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Ngwe Tun MM, Kyaw AK, Nwe KM, Myaing SS, Win YT, Inoue S, Takamatsu Y, Urano T, Thu HM, Hmone SW, Thant KZ, Morita K. Burden of Chikungunya Virus Infection during an Outbreak in Myanmar. Viruses 2023; 15:1734. [PMID: 37632076 PMCID: PMC10459206 DOI: 10.3390/v15081734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is a re-emerging arboviral disease with no approved vaccine, although numerous options are in development. Before vaccine implementation, disease burden, affected age group, and hospitalization rate information should be documented. In 2019, a sizeable outbreak of the East Central South African genotype of CHIKV occurred in Myanmar, and during this period, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two regions, Mandalay and Yangon, to examine the molecular and seropositivity rate of the CHIKV infection. The participants (1124) included dengue-suspected pediatric patients, blood donors, and healthy volunteers, who were assessed using molecular assays (quantitative real-time RT-PCR), serological tests (anti-CHIKV IgM capture and IgG indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays), and neutralization tests. The tests confirmed the following positivity rates: 11.3% (127/1124) for the molecular assay, 12.4% (139/1124) for the anti-CHIKV IgM Ab, 44.5% (500/1124) for the anti-CHIKV IgG Ab, and 46.3% (520/1124) for the CHIKV neutralizing Ab. The highest rate for the molecular test occurred with the dengue-suspected pediatric patients. The seroprevalence rate through natural infection was higher in the healthy volunteers and blood donors than that in the pediatric patients. The results of this study will help stakeholders determine the criteria for choosing appropriate recipients when a CHIKV vaccine is introduced in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (Y.T.)
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo 690-8504, Japan;
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar; (A.K.K.); (S.S.M.); (H.M.T.)
| | - Khine Mya Nwe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (Y.T.)
| | - Su Su Myaing
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar; (A.K.K.); (S.S.M.); (H.M.T.)
| | - Ye Thu Win
- 550-Bedded Children Hospital (Mandalay), Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Mandalay City 05021, Myanmar;
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (Y.T.)
| | - Takeshi Urano
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo 690-8504, Japan;
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar; (A.K.K.); (S.S.M.); (H.M.T.)
| | - Saw Wutt Hmone
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine-1, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11131, Myanmar;
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Myanmar Academy of Medical Science, Yangon 11201, Myanmar;
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (Y.T.)
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Ngwe Tun MM, Kyaw AK, Nabeshima T, Dumre SP, Soe AM, Nwe KM, Myaing SS, Lwin EP, Win YT, Inoue S, Takamatsu Y, Urano T, Thu HM, Thant KZ, Htun ZT, Morita K. Coinfection and circulation of chikungunya virus and dengue virus in pediatric patients in Myanmar, 2019. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105129. [PMID: 37030472 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Myanmar is an endemic country for arboviruses, and outbreaks occur frequently. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted during the peak season of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak in 2019. A total of 201 patients with acute febrile illness who were admitted to the 550-bedded Mandalay Children Hospital in Myanmar were enrolled in the study, and virus isolation, serological tests, and molecular tests for the dengue virus (DENV) and CHIKV were performed for all samples. Out of 201 patients, 71 (35.3%) were only DENV-infected, 30 (14.9%) were only CHIKV-infected and 59 (29.4%) were coinfected with DENV and CHIKV. The viremia levels of the DENV- and CHIKV- mono-infected groups were significantly higher than those of the group coinfected with DENV and CHIKV. Genotype I of DENV-1, genotypes I and III of DENV-3, genotype I of DENV-4 and the East/Central/South African genotype of CHIKV were co-circulating during the study period. Two novel epistatic mutations of CHIKV (E1:K211E and E2:V264A) were noted. This study highlighted that there were many coinfection cases during the outbreak and that the co-circulation of both viruses in DENV-endemic regions warrants effective monitoring of these emerging pathogens via comprehensive surveillance to facilitate the implementation of effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Aung Min Soe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Khine Mya Nwe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Su Su Myaing
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
