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Ivanov G, Klement E, Gelman B, Elnekave E, Karniely S. Foot and mouth disease viruses are recurrently introduced to Israel and spread by extensively reared sheep and cattle: Insights from a whole-genome sequence analysis. Virology 2024; 590:109950. [PMID: 38104361 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite routine vaccination, Israel experiences recurrent outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD). We analyzed VP1 coding sequences of viruses isolated during FMD outbreaks from 2001 to 2011 in Israel and neighboring nations. The Israeli strains were aligned with strains from neighboring countries in corresponding years, implying repeated FMD virus incursions. In 2007 a large FMD epidemic, caused by a serotype O virus, occurred in Israel. Bayesian analysis of whole-genome sequences of viruses isolated during this epidemic revealed predominant transmission among extensively farmed beef-cattle and small ruminants. Small ruminants were key in spreading to beef-cattle, which then transmitted the virus to feedlot-cattle. Wild gazelles had a minor role in transmission. The results may suggest probable transmission of FMD virus from the Palestinian Authority to Israel. Targeting extensive farms via enhanced surveillance and vaccination could improve FMDV control. Given cross-border transmission, a collaborative FMD mitigation strategy across the Middle-East is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Ivanov
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Boris Gelman
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Sharon Karniely
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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2
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Nardo AD, Ferretti L, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Gelman B, Karniely S, Scherbakov A, Ziay G, Özyörük F, Parlak Ü, Göktuna PT, Hassanzadeh R, Khalaj M, Dastoor SM, Abdollahi D, Khan EUH, Afzal M, Hussain M, Knowles NJ, King DP. Evolutionary and Ecological Drivers Shape the Emergence and Extinction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4346-4361. [PMID: 34115138 PMCID: PMC8476141 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock farming across the world is constantly threatened by evolutionary turnover of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains in endemic systems, the underlying dynamics of which remain to be elucidated. Here, we map the eco-evolutionary landscape of co-circulating FMDV lineages within an important endemic virus pool encompassing Western, Central and parts of Southern Asia, reconstructing the evolutionary history and spatial dynamics over the last 20 years that shapes the current epidemiological situation. We demonstrate that new FMDV variants periodically emerge from Southern Asia, precipitating waves of virus incursions that systematically travel in a westerly direction. We evidence how metapopulation dynamics drive the emergence and extinction of spatially structured virus populations, and how transmission in different host species regulates the evolutionary space of virus serotypes. Our work provides the first integrative framework that defines co-evolutionary signatures of FMDV in regional contexts to help understand the complex interplay between virus phenotypes, host characteristics, and key epidemiological determinants of transmission that drive FMDV evolution in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Sharon Karniely
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Alexey Scherbakov
- Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution "Federal Centre for Animal Health" (FGBI "ARRIAH"), Yur'evets, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ghulam Ziay
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Fuat Özyörük
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ünal Parlak
- Foot and Mouth Disease (ŞAP) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Reza Hassanzadeh
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khalaj
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Darab Abdollahi
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehtisham-Ul-Haq Khan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Hussain
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Karniely S, Hamed F, Gelman B, King R, Storm N, Eyngor E, Even Tov B. First isolation of foot and mouth disease virus from wild boars in the Middle East. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1725-1729. [PMID: 32034998 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Domestic pigs are susceptible to foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection and suffer from severe clinical disease. Our knowledge on the clinical manifestations of FMD in and its transmission by wild boars (Sus scrofa) is very limited. During an FMD outbreak in the Golan Heights in 2018, wild boars grazing in close proximity to cattle were observed showing lameness. Infectious FMDV was isolated from throat and heart tissues of two young wild boars with FMD clinical signs. This is the first report of wild boars clinically infected with FMDV in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Karniely
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Fares Hamed
- Israeli Veterinary Services, Rosh Pina, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Evgeny Eyngor
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
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4
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Watson C, Kamalyan L, Hussain M, Tang B, Collier A, Clifford D, Gelman B, Sacktor N, Morgello S, McCutchan JA, Ellis R, Grant I, Heaton R, Marquine M. A-03 Ethnic/Racial Differences in Longitudinal Neurocognitive Change among People Living with HIV. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz034.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
HIV disproportionately affects Black and Latino people in the United States, but data on longitudinal neurocognitive patterns for these groups are scarce. This study evaluated the incidence and predictors of neurocognitive decline by ethnicity/race in a cohort of Black, Latino, and White people living with HIV (PLWH). Participants included 499 PLWH (43.5% White, 42.7% Black, 13.8% Latino; mean age at baseline = 43.5) from the six-site CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study. Participants completed comprehensive neurocognitive and neuromedical evaluations over 3-7 study visits for an average of 2.8 years (SD = 1.1). Interpertation of neurocognitive change was based on published methods using regression-based norms that correct for baseline performance and practice effects. Survival analyses investigated the relationship between ethnicity/race and neurocognitive change, and predictors of neurocognitive decline. In follow-up, 108 participants (21.6%) declined, 311 (62.3%) remained stable, and 80 (16.0%) improved. In Cox proportional hazard models, hazard ratios for neurocognitive decline were increased for Latinos compared to Whites (HR = 2.19, 95%CI = 1.32-3.63, p = .002) and Blacks (HR = 1.87, 95%CI = 1.14-3.04, p = .01). Including significant covariates (baseline nadir CD4, hepatitis C Virus, and VACS Index: a composite marker of physical health among PLWH)did not significantly decrease the elevated risk for decline among Latinos. We found that Latino PLWH appear to have higher risk of neurocognitive decline compared to White and Black PLWH. Traditional markers of HIV disease and physical health at baseline did not explain this elevated risk of neurocognitive decline. Future research examining economic, socio-environmental, and culturally-relevant biomedical factors may help to explain this observed ethnic/racial disparity in longitudinal neurocognitive function in HIV.
