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Császár E, Lénárt N, Cserép C, Környei Z, Fekete R, Pósfai B, Balázsfi D, Hangya B, Schwarcz AD, Szabadits E, Szöllősi D, Szigeti K, Máthé D, West BL, Sviatkó K, Brás AR, Mariani JC, Kliewer A, Lenkei Z, Hricisák L, Benyó Z, Baranyi M, Sperlágh B, Menyhárt Á, Farkas E, Dénes Á. Microglia modulate blood flow, neurovascular coupling, and hypoperfusion via purinergic actions. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213035. [PMID: 35201268 PMCID: PMC8932534 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the main immunocompetent cells of the brain, regulate neuronal function, but their contribution to cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation has remained elusive. Here, we identify microglia as important modulators of CBF both under physiological conditions and during hypoperfusion. Microglia establish direct, dynamic purinergic contacts with cells in the neurovascular unit that shape CBF in both mice and humans. Surprisingly, the absence of microglia or blockade of microglial P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) substantially impairs neurovascular coupling in mice, which is reiterated by chemogenetically induced microglial dysfunction associated with impaired ATP sensitivity. Hypercapnia induces rapid microglial calcium changes, P2Y12R-mediated formation of perivascular phylopodia, and microglial adenosine production, while depletion of microglia reduces brain pH and impairs hypercapnia-induced vasodilation. Microglial actions modulate vascular cyclic GMP levels but are partially independent of nitric oxide. Finally, microglial dysfunction markedly impairs P2Y12R-mediated cerebrovascular adaptation to common carotid artery occlusion resulting in hypoperfusion. Thus, our data reveal a previously unrecognized role for microglia in CBF regulation, with broad implications for common neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Császár
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Schools of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Fekete
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Schools of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Balázsfi
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett D Schwarcz
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szabadits
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Katalin Sviatkó
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ana Rita Brás
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Schools of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jean-Charles Mariani
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Lenkei
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - László Hricisák
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Menyhárt
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Pérez de la Cruz V, Pineda B, Vázquez Cervantes GI, Ramírez Ortega D, Donley DW, Severson PL, West BL, Giorgini F, Fox JH, Schwarcz R. Cellular Localization of Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase in the Brain: Challenging the Dogma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020315. [PMID: 35204197 PMCID: PMC8868204 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), a key player in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, regulates the synthesis of the neuroactive metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and kynurenic acid (KYNA). KMO activity has been implicated in several major brain diseases including Huntington’s disease (HD) and schizophrenia. In the brain, KMO is widely believed to be predominantly localized in microglial cells, but verification in vivo has not been provided so far. Here, we examined KP metabolism in the brain after depleting microglial cells pharmacologically with the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622. Young adult mice were fed PLX5622 for 21 days and were euthanized either on the next day or after receiving normal chow for an additional 21 days. Expression of microglial marker genes was dramatically reduced on day 22 but had fully recovered by day 43. In both groups, PLX5622 treatment failed to affect Kmo expression, KMO activity or tissue levels of 3-HK and KYNA in the brain. In a parallel experiment, PLX5622 treatment also did not reduce KMO activity, 3-HK and KYNA in the brain of R6/2 mice (a model of HD with activated microglia). Finally, using freshly isolated mouse cells ex vivo, we found KMO only in microglia and neurons but not in astrocytes. Taken together, these data unexpectedly revealed that neurons contain a large proportion of functional KMO in the adult mouse brain under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrapati V. Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA;
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (V.P.d.l.C.); (G.I.V.C.); (D.R.O.)
| | - Benjamín Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Ignacio Vázquez Cervantes
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (V.P.d.l.C.); (G.I.V.C.); (D.R.O.)
| | - Daniela Ramírez Ortega
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (V.P.d.l.C.); (G.I.V.C.); (D.R.O.)
| | - David W. Donley
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (D.W.D.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Paul L. Severson
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (P.L.S.); (B.L.W.)
| | - Brian L. West
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (P.L.S.); (B.L.W.)