| | - Ei Phyu Lwin
- 550-bedded Children Hospital (Mandalay), Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
| | - Ye Thu Win
- 550-bedded Children Hospital (Mandalay), Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urano
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | | | | | - Zaw Than Htun
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Luvai EAC, Kyaw AK, Sabin NS, Yu F, Hmone SW, Thant KZ, Inoue S, Morita K, Ngwe Tun MM. Evidence of Chikungunya virus seroprevalence in Myanmar among dengue-suspected patients and healthy volunteers in 2013, 2015, and 2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009961. [PMID: 34851949 PMCID: PMC8635363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus known to cause acute febrile illness associated with debilitating polyarthritis. In 2019, several institutions in Myanmar reported a CHIKV outbreak. There are no official reports of CHIKV cases between 2011 and 2018. Therefore, this study sought to determine the seroprevalence of CHIKV infection before the 2019 outbreak. METHODS A total of 1,544 serum samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients with febrile illnesses in Yangon, Mandalay, and the Myeik district in 2013, 2015, and 2018. Participants ranged from one month to 65 years of age. Antibody screening was performed with in-house anti-CHIKV IgG and IgM ELISA. A neutralization assay was used as a confirmatory test. RESULTS The seroprevalence of anti-CHIKV IgM and anti-CHIKV IgG was 8.9% and 28.6%, respectively, with an overall seropositivity rate of 34.5%. A focus reduction neutralization assay confirmed 32.5% seroprevalence of CHIKV in the study population. Age, health status, and region were significantly associated with neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and CHIKV seropositivity (p < 0.05), while gender was not (p = 0.9). Seroprevalence in 2013, 2015, and 2018 was 32.1%, 28.8%, and 37.3%, respectively. Of the clinical symptoms observed in participants with fevers, arthralgia was mainly noted in CHIKV-seropositive patients. CONCLUSION The findings in this study reveal the circulation of CHIKV in Myanmar's Mandalay, Yangon, and Myeik regions before the 2019 CHIKV outbreak. As no treatment or vaccine for CHIKV exists, the virus must be monitored through systematic surveillance in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ajema Chebichi Luvai
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nundu Sabiti Sabin
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fuxun Yu
- Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Saw Wut Hmone
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine-1, Lanmadaw township, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ngwe Tun MM, Pandey K, Nabeshima T, Kyaw AK, Adhikari M, Raini SK, Inoue S, Dumre SP, Pandey BD, Morita K. An Outbreak of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype in Nepal, 2017. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081444. [PMID: 34452310 PMCID: PMC8402744 DOI: 10.3390/v13081444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases, with half of the world's population at risk of infection. In Nepal, DENV was first reported in 2004, and its prevalence is increasing every year. The present study aimed to obtain and characterize the full-length genome sequence of DENV from the 2017 outbreak. Hospital-based surveillance was conducted in two provinces of Nepal during the outbreak. Acute-phase serum samples were collected from 141 clinically suspected dengue patients after the rainy season. By serological and molecular techniques, 37 (26.9%) and 49 (34.8%), respectively, were confirmed as dengue patients. The cosmopolitan genotype of DENV-2 was isolated from 27 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients. Genomic analysis showed many amino acid substitutions distributed mainly among the E, NS3, and NS5 genes. Phylogenetic analyses of the whole genome sequence revealed two clades (Asian and Indian) among DENV-2 isolates from Nepal. The DENV isolates from hilly and Terai areas were similar to Asian and Indian strains, respectively. Further genomic study on different DENV serotypes is warranted to understand DENV epidemics in Nepal, where there are limited scientific resources and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal;
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Mandira Adhikari
- Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal;
| | - Sandra Kendra Raini
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Shyam Prakash Dumre
- Central Department of Microbiology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal;
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal
- Correspondence: (B.D.P.); (K.M.); Tel.: +977-9851065451 (B.D.P.); +81-95-819-7827 (K.M.)
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.P.); (K.M.); Tel.: +977-9851065451 (B.D.P.); +81-95-819-7827 (K.M.)