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Fernandez de Marco M, Hernandez-Triana L, Dorey-Robinson D, McElhinney L, Sanders C, Carpenter S, Fooks A, Zalensky O, Gelman B, Erster O, Johnson N. Phylogenetics and vector competence of a bovine ephemeral fever virus strain from Israel. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthony Fooks
- 1Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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Erster O, Melamed S, Paran N, Weiss S, Khinich Y, Gelman B, Solomony A, Laskar-Levy O. First Diagnosed Case of Camelpox Virus in Israel. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020078. [PMID: 29438294 PMCID: PMC5850385 DOI: 10.3390/v10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of a disease in camels with skin lesions was reported in Israel during 2016. To identify the etiological agent of this illness, we employed a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of lesion material revealed the presence of an orthopox-like virus, based on its characteristic brick shape. The virus from the skin lesions successfully infected chorioallantoic membranes and induced cytopathic effect in Vero cells, which were subsequently positively stained by an orthopox-specific antibody. The definite identification of the virus was accomplished by two independent qPCR, one of which was developed in this study, followed by sequencing of several regions of the viral genome. The qPCR and sequencing results confirmed the presence of camelpox virus (CMLV), and indicated that it is different from the previously annotated CMLV sequence available from GenBank. This is the first reported case of CMLV in Israel, and the first description of the isolated CMLV subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oran Erster
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Yevgeny Khinich
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Aharon Solomony
- Negev Veterinary Bureau, Israeli Veterinary Services, Binyamin Ben Asa 1, Be'er Sheba 84102, Israel.
| | - Orly Laskar-Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
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Meyer A, Zamir L, Ben Yair Gilboa A, Gelman B, Pfeiffer DU, Vergne T. Quantitative Assessment of the Risk of Release of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Export of Bull Semen from Israel. Risk Anal 2017; 37:2350-2359. [PMID: 28334452 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Various foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus strains circulate in the Middle East, causing frequent episodes of FMD outbreaks among Israeli livestock. Since the virus is highly resistant in semen, artificial insemination with contaminated bull semen may lead to the infection of the receiver cow. As a non-FMD-free country with vaccination, Israel is currently engaged in trading bull semen only with countries of the same status. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of release of FMD virus through export of bull semen in order to estimate the risk for FMD-free countries considering purchasing Israeli bull semen. A stochastic risk assessment model was used to estimate this risk, defined as the annual likelihood of exporting at least one ejaculate of bull semen contaminated with viable FMD virus. A total of 45 scenarios were assessed to account for uncertainty and variability around specific parameter estimates and to evaluate the effect of various mitigation measures, such as performing a preexport test on semen ejaculates. Under the most plausible scenario, the annual likelihood of exporting bull semen contaminated with FMD virus had a median of 1.3 * 10-7 for an export of 100 ejaculates per year. This corresponds to one infected ejaculate exported every 7 million years. Under the worst-case scenario, the median of the risk rose to 7.9 * 10-5 , which is equivalent to the export of one infected ejaculate every 12,000 years. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the most influential parameter is the probability of viral excretion in infected bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meyer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - L Zamir
- Israel Veterinary Services, Beit-Dagan, Israel
| | | | - B Gelman
- Kimron Laboratory Institute, Israel Veterinary Services, Beit-Dagan, Israel
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - T Vergne
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- MIVEGEC Group (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM2), Montpellier, France
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Tirosh-Levy S, Gelman B, Zivotofsky D, Quraan L, Khinich E, Nasereddin A, Abdeen Z, Steinman A. Seroprevalence and risk factor analysis for exposure to equine encephalosis virus in Israel, Palestine and Jordan. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:82-90. [PMID: 28713576 PMCID: PMC5488184 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is an orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides species. Most infected horses show mild clinical signs and mortality is usually very low. EEV is closely related and similarly transmitted to other, more pathogenic and economically important, orbiviruses such as African horse sickness virus (AHSV), bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDV), and may serve as an indicator for possible transmission of the latter. Israel has been reported to be endemic for EEV since 2001. This study was initiated to re‐evaluate the current seroprevalence and risk factors for EEV exposure in Israel, and to assess, for the first time, the seroprevalence of EEV in Palestine and Jordan. Three hundred and sixteen serum samples were collected from apparently healthy horses at 21 farms in Israel, 66 horses at nine farms in Palestine and 100 horses at three farms in Jordan. The presence of EEV antibodies was detected by a serum neutralization assay. Seroprevalence of EEV was 58.2% (184/316 horses) in Israel, 48.5% (32/66 horses) in Palestine and 2% (2/100 horses) in Jordan. Seroprevalence in Jordan was significantly lower than in Israel and Palestine (P < 0.001). The farm (P < 0.001) and horse age (P = 0.003) were found as significant risk factors for EEV exposure in Israel in multivariable statistical analysis. The results of this study further demonstrate that EEV is no longer limited to South Africa and is endemic in both Israel and Palestine and horses in Jordan were also exposed to this virus emphasizing the potential of pathogens to invade new ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tirosh-Levy
- Koret School of Veterinary MedicineThe Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Boris Gelman
- Virology DivisionKimron Veterinary InstituteBeit-DaganIsrael
| | | | - Lara Quraan
- Koret School of Veterinary MedicineThe Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Evgeny Khinich
- Virology DivisionKimron Veterinary InstituteBeit-DaganIsrael
| | - Abdelmajeed Nasereddin
- Al-Quds Public Health SocietyJerusalemPalestine and Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research InstituteFaculty of MedicineAl-Quds UniversityAbu-DeisPalestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Al-Quds Public Health SocietyJerusalemPalestine and Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research InstituteFaculty of MedicineAl-Quds UniversityAbu-DeisPalestine
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary MedicineThe Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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Azmi K, Tirosh-Levy S, Manasrah M, Mizrahi R, Nasereddin A, Al-Jawabreh A, Ereqat S, Abdeen Z, Lustig Y, Gelman B, Schvartz G, Steinman A. West Nile Virus: Seroprevalence in Animals in Palestine and Israel. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017. [PMID: 28628400 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) epidemiological situation in Israel and Palestine, due to their unique location, draws attention following to the global spread of West Nile fever (WNF). Although much information is available from Israel on clinical cases and prevalence of WNV, clinical cases are rarely reported in Palestine, and prevalence is not known. The objectives of this study were to determine WNV seroprevalence in various domestic animals in Palestine and to reevaluate current seroprevalence, force of infection, and risk factors for WNV exposure in horses in Israel. Sera samples were collected from 717 animals from Palestine and Israel (460 horses, 124 donkeys, 3 mules, 50 goats, 45 sheep, and 35 camels). Two hundred and ten horses were sampled twice. The level of WNV antibodies was determined using commercial Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit. Seroprevalence in equids was 73%. Seroprevalence in Israel (84.6%) was significantly higher than in Palestine (48.6%). Seroprevalence in horses (82.6%) was significantly higher than in donkeys and mules (39.3%). Multivariable statistical analysis showed that geographical area, landscape features (altitude), environmental factors (land surface temperature during the day [LSTD]), species, and age significantly influenced WNV seroprevalence. Fourteen of 95 (14.7%) sheep and goats and 14/35 camels (40%) sampled in Palestine were seropositive for WNV. Of the horses that were sampled twice, 82.8% were seropositive for WNV at the first sampling, and all remained seropositive. Three of the seronegative horses, all from Palestine, converted to positive when resampled (8.5%). The results indicate that domestic animals in Palestine were infected with WNV in the past, and the seroconversion indicates that WNV was circulating in Palestine in the summer of 2014. Control measures to prevent human infection should be implemented in Palestine. Anti WNV antibodies in domestic animals suggest that those species can be used as sentinels for WNV activity in areas where most horses are either seropositive or vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifaya Azmi
