, Sodeik B, Pich A, Claus P. The Proteome and Secretome of Cortical Brain Cells Infected With Herpes Simplex Virus. Front Neurol 2020; 11:844. [PMID: 32973653 PMCID: PMC7481480 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of the brain with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) cause life-threatening Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) characterized by viral replication in neurons and neuro-inflammation including an infiltration of peripheral immune cells. HSV-1 reprograms host cells to foster its own replication and for immune evasion, but eventually the immune responses clear the infection in most patients. However, many survivors suffer from long-term neuronal damage and cannot regenerate all brain functions. HSV-1 influences the physiology of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, and significantly changes their protein expression and secretion pattern. To characterize temporal changes upon HSV-1 infection in detail, we inoculated mixed primary cultures of the murine brain cortex, and performed quantitative mass spectrometry analyses of the cell-associated proteome and the secretome. We identified 28 differentially regulated host proteins influencing inflammasome formation and intracellular vesicle trafficking during endocytosis and secretion. The NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7), a critical component of the inflammasome, and ArfGap1, a regulator of endocytosis, were significantly up-regulated upon HSV-1 infection. In the secretome, we identified 71 proteins including guidance cues regulating axonal regeneration, such as semaphorin6D, which were enriched in the conditioned media of HSV-1 infected cells. Modulation of inflammasome activity and intracellular membrane traffic are critical for HSV-1 cell entry, virus assembly, and intracellular spread. Our proteome analysis provides first clues on host factors that might dampen the inflammasome response and modulate intracellular vesicle transport to promote HSV infection of the brain. Furthermore, our secretome analysis revealed a set of proteins involved in neuroregeneration that might foster neuronal repair processes to restore brain functions after clearance of an HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Raker
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förthmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,DZIF-German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Institute for Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Core Facility Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
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Kopfnagel V, Dreyer S, Baumert K, Stark M, Harder J, Hofmann K, Kleine M, Buch A, Sodeik B, Werfel T. RNase 7 Promotes Sensing of Self-DNA by Human Keratinocytes and Activates an Antiviral Immune Response. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1589-1598.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hensel N, Raker V, Förthmann B, Detering NT, Kubinski S, Buch A, Katzilieris-Petras G, Spanier J, Gudi V, Wagenknecht S, Kopfnagel V, Werfel TA, Stangel M, Beineke A, Kalinke U, Paludan SR, Sodeik B, Claus P. HSV-1 triggers paracrine fibroblast growth factor response from cortical brain cells via immediate-early protein ICP0. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:248. [PMID: 31791351 PMCID: PMC6889453 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE) which is characterized by severe brain damage and long-term disabilities. Different cell types including neurons and astrocytes become infected in the course of an HSE which leads to an activation of glial cells. Activated glial cells change their neurotrophic factor profile and modulate inflammation and repair. The superfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) is one of the largest family of neurotrophic factors comprising 22 ligands. FGFs induce pro-survival signaling in neurons and an anti-inflammatory answer in glial cells thereby providing a coordinated tissue response which favors repair over inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that FGF expression is altered in HSV-1-infected CNS cells. METHOD We employed primary murine cortical cultures comprising a mixed cell population of astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Astrocyte reactivity was morphometrically monitored by an automated image analysis algorithm as well as by analyses of A1/A2 marker expression. Altered FGF expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and its paracrine FGF activity. In addition, HSV-1 mutants were employed to characterize viral factors important for FGF responses of infected host cells. RESULTS Astrocytes in HSV-1-infected cortical cultures were transiently activated and became hypertrophic and expressed both A1- and A2-markers. Consistently, a number of FGFs were transiently upregulated inducing paracrine neurotrophic signaling in neighboring cells. Most prominently, FGF-4, FGF-8, FGF-9, and FGF-15 became upregulated in a switch-on like mechanism. This effect was specific for CNS cells and for a fully functional HSV-1. Moreover, the viral protein ICP0 critically mediated the FGF switch-on mechanism. CONCLUSIONS HSV-1 uses the viral protein ICP0 for the induction of FGF-expression in CNS cells. Thus, we propose that HSV-1 triggers FGF activity in the CNS for a modulation of tissue response upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Raker
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förthmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Tula Detering
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kubinski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Julia Spanier
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagenknecht
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Andreas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Søren Riis Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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10
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He Y, Buch A, Morisson M, Szopa C, Freissinet C, Williams A, Millan M, Guzman M, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Bonnet J, Coscia D, Eigenbrode J, Malespin C, Mahaffy P, Glavin D, Dworkin J, Lu P, Johnson S. Application of TMAH thermochemolysis to the detection of nucleobases: Application to the MOMA and SAM space experiment. Talanta 2019; 204:802-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Madsen K, Stemmerik M, Buch A, Nielsen N, Lund A, Vissing J. EP.11Impaired fat oxidation during exercise in long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency patients and effect of IV-glucose. Neuromuscul Disord 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Madsen K, Laforêt P, Buch A, Stemmerik M, Hatem S, Raaschou-Pedersen D, Poulsen N, Atencio M, Ottolenghi C, Jardel C, Quinlivan R, Mochel F, Vissing J. METABOLIC MYOPATHIES I. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Kopfnagel V, Wagenknecht S, Harder J, Hofmann K, Kleine M, Buch A, Sodeik B, Werfel T. RNase 7 Strongly Promotes TLR9-Mediated DNA Sensing by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:872-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Döhner K, Ramos-Nascimento A, Bialy D, Anderson F, Hickford-Martinez A, Rother F, Koithan T, Rudolph K, Buch A, Prank U, Binz A, Hügel S, Lebbink RJ, Hoeben RC, Hartmann E, Bader M, Bauerfeind R, Sodeik B. Importin α1 is required for nuclear import of herpes simplex virus proteins and capsid assembly in fibroblasts and neurons. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006823. [PMID: 29304174 PMCID: PMC5773220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses which depend on many nuclear functions, and therefore on host transport factors to ensure specific nuclear import of viral and host components. While some import cargoes bind directly to certain transport factors, most recruit importin β1 via importin α. We identified importin α1 in a small targeted siRNA screen to be important for herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) gene expression. Production of infectious virions was delayed in the absence of importin α1, but not in cells lacking importin α3 or importin α4. While nuclear targeting of the incoming capsids, of the HSV-1 transcription activator VP16, and of the viral genomes were not affected, the nuclear import of the HSV-1 proteins ICP4 and ICP0, required for efficient viral transcription, and of ICP8 and pUL42, necessary for DNA replication, were reduced. Furthermore, quantitative electron microscopy showed that fibroblasts lacking importin α1 contained overall fewer nuclear capsids, but an increased proportion of mature nuclear capsids indicating that capsid formation and capsid egress into the cytoplasm were impaired. In neurons, importin α1 was also not required for nuclear targeting of incoming capsids, but for nuclear import of ICP4 and for the formation of nuclear capsid assembly compartments. Our data suggest that importin α1 is specifically required for the nuclear localization of several important HSV1 proteins, capsid assembly, and capsid egress into the cytoplasm, and may become rate limiting in situ upon infection at low multiplicity or in terminally differentiated cells such as neurons. Nuclear pore complexes are highly selective gateways that penetrate the nuclear envelope for bidirectional trafficking between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. Viral and host cargoes have to engage specific transport factors to achieve active nuclear import and export. Like many human and animal DNA viruses, herpesviruses are critically dependent on many functions of the host cell nucleus. Alphaherpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) cause many diseases upon productive infection in epithelial cells, fibroblasts and neurons. Here, we asked which nuclear transport factors of the host cells help HSV-1 to translocate viral components into the nucleus for viral gene expression, nuclear capsid assembly, capsid egress into the cytoplasm, and production of infectious virions. Our data show that HSV-1 requires the nuclear import factor importin α1 for efficient replication and virus assembly in fibroblasts and in mature neurons. To our knowledge this is the first time that a specific importin α isoform is shown to be required for herpesvirus infection. Our study fosters our understanding on how the different but highly homologous importin α isoforms could fulfill specific functions in vivo which are only understood for a very limited number of host and viral cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dagmara Bialy