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Ngwe Tun MM, Kyaw AK, Nabeshima T, Soe AM, Nwe KM, Htet KKK, Aung TH, Htwe TT, Aung T, Myaing SS, Mar TT, Lwin EP, Thu HM, Thant KZ, Morita K. Detection of genotype-1 of dengue virus serotype 3 for the first time and complete genome analysis of dengue viruses during the 2018 epidemic in Mandalay, Upper Myanmar. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251314. [PMID: 34086703 PMCID: PMC8177515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue (DEN) is a neglected tropical disease, and surveillance of dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and genotypes is critical for the early detection of outbreaks. Risk factors for outbreaks include the emergence of new genotypes and serotype shifting. Methodology and principal findings To understand the genomic and viral characteristics of DENV-infected patients, we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study among pediatric patients admitted at the 550-bedded Mandalay Children Hospital during the 2018 DEN endemic season. We conducted virus isolation, serological tests, viremia level measurement, and whole-genome sequencing. Among the 202 serum samples, we detected 85 samples with DENV (46 DENV-1, 10 DENV-3, 26 DENV-4 and three multiple serotype co-infections) via reverse transcription quantitative/real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and we obtained 49 DENV isolates (31 DENV-1, 10 DENV-3 and 8 DEN-4). We did not detect DENV-2 in this study. The viral genome levels in serum did not differ significantly among virus serotypes, infection status (primary versus secondary) and disease severity. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we identified DENV-1 genotype-1, DENV-4 genotype-1 and DENV-3 genotype-3 and genotype-1 which was detected for the first time. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed greater frequencies of nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations per gene in the nonstructural genes. Moreover, mutation rates were also higher among DENV-1. Conclusion/Significance In conclusion, there was an increasing trend of DENV-3 cases during DENV endemic season in 2018 with the first detection of the genotype 1. However, DENV-1 has remained the predominant serotype in this study area since 2013, and we identified stop codon mutations in the DENV-1 genome. This report is the first to feature a complete genome analysis of the strains of DENV-3 and DENV-4 circulating among pediatric patients in Myanmar. This study highlighted the importance of annual surveillance for a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of DENVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (MMNT); (KM)
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Aung Min Soe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khine Mya Nwe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyaw Ko Ko Htet
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thet Htoo Aung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thein Thein Htwe
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thidar Aung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Su Su Myaing
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tu Tu Mar
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Ei Phyu Lwin
- Department of Medical Services, 550 Bedded Children Hospital (Mandalay), Ministry of Health and Sports, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (MMNT); (KM)
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Ngwe Tun MM, Kyaw AK, Nwe KM, Inoue S, Thant KZ, Morita K. Effectiveness of the SA 14-14-2 Live-Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Myanmar. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060568. [PMID: 34072933 PMCID: PMC8227667 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myanmar is an endemic country for the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and the SA-14-14-2 live-attenuated JEV vaccine was first introduced as a catch-up vaccination campaign in 2017. To determine the effectiveness of vaccination by means of neutralizing antibody titers against JEV, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among five to 15-year-old monastic school children in Mandalay, Myanmar. A total of 198 students who had received vaccines were recruited, and single-time investigation of anti-JEV IgG and neutralizing antibodies against wild-type JEV were determined using anti-JEV IgG ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT50). All students 100% (198/198) showed positive results on the anti-JEV IgG ELISA, and 87% (172/198) of the students had neutralizing antibodies against JEV six months after immunization. The geometric mean titers of both IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies increased with the participants’ age groups, and statistically significant differences in anti-JEV IgG titers were noted across age groups. In this study, we could not investigate the persistence of neutralizing antibodies as only single-time blood collection was done. This study, which is the first report of JEV vaccination among children in Myanmar, showed similar neutralizing antibody production rates among vaccinated individuals as did studies in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Leading Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (S.I.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7829
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin 05082, Myanmar;
| | - Khine Mya Nwe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Leading Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (S.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Leading Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (S.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Myanmar Academy of Medical Sciences, Yangon 11181, Myanmar;
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Leading Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (K.M.N.); (S.I.); (K.M.)