- 1 Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University , Abu-Deis, Palestine.,2 Al-Quds Public Health Society , Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Sharon Tirosh-Levy
- 3 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mu'taz Manasrah
- 1 Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University , Abu-Deis, Palestine.,2 Al-Quds Public Health Society , Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Rotem Mizrahi
- 3 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Abed Nasereddin
- 1 Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University , Abu-Deis, Palestine.,2 Al-Quds Public Health Society , Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Amer Al-Jawabreh
- 1 Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University , Abu-Deis, Palestine.,2 Al-Quds Public Health Society , Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Suheir Ereqat
- 1 Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University , Abu-Deis, Palestine.,2 Al-Quds Public Health Society , Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- 1 Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University , Abu-Deis, Palestine.,2 Al-Quds Public Health Society , Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- 4 Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health , Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- 5 Kimron Veterinary Institute , Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Gili Schvartz
- 3 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Steinman
- 3 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
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Elnekave E, Dekker A, Eble P, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F, Gelman B, Storm N, Klement E. The serological response against foot and mouth disease virus elicited by repeated vaccination of dairy cattle. Vaccine 2016; 34:4920-4926. [PMID: 27576078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Israel, cattle are annually vaccinated against foot and mouth disease (FMD). If infections with FMD virus occur in dairy farms it mainly involves heifers and calves, while older dairy cows seldom become infected. We hypothesized that this difference in susceptibility between adult cows and the young heifers and calves is due to stronger and more stable immune response elicited by multiple vaccinations. In order to test this hypothesis, 99 dairy cattle, divided into six groups according to number of prior vaccinations, were annually vaccinated with a trivalent vaccine (A, O and Asia-1) and followed during two consecutive years. In total 988 sera were sampled at 11 time points. Virus neutralization tests (VNT) were performed in order to determine the neutralizing antibody titers (NAT) against the vaccine homologous serotypes: O-4625, O-Manisa, Asia-1-Shamir and the heterologous serotype A-Turkey-20/2006. A similar NAT pattern was observed to all serotypes and therefore statistical analysis was restricted to O-4625 serotype. In the 'high vaccination' groups (cows that were vaccinated at least four times before the study), high NAT were found on the beginning of the trial and no or only a mild increase of NAT was observed following further vaccinations. Additionally, in the 'high vaccination' groups, the percentage of cows that had a NAT higher than 2.0 (log10) by the end of the 1st year was significantly higher than in the 'low vaccination' groups (cows vaccinated only three times or less before the study). We conclude that starting from the 5th vaccination, the NAT increase following vaccination is mild and NAT are persistent, suggesting reduction of the frequency of routine vaccination after multiple vaccinations is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Phaedra Eble
- Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Elnekave E, King R, van Maanen K, Shilo H, Gelman B, Storm N, Klement E. Seroprevalence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Susceptible Wildlife in Israel. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:32. [PMID: 27200364 PMCID: PMC4842776 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics recur in Israel almost every year. Wild even-toed ungulates are seldom affected during these epidemics. The seroprevalence of FMD in wild ungulates during 2000 and 2005-2013 was estimated using anti-non-structural proteins ELISA. Overall, 209 samples were tested, comprising sera of 120 wild boar (Sus scrofa lybicus), 64 mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella gazella), 6 water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and 19 Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica). None of the tested animals presented clinical signs of FMD during blood collection. Sixteen samples [7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%) = 4.4-12.1%)] were found to be seropositive. Fifteen out of 120 samples (12.5%) from wild boar were seropositive, compared with only 1 out of 89 samples (1.1%) from all other species combined (Fisher's exact test: p = 0.003). Most of the positive samples obtained from wild boar [13/15 (86.7%)] were collected during 2007, and analysis was restricted to that year and species only. The seroprevalence of FMD in this species during 2007 was estimated at 54.2% (CI95% = 32.8-74.5%; n = 24). A significant infection cluster, comprising nine seropositive samples collected in three different locations, was identified in the north-eastern part of Israel. These findings indicate that wild boar was affected during the 2007 FMD epidemic, even though wild boar presenting FMD typical clinical signs were not observed during that year. The actual role of wild boar in the spread of FMD virus in this epidemic, however, could not be determined. The negligible seroprevalence of FMD found for all other surveillance years indicates that ongoing circulation of FMD among wildlife in Israel is unlikely. It is concluded that while the role of wildlife species in the dynamics of FMD in Israel is usually limited, there might be occasions, in which wildlife plays a part in the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kees van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Hila Shilo
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Menasherow S, Erster O, Rubinstein-Giuni M, Kovtunenko A, Eyngor E, Gelman B, Khinich E, Stram Y. A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay for the differentiation between Israeli field and Neethling vaccine lumpy skin disease viruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 232:12-5. [PMID: 26902159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a constant threat to the Middle East including the State of Israel. During vaccination programs it is essential for veterinary services and farmers to be able to distinguish between animals affected by the cattle-borne virulent viruses and vaccinated animals, subsequently affected by the vaccine strain. This study describes an improved high resolution-melting (HRM) test that exploits a 27 base pair (bp) fragment of the LSDV126 extracellular enveloped virion (EEV) gene that is present in field viruses but is absent from the Neethling vaccine strain. This difference leads to ∼0.5 °C melting point change in the HRM assay, when testing the quantitative PCR (qPCR) products generated from the virulent field viruses compared to the attenuated vaccine. By exploiting this difference, it could be shown using the newly developed HRM assay that virus isolated from vaccinated cattle that developed disease symptoms behave similarly to vaccine virus control, indicating that the vaccine virus can induce disease symptoms. This assay is not only in full agreement with the previously published PCR gradient and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) tests but it is faster with, fewer steps, cheaper and dependable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Menasherow
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Oran Erster
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Evgeny Eyngor
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Evgeny Khinich
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Yehuda Stram
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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13
