1
|
Vohs KD, Schmeichel BJ, Lohmann S, Gronau QF, Finley AJ, Ainsworth SE, Alquist JL, Baker MD, Brizi A, Bunyi A, Butschek GJ, Campbell C, Capaldi J, Cau C, Chambers H, Chatzisarantis NLD, Christensen WJ, Clay SL, Curtis J, De Cristofaro V, Del Rosario K, Diel K, Doğruol Y, Doi M, Donaldson TL, Eder AB, Ersoff M, Eyink JR, Falkenstein A, Fennis BM, Findley MB, Finkel EJ, Forgea V, Friese M, Fuglestad P, Garcia-Willingham NE, Geraedts LF, Gervais WM, Giacomantonio M, Gibson B, Gieseler K, Gineikiene J, Gloger EM, Gobes CM, Grande M, Hagger MS, Hartsell B, Hermann AD, Hidding JJ, Hirt ER, Hodge J, Hofmann W, Howell JL, Hutton RD, Inzlicht M, James L, Johnson E, Johnson HL, Joyce SM, Joye Y, Kaben JH, Kammrath LK, Kelly CN, Kissell BL, Koole SL, Krishna A, Lam C, Lee KT, Lee N, Leighton DC, Loschelder DD, Maranges HM, Masicampo EJ, Mazara K, McCarthy S, McGregor I, Mead NL, Mendes WB, Meslot C, Michalak NM, Milyavskaya M, Miyake A, Moeini-Jazani M, Muraven M, Nakahara E, Patel K, Petrocelli JV, Pollak KM, Price MM, Ramsey HJ, Rath M, Robertson JA, Rockwell R, Russ IF, Salvati M, Saunders B, Scherer A, Schütz A, Schmitt KN, Segerstrom SC, Serenka B, Sharpinskyi K, Shaw M, Sherman J, Song Y, Sosa N, Spillane K, Stapels J, Stinnett AJ, Strawser HR, Sweeny K, Theodore D, Tonnu K, van Oldenbeuving Y, vanDellen MR, Vergara RC, Walker JS, Waugh CE, Weise F, Werner KM, Wheeler C, White RA, Wichman AL, Wiggins BJ, Wills JA, Wilson JH, Wagenmakers EJ, Albarracín D. A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1566-1581. [PMID: 34520296 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621989733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project (k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result (d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Exploratory analyses on the full sample (i.e., ignoring exclusion criteria) found a statistically significant effect (d = 0.08); Bayesian analyses showed that the data were about equally likely under the null and informed-prior hypotheses. Exploratory moderator tests suggested that the depletion effect was larger for participants who reported more fatigue but was not moderated by trait self-control, willpower beliefs, or action orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Vohs
- Department of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Sophie Lohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Quentin F Gronau
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam
| | - Anna J Finley
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | | | - Ambra Brizi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | | | | | | | - Chuting Cau
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Heather Chambers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Samuel L Clay
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University-Idaho
| | - Jessica Curtis
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, Arkansas State University
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan Doi
- Department of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Mia Ersoff
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University
| | - Julie R Eyink
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | | | - Bob M Fennis
- Department of Marketing, University of Groningen
| | | | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Will M Gervais
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Psychology, Brunel University London
| | | | - Bryan Gibson
- Psychology Department, Central Michigan University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin S Hagger
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä
| | | | | | | | - Edward R Hirt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Josh Hodge
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily James
- London College of Fashion, University of the Arts London
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, Arkansas State University
| | | | | | - Yannick Joye
- Department of Management, ISM University of Management and Economics
| | | | | | | | | | - Sander L Koole
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | | | - Christine Lam
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | | | - Nick Lee
- School of Psychology, Curtin University
| | - Dana C Leighton
- College of Arts, Sciences, and Education, Texas A&M University, Texarkana
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian McGregor
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo
| | | | - Wendy B Mendes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Erin Nakahara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Mindi M Price
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | | | | | - Jacob A Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Marco Salvati
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | - Anne Scherer
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University
| | | | - Kristin N Schmitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | | | | | - Janelle Sherman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University
| | | | | | | | | | - Hannah R Strawser
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Kate Sweeny
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | | | - Karine Tonnu
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feline Weise