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Kyaw AK, Ngwe Tun MM, Naing ST, Htwe TT, Mar TT, Khaing TM, Aung T, Aye KS, Thant KZ, Morita K. Inapparent dengue virus infection among students in Mandalay, Myanmar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:57-61. [PMID: 31638146 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A school- and laboratory-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to find out the burden of inapparent dengue virus (DENV) infection in Mandalay where DENV is endemic and there is circulation of all four DENV serotypes. METHODS A total of 420 students who had no history of fever and visited the hospital within 6 months were recruited from three monastic schools. Serum samples were collected and the DENV genome was checked by conventional one-step RT-PCR and anti-DENV IgM and IgG antibodies were determined. Inapparent dengue (DEN) infection is defined as individuals who were either RT-PCR-positive or anti-DENV IgM-positive with no clinical manifestations or mild symptoms, and which are not linked to a visit to a healthcare provider. RESULTS Among 420 students, 38 students (9.0%, 95% CI, 6.4 to 12.2) were confirmed as recent inapparent DEN infection. The DENV serotype-1 was detected in six students. Thirty-one out of 38 (81.6%) laboratory-confirmed inapparent DEN-infected students had primary infections and seven (18.4%) had secondary infections. CONCLUSION This study explored the prevalence of inapparent DEN infection rate in urban monastic schools in Mandalay and showed that the rate of primary infection among inapparent DENV-infected children was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki, Japan, PO 852-8523
| | - Shine Thura Naing
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Thein Thein Htwe
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Tu Tu Mar
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Tin Moe Khaing
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Thidar Aung
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Khin Saw Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Ward No (16), Near Anisakhan Airport, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, PO-05062
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Nyunt MH, Soe HO, Aye KT, Aung WW, Kyaw YY, Kyaw AK, Myat TW, Latt AZ, Win MM, Win AA, Htun YM, Zaw KM, Ei PW, Hein KT, San LL, Oo NAT, Lin H, Mon NCN, Yee KT, Htun KL, Aye LPP, Ko YK, Htoo THH, Aung KM, Azili H, Han SS, Zaw NN, Win SM, Thwe WM, Aye TT, Hlaing MS, Minn WY, Thu PP, Thu HM, Htun ZT. Surge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections linked to single introduction of a virus strain in Myanmar, 2020. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10203. [PMID: 33986354 PMCID: PMC8119731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major health concern globally. Genomic epidemiology is an important tool to assess the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several mutations have been reported by genome analysis of the SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated the mutational and phylogenetic analysis of 30 whole-genome sequences for the virus's genomic characteristics in the specimens collected in the early phase of the pandemic (March-June, 2020) and the sudden surge of local transmission (August-September, 2020). The four samples in the early phase of infection were B.6 lineage and located within a clade of the samples collected at the same time in Singapore and Malaysia, while five returnees by rescue flights showed the lineage B. 1.36.1 (three from India), B.1.1 (one from India) and B.1.80 (one from China). However, there was no evidence of local spread from these returnees. Further, all 19 whole-genome sequences collected in the sudden surge of local transmission showed lineage B.1.36. The surge of the second wave on SARS-CoV-2 infection was linked to the single-introduction of a variant (B.1.36) that may result from the strict restriction of international travel and containment efforts. These genomic data provides the useful information to disease control and prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
| | - Hnin Ohnmar Soe
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Kay Thi Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Wah Wah Aung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Yi Yi Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Theingi Win Myat
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aung Zaw Latt
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Min Min Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aye Aye Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Yin Min Htun
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Khaing Mar Zaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Phyu Win Ei
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Thu Hein
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Lai Lai San
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Nan Aye Thida Oo
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Htin Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Nan Cho Nwe Mon
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Khin Than Yee
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Khin Lapyae Htun
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Lynn Pa Pa Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Yamin Ko Ko
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Thitsar Htet Htet Htoo
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Kham Mo Aung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Hnin Azili
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Soe Soe Han
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Ni Ni Zaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Wai Myat Thwe
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Thin Thin Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Myat Su Hlaing
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine-2, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Wai Yan Minn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine-2, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Pyae Phyo Thu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine-2, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Zaw Than Htun
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
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9
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Kyaw AK, Tun MMN, Nabeshima T, Soe AM, Thida T, Aung TH, Htwe TT, Myaing SS, Mar TT, Aung T, Win KMM, Mar Myint K, Lwin EP, Thu HM, Buerano CC, Thant KZ, Morita K. Chikungunya Virus Infection in Blood Donors and Patients During Outbreak, Mandalay, Myanmar, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2741-2745. [PMID: 33079056 PMCID: PMC7588511 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.201824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, an outbreak of chikungunya virus infection occurred in Mandalay, Myanmar, and 3.2% of blood donors and 20.5% of patients who were children were confirmed as being infected. The prevalence rate was up to 6.3% among blood donors. The East Central/South African genotype was predominantly circulating during this outbreak.