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Elnekave E, van Maanen K, Shilo H, Gelman B, Storm N, Berdenstain S, Berke O, Klement E. Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel. Prev Vet Med 2015; 125:82-8. [PMID: 26774447 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, 27% of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Israel affected small ruminant (SR) farms. FMD outbreaks reoccur in Israel despite vaccination of all livestock and application of control measures. We performed a cross-sectional serological study, aimed at estimating the prevalence of FMD infection in SR in Israel and the possible risk factors for infection. Overall, 2305 samples of adult sheep (n=1948) and goats (n=357) were collected during 2011-14 in two separate surveys. One survey was based on random sampling of intensive management system farms and the other was originally aimed at the detection of Brucella melitensis at extensive and semi-intensive management system farms. Sera were tested by NS blocking ELISA (PrioCHECK(®)). The serological prevalence of antibodies against non structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus was estimated at 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%)=3.0% -4.5%). Additionally, a significantly lower infection prevalence (p value=0.049) of 1.0% (CI95%=0.1%-3.6%) was found in a small sample (197 sera) of young SR, collected during 2012. The positive samples from adult SR were scattered all over Israel, though two significant infection clusters were found by the spatial scan statistic. Occurrence of an outbreak on a non-SR farm within 5km distance was associated with a fifteen times increase in the risk of FMD infection of SR in the univariable analysis. Yet, this variable was not included in the multivariable analysis due to collinearities with the other independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression modeling found significantly negative associations (P value<0.05) of grazing and being in a herd larger than 500 animals with risk of infection. Grazing herds and herds larger than 500 animals, both represent farms that are intensively or semi-intensively managed. Higher maintenance of bio-safety, fewer introductions of new animals and higher vaccination compliance in these farms may explain their lower risk of infection by FMD virus. We conclude that despite the wide distribution of infection among SR farms, low farm level prevalence indicates that in Israel SR pose only limited role in the transmission and dissemination of FMD. This conclusion may be applicable for other endemic countries in which, similar to Israel, all livestock are vaccinated against FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kees van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy
| | - Hila Shilo
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Svetlane Berdenstain
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Brucellosis referent laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Olaf Berke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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14
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Aharonson-Raz K, Lichter-Peled A, Tal S, Gelman B, Cohen D, Klement E, Steinman A. Spatial and temporal distribution of West Nile virus in horses in Israel (1997-2013)--from endemic to epidemics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113149. [PMID: 25402217 PMCID: PMC4234662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid global spread of West Nile virus (WNV) and the endemic state it has acquired in new geographical areas, we hereby bring a thorough serological investigation of WNV in horses in a longstanding endemic region, such as Israel. This study evaluates the environmental and demographic risk factors for WNV infection in horses and suggests possible factors associated with the transition from endemic to epidemic state. West Nile virus seroprevalence in horses in Israel was determined throughout a period of more than a decade, before (1997) and after (2002 and 2013) the massive West Nile fever outbreak in humans and horses in 2000. An increase in seroprevalence was observed, from 39% (113/290) in 1997 to 66.1% (547/827) in 2002 and 85.5% (153/179) in 2013, with persistent significantly higher seroprevalence in horses situated along the Great Rift Valley (GRV) area, the major birds' migration route in Israel. Demographic risk factors included age and breed of the horse. Significantly lower spring precipitation was observed during years with increased human incidence rate that occurred between 1997–2007. Hence, we suggest referring to Israel as two WNV distinct epidemiological regions; an endemic region along the birds' migration route (GRV) and the rest of the country which perhaps suffers from cyclic epidemics. In addition, weather conditions, such as periods of spring drought, might be associated with the transition from endemic state to epidemic state of WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Aharonson-Raz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anat Lichter-Peled
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Shlomit Tal
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 39040, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Daniel Cohen
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 39040, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- * E-mail:
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15
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Elnekave E, Even-Tov B, Gelman B, Sharir B, Klement E. Association of the time that elapsed from last vaccination with protective effectiveness against foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:87-92. [PMID: 25293489 PMCID: PMC4367153 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine and emergency vaccination of small ruminants against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is mandatory in many endemic countries, yet data on the field effectiveness of the vaccines used is scarce. We conducted an investigation of a serotype O FMD outbreak that took place in a sheep and goat pen, and estimated the effectiveness of various routine vaccination statuses. We also evaluated the protection provided by colostrum administration and emergency vaccination. Animals which were routinely vaccinated twice were not clinically affected while disease incidence was observed among animals routinely vaccinated only once (p = 0.004 according to a two-sided Fisher's exact test). In groups vaccinated only once, there was a significant association between the average time that elapsed since last vaccination and the disease incidence (n = 5; Spearman correlation coefficient: rs = 1.0, p < 0.01). In addition, non-vaccinated lambs fed colostrum from dams vaccinated more than 2 months before parturition had a mortality rate of 33%. Administration of emergency vaccination 2 days after the occurrence of the index case was the probable reason for the rapid blocking of the FMD spread within 6 days from its onset in the pen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100,
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16
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Aziz-Boaron O, Gleser D, Yadin H, Gelman B, Kedmi M, Galon N, Klement E. The protective effectiveness of an inactivated bovine ephemeral fever virus vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Aziz-Boaron O, Leibovitz K, Gelman B, Kedmi M, Klement E. Safety, immunogenicity and duration of immunity elicited by an inactivated bovine ephemeral fever vaccine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82217. [PMID: 24349225 PMCID: PMC3861534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an economically important viral vector-borne cattle disease. Several live-attenuated, inactivated and recombinant vaccines have been tested, demonstrating varying efficacy. However, to the best of our knowledge, duration of immunity conferred by an inactivated vaccine has never been reported. In the last decade, Israel has faced an increasing number of BEF outbreaks. The need for an effective vaccine compatible with strains circulating in the Middle East region led to the development of a MONTANIDE™ ISA 206 VG (water-in-oil-in-water), inactivated vaccine based on a local strain. We tested the safety, immunogenicity and duration of immunity conferred by this vaccine. The induced neutralizing antibody (NA) response was followed for 493 days in 40 cows vaccinated by different protocols. The vaccine did not cause adverse reactions or a decrease in milk production. All cows [except 2 (6.7%) which did not respond to vaccination] showed a significant rise in NA titer of up to 1:256 following the second, third or fourth booster vaccination. Neutralizing antibody levels declined gradually to 1:16 up to 120 days post vaccination. This decline continued in cows vaccinated only twice, whereas cows vaccinated 3 or 4 times showed stable titers of approximately 1:16 for up to 267 days post vaccination. At least three vaccinations with the inactivated BEF vaccine were needed to confer long-lasting immunity. These results may have significant implications for the choice of vaccination protocol with inactivated BEF vaccines. Complementary challenge data should however be added to the above results in order to determine what is the minimal NA response conferring protection from clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Aziz-Boaron
