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Wiens KE, Mawien PN, Rumunu J, Slater D, Jones FK, Moheed S, Caflisch A, Bior BK, Jacob IA, Lako RL, Guyo AG, Olu OO, Maleghemi S, Baguma A, Hassen JJ, Baya SK, Deng L, Lessler J, Demby MN, Sanchez V, Mills R, Fraser C, Charles RC, Harris JB, Azman AS, Wamala JF. Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 IgG in Juba, South Sudan, 2020 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1598-1606. [PMID: 34013872 PMCID: PMC8153877 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.210568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively few coronavirus disease cases and deaths have been reported from sub-Saharan Africa, although the extent of its spread remains unclear. During August 10-September 11, 2020, we recruited 2,214 participants for a representative household-based cross-sectional serosurvey in Juba, South Sudan. We found 22.3% of participants had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain IgG titers above prepandemic levels. After accounting for waning antibody levels, age, and sex, we estimated that 38.3% (95% credible interval 31.8%-46.5%) of the population had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. At this rate, for each PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection reported by the Ministry of Health, 103 (95% credible interval 86-126) infections would have been unreported, meaning SARS-CoV-2 has likely spread extensively within Juba. We also found differences in background reactivity in Juba compared with Boston, Massachusetts, USA, where the immunoassay was validated. Our findings underscore the need to validate serologic tests in sub-Saharan Africa populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E. Wiens
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Pinyi Nyimol Mawien
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - John Rumunu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Damien Slater
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Forrest K. Jones
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Serina Moheed
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Andrea Caflisch
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Bior K. Bior
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Iboyi Amanya Jacob
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Richard Lino Lako
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Argata Guracha Guyo
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Olushayo Oluseun Olu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Sylvester Maleghemi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Andrew Baguma
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Juma John Hassen
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Sheila K. Baya
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Lul Deng
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Justin Lessler
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Maya N. Demby
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Vanessa Sanchez
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Rachel Mills
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
| | - Clare Fraser
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.E. Wiens, F.K. Jones, J. Lessler, M.N. Demby, A.S. Azman)
- Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan (P.N. Mawien, J. Rumunu, B.K. Bior, I.A. Jacob, R.L. Lako, L. Deng)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (D. Slater, S. Moheed, V. Sanchez, R. Mills, C. Fraser, R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- International Organization for Migration, Juba (A. Caflisch)
- World Health Organization, Juba (A.G. Guyo, O.O. Olu, S. Maleghemi, A. Baguma, J.J. Hassen, S.K. Baya, J.F. Wamala)
- Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Uganda (A. Baguma)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles, J.B. Harris)
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland (A.S. Azman)
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva (A.S. Azman)
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