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10
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Ngwe Tun MM, Muthugala R, Kyaw Kyaw A, Shimada S, Morita K, Hayasaka D. Pathogenetic Potential Relating to Metabolic Activity in a Mouse Model of Infection with the Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020169. [PMID: 32028555 PMCID: PMC7077324 DOI: 10.3390/v12020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics of the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from 2004 onwards were caused by the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. However, the pathogenesis of the genotype infection has not been fully explained. In this study, we examined the pathogenic potential of CHIKV ECSA genotype M-30 (M-30) by comparing it with that of African genotype S-27 (S-27) in mice. Following low titer infections in type-I IFN receptor KO (A129) mice, we found that the M-30 infection caused high and acute fatality compared with the S-27 infection. M-30-infected A129 mice showed higher viral loads in their central nervous systems and peripheral organs, and increased levels of IFN-γ responses in their brains. Interestingly, M-30-infected mice did not show the hypophagia and reductions in weight which were observed in S-27-infected mice. Our observations provide a novel explanation of the pathogenic mechanisms attributed to virus proliferation, anti-type-II IFN response and metabolic activity in the CHIKV ECSA virus in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Rohitha Muthugala
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.)
- Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.)
- Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.)
- Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-83-933-5887
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11
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Kyaw AK, Ngwe Tun MM, Nabeshima T, Buerano CC, Ando T, Inoue S, Hayasaka D, Lim CK, Saijo M, Thu HM, Thant KZ, Morita K. Japanese Encephalitis- and Dengue-Associated Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Cases in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:643-646. [PMID: 30628568 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to find the burden of dengue virus (DENV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among children under the age of 13, who presented with acute encephalitis syndrome at Mandalay Children Hospital in Myanmar in 2013. Molecular and serological investigations were performed on 123 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from these patients. By neutralization tests and/or virus isolation, four (3.3%) JEV- and one DENV-associated encephalitis cases (0.8%) were confirmed. Antibody titer against JEV Genotype 3 was the highest among the laboratory-confirmed JEV cases. One strain of DENV-1 with Genotype 1 was isolated from the CSF sample of the dengue encephalitis patient; this was similar to the virus circulating in the study area and neighboring countries. This study shows that flaviviruses are important pathogens causing encephalitis in Myanmar. Active disease surveillance, vector control, and vaccination programs should be enforced to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by flavivirus encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Corazon C Buerano
- Research and Biotechnology, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ando
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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12
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Kyaw AK, Ngwe Tun MM, Naing ST, Htet KKK, Htwe TT, Khaing YY, Tu Mar T, Aung T, Win KN, Tar T, Aye KS, Thant KZ, Morita K. Evaluation of commercially available three dengue rapid diagnostic test kits for diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection at the point-of-care setting in Myanmar. J Virol Methods 2019; 273:113724. [PMID: 31437465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) infection is very important and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Kits are been used as a point-of-care test to check DENV infection. A Hospital and Laboratory-based descriptive study was conducted at 550-bedded Mandalay Children Hospital in 2018. Acute-phase serum samples were collected from 202 dengue suspected patients to evaluate the efficacy of RDT Kits for the diagnosis of DENV infection. Commercially available three test kits which include: ((i) CareUs Dengue Combo, Korea, (ii) Humasis Dengue Combo, Korea and (iii) Wondfo Dengue Combo, China) were validated against WHO-based reference standard tests. 140/202 patients (69.3%) was confirmed to have DENV infection. All four serotypes of dengue viruses (57 DENV-1, 7 DENV-2, 6 DENV-3 and 10 DENV-4) were identified from 80 dengue confirmed patients and DENV-1 was the dominant serotype. Combining the NS-1 antigen and IgM antibody results from the CareUs Dengue Combo Kit gave the best sensitivity (92.1%, 95% CI 86.4%-96.0%) and specificity (75.8%, 95%CI 63.3%-85.8%). Among the three RDT Kits, the performance of CareUS Kit was better than the other two. This study explored the evidence of the usefulness of RDT Kits at the point-of-care setting for diagnosis of acute dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan.