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7JA, UK;
| | - Jonathan H. Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (D.W.D.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-402-7635
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Tap WD, Singh AS, Anthony SP, Sterba M, Zhang C, Healey JH, Chmielowski B, Cohn AL, Shapiro GI, Keedy VL, Wainberg ZA, Puzanov I, Cote GM, Wagner AJ, Braiteh F, Sherman E, Hsu HH, Peterfy C, Gelhorn HL, Ye X, Severson P, West BL, Lin PS, Tong-Starksen S. Results from Phase I Extension Study Assessing Pexidartinib Treatment in Six Cohorts with Solid Tumors including TGCT, and Abnormal CSF1 Transcripts in TGCT. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:298-307. [PMID: 34716196 PMCID: PMC9401544 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the response to pexidartinib treatment in six cohorts of adult patients with advanced, incurable solid tumors associated with colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and/or KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS From this two-part phase I, multicenter study, pexidartinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets CSF1R, KIT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), was evaluated in six adult patient cohorts (part 2, extension) with advanced solid tumors associated with dysregulated CSF1R. Adverse events, pharmacokinetics, and tumor responses were assessed for all patients; patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) were also evaluated for tumor volume score (TVS) and patient-reported outcomes (PRO). CSF1 transcripts and gene expression were explored in TGCT biopsies. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were treated: TGCT patients (n = 39) had a median treatment duration of 511 days, while other solid tumor patients (n = 52) had a median treatment duration of 56 days. TGCT patients had response rates of 62% (RECIST 1.1) and 56% (TVS) for the full analysis set. PRO assessments for pain showed improvement in patient symptoms, and 76% (19/25) of TGCT tissue biopsy specimens showed evidence of abnormal CSF1 transcripts. Pexidartinib treatment of TGCT resulted in tumor regression and symptomatic benefit in most patients. Pexidartinib toxicity was manageable over the entire study. CONCLUSIONS These results offer insight into outcome patterns in cancers whose biology suggests use of a CSF1R inhibitor. Pexidartinib results in tumor regression in TGCT patients, providing prolonged control with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Tap
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Corresponding Author: William D. Tap, Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065. Phone: 646-888-4163; Fax: 646-888-4252; E-mail:
| | | | | | - Mike Sterba
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Chao Zhang
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - John H. Healey
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Geoffrey I. Shapiro
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vicki L. Keedy
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Igor Puzanov
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Andrew J. Wagner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fadi Braiteh
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Eric Sherman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Xin Ye
- Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Basking Ridge, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Paul S. Lin
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California
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4
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Marzan DE, Brügger-Verdon V, West BL, Liddelow S, Samanta J, Salzer JL. Activated microglia drive demyelination via CSF1R signaling. Glia 2021; 69:1583-1604. [PMID: 33620118 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microgliosis is a prominent pathological feature in many neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive auto-immune demyelinating disorder. The precise role of microglia, parenchymal central nervous system (CNS) macrophages, during demyelination, and the relative contributions of peripheral macrophages are incompletely understood. Classical markers used to identify microglia do not reliably discriminate between microglia and peripheral macrophages, confounding analyses. Here, we use a genetic fate mapping strategy to identify microglia as predominant responders and key effectors of demyelination in the cuprizone (CUP) model. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) - a secreted cytokine that regulates microglia development and survival-is upregulated in demyelinated white matter lesions. Depletion of microglia with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 greatly abrogates the demyelination, loss of oligodendrocytes, and reactive astrocytosis that results from CUP treatment. Electron microscopy (EM) and serial block face imaging show myelin sheaths remain intact in CUP treated mice depleted of microglia. However, these CUP-damaged myelin sheaths are lost and robustly phagocytosed upon-repopulation of microglia. Direct injection of CSF1 into CNS white matter induces focal microgliosis and demyelination indicating active CSF1 signaling can promote demyelination. Finally, mice defective in adopting a toxic astrocyte phenotype that is driven by microglia nevertheless demyelinate normally upon CUP treatment implicating microglia rather than astrocytes as the primary drivers of CUP-mediated demyelination. Together, these studies indicate activated microglia are required for and can drive demyelination directly and implicate CSF1 signaling in these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave E Marzan
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valérie Brügger-Verdon
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Shane Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jayshree Samanta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James L Salzer
