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St Pourcain B, Robinson EB, Anttila V, Sullivan BB, Maller J, Golding J, Skuse D, Ring S, Evans DM, Zammit S, Fisher SE, Neale BM, Anney RJL, Ripke S, Hollegaard MV, Werge T, Ronald A, Grove J, Hougaard DM, Børglum AD, Mortensen PB, Daly MJ, Davey Smith G. ASD and schizophrenia show distinct developmental profiles in common genetic overlap with population-based social communication difficulties. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:263-270. [PMID: 28044064 PMCID: PMC5382976 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties in social communication are part of the phenotypic overlap between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. Both conditions follow, however, distinct developmental patterns. Symptoms of ASD typically occur during early childhood, whereas most symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia do not appear before early adulthood. We investigated whether overlap in common genetic influences between these clinical conditions and impairments in social communication depends on the developmental stage of the assessed trait. Social communication difficulties were measured in typically-developing youth (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, N⩽5553, longitudinal assessments at 8, 11, 14 and 17 years) using the Social Communication Disorder Checklist. Data on clinical ASD (PGC-ASD: 5305 cases, 5305 pseudo-controls; iPSYCH-ASD: 7783 cases, 11 359 controls) and schizophrenia (PGC-SCZ2: 34 241 cases, 45 604 controls, 1235 trios) were either obtained through the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) or the Danish iPSYCH project. Overlap in genetic influences between ASD and social communication difficulties during development decreased with age, both in the PGC-ASD and the iPSYCH-ASD sample. Genetic overlap between schizophrenia and social communication difficulties, by contrast, persisted across age, as observed within two independent PGC-SCZ2 subsamples, and showed an increase in magnitude for traits assessed during later adolescence. ASD- and schizophrenia-related polygenic effects were unrelated to each other and changes in trait-disorder links reflect the heterogeneity of genetic factors influencing social communication difficulties during childhood versus later adolescence. Thus, both clinical ASD and schizophrenia share some genetic influences with impairments in social communication, but reveal distinct developmental profiles in their genetic links, consistent with the onset of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E B Robinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Anttila
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B B Sullivan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Maller
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Skuse
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Zammit
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R J L Anney
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M V Hollegaard
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - iPSYCH-SSI-Broad Autism Group
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Ronald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - J Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - D M Hougaard
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Eicher JD, Powers NR, Miller LL, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Libiger O, Schork NJ, Darst BF, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst T, Frazier J, Kaufmann WE, Keating B, Kenet T, Kennedy D, Mostofsky S, Murray SS, Sowell ER, Bartsch H, Kuperman JM, Brown TT, Hagler DJ, Dale AM, Jernigan TL, St Pourcain B, Davey Smith G, Ring SM, Gruen JR. Genome-wide association study of shared components of reading disability and language impairment. Genes Brain Behav 2013; 12:792-801. [PMID: 24024963 PMCID: PMC3904347 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Written and verbal languages are neurobehavioral traits vital to the development of communication skills. Unfortunately, disorders involving these traits-specifically reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI)-are common and prevent affected individuals from developing adequate communication skills, leaving them at risk for adverse academic, socioeconomic and psychiatric outcomes. Both RD and LI are complex traits that frequently co-occur, leading us to hypothesize that these disorders share genetic etiologies. To test this, we performed a genome-wide association study on individuals affected with both RD and LI in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The strongest associations were seen with markers in ZNF385D (OR = 1.81, P = 5.45 × 10(-7) ) and COL4A2 (OR = 1.71, P = 7.59 × 10(-7) ). Markers within NDST4 showed the strongest associations with LI individually (OR = 1.827, P = 1.40 × 10(-7) ). We replicated association of ZNF385D using receptive vocabulary measures in the Pediatric Imaging Neurocognitive Genetics study (P = 0.00245). We then used diffusion tensor imaging fiber tract volume data on 16 fiber tracts to examine the implications of replicated markers. ZNF385D was a predictor of overall fiber tract volumes in both hemispheres, as well as global brain volume. Here, we present evidence for ZNF385D as a candidate gene for RD and LI. The implication of transcription factor ZNF385D in RD and LI underscores the importance of transcriptional regulation in the development of higher order neurocognitive traits. Further study is necessary to discern target genes of ZNF385D and how it functions within neural development of fluent language.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Eicher
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - N R Powers
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - L L Miller
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - N Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - C S Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O Libiger
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N J Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B F Darst
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - L Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical CenterHonolulu, HI, USA
| | - T Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical CenterHonolulu, HI, USA
| | - J Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - W E Kaufmann
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - B Keating
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical CenterHonolulu, HI, USA
| | - T Kenet
- Department of Neurology and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - D Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | | | - S S Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Children's HospitalLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Bartsch
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J M Kuperman
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T T Brown
- Center for Human Development, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D J Hagler
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A M Dale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of BristolBristol, UK
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - G Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - S M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - J R Gruen
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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