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ebersole CR, Mathur MB, Baranski E, Bart-Plange DJ, Buttrick NR, Chartier CR, Corker KS, Corley M, Hartshorne JK, IJzerman H, Lazarević LB, Rabagliati H, Ropovik I, Aczel B, Aeschbach LF, Andrighetto L, Arnal JD, Arrow H, Babincak P, Bakos BE, Baník G, Baskin E, Belopavlović R, Bernstein MH, Białek M, Bloxsom NG, Bodroža B, Bonfiglio DBV, Boucher L, Brühlmann F, Brumbaugh CC, Casini E, Chen Y, Chiorri C, Chopik WJ, Christ O, Ciunci AM, Claypool HM, Coary S, Čolić MV, Collins WM, Curran PG, Day CR, Dering B, Dreber A, Edlund JE, Falcão F, Fedor A, Feinberg L, Ferguson IR, Ford M, Frank MC, Fryberger E, Garinther A, Gawryluk K, Ashbaugh K, Giacomantonio M, Giessner SR, Grahe JE, Guadagno RE, Hałasa E, Hancock PJB, Hilliard RA, Hüffmeier J, Hughes S, Idzikowska K, Inzlicht M, Jern A, Jiménez-Leal W, Johannesson M, Joy-Gaba JA, Kauff M, Kellier DJ, Kessinger G, Kidwell MC, Kimbrough AM, King JPJ, Kolb VS, Kołodziej S, Kovacs M, Krasuska K, Kraus S, Krueger LE, Kuchno K, Lage CA, Langford EV, Levitan CA, de Lima TJS, Lin H, Lins S, Loy JE, Manfredi D, Markiewicz Ł, Menon M, Mercier B, Metzger M, Meyet V, Millen AE, Miller JK, Montealegre A, Moore DA, Muda R, Nave G, Nichols AL, Novak SA, Nunnally C, Orlić A, Palinkas A, Panno A, Parks KP, Pedović I, Pękala E, Penner MR, Pessers S, Petrović B, Pfeiffer T, Pieńkosz D, Preti E, Purić D, Ramos T, Ravid J, Razza TS, Rentzsch K, Richetin J, Rife SC, Rosa AD, Rudy KH, Salamon J, Saunders B, Sawicki P, Schmidt K, Schuepfer K, Schultze T, Schulz-Hardt S, Schütz A, Shabazian AN, Shubella RL, Siegel A, Silva R, Sioma B, Skorb L, de Souza LEC, Steegen S, Stein LAR, Sternglanz RW, Stojilović D, Storage D, Sullivan GB, Szaszi B, Szecsi P, Szöke O, Szuts A, Thomae M, Tidwell ND, Tocco C, Torka AK, Tuerlinckx F, Vanpaemel W, Vaughn LA, Vianello M, Viganola D, Vlachou M, Walker RJ, Weissgerber SC, Wichman AL, Wiggins BJ, Wolf D, Wood MJ, Zealley D, Žeželj I, Zrubka M, Nosek BA. Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245920958687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect ( p < .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3–9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276–3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Δ r = .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols ( r = .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols ( r = .04) and the original RP:P replications ( r = .11), and smaller than that of the original studies ( r = .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r = .07, range = .00–.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r = .37, range = .19–.50).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Corley
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | | | - Hans IJzerman
- LIP/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Ljiljana B. Lazarević
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Hugh Rabagliati
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Ivan Ropovik
- Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University
- Faculty of Education, University of Presov
| | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | | | - Holly Arrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | - Peter Babincak
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov
| | | | - Gabriel Baník
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov
| | - Ernest Baskin
- Department of Food Marketing, Haub School of Business, Saint Joseph’s University
| | | | - Michael H. Bernstein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Bojana Bodroža
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
| | | | - Leanne Boucher
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | | | - Erica Casini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Yiling Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University
| | - Carlo Chiorri
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genova
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean Coary
- Quinlan School of Business, Loyola University Chicago
| | - Marija V. Čolić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade
| | | | | | - Chris R. Day
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University
| | | | - Anna Dreber
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics
- Department of Economics, University of Innsbruck
| | - John E. Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | | | - Anna Fedor
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lily Feinberg
- Psychology and Neuroscience Department, Boston College
| | - Ian R. Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychology, New York University
| | - Máire Ford
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University
| | | | | | | | | | - Kayla Ashbaugh
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Mauro Giacomantonio
- Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | - Jon E. Grahe
- Department of Psychology, Pacific Lutheran University
| | | | - Ewa Hałasa
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
| | | | - Rias A. Hilliard
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | | | - Sean Hughes
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University
| | | | | | - Alan Jern
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda M. Kimbrough
- School of Arts, Technology, Emerging Media, & Communication, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Josiah P. J. King