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fenja Anderson
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Rother
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thalea Koithan
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rudolph
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Prank
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hügel
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enno Hartmann
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Buch A, Müller O, Ivanova L, Döhner K, Bialy D, Bosse JB, Pohlmann A, Binz A, Hegemann M, Nagel CH, Koltzenburg M, Viejo-Borbolla A, Rosenhahn B, Bauerfeind R, Sodeik B. Inner tegument proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus are sufficient for intracellular capsid motility in neurons but not for axonal targeting. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006813. [PMID: 29284065 PMCID: PMC5761964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon reactivation from latency and during lytic infections in neurons, alphaherpesviruses assemble cytosolic capsids, capsids associated with enveloping membranes, and transport vesicles harboring fully enveloped capsids. It is debated whether capsid envelopment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is completed in the soma prior to axonal targeting or later, and whether the mechanisms are the same in neurons derived from embryos or from adult hosts. We used HSV mutants impaired in capsid envelopment to test whether the inner tegument proteins pUL36 or pUL37 necessary for microtubule-mediated capsid transport were sufficient for axonal capsid targeting in neurons derived from the dorsal root ganglia of adult mice. Such neurons were infected with HSV1-ΔUL20 whose capsids recruited pUL36 and pUL37, with HSV1-ΔUL37 whose capsids associate only with pUL36, or with HSV1-ΔUL36 that assembles capsids lacking both proteins. While capsids of HSV1-ΔUL20 were actively transported along microtubules in epithelial cells and in the somata of neurons, those of HSV1-ΔUL36 and -ΔUL37 could only diffuse in the cytoplasm. Employing a novel image analysis algorithm to quantify capsid targeting to axons, we show that only a few capsids of HSV1-ΔUL20 entered axons, while vesicles transporting gD utilized axonal transport efficiently and independently of pUL36, pUL37, or pUL20. Our data indicate that capsid motility in the somata of neurons mediated by pUL36 and pUL37 does not suffice for targeting capsids to axons, and suggest that capsid envelopment needs to be completed in the soma prior to targeting of herpes simplex virus to the axons, and to spreading from neurons to neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- DZIF—German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Müller
- Institute for Information Processing, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lyudmila Ivanova
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmara Bialy
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Hegemann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bodo Rosenhahn
- Institute for Information Processing, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- DZIF—German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Bauer D, Alt M, Dirks M, Buch A, Heilingloh CS, Dittmer U, Giebel B, Görgens A, Palapys V, Kasper M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Sodeik B, Heiligenhaus A, Roggendorf M, Krawczyk A. A Therapeutic Antiviral Antibody Inhibits the Anterograde Directed Neuron-to-Cell Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus and Protects against Ocular Disease. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2115. [PMID: 29163407 PMCID: PMC5671610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a leading cause of blindness and viral encephalitis in the developed world. Upon reactivation from sensory neurons, HSV returns via axonal transport to peripheral tissues where it causes, e.g., severe, potentially blinding ocular diseases. In the present study we investigated whether the HSV-1/2 glycoprotein B-specific antibody mAb 2c or its humanized counterpart mAb hu2c can protect from ocular disease in a mouse model of HSV-1-induced acute retinal necrosis (ARN). In this model the viral spread from the initially infected to the contralateral eye resembles the routes taken in humans upon HSV reactivation. Systemic antibody treatment prior or early after infection effectively protected the mice from the development of ARN. These observations suggest that the antibody potently neutralized the infection and inhibited the viral transmission, since there was almost no virus detectable in the contralateral eyes and trigeminal ganglia of antibody treated mice. Besides of neutralizing free virus or limiting the infection via activating the complement or cellular effector functions, blocking of the anterograde directed neuron-to-cell spread of HSV represents a viable mode of action how mAb 2c protected the mice from ARN. We proved this hypothesis using a microfluidic chamber system. Neurons and epithelial cells were cultured in two separate compartments where the neurons sent axons via connecting microgrooves to the epithelial cells. Neurons were infected with a reporter HSV-1 strain expressing mCherry, and the co-culture was treated with neutralizing antibodies. In contrast to commercial polyclonal human HSV-neutralizing immunoglobulins, mAb 2c effectively blocked the anterograde directed neuron-to-cell transmission of the virus. Our data suggest that the humanized HSV-1/2-gB antibody protects mice from ocular disease by blocking the neuronal spread of HSV. Therefore, mAb hu2c may become a potent novel therapeutic option for severe ocular HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha Lab, St. Franziskus-Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Mira Alt
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Miriam Dirks
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivien Palapys
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Kasper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha Lab, St. Franziskus-Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha Lab, St. Franziskus-Hospital, Münster, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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17
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Budida R, Stankov MV, Döhner K, Buch A, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Tappe KA, Pohlmann A, Sodeik B, Behrens GMN. Herpes simplex virus 1 interferes with autophagy of murine dendritic cells and impairs their ability to stimulate CD8 + T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1819-1834. [PMID: 28771693 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I presentation is responsible for the presentation of viral proteins to CD8+ T lymphocytes and mainly depends on the classical antigen processing pathway. Recently, a second pathway involving autophagy has been implicated in this process. Here, we show an increase in the capacity of murine dendritic cells (DCs) to present viral antigens on MHC class I after infection with a mutant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1-Δ34.5), lacking infected cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5), when compared to its parental HSV-1 strain. The ICP34.5 protein counteracts host cell translational arrest and suppresses macroautophagy, and the lack of this protein resulted in a low viral protein abundance, which was processed and presented in an efficient way. Our study demonstrates an important role of autophagy in processing endogenous viral proteins in HSV-1-infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandramouli Budida
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Kim A Tappe
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Ashford P, Hernandez A, Greco TM, Buch A, Sodeik B, Cristea IM, Grünewald K, Shepherd A, Topf M. HVint: A Strategy for Identifying Novel Protein-Protein Interactions in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2939-53. [PMID: 27384951 PMCID: PMC5013309 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are widespread human pathogens with a remarkable impact on worldwide public health. Despite intense decades of research, the molecular details in many aspects of their function remain to be fully characterized. To unravel the details of how these viruses operate, a thorough understanding of the relationships between the involved components is key. Here, we present HVint, a novel protein-protein intraviral interaction resource for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) integrating data from five external sources. To assess each interaction, we used a scoring scheme that takes into consideration aspects such as the type of detection method and the number of lines of evidence. The coverage of the initial interactome was further increased using evolutionary information, by importing interactions reported for other human herpesviruses. These latter interactions constitute, therefore, computational predictions for potential novel interactions in HSV-1. An independent experimental analysis was performed to confirm a subset of our predicted interactions. This subset covers proteins that contribute to nuclear egress and primary envelopment events, including VP26, pUL31, pUL40, and the recently characterized pUL32 and pUL21. Our findings support a coordinated crosstalk between VP26 and proteins such as pUL31, pUS9, and the CSVC complex, contributing to the development of a model describing the nuclear egress and primary envelopment pathways of newly synthesized HSV-1 capsids. The results are also consistent with recent findings on the involvement of pUL32 in capsid maturation and early tegumentation events. Further, they open the door to new hypotheses on virus-specific regulators of pUS9-dependent transport. To make this repository of interactions readily accessible for the scientific community, we also developed a user-friendly and interactive web interface. Our approach demonstrates the power of computational predictions to assist in the design of targeted experiments for the discovery of novel protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ashford
- From the: ‡Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Anna Hernandez