| | - Shine Thura Naing
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Ko Ko Htet
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Thein Thein Htwe
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Yin Yin Khaing
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Tu Tu Mar
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Thidar Aung
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Khin Nilar Win
- 550-bedded Mandalay Children Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Thi Tar
- 550-bedded Mandalay Children Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Khin Saw Aye
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
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13
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Maeki T, Tajima S, Kyaw AK, Matsumoto F, Miura K, Yamashita A, Yoshikawa A, Negishi K, Noguchi Y, Tadokoro K, Abe K, Taruya J, Koh J, Ito H, Ikegaya A, Abe F, Wada M, Nishigata T, Ikeda M, Kato F, Taniguchi S, Nakayama E, Takasaki T, Morita K, Lim CK, Saijo M. Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Titers against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V Strain with Those against Genotype I and III Strains in the Sera of Japanese Encephalitis Patients in Japan in 2016. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:360-364. [PMID: 29962489 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an acute viral disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV strains are classified into 5 genotypes (I-V). JEV genotype V strains have never been detected in Japan to date, but they were recently detected in South Korea. In the present analysis, we tried to determine if a JEV genotype V strain caused any JE case in Japan in 2016. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from 10 JE patients reported in Japan in 2016. JEV RNA was not detected in any of the samples. Although JEV is a single-serotype virus, it can be expected that the neutralizing antibody titers against JEV genotype V strains are higher than those against genotype I and III strains in the serum of patients with JE in Japan whose causative JEV was the genotype V strain. The neutralizing antibody titers against the JEV genotype V strain were not higher than those against the genotype I or III strain in any serum samples. Therefore, the evidence that the JEV genotype V strain caused any JE case in Japan in 2016 was absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Kana Miura
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environment and Public Health
| | - Ayaka Yamashita
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environment and Public Health
| | - Akira Yoshikawa
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environment and Public Health
| | | | | | - Koh Tadokoro
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Koji Abe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | | | | | | | | | - Fuyuki Abe
- Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene
| | - Mieko Wada
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science
| | | | - Makiko Ikeda
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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14
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Kyaw Kyaw A, Tun MMN, Buerano CC, Nabeshima T, Sakaguchi M, Ando T, Inoue S, Mya YY, Hayasaka D, Thu HM, Thant KZ, Morita K. Isolation and genomic characterization of Culex flaviviruses from mosquitoes in Myanmar. Virus Res 2018; 247:120-124. [PMID: 29409678 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An entomological surveillance of arboviruses was conducted in Myanmar in 2014. A total of 8357 Culex mosquito vectors were collected in the Mandalay area and virus isolation was done by using the mosquito cell line C6/36 E2. A total of eighteen strains of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) were isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui and Cx. fuscocephala. Like other insect-specific flaviviruses, CxFV can replicate only in mosquito cells but not in mammalian cells. These CxFV strains that were isolated in Japan from mosquitoes collected in Myanmar were closely related to the Wang Thong virus detected from Cx fusocephalus in Thailand and Cx.theileri flavivirus (CTFV) isolated from Cx. theileri mosquitoes in Portugal and Turkey. They encode a single open reading frame with 3357 amino acid residues. They have the characteristics of flaviviruses and have 95.62% amino acid identity with CTFV. This is the first report of CxFV in Myanmar with the characterized viral genome. This study illustrated that CxFV was circulating among the vectors of human pathogenic arboviruses in Myanmar but the impact of CxFV on other flaviviruses which are endemic in the study area still remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Corazon C Buerano
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Research and Biotechnology, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Miako Sakaguchi
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ando
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yi Yi Mya
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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15