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Keren Leibovitz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Maor Kedmi
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services Ltd., Ceasarea, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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18
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Marra CM, Deutsch R, Collier AC, Morgello S, Letendre S, Clifford D, Gelman B, McArthur J, McCutchan JA, Simpson DM, Duarte NA, Heaton RK, Grant I. Neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals with previous syphilis. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 24:351-5. [PMID: 23970701 DOI: 10.1177/0956462412472827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in HIV-infected individuals, as is syphilis. Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis, invades the central nervous system early in disease. We hypothesized that HIV-infected patients with a history of syphilis or neurosyphilis would have more cognitive impairment than HIV-infected individuals without these infections. Eighty-two of 1574 enrollees in CHARTER, a prospective, observational study, had reactive serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests. They were matched to 84 controls with non-reactive RPR by age, gender, ethnicity and HIV risk factor. Participants underwent comprehensive neuropsychological (NP) evaluations. RPR results were confirmed and serum fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test reactivity determined at a central laboratory. Sera from 101 of 166 participants were FTA-ABS reactive, indicating past or current syphilis. Among the 136 individuals without confounding conditions, compared with patients who had never had syphilis, those with prior syphilis had a greater number of impaired NP test domains (1.90 SD [1.77] versus 1.25 [1.52], P = 0.03), a higher global deficit score (0.47 [0.46] versus 0.31 [0.33], P = 0.03), and more were impaired in the NP learning domain (36 [42.9%] of 84 versus 13 [25.0%] of 52, P = 0.04). These effects of prior syphilis remained after controlling for education and premorbid intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Marra
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Aziz-Boaron O, Brettschneider S, King R, Gelman B, Klement E. Seroprevalence of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in Domesticated and Wildlife Species during Epidemic and Inter-epidemic Periods (2000-2009) in Israel. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:183-7. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Aziz-Boaron
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; the Hebrew University; Rehovot Israel
| | - S. Brettschneider
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; the Hebrew University; Rehovot Israel
| | - R. King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority; Jerusalem Israel
| | - B. Gelman
- Kimron Veterinary Institute; Beit-Dagan Israel
| | - E. Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; the Hebrew University; Rehovot Israel
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20
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Elnekave E, Li Y, Zamir L, Even-Tov B, Hamblin P, Gelman B, Hammond J, Klement E. The field effectiveness of routine and emergency vaccination with an inactivated vaccine against foot and mouth disease. Vaccine 2012; 31:879-85. [PMID: 23246551 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High potency, inactivated foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines may be used in non endemic countries for emergency vaccination during outbreaks in order to prevent virus spread. In endemic countries either standard or high potency vaccines are used for routine vaccination. Despite their wide use there is a shortage of data on the field effectiveness of inactivated FMD vaccines. Epidemics of FMD caused by viruses of serotype O occur frequently in Israel, where a high potency (≥6PD(50)) vaccine is used for both routine and emergency vaccination. We investigated an outbreak of FMD caused by a virus of serotype O, which took place during 2011 in a feedlot and an adjacent dairy herd. Post outbreak testing of antibodies against non-structural protein demonstrated that infection occurred in 96% of the calves that received two doses of vaccine at least three months prior to the outbreak and more than 50% showed clinical signs consistent with FMD. Replacement heifers that had been vaccinated 3-5 times with the last vaccination administered 7 months prior to the outbreak were all infected and 18% showed clinical signs. Testing of cattle sera of the same vaccination status as the affected cattle demonstrated low neutralizing antibody (NA) titers against the field virus strain and an r(1) value of 0.37 compared to the vaccine strain. In contrast, cattle vaccinated only once but up to two weeks before the outbreak, were almost all protected from clinical disease and to a lesser extent, protected from FMD virus infection, despite low NA titers. We conclude that emergency vaccination was highly effective due to a mechanism not associated with NA, whereas routine vaccination with the same vaccine formulation provided only limited protection due to poor longevity of the elicited immunity and low matching with the field strain (despite an r(1) higher than 0.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Aziz-Boaron O, Klausner Z, Hasoksuz M, Shenkar J, Gafni O, Gelman B, David D, Klement E. Circulation of bovine ephemeral fever in the Middle East—Strong evidence for transmission by winds and animal transport. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:300-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Ellis R, Letendre S, Rosario D, Gelman B, Clifford D, Simpson D, McArthur J, Marra C, McCutchan JA, Grant I. A Common Polymorphism in the COMT Gene Confers an Increased Risk of Neuropathic Pain in HIV Sensory Neuropathy (S37.006). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s37.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Stram Y, Engel O, Rubinstein M, Kuznetzova L, Balaish M, Yadin H, Istumin S, Gelman B. Multiple invasions of O1 FMDV serotype into Israel revealed by genetic analysis of VP1 genes of Israeli's isolates from 1989 to 2007. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:398-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Everall I, Vaida F, Khanlou N, Lazzaretto D, Achim C, Letendre S, Moore D, Ellis R, Cherner M, Gelman B, Morgello S, Singer E, Grant I, Masliah E. Cliniconeuropathologic correlates of human immunodeficiency virus in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neurovirol 2010; 15:360-70. [PMID: 20175693 DOI: 10.3109/13550280903131915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) brain pathology and its clinical correlates in the antiretroviral era. We carried out a cross-sectional survey, analyzing prospective clinical and neuropathological data collected by the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium (NNTC), comprising 589 brain samples from individuals with advanced HIV disease collected from 1999 onwards. We assessed gender, ethnicity/race, mode of transmission, age, year of death, nadir CD4, plasma viral load, last antiretroviral regimen, presence of parenchymal HIV brain pathology, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and major depressive disorder. We compared cohort demographic variables with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US HIV/AIDS statistics and examined associations of parenchymal HIV brain pathology with demographic, clinical, and HIV disease factors. With regard to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US data, the NNTC was similar in age distribution, but had fewer females and African Americans and more Hispanics and men who have sex with men. Only 22% of the brains examined were neuropathologically normal. Opportunistic infections occurred in 1% to 5% of the cohort. Parenchymal HIV brain pathology was observed in 17.5% of the cohort and was associated with nadir CD4 and plasma viral load. Brains without parenchymal HIV brain pathology often had other noninfectious findings or minimal nondiagnostic abnormalities that were associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Clinically, 60% of the cohort reported a lifetime episode of major depressive disorder and 88% had a HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. No pathological finding correlated with major depressive disorder. Both antiretroviral treatment regimen and elevated plasma HIV viral load were associated with presence of parenchymal HIV brain pathology; however, multivariate analyses suggest a stronger association with plasma viral load. The frequency of HIV brain pathology was lower than previous pre-antiretroviral reports, and was predicted by lower nadir CD4 and higher plasma viral load. Noninfectious pathologies and minimal changes correlated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, suggesting a shift in pathogenesis from florid HIV replication to other, diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Everall
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0603, USA.