- From the: ‡Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK; §Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Todd Michael Greco
- ¶Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Anna Buch
- ‖Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, OE 4310, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- ‖Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, OE 4310, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ileana Mihaela Cristea
- ¶Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
| | - Kay Grünewald
- §Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Adrian Shepherd
- From the: ‡Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- From the: ‡Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK;
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Buch A, Andersen G, Borup Heje Pedersen K, Vissing J. High intensity training in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bauer D, Dirks M, Kasper M, Buch A, Dittmer U, Giebel B, Wildschütz L, Busch M, Goergens A, Schneweis K, Eis-Hübinger A, Sodeik B, Heiligenhaus A, Roggendorf M, Krawczyk A. Prevention of herpes simplex stromal keratitis by a glycoprotein B-specific monoclonal. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital; Ophtha-Lab; Muenster Germany
| | - M. Dirks
- Department of Virology; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - M. Kasper
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital; Ophtha-Lab; Muenster Germany
| | - A. Buch
- Department of Virology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - U. Dittmer
- Department of Virology; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - B. Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - L. Wildschütz
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital; Ophtha-Lab; Muenster Germany
| | - M. Busch
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital; Ophtha-Lab; Muenster Germany
| | - A. Goergens
- Department of Virology; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - K.E. Schneweis
- Institute of Virology; University Medical Center Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | | | - B. Sodeik
- Hannover Medical School; Institute of Virology; Hannover Germany
| | - A. Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital; Ophtha-Lab; Muenster Germany
| | - M. Roggendorf
- Institute of Virology; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - A. Krawczyk
- Institute of Virology; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
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21
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Freissinet C, Glavin DP, Mahaffy PR, Miller KE, Eigenbrode JL, Summons RE, Brunner AE, Buch A, Szopa C, Archer PD, Franz HB, Atreya SK, Brinckerhoff WB, Cabane M, Coll P, Conrad PG, Des Marais DJ, Dworkin JP, Fairén AG, François P, Grotzinger JP, Kashyap S, ten Kate IL, Leshin LA, Malespin CA, Martin MG, Martin-Torres FJ, McAdam AC, Ming DW, Navarro-González R, Pavlov AA, Prats BD, Squyres SW, Steele A, Stern JC, Sumner DY, Sutter B, Zorzano MP. Organic molecules in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars. J Geophys Res Planets 2015; 120:495-514. [PMID: 26690960 PMCID: PMC4672966 DOI: 10.1002/2014je004737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on board the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover is designed to conduct inorganic and organic chemical analyses of the atmosphere and the surface regolith and rocks to help evaluate the past and present habitability potential of Mars at Gale Crater. Central to this task is the development of an inventory of any organic molecules present to elucidate processes associated with their origin, diagenesis, concentration, and long-term preservation. This will guide the future search for biosignatures. Here we report the definitive identification of chlorobenzene (150-300 parts per billion by weight (ppbw)) and C2 to C4 dichloroalkanes (up to 70 ppbw) with the SAM gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) and detection of chlorobenzene in the direct evolved gas analysis (EGA) mode, in multiple portions of the fines from the Cumberland drill hole in the Sheepbed mudstone at Yellowknife Bay. When combined with GCMS and EGA data from multiple scooped and drilled samples, blank runs, and supporting laboratory analog studies, the elevated levels of chlorobenzene and the dichloroalkanes cannot be solely explained by instrument background sources known to be present in SAM. We conclude that these chlorinated hydrocarbons are the reaction products of Martian chlorine and organic carbon derived from Martian sources (e.g., igneous, hydrothermal, atmospheric, or biological) or exogenous sources such as meteorites, comets, or interplanetary dust particles. KEY POINTS First in situ evidence of nonterrestrial organics in Martian surface sediments Chlorinated hydrocarbons identified in the Sheepbed mudstone by SAM Organics preserved in sample exposed to ionizing radiation and oxidative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Freissinet
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated UniversitiesOak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Correspondence to:
C. Freissinet and P. R. Mahaffy,, ,
| | - D P Glavin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - P R Mahaffy
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Correspondence to:
C. Freissinet and P. R. Mahaffy,, ,
| | - K E Miller
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J L Eigenbrode
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - R E Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A E Brunner
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of MarylandCollege Park, Maryland, USA
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Ecole Centrale ParisChâtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Szopa
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRSParis, France
| | - P D Archer
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - H B Franz
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore CountyBaltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S K Atreya
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - W B Brinckerhoff
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - M Cabane
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRSParis, France
| | - P Coll
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris VII–Denis Diderot University, and CNRSCréteil, France
| | - P G Conrad
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D J Des Marais
- Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, California, USA
| | - J P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - A G Fairén
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York, USA
- Centro de Astrobiología, INTA-CSICMadrid, Spain
| | - P François
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J P Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California, USA
| | - S Kashyap
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore CountyBaltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - I L ten Kate
- Earth Sciences Department, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - L A Leshin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, New York, USA
| | - C A Malespin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technologies and Research, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbia, Maryland, USA
| | - M G Martin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of AmericaWashington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - F J Martin-Torres
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR)Granada, Spain
- Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of TechnologyKiruna, Sweden
| | - A C McAdam
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - R Navarro-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - A A Pavlov
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - B D Prats
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York, USA
| | - A Steele
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of WashingtonWashington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D Y Sumner
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, California, USA
| | - B Sutter
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - M-P Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA-CSIC)Madrid, Spain
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Freissinet C, Glavin DP, Mahaffy PR, Miller KE, Eigenbrode JL, Summons RE, Brunner AE, Buch A, Szopa C, Archer PD, Franz HB, Atreya SK, Brinckerhoff WB, Cabane M, Coll P, Conrad PG, Des Marais DJ, Dworkin JP, Fairén AG, François P, Grotzinger JP, Kashyap S, Ten Kate IL, Leshin LA, Malespin CA, Martin MG, Martin-Torres FJ, McAdam AC, Ming DW, Navarro-González R, Pavlov AA, Prats BD, Squyres SW, Steele A, Stern JC, Sumner DY, Sutter B, Zorzano MP. Organic molecules in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars. J Geophys Res Planets 2015; 120:495-514. [PMID: 26690960 DOI: 10.1002/2015je004884.received] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on board the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover is designed to conduct inorganic and organic chemical analyses of the atmosphere and the surface regolith and rocks to help evaluate the past and present habitability potential of Mars at Gale Crater. Central to this task is the development of an inventory of any organic molecules present to elucidate processes associated with their origin, diagenesis, concentration, and long-term preservation. This will guide the future search for biosignatures. Here we report the definitive identification of chlorobenzene (150-300 parts per billion by weight (ppbw)) and C2 to C4 dichloroalkanes (up to 70 ppbw) with the SAM gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) and detection of chlorobenzene in the direct evolved gas analysis (EGA) mode, in multiple portions of the fines from the Cumberland drill hole in the Sheepbed mudstone at Yellowknife Bay. When combined with GCMS and EGA data from multiple scooped and drilled samples, blank runs, and supporting laboratory analog studies, the elevated levels of chlorobenzene and the dichloroalkanes cannot be solely explained by instrument background sources known to be present in SAM. We conclude that these chlorinated hydrocarbons are the reaction products of Martian chlorine and organic carbon derived from Martian sources (e.g., igneous, hydrothermal, atmospheric, or biological) or exogenous sources such as meteorites, comets, or interplanetary dust particles. KEY POINTS First in situ evidence of nonterrestrial organics in Martian surface sediments Chlorinated hydrocarbons identified in the Sheepbed mudstone by SAM Organics preserved in sample exposed to ionizing radiation and oxidative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Freissinet