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Ngwe Tun MM, Kyaw AK, Hmone SW, Inoue S, Buerano CC, Soe AM, Moi ML, Hayasaka D, Thu HM, Hasebe F, Thant KZ, Morita K. Detection of Zika Virus Infection in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:868-871. [PMID: 29363460 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes a dengue-like infection that has recently caught global attention. The infection, which also includes some birth defects, has been documented in the Americas, Pacific Islands, and some parts of Africa and Asia. There are no published reports on local ZIKV transmission in Myanmar. In this study, a total of 462 serum samples from patients and asymptomatic persons were collected in Myanmar from 2004 to 2017. They were analyzed for ZIKV infection by immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoglobulin G indirect ELISA, neutralization test, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and conventional PCR. Our study confirmed ZIKV infection in 4.9% of patients with clinical dengue symptoms and in 8.6% of persons who were asymptomatic. This is the first report on ZIKV infection in Myanmar and it suggests the occurrence of ZIKV infection in two geographically distinct sites in this country since at least 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Virology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Saw Wut Hmone
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine-1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Corazon C Buerano
- Research and Biotechnology Division, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Aung Min Soe
- Virology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Meng Ling Moi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Virology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Futoshi Hasebe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Virology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ngwe Tun MM, Kyaw AK, Makki N, Muthugala R, Nabeshima T, Inoue S, Hayasaka D, Moi ML, Buerano CC, Thwe SM, Thant KZ, Morita K. Characterization of the 2013 dengue epidemic in Myanmar with dengue virus 1 as the dominant serotype. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2016; 43:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tun MMN, Thant KZ, Inoue S, Nabeshima T, Aoki K, Kyaw AK, Myint T, Tar T, Maung KTT, Hayasaka D, Morita K. Detection of east/central/south African genotype of chikungunya virus in Myanmar, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:1378-81. [PMID: 25062511 PMCID: PMC4111191 DOI: 10.3201/eid2008.131431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, chikungunya virus of the East Central South African genotype was isolated from 4 children in Myanmyar who had dengue-like symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis of the E1 gene revealed that the isolates were closely related to isolates from China, Thailand, and Malaysia that harbor the A226V mutation in this gene.
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18
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Thein TT, Myint T, Lwin S, Oo WM, Kyaw AK, Myint MK, Thant KZ. Promoting antenatal care services for early detection of pre-eclampsia. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 2012; 1:290-298. [PMID: 28615555 DOI: 10.4103/2224-3151.207025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A prospective, quasi-experimental study was carried out in 2009 at urban health centres (UHCs) of five townships of Mandalay, Myanmar, to improve the skill of midwives (MWs) in diagnosis and referral of pre-eclampsia (PE) from UHC to the Central Women's Hospital (CWH) and to enhance the supervision of midwives by lady health visitors (LHVs). The intervention was training on quality antenatal care focusing on PE using an updated training manual. Altogether, 75 health care providers (MWs & LHVs) participated. In this study, data were extracted from patient registers and monthly reports of UHCs and CWH. Interviewers were trained regarding the conduct of semi-structured questionnaires to elicit knowledge and to use checklists in observation of skills in screening of PE, measuring blood pressure and urine protein (dipstick test). A guide for LHVs was also used to obtain data, and data was collected six months prior to and after the intervention. Significant improvements from baseline to endline survey occurred in the knowledge (p<0.001) and skill levels (p<0.001) including skills for screening, measuring blood pressure and urine protein. At CWH, there was an increase in referred cases of PE after the intervention, from 1.25% to 2.56% (p<0.001). In conclusion, this study highlights the early detection of pre-eclampsia by widespread use of quality antenatal care, education and training of health-care providers to improve their performance and increase human resources for health care, in order to enable women in our society to have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Tin Thein
- Department of Medical Research (Upper ), Pyin Oo Lyin, Myanmar
| | - Theingi Myint
- Maternal & Child Health Section, Department of Health, Myanmar
| | - Saw Lwin
- University of Medicine, Mandalay, Department of Medical Science, Myanmar
| | - Win Myint Oo
- University of Medicine, Mandalay, Department of Medical Science, Myanmar
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research (Upper ), Pyin Oo Lyin, Myanmar
| | - Moe Kyaw Myint
- Department of Medical Research (Upper ), Pyin Oo Lyin, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Zin Thant
- Department of Medical Research (Upper ), Pyin Oo Lyin, Myanmar
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