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25
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Shanina E, Gelman B, Wonio M, Richey F, Smith R. 70. Changing role of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus neuropathy burden. Clin Neurophysiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Everall I, Vaida F, Khanlou N, Lazzaretto D, Achim C, Letendre S, Moore D, Ellis R, Cherne M, Gelman B, Morgello S, Singer E, Grant I, Masliah E, for the National NeuroAIDS Tissue C. Cliniconeuropathologic correlates of human immunodeficiency virus in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neurovirol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13550280903131915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Stram Y, Kuznetzova L, Friedgut O, Gelman B, Yadin H, Rubinstein-Guini M. The use of lumpy skin disease virus genome termini for detection and phylogenetic analysis. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:225-229. [PMID: 18582954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During 2006 and 2007 there were two outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Israel. An LSD virus (LSDV)-specific PCR assay was developed that can detected specifically LSDV even though the number of tested LSDV isolates were limited. Full-length sheep pox and LSDV genome sequences were aligned to find non-homologous regions, which were then used for preparing specific primers, whose specificity was tested against several LSDV DNA isolates and the system could detect all the different isolates. Specificity was tested with sheep pox, ORF and other DNA viruses such as bovine herpes 4: the primers did not support amplification of the expected-size fragments, therefore the system appears to be a valuable tool for detecting specifically LSDV. The newly developed system was activated at the first report of a possible disease outbreak. It confirmed the clinical picture, and was introduced subsequently into routine diagnosis. Phylogenetic analyses of a 466-bp fragment next to the genome ends showed that this system can distinguish between: sheep pox, goat pox and LSD, and the results revealed that the Israeli isolates from 2006 and 2007 are in the same clad and essentially identical to Ismaeliya 1989, Nigeria 1996, Senegal 1997, Cameroon 1996, the Kenya NI-2490 isolate, and the South African LD virulent isolate. In contrast the original 1958 LW Neethling vaccine appeared to be in a separate clad, suggesting that the South African attenuated LW vaccine developed from a different ancestral origin that the rest of the viruses tested suggesting that the South African attenuated LW vaccine developed from a different ancestral origin that the rest of the tested viruses or during the process of attenuating the virus by succession of egg inoculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Stram
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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Banet-Noach C, Panshin A, Golender N, Simanov L, Rozenblut E, Pokamunski S, Pirak M, Tendler Y, García M, Gelman B, Pasternak R, Perk S. Genetic analysis of nonstructural genes (NS1 and NS2) of H9N2 and H5N1 viruses recently isolated in Israel. Virus Genes 2006; 34:157-68. [PMID: 17171546 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 affects wild birds, domestic poultry, swine, and humans; it has circulated amongst domestic poultry in Israel during the last 6 years. The H5N1 virus was recorded in Israel for the first time in March 2006. Nonstructural (NS) genes and NS proteins are important in the life cycle of the avian influenza viruses. In the present study, NS genes of 21 examples of H9N2 and of two examples of H5N1 avian influenza viruses, isolated in Israel during 2000-2006, were completely sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. All the H9N2 isolates fell into a single group that, in turn, was subdivided into three subgroups in accordance with the time of isolation; their NS1 and NS2 proteins possessed 230 and 121 amino acids, respectively. The NS1 protein of the H5N1 isolates had five amino acid deletions, which was typical of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses isolated in various countries during 2005-2006. Comparative analysis showed that the NS proteins of the H9N2 Israeli isolates contained few amino acid sequences associated with high pathogenicity or human host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Banet-Noach
- Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 12, Beit Dagan, ZC, 50250, Israel
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Pappas PA, Tzakis AG, Saudubray JM, Gaynor JJ, Carreno MR, Huijing F, Kleiner G, Rabier D, Kato T, Levi DM, Nishida S, Gelman B, Thompson JF, Mittal N, Ruiz P. Trends in serum citrulline and acute rejection among recipients of small bowel transplants. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:345-7. [PMID: 15050154 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A test for detecting acute cellular rejection (ACR) of small intestinal transplants (ITx) would be a major advance. Small preliminary studies suggest that serum citrulline levels correlate with ACR. The results for a group of 26 isolated intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients are summarized here. Serum citrulline concentrations were determined by ion exchange chromatography and compared to biopsy-based grade of ACR. Other factors considered included patient and donor age and sex, ischemia time, and serum creatinine. Straight-line fits were employed to describe how each patient's citrulline levels changed over time. Estimated times to achieve normal citrulline (>or=30 micromol/L) ranged from 1 to 730 days posttransplant for 21 patients demonstrating increasing citrulline levels over time. Using stepwise linear regression, patients' ranks for time required to achieve normal citrulline levels were the only independent predictors of both maximum ACR (P <.0001) and average ACR (P =.0059) after 14 days posttransplant. The rate and direction of change in citrulline over time may be an indicator of the risk of acute rejection. We plan to further examine the use of citrulline as a marker for rejection in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pappas
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Pappas PA, Saudubray JM, Tzakis AG, Rabier D, Carreno MR, Gomez-Marin O, Huijing F, Gelman B, Levi DM, Nery JR, Kato T, Mittal N, Nishida S, Thompson JF, Ruiz P. Serum citrulline as a marker of acute cellular rejection for intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:915-7. [PMID: 12034237 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)02668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P A Pappas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Pappas PA, Saudubray JM, Tzakis AG, Rabier D, Carreno MR, Gomez-Marin O, Huijing F, Gelman B, Levi DM, Nery JR, Kato T, Mittal N, Nishida S, Thompson JF, Ruiz P. Serum citrulline and rejection in small bowel transplantation: a preliminary report. Transplantation 2001; 72:1212-6. [PMID: 11602844 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200110150-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no known serum marker for intestinal rejection. Serum concentrations of the amino acid citrulline arise almost exclusively from the intestinal mucosa. We examined the impact of acute cellular rejection (ACR) of intestinal allografts on serum citrulline levels. METHODS Citrulline concentrations were assayed in serum samples of healthy volunteers (n=6) and seven patients who underwent small bowel transplants (SBTx). Trends in mean citrulline concentrations versus degree of ACR were assessed by matching posttransplantation citrulline concentrations with patients' grade of ACR at time of serum collection. Rejection was confirmed by biopsy and graded by following standardized criteria. An additional patient had citrulline concentrations determined for 31 sequential specimens 3-60 days posttransplant. RESULTS Mean citrulline concentrations in controls were significantly higher than posttransplantation samples at any rejection grade. Mean concentrations declined significantly as rejection severity increased. The overall downward trend was statistically significant (P<0.05). In sequential measurements, citrulline levels increased significantly over time with declining severity of rejection. The increase in mean citrulline concentration between posttransplant days 3-16 and 52-60 was significant (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Serum citrulline levels decline with increasing grade of ACR and may be a useful serum marker for intestinal rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pappas