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - D P Glavin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - P R Mahaffy
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - K E Miller
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J L Eigenbrode
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - R E Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A E Brunner
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Ecole Centrale Paris Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Szopa
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRS Paris, France
| | - P D Archer
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, USA
| | - H B Franz
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S K Atreya
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - W B Brinckerhoff
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - M Cabane
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRS Paris, France
| | - P Coll
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris VII-Denis Diderot University, and CNRS Créteil, France
| | - P G Conrad
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D J Des Marais
- Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - J P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - A G Fairén
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA ; Centro de Astrobiología, INTA-CSIC Madrid, Spain
| | - P François
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J P Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA
| | - S Kashyap
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - I L Ten Kate
- Earth Sciences Department, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L A Leshin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York, USA
| | - C A Malespin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Goddard Earth Sciences and Technologies and Research, Universities Space Research Association Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - M G Martin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of America Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - F J Martin-Torres
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR) Granada, Spain ; Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology Kiruna, Sweden
| | - A C McAdam
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R Navarro-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria México City, Mexico
| | - A A Pavlov
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - B D Prats
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - A Steele
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D Y Sumner
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - B Sutter
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M-P Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA-CSIC) Madrid, Spain
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Krawczyk A, Dirks M, Kasper M, Buch A, Dittmer U, Giebel B, Wildschütz L, Busch M, Goergens A, Schneweis KE, Eis-Hübinger AM, Sodeik B, Heiligenhaus A, Roggendorf M, Bauer D. Prevention of herpes simplex virus induced stromal keratitis by a glycoprotein B-specific monoclonal antibody. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116800. [PMID: 25587898 PMCID: PMC4294644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of acyclovir (ACV) and multidrug-resistant strains in patients with corneal HSV-1 infections leading to Herpetic Stromal Keratitis (HSK) is a major health problem in industrialized countries and often results in blindness. To overcome this obstacle, we have previously developed an HSV-gB-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 2c) that proved to be highly protective in immunodeficient NOD/SCID-mice towards genital infections. In the present study, we examined the effectivity of mAb 2c in preventing the immunopathological disease HSK in the HSK BALB/c mouse model. Therefore, mice were inoculated with HSV-1 strain KOS on the scarified cornea to induce HSK and subsequently either systemically or topically treated with mAb 2c. Systemic treatment was performed by intravenous administration of mAb 2c 24 h prior to infection (pre-exposure prophylaxis) or 24, 40, and 56 hours after infection (post-exposure immunotherapy). Topical treatment was performed by periodical inoculations (5 times per day) of antibody-containing eye drops as control, starting at 24 h post infection. Systemic antibody treatment markedly reduced viral loads at the site of infection and completely protected mice from developing HSK. The administration of the antiviral antibody prior or post infection was equally effective. Topical treatment had no improving effect on the severity of HSK. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that mAb 2c proved to be an excellent drug for the treatment of corneal HSV-infections and for prevention of HSK and blindness. Moreover, the humanized counterpart (mAb hu2c) was equally effective in protecting mice from HSV-induced HSK when compared to the parental mouse antibody. These results warrant the future development of this antibody as a novel approach for the treatment of corneal HSV-infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Miriam Dirks
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Kasper
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lena Wildschütz
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andre Goergens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl E. Schneweis
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauer
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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Proletov I, Sipovskii V, Smirnov A, Hayashi N, Akiyama S, Okuyama H, Matsui Y, Fujimoto K, Atsumi H, Adachi H, Yamaya H, Maruyama S, Imai E, Matsuo S, Yokoyama H, Prasad N, Jaiswal A, Agarwal V, Yadav B, Rai M, Shin DH, Han IM, Moon SJ, Yoo TH, Faria B, Henriques C, Matos AC, Daha MR, Pestana M, Seelen M, Lundberg S, Carlsson MC, Leffler H, Pahlsson P, Segelmark M, Camilla R, Donadio ME, Loiacono E, Peruzzi L, Amore A, Chiale F, Vergano L, Gallo R, Boido A, Conrieri M, Bianciotto M, Bosetti FM, Mengozzi G, Puccinelli MP, Guidi C, Lastauka I, Coppo R, Nishiwaki H, Hasegawa T, Nagayama Y, Komukai D, Kaneshima N, Sasai F, Yoshimura A, Wang CL, Wei XY, Lv L, Jia NY, Vagane AM, Knoop T, Vikse BE, Reisaeter AV, Bjorneklett R, Mezzina N, Brunini F, Trezzi B, Gallieni M, D'Amico M, Stellato T, Santoro D, Ghiggeri GM, Radice A, Sinico RA, Kronbichler A, Kerschbaum J, Mayer G, Rudnicki M, Elena GS, Paula Jara CE, Jorge Enrique RR, Manuel P, Paek J, Hwang E, Park S, Caliskan Y, Aksoy A, Oztop N, Ozluk Y, Artan AS, Yazici H, Kilicaslan I, Sever MS, Yildiz A, Ihara K, Iimori S, Okado T, Rai T, Uchida S, Sasaki S, Stangou M, Bantis C, Skoularopoulou M, Toulkeridis G, Labropoulou I, Kasimatis S, Kouri NM, Papagianni A, Efstratiadis G, Mircescu G, Stancu S, Zugravu A, Petrescu L, Andreiana I, Taran L, Suzuki T, Iyoda M, Yamaguchi Y, Watanabe M, Wada Y, Matsumoto K, Shindo-Hirai Y, Kuno Y, Yamamoto Y, Saito T, Iseri K, Shibata T, Gniewek K, Krajewska M, Jakuszko K, Koscielska-Kasprzak K, Klinger M, Nunes AT, Ferreira I, Neto R, Mariz E, Pereira E, Frazao J, Praca A, Sampaio S, Pestana M, Kim HJ, Lee JE, Proletov I, Galkina O, Bogdanova E, Zubina I, Sipovskii V, Smirnov A, Oliveira CBL, Oliveira ASA, Carvalho CJB, Sette LHBC, Fernandes GV, Cavalcante MA, Valente LM, Ismail G, Andronesi A, Jurubita R, Bobeica R, Finocchietti D, Cantaluppi V, Medica D, Daidola G, Colla L, Besso L, Burdese M, Segoloni GP, Biancone L, Camussi G, Goto S, Nakai K, Ito J, Fujii H, Tasaki K, Suzuki T, Fukami K, Hara S, Nishi S, Hayami N, Ubara Y, Hoshino J, Takaichi K, Suwabe T, Sumida K, Mise K, Wang CL, Tian YQ, Wang H, Saganova E, Proletov I, Galkina O, Bogdanova E, Zubina I, Sipovskii V, Smirnov A, Stancu S, Mandache E, Zugravu A, Petrescu L, Avram A, Mircescu G, Angelini C, Reggiani F, Podesta MA, Cucchiari D, Malesci A, Badalamenti S, Laganovi M, Ars E, ivko M, eljkovic Vrki T, Cori M, Karanovi S, Torra R, Jelakovi B, Jia NY, Wang CL, Zhang YH, Nan L, Nagasawa Y, Yamamoto R, Shinzawa M, Hamahata S, Kida A, Yahiro M, Kuragano T, Shoji T, Hayashi T, Nagatoya K, Yamauchi A, Isaka Y, Nakanishi T, Ivkovic V, Premuzic V, Laganovic M, Dika Z, Kos J, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Fistrek Prlic M, Zivko M, Jelakovic B, Gigliotti P, Leone F, Lofaro D, Papalia T, Mollica F, Mollica A, Vizza D, Perri A, Bonofilgio R, Meneses G, Viana H, Santos MC, Ferreira C, Calado J, Carvalho F, Remedio F, Nolasco F, Caliskan Y, Oztop N, Aksoy A, Ozluk Y, Artan AS, Turkmen A, Kilicaslan I, Yildiz A, Sever MS, Nagaraju SP, Kosuru S, Parthasarathy R, Bairy M, Prabhu RA, Guddattu V, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Oruc A, Gullulu M, Acikgoz E, Aktas N, Yildiz A, Gul B, Premuzic V, Laganovic M, Ivkovic V, Coric M, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Fodor L, Dika Z, Kos J, Fistrek Prlic M, Zivko M, Jelakovic B, Bale CB, Dighe TA, Kate P, Karnik S, Sajgure A, Sharma A, Korpe J, Jeloka T, Ambekar N, Sadre A, Buch A, Mulay A, Merida E, Huerta A, Gutierrez E, Hernandez E, Sevillano A, Caro J, Cavero T, Morales E, Moreno JA, Praga M. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIDES 1. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Grotzinger JP, Sumner DY, Kah LC, Stack K, Gupta S, Edgar L, Rubin D, Lewis K, Schieber J, Mangold N, Milliken R, Conrad PG, DesMarais D, Farmer J, Siebach K, Calef F, Hurowitz J, McLennan SM, Ming D, Vaniman D, Crisp J, Vasavada A, Edgett KS, Malin M, Blake D, Gellert R, Mahaffy P, Wiens RC, Maurice S, Grant JA, Wilson S, Anderson RC, Beegle L, Arvidson R, Hallet B, Sletten RS, Rice M, Bell J, Griffes J, Ehlmann B, Anderson RB, Bristow TF, Dietrich WE, Dromart G, Eigenbrode J, Fraeman A, Hardgrove C, Herkenhoff K, Jandura L, Kocurek G, Lee S, Leshin LA, Leveille R, Limonadi D, Maki J, McCloskey S, Meyer M, Minitti M, Newsom H, Oehler D, Okon A, Palucis M, Parker T, Rowland S, Schmidt M, Squyres S, Steele A, Stolper E, Summons R, Treiman A, Williams R, Yingst A, Team MS, Kemppinen O, Bridges N, Johnson JR, Cremers D, Godber A, Wadhwa M, Wellington D, McEwan I, Newman C, Richardson M, Charpentier A, Peret L, King P, Blank J, Weigle G, Li S, Robertson K, Sun V, Baker M, Edwards C, Farley K, Miller H, Newcombe M, Pilorget C, Brunet C, Hipkin V, Leveille R, Marchand G, Sanchez PS, Favot L, Cody G, Fluckiger L, Lees D, Nefian A, Martin M, Gailhanou M, Westall F, Israel G, Agard C, Baroukh J, Donny C, Gaboriaud A, Guillemot P, Lafaille V, Lorigny E, Paillet A, Perez R, Saccoccio M, Yana C, Armiens-Aparicio C, Rodriguez JC, Blazquez IC, Gomez FG, Gomez-Elvira J, Hettrich S, Malvitte AL, Jimenez MM, Martinez-Frias J, Martin-Soler J, Martin-Torres FJ, Jurado AM, Mora-Sotomayor L, Caro GM, Lopez SN, Peinado-Gonzalez V, Pla-Garcia J, Manfredi JAR, Romeral-Planello JJ, Fuentes SAS, Martinez ES, Redondo JT, Urqui-O'Callaghan R, Mier MPZ, Chipera S, Lacour JL, Mauchien P, Sirven JB, Manning H, Fairen A, Hayes A, Joseph J, Sullivan R, Thomas P, Dupont A, Lundberg A, Melikechi N, Mezzacappa A, DeMarines J, Grinspoon D, Reitz G, Prats B, Atlaskin E, Genzer M, Harri AM, Haukka H, Kahanpaa H, Kauhanen J, Paton M, Polkko J, Schmidt W, Siili T, Fabre C, Wray J, Wilhelm MB, Poitrasson F, Patel K, Gorevan S, Indyk S, Paulsen G, Bish D, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Geffroy C, Baratoux D, Berger G, Cros A, d'Uston C, Forni O, Gasnault O, Lasue J, Lee QM, Meslin PY, Pallier E, Parot Y, Pinet P, Schroder S, Toplis M, Lewin E, Brunner W, Heydari E, Achilles C, Sutter B, Cabane M, Coscia D, Szopa C, Robert F, Sautter V, Le Mouelic S, Nachon M, Buch A, Stalport F, Coll P, Francois P, Raulin F, Teinturier S, Cameron J, Clegg S, Cousin A, DeLapp D, Dingler R, Jackson RS, Johnstone S, Lanza N, Little C, Nelson T, Williams RB, Jones A, Kirkland L, Baker B, Cantor B, Caplinger M, Davis S, Duston B, Fay D, Harker D, Herrera P, Jensen E, Kennedy MR, Krezoski G, Krysak D, Lipkaman L, McCartney E, McNair S, Nixon B, Posiolova L, Ravine M, Salamon A, Saper L, Stoiber K, Supulver K, Van Beek J, Van Beek T, Zimdar R, French KL, Iagnemma K, Miller K, Goesmann F, Goetz W, Hviid S, Johnson M, Lefavor M, Lyness E, Breves E, Dyar MD, Fassett C, Edwards L, Haberle R, Hoehler T, Hollingsworth J, Kahre M, Keely L, McKay C, Bleacher L, Brinckerhoff W, Choi D, Dworkin JP, Floyd M, Freissinet C, Garvin J, Glavin D, Harpold D, Martin DK, McAdam A, Pavlov A, Raaen E, Smith MD, Stern J, Tan F, Trainer M, Posner A, Voytek M, Aubrey A, Behar A, Blaney D, Brinza D, Christensen L, DeFlores L, Feldman J, Feldman S, Flesch G, Jun I, Keymeulen D, Mischna M, Morookian JM, Pavri B, Schoppers M, Sengstacken A, Simmonds JJ, Spanovich N, Juarez MDLT, Webster CR, Yen A, Archer PD, Cucinotta F, Jones JH, Morris RV, Niles P, Rampe E, Nolan T, Fisk M, Radziemski L, Barraclough B, Bender S, Berman D, Dobrea EN, Tokar R, Cleghorn T, Huntress W, Manhes G, Hudgins J, Olson T, Stewart N, Sarrazin P, Vicenzi E, Bullock M, Ehresmann B, Hamilton V, Hassler D, Peterson J, Rafkin S, Zeitlin C, Fedosov F, Golovin D, Karpushkina N, Kozyrev A, Litvak M, Malakhov A, Mitrofanov I, Mokrousov M, Nikiforov S, Prokhorov V, Sanin A, Tretyakov V, Varenikov A, Vostrukhin A, Kuzmin R, Clark B, Wolff M, Botta O, Drake D, Bean K, Lemmon M, Schwenzer SP, Lee EM, Sucharski R, Hernandez MADP, Avalos JJB, Ramos M, Kim MH, Malespin C, Plante I, Muller JP, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Ewing R, Boynton W, Downs R, Fitzgibbon M, Harshman K, Morrison S, Kortmann O, Williams A, Lugmair G, Wilson MA, Jakosky B, Balic-Zunic T, Frydenvang J, Jensen JK, Kinch K, Koefoed A, Madsen MB, Stipp SLS, Boyd N, Campbell JL, Perrett G, Pradler I, VanBommel S, Jacob S, Owen T, Savijarvi H, Boehm E, Bottcher S, Burmeister S, Guo J, Kohler J, Garcia CM, Mueller-Mellin R, Wimmer-Schweingruber R, Bridges JC, McConnochie T, Benna M, Franz H, Bower H, Brunner A, Blau H, Boucher T, Carmosino M, Atreya S, Elliott H, Halleaux D, Renno N, Wong M, Pepin R, Elliott B, Spray J, Thompson L, Gordon S, Ollila A, Williams J, Vasconcelos P, Bentz J, Nealson K, Popa R, Moersch J, Tate C, Day M, Francis R, McCullough E, Cloutis E, ten Kate IL, Scholes D, Slavney S, Stein T, Ward J, Berger J, Moores JE. A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. Science 2013; 343:1242777. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1242777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ming DW, Archer PD, Glavin DP, Eigenbrode JL, Franz HB, Sutter B, Brunner AE, Stern JC, Freissinet C, McAdam AC, Mahaffy PR, Cabane M, Coll P, Campbell JL, Atreya SK, Niles PB, Bell JF, Bish DL, Brinckerhoff WB, Buch A, Conrad PG, Des Marais DJ, Ehlmann BL, Fairén AG, Farley K, Flesch GJ, Francois P, Gellert R, Grant JA, Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, Leshin LA, Lewis KW, McLennan SM, Miller KE, Moersch J, Morris RV, Navarro-González R, Pavlov AA, Perrett GM, Pradler I, Squyres SW, Summons RE, Steele A, Stolper EM, Sumner DY, Szopa C, Teinturier S, Trainer MG, Treiman AH, Vaniman DT, Vasavada AR, Webster CR, Wray JJ, Yingst RA. Volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars. Science 2013; 343:1245267. [PMID: 24324276 DOI: 10.1126/science.1245267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
H2O, CO2, SO2, O2, H2, H2S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H2O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO2. Concurrent evolution of O2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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Vaniman DT, Bish DL, Ming DW, Bristow TF, Morris RV, Blake DF, Chipera SJ, Morrison SM, Treiman AH, Rampe EB, Rice M, Achilles CN, Grotzinger JP, McLennan SM, Williams J, Bell JF, Newsom HE, Downs RT, Maurice S, Sarrazin P, Yen AS, Morookian JM, Farmer JD, Stack K, Milliken RE, Ehlmann BL, Sumner DY, Berger G, Crisp JA, Hurowitz JA, Anderson R, Des Marais DJ, Stolper EM, Edgett KS, Gupta S, Spanovich N, Agard C, Alves Verdasca JA, Anderson R, Archer D, Armiens-Aparicio C, Arvidson R, Atlaskin E, Atreya S, Aubrey A, Baker B, Baker M, Balic-Zunic T, Baratoux D, Baroukh J, Barraclough B, Bean K, Beegle L, Behar A, Bender S, Benna M, Bentz J, Berger J, Berman D, Blanco Avalos JJ, Blaney D, Blank J, Blau H, Bleacher L, Boehm E, Botta O, Bottcher S, Boucher T, Bower H, Boyd N, Boynton B, Breves E, Bridges J, Bridges N, Brinckerhoff W, Brinza D, Brunet C, Brunner A, Brunner W, Buch A, Bullock M, Burmeister S, Cabane M, Calef F, Cameron J, Campbell JI, Cantor B, Caplinger M, Caride Rodriguez J, Carmosino M, Carrasco Blazquez I, Charpentier A, Choi D, Clark B, Clegg S, Cleghorn T, Cloutis E, Cody G, Coll P, Conrad P, Coscia D, Cousin A, Cremers D, Cros A, Cucinotta F, d'Uston C, Davis S, Day MK, de la Torre Juarez M, DeFlores L, DeLapp D, DeMarines J, Dietrich W, Dingler R, Donny C, Drake D, Dromart G, Dupont A, Duston B, Dworkin J, Dyar MD, Edgar L, Edwards C, Edwards L, Ehresmann B, Eigenbrode J, Elliott B, Elliott H, Ewing R, Fabre C, Fairen A, Farley K, Fassett C, Favot L, Fay D, Fedosov F, Feldman J, Feldman S, Fisk M, Fitzgibbon M, Flesch G, Floyd M, Fluckiger L, Forni O, Fraeman A, Francis R, Francois P, Franz H, Freissinet C, French KL, Frydenvang J, Gaboriaud A, Gailhanou M, Garvin J, Gasnault O, Geffroy C, Gellert R, Genzer M, Glavin D, Godber A, Goesmann F, Goetz W, Golovin D, Gomez Gomez F, Gomez-Elvira J, Gondet B, Gordon S, Gorevan S, Grant J, Griffes J, Grinspoon D, Guillemot P, Guo J, Guzewich S, Haberle R, Halleaux D, Hallet B, Hamilton V, Hardgrove C, Harker D, Harpold D, Harri AM, Harshman K, Hassler D, Haukka H, Hayes A, Herkenhoff K, Herrera P, Hettrich S, Heydari E, Hipkin V, Hoehler T, Hollingsworth J, Hudgins J, Huntress W, Hviid S, Iagnemma K, Indyk S, Israel G, Jackson R, Jacob S, Jakosky B, Jensen E, Jensen JK, Johnson J, Johnson M, Johnstone S, Jones A, Jones J, Joseph J, Jun I, Kah L, Kahanpaa H, Kahre M, Karpushkina N, Kasprzak W, Kauhanen J, Keely L, Kemppinen O, Keymeulen D, Kim MH, Kinch K, King P, Kirkland L, Kocurek G, Koefoed A, Kohler J, Kortmann O, Kozyrev A, Krezoski J, Krysak D, Kuzmin R, Lacour JL, Lafaille V, Langevin Y, Lanza N, Lasue J, Le Mouelic S, Lee EM, Lee QM, Lees D, Lefavor M, Lemmon M, Malvitte AL, Leshin L, Leveille R, Lewin-Carpintier E, Lewis K, Li S, Lipkaman L, Little C, Litvak M, Lorigny E, Lugmair G, Lundberg A, Lyness E, Madsen M, Mahaffy P, Maki J, Malakhov A, Malespin C, Malin M, Mangold N, Manhes G, Manning H, Marchand G, Marin Jimenez M, Martin Garcia C, Martin D, Martin M, Martinez-Frias J, Martin-Soler J, Martin-Torres FJ, Mauchien P, McAdam A, McCartney E, McConnochie T, McCullough E, McEwan I, McKay C, McNair S, Melikechi N, Meslin PY, Meyer M, Mezzacappa A, Miller H, Miller K, Minitti M, Mischna M, Mitrofanov I, Moersch J, Mokrousov M, Molina Jurado A, Moores J, Mora-Sotomayor L, Mueller-Mellin R, Muller JP, Munoz Caro G, Nachon M, Navarro Lopez S, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Nealson K, Nefian A, Nelson T, Newcombe M, Newman C, Nikiforov S, Niles P, Nixon B, Noe Dobrea E, Nolan T, Oehler D, Ollila A, Olson T, Owen T, de Pablo Hernandez MA, Paillet A, Pallier E, Palucis M, Parker T, Parot Y, Patel K, Paton M, Paulsen G, Pavlov A, Pavri B, Peinado-Gonzalez V, Pepin R, Peret L, Perez R, Perrett G, Peterson J, Pilorget C, Pinet P, Pla-Garcia J, Plante I, Poitrasson F, Polkko J, Popa R, Posiolova L, Posner A, Pradler I, Prats B, Prokhorov V, Purdy SW, Raaen E, Radziemski L, Rafkin S, Ramos M, Raulin F, Ravine M, Reitz G, Renno N, Richardson M, Robert F, Robertson K, Rodriguez Manfredi JA, Romeral-Planello JJ, Rowland S, Rubin D, Saccoccio M, Salamon A, Sandoval J, Sanin A, Sans Fuentes SA, Saper L, Sautter V, Savijarvi H, Schieber J, Schmidt M, Schmidt W, Scholes DD, Schoppers M, Schroder S, Schwenzer S, Sebastian Martinez E, Sengstacken A, Shterts R, Siebach K, Siili T, Simmonds J, Sirven JB, Slavney S, Sletten R, Smith M, Sobron Sanchez P, Spray J, Squyres S, Stalport F, Steele A, Stein T, Stern J, Stewart N, Stipp SLS, Stoiber K, Sucharski B, Sullivan R, Summons R, Sun V, Supulver K, Sutter B, Szopa C, Tan F, Tate C, Teinturier S, ten Kate I, Thomas P, Thompson L, Tokar R, Toplis M, Torres Redondo J, Trainer M, Tretyakov V, Urqui-O'Callaghan R, Van Beek J, Van Beek T, VanBommel S, Varenikov A, Vasavada A, Vasconcelos P, Vicenzi E, Vostrukhin A, Voytek M, Wadhwa M, Ward J, Webster C, Weigle E, Wellington D, Westall F, Wiens RC, Wilhelm MB, Williams A, Williams R, Williams RBM, Wilson M, Wimmer-Schweingruber R, Wolff M, Wong M, Wray J, Wu M, Yana C, Yingst A, Zeitlin C, Zimdar R, Zorzano Mier MP. Mineralogy of a Mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. Science 2013; 343:1243480. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1243480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Leshin LA, Mahaffy PR, Webster CR, Cabane M, Coll P, Conrad PG, Archer PD, Atreya SK, Brunner AE, Buch A, Eigenbrode JL, Flesch GJ, Franz HB, Freissinet C, Glavin DP, McAdam AC, Miller KE, Ming DW, Morris RV, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Niles PB, Owen T, Pepin RO, Squyres S, Steele A, Stern JC, Summons RE, Sumner DY, Sutter B, Szopa C, Teinturier S, Trainer MG, Wray JJ, Grotzinger JP, Kemppinen O, Bridges N, Johnson JR, Minitti M, Cremers D, Bell JF, Edgar L, Farmer J, Godber A, Wadhwa M, Wellington D, McEwan I, Newman C, Richardson M, Charpentier A, Peret L, King P, Blank J, Weigle G, Schmidt M, Li S, Milliken R, Robertson K, Sun V, Baker M, Edwards C, Ehlmann B, Farley K, Griffes J, Miller H, Newcombe M, Pilorget C, Rice M, Siebach K, Stack K, Stolper E, Brunet C, Hipkin V, Leveille R, Marchand G, Sanchez PS, Favot L, Cody G, Fluckiger L, Lees D, Nefian A, Martin M, Gailhanou M, Westall F, Israel G, Agard C, Baroukh J, Donny C, Gaboriaud A, Guillemot P, Lafaille V, Lorigny E, Paillet A, Perez R, Saccoccio M, Yana C, Armiens-Aparicio C, Rodriguez JC, Blazquez IC, Gomez FG, Gomez-Elvira J, Hettrich S, Malvitte AL, Jimenez MM, Martinez-Frias J, Martin-Soler J, Martin-Torres FJ, Jurado AM, Mora-Sotomayor L, Caro GM, Lopez SN, Peinado-Gonzalez V, Pla-Garcia J, Manfredi JAR, Romeral-Planello JJ, Fuentes SAS, Martinez ES, Redondo JT, Urqui-O'Callaghan R, Mier MPZ, Chipera S, Lacour JL, Mauchien P, Sirven JB, Manning H, Fairen A, Hayes A, Joseph J, Sullivan R, Thomas P, Dupont A, Lundberg A, Melikechi N, Mezzacappa A, DeMarines J, Grinspoon D, Reitz G, Prats B, Atlaskin E, Genzer M, Harri AM, Haukka H, Kahanpaa H, Kauhanen J, Kemppinen O, Paton M, Polkko J, Schmidt W, Siili T, Fabre C, Wilhelm MB, Poitrasson F, Patel K, Gorevan S, Indyk S, Paulsen G, Gupta S, Bish D, Schieber J, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Geffroy C, Baratoux D, Berger G, Cros A, d'Uston C, Forni O, Gasnault O, Lasue J, Lee QM, Maurice S, Meslin PY, Pallier E, Parot Y, Pinet P, Schroder S, Toplis M, Lewin E, Brunner W, Heydari E, Achilles C, Oehler D, Coscia D, Israel G, Dromart G, Robert F, Sautter V, Le Mouelic S, Mangold N, Nachon M, Stalport F, Francois P, Raulin F, Cameron J, Clegg S, Cousin A, DeLapp D, Dingler R, Jackson RS, Johnstone S, Lanza N, Little C, Nelson T, Wiens RC, Williams RB, Jones A, Kirkland L, Treiman A, Baker B, Cantor B, Caplinger M, Davis S, Duston B, Edgett K, Fay D, Hardgrove C, Harker D, Herrera P, Jensen E, Kennedy MR, Krezoski G, Krysak D, Lipkaman L, Malin M, McCartney E, McNair S, Nixon B, Posiolova L, Ravine M, Salamon A, Saper L, Stoiber K, Supulver K, Van Beek J, Van Beek T, Zimdar R, French KL, Iagnemma K, Goesmann F, Goetz W, Hviid S, Johnson M, Lefavor M, Lyness E, Breves E, Dyar MD, Fassett C, Blake DF, Bristow T, DesMarais D, Edwards L, Haberle R, Hoehler T, Hollingsworth J, Kahre M, Keely L, McKay C, Wilhelm MB, Bleacher L, Brinckerhoff W, Choi D, Dworkin JP, Floyd M, Garvin J, Harpold D, Jones A, Martin DK, Pavlov A, Raaen E, Smith MD, Tan F, Meyer M, Posner A, Voytek M, Anderson RC, Aubrey A, Beegle LW, Behar A, Blaney D, Brinza D, Calef F, Christensen L, Crisp JA, DeFlores L, Ehlmann B, Feldman J, Feldman S, Hurowitz J, Jun I, Keymeulen D, Maki J, Mischna M, Morookian JM, Parker T, Pavri B, Schoppers M, Sengstacken A, Simmonds JJ, Spanovich N, Juarez MDLT, Vasavada AR, Yen A, Cucinotta F, Jones JH, Rampe E, Nolan T, Fisk M, Radziemski L, Barraclough B, Bender S, Berman D, Dobrea EN, Tokar R, Vaniman D, Williams RME, Yingst A, Lewis K, Cleghorn T, Huntress W, Manhes G, Hudgins J, Olson T, Stewart N, Sarrazin P, Grant J, Vicenzi E, Wilson SA, Bullock M, Ehresmann B, Hamilton V, Hassler D, Peterson J, Rafkin S, Zeitlin C, Fedosov F, Golovin D, Karpushkina N, Kozyrev A, Litvak M, Malakhov A, Mitrofanov I, Mokrousov M, Nikiforov S, Prokhorov V, Sanin A, Tretyakov V, Varenikov A, Vostrukhin A, Kuzmin R, Clark B, Wolff M, McLennan S, Botta O, Drake D, Bean K, Lemmon M, Schwenzer SP, Anderson RB, Herkenhoff K, Lee EM, Sucharski R, Hernandez MADP, Avalos JJB, Ramos M, Kim MH, Malespin C, Plante I, Muller JP, Ewing R, Boynton W, Downs R, Fitzgibbon M, Harshman K, Morrison S, Dietrich W, Kortmann O, Palucis M, Williams A, Lugmair G, Wilson MA, Rubin D, Jakosky B, Balic-Zunic T, Frydenvang J, Jensen JK, Kinch K, Koefoed A, Madsen MB, Stipp SLS, Boyd N, Campbell JL, Gellert R, Perrett G, Pradler I, VanBommel S, Jacob S, Rowland S, Atlaskin E, Savijarvi H, Boehm E, Bottcher S, Burmeister S, Guo J, Kohler J, Garcia CM, Mueller-Mellin R, Wimmer-Schweingruber R, Bridges JC, McConnochie T, Benna M, Bower H, Blau H, Boucher T, Carmosino M, Elliott H, Halleaux D, Renno N, Wong M, Elliott B, Spray J, Thompson L, Gordon S, Newsom H, Ollila A, Williams J, Vasconcelos P, Bentz J, Nealson K, Popa R, Kah LC, Moersch J, Tate C, Day M, Kocurek G, Hallet B, Sletten R, Francis R, McCullough E, Cloutis E, ten Kate IL, Kuzmin R, Arvidson R, Fraeman A, Scholes D, Slavney S, Stein T, Ward J, Berger J, Moores JE. Volatile, Isotope, and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover. Science 2013; 341:1238937. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1238937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Mahaffy PR, Webster CR, Atreya SK, Franz H, Wong M, Conrad PG, Harpold D, Jones JJ, Leshin LA, Manning H, Owen T, Pepin RO, Squyres S, Trainer M, Kemppinen O, Bridges N, Johnson JR, Minitti M, Cremers D, Bell JF, Edgar L, Farmer J, Godber A, Wadhwa M, Wellington D, McEwan I, Newman C, Richardson M, Charpentier A, Peret L, King P, Blank J, Weigle G, Schmidt M, Li S, Milliken R, Robertson K, Sun V, Baker M, Edwards C, Ehlmann B, Farley K, Griffes J, Grotzinger J, Miller H, Newcombe M, Pilorget C, Rice M, Siebach K, Stack K, Stolper E, Brunet C, Hipkin V, Leveille R, Marchand G, Sanchez PS, Favot L, Cody G, Steele A, Fluckiger L, Lees D, Nefian A, Martin M, Gailhanou M, Westall F, Israel G, Agard C, Baroukh J, Donny C, Gaboriaud A, Guillemot P, Lafaille V, Lorigny E, Paillet A, Perez R, Saccoccio M, Yana C, Armiens-Aparicio C, Rodriguez JC, Blazquez IC, Gomez FG, Gomez-Elvira J, Hettrich S, Malvitte AL, Jimenez MM, Martinez-Frias J, Martin-Soler J, Martin-Torres FJ, Jurado AM, Mora-Sotomayor L, Caro GM, Lopez SN, Peinado-Gonzalez V, Pla-Garcia J, Manfredi JAR, Romeral-Planello JJ, Fuentes SAS, Martinez ES, Redondo JT, Urqui-O'Callaghan R, Mier MPZ, Chipera S, Lacour JL, Mauchien P, Sirven JB, Fairen A, Hayes A, Joseph J, Sullivan R, Thomas P, Dupont A, Lundberg A, Melikechi N, Mezzacappa A, DeMarines J, Grinspoon D, Reitz G, Prats B, Atlaskin E, Genzer M, Harri AM, Haukka H, Kahanpaa H, Kauhanen J, Kemppinen O, Paton M, Polkko J, Schmidt W, Siili T, Fabre C, Wray J, Wilhelm MB, Poitrasson F, Patel K, Gorevan S, Indyk S, Paulsen G, Gupta S, Bish D, Schieber J, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Geffroy C, Baratoux D, Berger G, Cros A, d'Uston C, Forni O, Gasnault O, Lasue J, Lee QM, Maurice S, Meslin PY, Pallier E, Parot Y, Pinet P, Schroder S, Toplis M, Lewin E, Brunner W, Heydari E, Achilles C, Oehler D, Sutter B, Cabane M, Coscia D, Israel G, Szopa C, Dromart G, Robert F, Sautter V, Le Mouelic S, Mangold N, Nachon M, Buch A, Stalport F, Coll P, Francois P, Raulin F, Teinturier S, Cameron J, Clegg S, Cousin A, DeLapp D, Dingler R, Jackson RS, Johnstone S, Lanza N, Little C, Nelson T, Wiens RC, Williams RB, Jones A, Kirkland L, Treiman A, Baker B, Cantor B, Caplinger M, Davis S, Duston B, Edgett K, Fay D, Hardgrove C, Harker D, Herrera P, Jensen E, Kennedy MR, Krezoski G, Krysak D, Lipkaman L, Malin M, McCartney E, McNair S, Nixon B, Posiolova L, Ravine M, Salamon A, Saper L, Stoiber K, Supulver K, Van Beek J, Van Beek T, Zimdar R, French KL, Iagnemma K, Miller K, Summons R, Goesmann F, Goetz W, Hviid S, Johnson M, Lefavor M, Lyness E, Breves E, Dyar MD, Fassett C, Blake DF, Bristow T, DesMarais D, Edwards L, Haberle R, Hoehler T, Hollingsworth J, Kahre M, Keely L, McKay C, Wilhelm MB, Bleacher L, Brinckerhoff W, Choi D, Dworkin JP, Eigenbrode J, Floyd M, Freissinet C, Garvin J, Glavin D, Jones A, Martin DK, McAdam A, Pavlov A, Raaen E, Smith MD, Stern J, Tan F, Meyer M, Posner A, Voytek M, Anderson RC, Aubrey A, Beegle LW, Behar A, Blaney D, Brinza D, Calef F, Christensen L, Crisp JA, DeFlores L, Ehlmann B, Feldman J, Feldman S, Flesch G, Hurowitz J, Jun I, Keymeulen D, Maki J, Mischna M, Morookian JM, Parker T, Pavri B, Schoppers M, Sengstacken A, Simmonds JJ, Spanovich N, Juarez MDLT, Vasavada AR, Yen A, Archer PD, Cucinotta F, Ming D, Morris RV, Niles P, Rampe E, Nolan T, Fisk M, Radziemski L, Barraclough B, Bender S, Berman D, Dobrea EN, Tokar R, Vaniman D, Williams RME, Yingst A, Lewis K, Cleghorn T, Huntress W, Manhes G, Hudgins J, Olson T, Stewart N, Sarrazin P, Grant J, Vicenzi E, Wilson SA, Bullock M, Ehresmann B, Hamilton V, Hassler D, Peterson J, Rafkin S, Zeitlin C, Fedosov F, Golovin D, Karpushkina N, Kozyrev A, Litvak M, Malakhov A, Mitrofanov I, Mokrousov M, Nikiforov S, Prokhorov V, Sanin A, Tretyakov V, Varenikov A, Vostrukhin A, Kuzmin R, Clark B, Wolff M, McLennan S, Botta O, Drake D, Bean K, Lemmon M, Schwenzer SP, Anderson RB, Herkenhoff K, Lee EM, Sucharski R, Hernandez MADP, Avalos JJB, Ramos M, Kim MH, Malespin C, Plante I, Muller JP, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Ewing R, Boynton W, Downs R, Fitzgibbon M, Harshman K, Morrison S, Dietrich W, Kortmann O, Palucis M, Sumner DY, Williams A, Lugmair G, Wilson MA, Rubin D, Jakosky B, Balic-Zunic T, Frydenvang J, Jensen JK, Kinch K, Koefoed A, Madsen MB, Stipp SLS, Boyd N, Campbell JL, Gellert R, Perrett G, Pradler I, VanBommel S, Jacob S, Rowland S, Atlaskin E, Savijarvi H, Boehm E, Bottcher S, Burmeister S, Guo J, Kohler J, Garcia CM, Mueller-Mellin R, Wimmer-Schweingruber R, Bridges JC, McConnochie T, Benna M, Bower H, Brunner A, Blau H, Boucher T, Carmosino M, Elliott H, Halleaux D, Renno N, Elliott B, Spray J, Thompson L, Gordon S, Newsom H, Ollila A, Williams J, Vasconcelos P, Bentz J, Nealson K, Popa R, Kah LC, Moersch J, Tate C, Day M, Kocurek G, Hallet B, Sletten R, Francis R, McCullough E, Cloutis E, ten Kate IL, Kuzmin R, Arvidson R, Fraeman A, Scholes D, Slavney S, Stein T, Ward J, Berger J, Moores JE. Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover. Science 2013; 341:263-6. [PMID: 23869014 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hörst SM, Yelle RV, Buch A, Carrasco N, Cernogora G, Dutuit O, Quirico E, Sciamma-O'Brien E, Smith MA, Somogyi A, Szopa C, Thissen R, Vuitton V. Formation of amino acids and nucleotide bases in a Titan atmosphere simulation experiment. Astrobiology 2012; 12:809-17. [PMID: 22917035 PMCID: PMC3444770 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of large (>100 u) molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere has heightened astrobiological interest in this unique satellite. In particular, complex organic aerosols produced in atmospheres containing C, N, O, and H, like that of Titan, could be a source of prebiotic molecules. In this work, aerosols produced in a Titan atmosphere simulation experiment with enhanced CO (N(2)/CH(4)/CO gas mixtures of 96.2%/2.0%/1.8% and 93.2%/5.0%/1.8%) were found to contain 18 molecules with molecular formulae that correspond to biological amino acids and nucleotide bases. Very high-resolution mass spectrometry of isotopically labeled samples confirmed that C(4)H(5)N(3)O, C(4)H(4)N(2)O(2), C(5)H(6)N(2)O(2), C(5)H(5)N(5), and C(6)H(9)N(3)O(2) are produced by chemistry in the simulation chamber. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the non-isotopic samples confirmed the presence of cytosine (C(4)H(5)N(3)O), uracil (C(5)H(4)N(2)O(2)), thymine (C(5)H(6)N(2)O(2)), guanine (C(5)H(5)N(5)O), glycine (C(2)H(5)NO(2)), and alanine (C(3)H(7)NO(2)). Adenine (C(5)H(5)N(5)) was detected by GC-MS in isotopically labeled samples. The remaining prebiotic molecules were detected in unlabeled samples only and may have been affected by contamination in the chamber. These results demonstrate that prebiotic molecules can be formed by the high-energy chemistry similar to that which occurs in planetary upper atmospheres and therefore identifies a new source of prebiotic material, potentially increasing the range of planets where life could begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hörst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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Geffroy-Rodier C, Buch A, Sternberg R, Papot S. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of hexafluoroacetone derivatives: First time utilization of a gaseous phase derivatizing agent for analysis of extraterrestrial amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1245:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carrasco N, Schmitz-Afonso I, Bonnet JY, Quirico E, Thissen R, Dutuit O, Bagag A, Laprévote O, Buch A, Giulani A, Adandé G, Ouni F, Hadamcik E, Szopa C, Cernogora G. Chemical characterization of Titan's tholins: solubility, morphology and molecular structure revisited. J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:11195-203. [PMID: 19827851 DOI: 10.1021/jp904735q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work Titan's atmospheric chemistry is simulated using a capacitively coupled plasma radio frequency discharge in a N(2)-CH(4) stationnary flux. Samples of Titan's tholins are produced in gaseous mixtures containing either 2 or 10% methane before the plasma discharge, covering the methane concentration range measured in Titan's atmosphere. We study their solubility and associated morphology, their infrared spectroscopy signature and the mass distribution of the soluble fraction by mass spectrometry. An important result is to highlight that the previous Titan's tholin solubility studies are inappropriate to fully characterize such a heterogeneous organic matter and we develop a new protocol to evaluate quantitatively tholins solubility. We find that tholins contain up to 35% in mass of molecules soluble in methanol, attached to a hardly insoluble fraction. Methanol is then chosen as a discriminating solvent to characterize the differences between soluble and insoluble species constituting the bulk tholins. No significant morphological change of shape or surface feature is derived from scanning electron microscopy after the extraction of the soluble fraction. This observation suggests a solid structure despite an important porosity of the grains. Infrared spectroscopy is recorded for both fractions. The IR spectra of the bulk, soluble, and insoluble tholins fractions are found to be very similar and reveal identical chemical signatures of nitrogen bearing functions and aliphatic groups. This result confirms that the chemical information collected when analyzing only the soluble fraction provides a valuable insight representative of the bulk material. The soluble fraction is ionized with an atmospheric pressure photoionization source and analyzed by a hybrid mass spectrometer. The congested mass spectra with one peak at every mass unit between 50 and 800 u confirm that the soluble fraction contains a complex mixture of organic molecules. The broad distribution, however, exhibits a regular pattern of mass clusters. Tandem collision induced dissociation analysis is performed in the negative ion mode to retrieve structural information. It reveals that (i) the molecules are ended by methyl, amine and cyanide groups, (ii) a 27 u neutral moiety (most probably HCN) is often released in the fragmentation of tholin anions, and (iii) an ubiquitous ionic fragment at m/z 66 is found in all tandem spectra. A tentative structure is proposed for this negative ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carrasco
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UPMC Univ Paris 06 CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 91371 Verrieres le Buisson Cedex, France. France
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Freissinet C, Buch A, Sternberg R, Szopa C, Geffroy-Rodier C, Jelinek C, Stambouli M. Search for evidence of life in space: Analysis of enantiomeric organic molecules by N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal derivative dependant Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:731-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ramírez SI, Coll P, Buch A, Brassé C, Poch O, Raulin F. The fate of aerosols on the surface of Titan. Faraday Discuss 2010; 147:419-27; discussion 527-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c003925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Touati M, Benna‐Zayani M, Kbir‐Ariguib N, Trabelsi‐Ayadi M, Buch A, Grossiord JL, Pareau D, Stambouli M. Extraction of Cadmium from Phosphoric Acid Media by Di(2‐ethylhexyl) Dithiophosphoric Acid. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290802182840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gamino Arroyo Z, Stambouli M, Pareau D, Buch A, Durand G, Avila Rodriguez M. Thiosubstituted Organophosphorus Acids as Selective Extractants for Ag(I) from Acidic Thiourea Solutions. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290801904855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Braunstein G, Sundwall D, Katz M, Shifren J, Buster J, Simon J, Bachman G, Aguirre O, Lucas J, Rodenberg C, Buch A, Watts N. Safety and Efficacy of a Testosterone Patch for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Surgically Menopausal Women: a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Urol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G.D. Braunstein
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - D.A. Sundwall
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - M. Katz
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - J.L. Shifren
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - J.E. Buster
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - J.A. Simon
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - G. Bachman
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - O.A. Aguirre
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - J.D. Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - C. Rodenberg
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - A. Buch
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - N.B. Watts
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Pietrogrande MC, Zampolli MG, Dondi F, Szopa C, Sternberg R, Buch A, Raulin F. In situ analysis of the Martian soil by gas chromatography: Decoding of complex chromatograms of organic molecules of exobiological interest. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1071:255-61. [PMID: 15865201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) will be used in future space exploration missions, in order to seek organic molecules at the surface of Mars, and especially potential chemical indicators of life. Carboxylic acids are among the most expected organic species at the surface of Mars, and they could be numerous in the analysed samples. For this reason, a chemometric method was applied to support the interpretation of chromatograms of carboxylic acid mixtures. The method is based on AutoCovariance Function (ACVF) in order to extract information on the sample--number and chemical structure of the components--and on separation performance. The procedure was applied to standard samples containing targeted compounds which are among the most expected to be present in the Martian soil: n-alkanoic and benzene dicarboxylic acids. ACVF was computed on the obtained chromatograms and plotted versus retention time: peaks of the ACVF plot can be related to specific molecular structures and are diagnostic for chemical identification of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Buch A. Comparative pharmacokinetics of equimolar doses of 5-aminosalicylate administered as oral mesalamine (Asacol) and balsalazide: a randomized, single-dose, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19:1089-98. [PMID: 15142198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing pharmacokinetic data are insufficient to determine whether a delayed-release formulation of mesalamine (Asacol) results in greater systemic exposure to 5-aminosalicylic acid and its major metabolite N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid than a prodrug (balsalazide). AIM To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid from equimolar doses of 5-aminosalicylic acid administered as Asacol and balsalazide. METHODS Nineteen healthy volunteers completed an open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover study comparing the pharmacokinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid from equimolar doses of 5-aminosalicylic acid (800 mg) administered as Asacol (800 mg) and balsalazide (2250 mg). Plasma and urine samples