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | | | | | - Marton Kovacs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Lacy E. Krueger
- Department of Psychology & Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce
| | | | - Caio Ambrosio Lage
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | | | | | - Hause Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Samuel Lins
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | - Jia E. Loy
- Linguistics & English Language, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Dylan Manfredi
- Marketing Department, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Madhavi Menon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | - Brett Mercier
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Venus Meyet
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University–Idaho
| | | | | | | | - Don A. Moore
- Haas School of Business, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
| | - Gideon Nave
- Marketing Department, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Christian Nunnally
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Ana Orlić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade
| | - Anna Palinkas
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Angelo Panno
- Department of Human Science, European University of Rome
| | | | - Ivana Pedović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš
| | | | | | | | - Boban Petrović
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Danka Purić
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Tiago Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | - Timothy S. Razza
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | | | - Sean C. Rife
- Department of Psychology, Murray State University
| | - Anna Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova
| | | | - Janos Salamon
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Kathleen Schmidt
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
| | | | - Thomas Schultze
- Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz-Hardt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rachel L. Shubella
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | | | - Rúben Silva
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | - Barbara Sioma
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
| | - Lauren Skorb
- Psychology and Neuroscience Department, Boston College
| | | | - Sara Steegen
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | - L. A. R. Stein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Training School, Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth and Families
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Szecsi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Orsolya Szöke
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Attila Szuts
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Manuela Thomae
- MEU - Die Multiversität
- Diploma University of Applied Sciences
| | | | - Carly Tocco
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York
| | | | | | - Wolf Vanpaemel
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | | | - Michelangelo Vianello
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova
| | | | - Maria Vlachou
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | | | | | - Aaron L. Wichman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University
| | | | - Daniel Wolf
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg
| | | | - David Zealley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University–Idaho
| | - Iris Žeželj
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Mark Zrubka
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | - Brian A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Corker KS, Arnal JD, Bonfiglio DBV, Curran PG, Chartier CR, Chopik WJ, Guadagno RE, Kimbrough AM, Schmidt K, Wiggins BJ. Many Labs 5: Registered Replication of Albarracín et al. (2008), Experiment 7. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245920925750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Albarracín et al. (2008, Experiment 7) tested whether priming action or inaction goals (vs. no goal) and then satisfying those goals (vs. not satisfying them) would be associated with subsequent cognitive responding. They hypothesized and found that priming action or inaction goals that were not satisfied resulted in greater or lesser responding, respectively, compared with not priming goals ( N = 98). Sonnleitner and Voracek (2015) attempted to directly replicate Albarracín et al.’s (2008) study with German participants ( N = 105). They did not find evidence for the 3 × 2 interaction or the expected main effect of task type. The current study attempted to directly replicate Albarracín et al. (2008), Experiment 7, with a larger sample of participants ( N = 1,690) from seven colleges and universities in the United States. We also extended the study design by using a scrambled-sentence task to prime goals instead of the original task of completing word fragments, allowing us to test whether study protocol moderated any effects of interest. We did not detect moderation by protocol in the full 3 × 2 × 2 design (pseudo- r2 = 0.05%). Results for both protocols were largely consistent with Sonnleitner and Voracek’s findings (pseudo- r2s = 0.14% and 0.50%). We consider these results in light of recent findings concerning priming methods and discuss the robustness of action-/inaction-goal priming to the implementation of different protocols in this particular context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda M. Kimbrough