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Highland Professional Building, 1801 NW 9th Ave., Suite 511 Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Kuluz JW, McLaughlin GE, Gelman B, Cantwell GP, Thomas J, Mahon T, Schleien CL. The fraction of inspired oxygen in infants receiving oxygen via nasal cannula often exceeds safe levels. Respir Care 2001; 46:897-901. [PMID: 11513761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Measure the fraction of inspired oxygen (F(IO(2))) in infants receiving supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula and identify clinical variables that affect F(IO(2)). METHODS Hypopharyngeal gas samples were obtained from 20 infants receiving oxygen via nasal cannula at flows between 0 and 4 L/min. F(IO(2)) was calculated using the alveolar gas equation and measurements of partial pressure of oxygen in the samples and the barometric pressure. RESULTS F(IO(2)) increased as oxygen flow was increased. F(IO(2)) exceeded safe levels (> 60%) in two thirds of samples when the oxygen flow was 2 L/min or higher. Tachypnea (respiratory rate > 40 breaths/min) was associated with lower F(IO(2)). CONCLUSION Infants receiving oxygen via nasal cannula at > or = 2 L/min may be at risk for hyperoxic lung injury. Therefore, we recommend using the lowest possible oxygen flow needed to maintain normoxia in infants requiring prolonged oxygen therapy via nasal cannula.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kuluz
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida 33101-6960, USA.
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McLaughlin GE, Kulatunga S, Kuluz JW, Gelman B, Schleien CL. Cerebral blood flow during partial liquid ventilation in surfactant-deficient lungs under varying ventilation strategies. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001; 2:88-92. [PMID: 12797895 DOI: 10.1097/00130478-200101000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that cerebral and other regional organ blood flow would be maintained during partial liquid ventilation (PLV) in an animal model of acute lung injury during different ventilation strategies. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized study. SETTING: Animal research facility. SUBJECTS: Sixteen piglets, 2 to 4 wks of age. INTERVENTIONS: Severe lung injury was induced in infant piglets by repeated saline lavage and high tidal volume ventilation. Animals were then randomized to either conventional volume-controlled ventilation or PLV. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Organ blood flow was determined in both groups using radiolabeled microspheres under four conditions: high mean airway pressure, Paw; high Paco(2), high Paw; normal Paco(2); low Paw, high Paco(2); low Paw, normal Paco(2). There were no differences in cerebral blood flow during conventional ventilation and PLV, regardless of ventilation strategy. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest in an acute lung injury model, PLV does not affect cerebral blood flow or other regional organ blood flow over a range of airway pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E McLaughlin
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL. E-mail:
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Painter TJ, Chaljub G, Sethi R, Singh H, Gelman B. Intracranial and intraspinal meningeal melanocytosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21:1349-53. [PMID: 10954294 PMCID: PMC8174895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe a 35-year-old man with a history of remote closed head injury who presented with new neurologic deficits. A noncontrast head CT scan showed hyperattenuation involving both temporal lobes, frontal lobes, basal meninges, and cerebellum. A subsequent contrast-enhanced MR examination of the brain showed enhancement in the basal cisterns extending into the upper cervical spine and throughout the spinal canal. Gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed meningeal melanocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Painter
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G E McLaughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Schleien CL, Kuluz JW, Gelman B. Hemodynamic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition before and after cardiac arrest in infant piglets. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:H1378-85. [PMID: 9575943 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.4.h1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using infant piglets, we studied the effects of nonspecific inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 3 mg/kg) on vascular pressures, regional blood flow, and cerebral metabolism before 8 min of cardiac arrest, during 6 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and at 10 and 60 min of reperfusion. We tested the hypotheses that nonspecific NO synthase inhibition 1) will attenuate early postreperfusion hyperemia while still allowing for successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest, 2) will allow for normalization of blood flow to the kidneys and intestines after cardiac arrest, and 3) will maintain cerebral metabolism in the face of altered cerebral blood flow after reperfusion. Before cardiac arrest, L-NAME increased vascular pressures and cardiac output and decreased blood flow to brain (by 18%), heart (by 36%), kidney (by 46%), and intestine (by 52%) compared with placebo. During CPR, myocardial flow was maintained in all groups to successfully resuscitate 24 of 28 animals [P value not significant (NS)]. Significantly, L-NAME attenuated postresuscitation hyperemia in cerebellum, diencephalon, anterior cerebral, and anterior-middle watershed cortical brain regions and to the heart. Likewise, cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRGluc) and of lactate production (CMRLac) were not elevated at 10 min of reperfusion. These cerebral blood flow and metabolic effects were reversed by L-arginine. Flows returned to baseline levels by 60 min of reperfusion. Kidney and intestinal flow, however, remained depressed throughout reperfusion in all three groups. Thus nonspecific inhibition of NO synthase did not adversely affect the rate of resuscitation from cardiac arrest while attenuating cerebral and myocardial hyperemia. Even though CMRGluc and CMRLac early after resuscitation were decreased, they were maintained at baseline levels. This may be clinically advantageous in protecting the brain and heart from the damaging effects of hyperemia, such as blood-brain barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Schleien
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA
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Gelman B, Schleien CL, Lohe A, Kuluz JW. Selective brain cooling in infant piglets after cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Resuscitation 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9572(96)89073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that selective brain cooling could be performed in an infant model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation without changing core temperature and to study its acute effects on regional organ blood flow, cerebral metabolism, and systemic hemodynamics. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled study. SETTING Research laboratory at a university medical center. SUBJECTS Fourteen healthy infant piglets, weighing 3.5 to 6.0 kg. INTERVENTIONS piglets were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated, and had vascular catheters placed. Parietal cortex (superficial brain), caudate nucleus (deep brain), esophageal, and rectal temperatures were monitored. All animals underwent 6 mins of cardiac arrest induced by ventricular fibrillation, 6 mins of external cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and 2 hrs of reperfusion. Normal core temperature (rectal) was regulated in all animals. In seven control animals (group 1), brain temperature was not manipulated. In seven experimental animals (group 2), selective brain cooling was begin during CPR, using a cooling cap filled with -30 degrees C solution. Selective brain cooling was continued for 45 mins of reperfusion after which passive rewarming was allowed. Regional blood flow (microspheres) and arterial and sagittal sinus blood gases were measured prearrest, during CPR, and at 10 mins, 45 mins, and 2 hrs of reperfusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Rectal temperature did not change over time in either group. In group 1, brain temperature remained constant except for a decrease of 0.6 degrees C at 10 mins of reperfusion. In group 2, superficial and deep brain temperatures were lowered to 32.8 +/- 0.7 (SEM) degrees C and 34.9 +/- 0.4 degrees C, respectively, by 15 mins of reperfusion. Superficial and deep brain temperatures were further lowered to 27.8 +/- 0.8 degrees C and 31.1 +/- 0.3 degrees C, respectively, at 45 mins of reperfusion. Both temperatures returned to baseline by 120 mins. Cerebral blood flow was not different between groups at any time point, although there was a trend for higher flow in group 2 at 10 mins of reperfusion (314% of baseline) compared with group 1 (230% of baseline). Cerebral oxygen uptake was lower in group 2 than in group 1 (69% vs. 44% of baseline, p=.02) at 45 mins of reperfusion. During CPR, aortic diastolic pressure was lower in group 2 than in group 1 (27 +/- 1 vs. 23 +/- 1 mm Hg, p = .007). Myocardial blood flow during CPR was also lower in group 2 (80 +/- 7 vs. 43 +/- 7 mL/min/100 g, p=.002). Kidney and intestinal blood flows were reduced during CPR in both groups; however, group 2 animals also had lower intestinal flow vs. group 1 at 45 and 120 mins of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Selective brain cooling by surface cooling can be achieved rapidly in an infant animal model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation without changing core temperature. Brain temperatures known to improve neurologic outcome can be achieved by this technique with minimal adverse effects. Because of its ease of application, selective brain cooling may prove to be an effective, inexpensive method of cerebral resuscitation during pediatric CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gelman
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101-6960, USA
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Abstract
Abnormalities in platelet functions including aggregation and the release reaction have long been recognized to be present in neonatal platelets. Because calcium is an important mediator of many platelet functions, we have investigated the mobilization of calcium in neonatal platelets. All umbilical cord blood samples were obtained from healthy, full term gestations. Changes in cytoplasmic calcium levels were monitored using Fura-2 as a fluorescent probe. Fura-2-loaded washed platelets were stimulated with the agonists collagen (2 micrograms/mL) or thrombin (1.0 U/mL). When compared with adult controls, intracellular calcium release in the platelets of the neonate was significantly impaired in response to these agonists. Mean levels for calcium release in adults versus neonates in response to collagen were 168 +/- 120 nM (+/-SD, n = 10), and 61 +/- 69 nM (n = 7, p < 0.05). A decrease in response to thrombin was also observed [1296 +/- 503 nM (n = 8) in adults versus 603 +/- 482 nM (n = 7) in neonates, p < 0.025]. Results similar to those observed with unpaired neonatal and adult platelets were also obtained when neonatal platelets (n = 5) were compared with their paired maternal controls. In further studies, we have documented that the calcium content of the dense tubular system was normal in the neonatal platelet, indicating that the observed impairment in calcium mobilization in the neonate was not due to a decrease in calcium stores. The previously documented abnormalities in neonatal platelet function appear to be due to the impaired mobilization of this important intracellular mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Caceres MJ, Schleien CL, Kuluz JW, Gelman B, Dietrich WD. Early endothelial damage and leukocyte accumulation in piglet brains following cardiac arrest. Acta Neuropathol 1995; 90:582-91. [PMID: 8615078 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the early microvascular and neuronal consequences of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in piglets. We hypothesized that early morphological changes occur after cardiac arrest and reperfusion, and that these findings are partly caused by post-resuscitation hypertension. Three groups of normothermic piglets (37.5 degrees - 38.5 degrees C) were investigated: group 1, non-ischemic time controls; group 2, piglets undergoing 8 min of cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation, 6 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and 4 h of reperfusion; and group 3, non-ischemic hypertensive controls, receiving 6 min of CPR after only 10 s of cardiac arrest followed by 4-h survival. Immediately following resuscitation, acute hypertension occurred with peak systolic pressure equal to 197 +/- 15 mm Hg usually lasting less than 10 min. In reacted vibratome sections, isolated foci of extravasated horseradish peroxidase were noted throughout the brain within surface cortical layers and around penetrating vessels in group 2. Stained plastic sections of leaky sites demonstrated variable degrees of tissue injury. While many sections were unremarkable except for luminal red blood cells and leukocytes, other specimens contained abnormal neurons, some appearing irreversibly injured. The number of vessels containing leukocytes was higher in group 2 than in controls (3.8 +/- 0.6% vs 1.4 +/- 0.4% of vessels, P < 0.05). Evidence for irreversible neuronal injury was only seen in group 2. Endothelial vacuolization was higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1 (P < 0.05). Ultrastructural examination of leaky sites identified mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes adhering to the endothelium of venules and capillaries only in group 2. The early appearance of luminal leukocytes in ischemic animals indicates that these cells may contribute to the genesis of ischemia reperfusion injury in this model. In both groups 2 and 3 endothelial cells demonstrated vacuolation and luminal discontinuities with evidence of perivascular astrocytic swelling. Widespread microvascular and neuronal damage is present as early as 4 h after cardiac arrest in infant piglets. Hypertension appears to play a role in the production of some of the endothelial changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Caceres
- Department of Pediatrics (R-131), University of Miami School of Medicine FL 33101, USA
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Stram Y, Molad T, Chai D, Gelman B, Yadin H. Detection and subtyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus in infected cattle by polymerase chain reaction and amplified VP1 sequencing. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995; 7:52-5. [PMID: 7779964 DOI: 10.1177/104063879500700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast and accurate detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks is needed to limit spread of the disease by proper vaccination. The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized the way in which viral diseases are diagnosed. Sequence analysis of the amplified VP1 sequence can enable the classification of FMD virus detected in the morbid animal. PCR assays were carried out to identify the virus and its serotype in suspect animals from 2 outbreaks of FMD type O virus. Sequence analysis of the amplified VP1 cDNA showed 78% homology with O1K and over 95% homology between the samples. These findings suggest that the 2 outbreaks were due to infection with the same virus serosubtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Stram
- Immunology and Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit-Dagan, Israel
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