were analysed for 5-aminosalicylic acid, N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid, and balsalazide (urine only) using high-performance liquid chromatography methods with mass spectrometric detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters assessed for 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid included: percentage of dose excreted in urine (A(e)%), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCt(last)); and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)). RESULTS The geometric mean total (5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid) urinary excretion values (A(e)%) of Asacol and balsalazide were 19.26 and 19.31% (P = 0.98). The geometric mean A(e)% values of 5-aminosalicylic acid for Asacol and balsalazide were 0.39 and 0.37% (P = 0.78); the geometric mean A(e)% values of N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid for Asacol and balsalazide were 18.78 and 18.83% (P = 0.98). The geometric mean 5-aminosalicylic acid AUC(t(last)) values for Asacol and balsalazide were 3295 and 3449 ng h/mL (P = 0.85); the geometric mean N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid AUC(t(last)) values for Asacol and balsalazide were 15 364 and 16 050 ng h/mL (P = 0.69). The geometric mean 5-5-aminosalicylic acid C(max) values for Asacol and balsalazide were 319 and 348 ng/mL (P = 0.80); the geometric mean N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid C(max) values for Asacol and balsalazide 927 and 1009 ng/mL (P = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS The systemic absorption of 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid from Asacol and balsalazide are comparable based upon plasma pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary excretion values.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Sandborn
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Buch A, Sternberg R, Meunier D, Rodier C, Laurent C, Raulin F, Vidal-Madjar C. Solvent extraction of organic molecules of exobiological interest for in situ analysis of the Martian soil. J Chromatogr A 2003; 999:165-74. [PMID: 12885061 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solid-liquid extraction method able to perform in situ extraction of organic compounds on Mars is proposed. The extraction efficiency of various organic solvents was tested and compared to that of water. The selected key compounds are molecules of exobiological interest: glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid. Among the organic solvents, propanol gives the highest yield of extraction for all the targeted compounds except for benzoic acid. A mixture of propanol and ethyl acetate increases significantly the extraction yield of benzoic acid. The extraction time was considerably reduced (140 h to 15 min) by using sonication. The method is discussed for an easy automation with coupling to an in situ GC-MS space instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buch
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583 CNRS, Université Paris 7 and Paris 12, C.M.C., 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France.
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Buch A, Stambouli M, Pareau D, Durand G. SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF NICKEL(II) BY MIXTURE OF 2-ETHYLHEXANAL OXIME ANDBIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHOSPHORIC ACID. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-100108824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Buch A, Pareau D, Stambouli M, Durand G. SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF NICKEL(II) BY 2-ETHYLHEXANAL OXIME FROM VARIOUS AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-100102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Buch A, Shen L, Kelly S, Sahota R, Brezovic C, Bixler C, Powell J. Steady-state bioavailability of estradiol from two matrix transdermal delivery systems, Alora and Climara. Menopause 1998; 5:107-12. [PMID: 9689205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relative bioavailability of estradiol from two matrix transdermal delivery systems, Alora (0.05 mg/day when applied for 3-4 days) and Climara (0.05 mg/day when applied for 7 days), was evaluated in this two-period, randomized crossover study. DESIGN A total of 27 healthy, postmenopausal women completed this study. Each subject received four successive doses of Alora every 84 h (3.5 days) and two doses of Climara every 168 h (7 days) in a randomized sequence without a washout period. Serial serum samples were collected over a 7-day period during the second week of each treatment. Samples were analyzed for estradiol and estrone using a validated radioimmunoassay method. Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using baseline-corrected parameters. RESULTS Fluctuations in serum estradiol levels were 44% higher for Climara, as indicated by the ratio of Cmax/Cmin. Because the Cmin values for the two regimens were similar, the differences in fluctuation reflected the difference in their Cmax values (49.8 pg/ml for Alora, 67.7 pg/ml for Climara.) The estradiol AUC for Climara was 124% (95% CI 115.6-133.7) of the value for Alora. CONCLUSIONS Serum estradiol concentrations were maintained at a more constant level during twice-weekly application of Alora than during once-weekly application of Climara. Both regimens were generally well tolerated and no serious skin or other adverse effects were reported by the subjects. However, Alora exhibited better skin tolerability as indicated by a lower incidence of moderate skin erythema. In addition, there was less adhesive transfer to skin at the application site with Alora.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buch
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
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Abstract
The absorption of benazepril-HCl (BZPH), an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, in various regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was investigated using an intestinal intubation technique. Thirteen subjects completed this single-dose, three-phase sequential crossover study. The drug (20 mg) was administered either as a 4-hr colonic infusion (COLON) or as a small intestinal infusion (SI) in the first two phases and as an oral bolus solution (ORAL) in the third phase, with a 2-week washout between each treatment. Serial plasma and urine samples were collected for up to 4 days after dosing. BZPH and its active metabolite benazeprilat (BZPL) were determined using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. BZPH was absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream (Tmax = 0.5 hr after ORAL). Absorption was also rapid for SI, with a postinfusion half-life (0.57 hr) nearly identical to that for ORAL (0.59 hr). The absorption rate after COLON was much slower (lower Cmax and longer Tmax) compared to that after SI, and the apparent half-life (1.7 hr) was prolonged. SI delivered 90%, whereas COLON delivered 23%, of the drug into the systematic circulation as compared to ORAL. BZPL was rapidly formed upon drug absorption. The metabolite-to-drug AUC ratios were comparable for SI and ORAL (8.9 vs 9.7), indicating that first-pass metabolism of BZPH was neither saturable nor input rate dependent. The metabolite-to-drug AUC ratio was reduced for COLON (5.0), indicating that the mechanism of absorption of BZPH in the colon may be different than that after SI and ORAL. Urinary recovery data were consistent with plasma data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Chan
- Development Department, CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Ardsley, New York 10502
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47
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Abstract
A family with central nervous system tumors in five individuals in two generations is reported. Of five sisters, two had an isolated meningioma and one an ependymoma. Amongst the four children of those affected there was a son with two cerebral meningiomas and a daughter with a spinal meningioma. Signs typical of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) or bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis (NF2) were not present. The pattern is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance with relatively high penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sieb
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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48
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Abstract
Thioredoxins have been purified from pig heart and potato tuber mitochondria which differ in chromatographic behaviour, enzyme activating capacity, and slightly higher molecular mass (Mr = 12,500) from the major thioredoxin(s) present in mitochondria-free fractions of the same tissue. Both mt-thioredoxins can serve as hydrogen donor for E. coli ribonucleotide reductase but only the plant protein activates spinach chloroplast NADP malate dehydrogenase in vitro. Mitochondrial target enzymes specifically activated by thioredoxin have not as yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bodenstein-Lang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Arbeitsgruppe Biochemie der Phillipps-Universität,Marburg, FRG
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49
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Abstract
In order to evaluate kidney tolerance of fleroxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, we performed a volunteer study with 16 healthy males, 20-27 years old. On three consecutive days 800 mg of fleroxacin was administered orally. Alanine-aminopeptidase and distal- and pan-tubular antigens were determined in 24 h urine collections with specific monoclonal antibodies. Routine haematological and biochemical parameters were determined daily and were in the normal range during the follow-up. No significant changes in excretion of alanine-aminopeptidase and of the urinary antigens were observed during the three days of fleroxacin administration and on the following three days. The results obtained in this volunteer study indicate that fleroxacin has no nephrotoxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Mondorf
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Klinikum der J. W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany
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50
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