- School of Arts, Technology, Emerging Media, & Communication, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Kathleen Schmidt
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mathur MB, Bart-Plange DJ, Aczel B, Bernstein MH, Ciunci AM, Ebersole CR, Falcão F, Ashbaugh K, Hilliard RA, Jern A, Kellier DJ, Kessinger G, Kolb VS, Kovacs M, Lage CA, Langford EV, Lins S, Manfredi D, Meyet V, Moore DA, Nave G, Nunnally C, Palinkas A, Parks KP, Pessers S, Ramos T, Rudy KH, Salamon J, Shubella RL, Silva R, Steegen S, Stein LAR, Szaszi B, Szecsi P, Tuerlinckx F, Vanpaemel W, Vlachou M, Wiggins BJ, Zealley D, Zrubka M, Frank MC. Many Labs 5: Registered Multisite Replication of the Tempting-Fate Effects in Risen and Gilovich (2008). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918785165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Risen and Gilovich (2008) found that subjects believed that “tempting fate” would be punished with ironic bad outcomes (a main effect), and that this effect was magnified when subjects were under cognitive load (an interaction). A previous replication study (Frank & Mathur, 2016) that used an online implementation of the protocol on Amazon Mechanical Turk failed to replicate both the main effect and the interaction. Before this replication was run, the authors of the original study expressed concern that the cognitive-load manipulation may be less effective when implemented online than when implemented in the lab and that subjects recruited online may also respond differently to the specific experimental scenario chosen for the replication. A later, large replication project, Many Labs 2 (Klein et al. 2018), replicated the main effect (though the effect size was smaller than in the original study), but the interaction was not assessed. Attempting to replicate the interaction while addressing the original authors’ concerns regarding the protocol for the first replication study, we developed a new protocol in collaboration with the original authors. We used four university sites ( N = 754) chosen for similarity to the site of the original study to conduct a high-powered, preregistered replication focused primarily on the interaction effect. Results from these sites did not support the interaction or the main effect and were comparable to results obtained at six additional universities that were less similar to the original site. Post hoc analyses did not provide strong evidence for statistical inconsistency between the original study’s estimates and our estimates; that is, the original study’s results would not have been extremely unlikely in the estimated distribution of population effects in our sites. We also collected data from a new Mechanical Turk sample under the first replication study’s protocol, and results were not meaningfully different from those obtained with the new protocol at universities similar to the original site. Secondary analyses failed to support proposed substantive mechanisms for the failure to replicate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Michael H. Bernstein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
| | | | | | | | - Kayla Ashbaugh
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Rias A. Hilliard
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Alan Jern
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | | | | | | | - Marton Kovacs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Caio Ambrosio Lage
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | - Samuel Lins
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | - Dylan Manfredi
- Marketing Department, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Venus Meyet
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University–Idaho
| | - Don A. Moore
- Haas School of Business, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Gideon Nave
- Marketing Department, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Nunnally
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Anna Palinkas
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Tiago Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | - Janos Salamon
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Rachel L. Shubella
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Rúben Silva
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | - Sara Steegen
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | - L. A. R. Stein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Training School, Rhode Island
Department of Children, Youth and Families
| | | | - Peter Szecsi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | - Wolf Vanpaemel
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | - Maria Vlachou
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | | | - David Zealley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University–Idaho
| | - Mark Zrubka
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wiggins BJ, Christopherson CD. The replication crisis in psychology: An overview for theoretical and philosophical psychology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/teo0000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
6
|
McCarthy RJ, Skowronski JJ, Verschuere B, Meijer EH, Jim A, Hoogesteyn K, Orthey R, Acar OA, Aczel B, Bakos BE, Barbosa F, Baskin E, Bègue L, Ben-Shakhar G, Birt AR, Blatz L, Charman SD, Claesen A, Clay SL, Coary SP, Crusius J, Evans JR, Feldman N, Ferreira-Santos F, Gamer M, Gerlsma C, Gomes S, González-Iraizoz M, Holzmeister F, Huber J, Huntjens RJC, Isoni A, Jessup RK, Kirchler M, klein Selle N, Koppel L, Kovacs M, Laine T, Lentz F, Loschelder DD, Ludvig EA, Lynn ML, Martin SD, McLatchie NM, Mechtel M, Nahari G, Özdoğru AA, Pasion R, Pennington CR, Roets A, Rozmann N, Scopelliti I, Spiegelman E, Suchotzki K, Sutan A, Szecsi P, Tinghög G, Tisserand JC, Tran US, Van Hiel A, Vanpaemel W, Västfjäll D, Verliefde T, Vezirian K, Voracek M, Warmelink L, Wick K, Wiggins BJ, Wylie K, Yıldız E. Registered Replication Report on Srull and Wyer (1979). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918777487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Srull and Wyer (1979) demonstrated that exposing participants to more hostility-related stimuli caused them subsequently to interpret ambiguous behaviors as more hostile. In their Experiment 1, participants descrambled sets of words to form sentences. In one condition, 80% of the descrambled sentences described hostile behaviors, and in another condition, 20% described hostile behaviors. Following the descrambling task, all participants read a vignette about a man named Donald who behaved in an ambiguously hostile manner and then rated him on a set of personality traits. Next, participants rated the hostility of various ambiguously hostile behaviors (all ratings on scales from 0 to 10). Participants who descrambled mostly hostile sentences rated Donald and the ambiguous behaviors as approximately 3 scale points more hostile than did those who descrambled mostly neutral sentences. This Registered Replication Report describes the results of 26 independent replications ( N = 7,373 in the total sample; k = 22 labs and N = 5,610 in the primary analyses) of Srull and Wyer’s Experiment 1, each of which followed a preregistered and vetted protocol. A random-effects meta-analysis showed that the protagonist was seen as 0.08 scale points more hostile when participants were primed with 80% hostile sentences than when they were primed with 20% hostile sentences (95% confidence interval, CI = [0.004, 0.16]). The ambiguously hostile behaviors were seen as 0.08 points less hostile when participants were primed with 80% hostile sentences than when they were primed with 20% hostile sentences (95% CI = [−0.18, 0.01]). Although the confidence interval for one outcome excluded zero and the observed effect was in the predicted direction, these results suggest that the currently used methods do not produce an assimilative priming effect that is practically and routinely detectable.
Collapse
|
7
|
Verschuere B, Meijer EH, Jim A, Hoogesteyn K, Orthey R, McCarthy RJ, Skowronski JJ, Acar OA, Aczel B, Bakos BE, Barbosa F, Baskin E, Bègue L, Ben-Shakhar G, Birt AR, Blatz L, Charman SD, Claesen A, Clay SL, Coary SP, Crusius J, Evans JR, Feldman N, Ferreira-Santos F, Gamer M, Gomes S, González-Iraizoz M, Holzmeister F, Huber J, Isoni A, Jessup RK, Kirchler M, klein Selle N, Koppel L, Kovacs M, Laine T, Lentz F, Loschelder DD, Ludvig EA, Lynn ML, Martin SD, McLatchie NM, Mechtel M, Nahari G, Özdoğru AA, Pasion R, Pennington CR, Roets A, Rozmann N, Scopelliti I, Spiegelman E, Suchotzki K, Sutan A, Szecsi P, Tinghög G, Tisserand JC, Tran US, Van Hiel A, Vanpaemel W, Västfjäll D, Verliefde T, Vezirian K, Voracek M, Warmelink L, Wick K, Wiggins BJ, Wylie K, Yıldız E. Registered Replication Report on Mazar, Amir, and Ariely (2008). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918781032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The self-concept maintenance theory holds that many people will cheat in order to maximize self-profit, but only to the extent that they can do so while maintaining a positive self-concept. Mazar, Amir, and Ariely (2008, Experiment 1) gave participants an opportunity and incentive to cheat on a problem-solving task. Prior to that task, participants either recalled the Ten Commandments (a moral reminder) or recalled 10 books they had read in high school (a neutral task). Results were consistent with the self-concept maintenance theory. When given the opportunity to cheat, participants given the moral-reminder priming task reported solving 1.45 fewer matrices than did those given a neutral prime (Cohen’s d = 0.48); moral reminders reduced cheating. Mazar et al.’s article is among the most cited in deception research, but their Experiment 1 has not been replicated directly. This Registered Replication Report describes the aggregated result of 25 direct replications (total N = 5,786), all of which followed the same preregistered protocol. In the primary meta-analysis (19 replications, total n = 4,674), participants who were given an opportunity to cheat reported solving 0.11 more matrices if they were given a moral reminder than if they were given a neutral reminder (95% confidence interval = [−0.09, 0.31]). This small effect was numerically in the opposite direction of the effect observed in the original study (Cohen’s d = −0.04).
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis C. Wendt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph A. Ostenson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis C. Wendt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
|
12
|
|