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Berve K, West BL, Martini R, Groh J. Sex- and region-biased depletion of microglia/macrophages attenuates CLN1 disease in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:323. [PMID: 33115477 PMCID: PMC7594417 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (CLN diseases) are fatal lysosomal storage diseases causing neurodegeneration in the CNS. We have previously shown that neuroinflammation comprising innate and adaptive immune reactions drives axonal damage and neuron loss in the CNS of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1-deficient (Ppt1-/-) mice, a model of the infantile form of the diseases (CLN1). Therefore, we here explore whether pharmacological targeting of innate immune cells modifies disease outcome in CLN1 mice. METHODS We applied treatment with PLX3397 (150 ppm in the chow), a potent inhibitor of the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) to target innate immune cells in CLN1 mice. Experimental long-term treatment was non-invasively monitored by longitudinal optical coherence tomography and rotarod analysis, as well as analysis of visual acuity, myoclonic jerks, and survival. Treatment effects regarding neuroinflammation, neural damage, and neurodegeneration were subsequently analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We show that PLX3397 treatment attenuates neuroinflammation in CLN1 mice by depleting pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages. This leads to a reduction of T lymphocyte recruitment, an amelioration of axon damage and neuron loss in the retinotectal system, as well as reduced thinning of the inner retina and total brain atrophy. Accordingly, long-term treatment with the inhibitor also ameliorates clinical outcomes in CLN1 mice, such as impaired motor coordination, visual acuity, and myoclonic jerks. However, we detected a sex- and region-biased efficacy of CSF-1R inhibition, with male microglia/macrophages showing higher responsiveness toward depletion, especially in the gray matter of the CNS. This results in a better treatment outcome in male Ppt1-/- mice regarding some histopathological and clinical readouts and reflects heterogeneity of innate immune reactions in the diseased CNS. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a detrimental impact of innate immune reactions in the CNS of CLN1 mice. These findings provide insights into CLN pathogenesis and may guide in the design of immunomodulatory treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Berve
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Present address: Theodor-Kocher-Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Severson P, West BL, Tap WD, Wainberg ZA, Tong-Starksen S, Hsu HH, Zhang C. Abstract 2020: Identification of abnormal CSF1 transcripts in tenosynovial giant cell tumors and dose-dependent increase in plasma CSF1 levels in response to pexidartinib treatment. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs) are characterized by rearrangements of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene. Dysregulated CSF1 may attract CSF1 receptor (CSF1R)-bearing mononuclear cells that form the bulk of the tumor. CSF1R inhibitors including pexidartinib have been developed and have proven to be effective therapies.
Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) TGCT specimens from the phase 1 first-in-human study of pexidartinib (NCT01004861) were analyzed using a custom sequencing assay to detect CSF1 genetic alterations. The ArcherDX RNA panel (ArcherDX, Inc., Boulder, CO) consisted of 33 gene-specific primer sets specifically designed to target CSF1, including at least 1 primer set to target each exon/exon boundary as well as primer sets to tile the 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR). Plasma samples from 5 phase 1 trials of pexidartinib across multiple tumor types (NCT02777710, NCT01217229, NCT01525602, NCT01790503, NCT02452424) were assayed for CSF1 protein by solid-phase ELISA (Quantikine® Human MCSF, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) at baseline and following pexidartinib (200-1200 mg).
Results: FFPE TGCT specimens (N=25) were successfully isolated, prepared into libraries, and sequenced; 8 showed evidence of gene rearrangements at the junction of CSF1 exons 5/6, and 15 showed alterations of the CSF1 3′UTR (n=23). All 25 TGCT libraries had higher CSF1 expression, with 24 exceeding 2-fold of the RNA control library. The plasma samples from 132 patients were analyzed for CSF1 protein. Pexidartinib treatment (200-1200 mg) led to a dose-dependent increase in plasma CSF1 by day 8, 15, or 29. Significant (>4-fold) CSF1 elevation was observed at 600 mg or higher doses.
Discussion: All 25 analyzed TGCT study patients had tumor tissue with elevated CSF1 ligand transcripts, and 23 had CSF1 genomic alterations identified, thus confirming the TGCT etiology for which pexidartinib therapy was recently approved. The initial discovery of gross chromosomal aberrations involving the CSF1 locus used break-apart FISH probes (West et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:690-695). Details of the CSF1 gene aberrations were obtained here using a sequencing assay suitable for FFPE specimens having partially degraded RNA. Abnormal CSF1 transcripts identified in our study are similar to those published by others (Ho et al. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2019[Epub]; Tsuda et al. Int J Cancer. 2019;145:3276-3284) after completion of our work, including both predicted fusion proteins and loss of 3′UTR microRNA negative regulatory sites. Increased plasma CSF1 is a useful pharmacodynamics marker of CSF1R inhibition. One potential mechanism for CSF1 plasma elevations could be the inhibition of liver macrophages, known to express CSF1R and thought to play an essential role in the normal clearance of CSF1 from circulation.
Citation Format: Paul Severson, Brian L. West, William D. Tap, Zev A. Wainberg, Sandra Tong-Starksen, Henry H. Hsu, Chao Zhang. Identification of abnormal CSF1 transcripts in tenosynovial giant cell tumors and dose-dependent increase in plasma CSF1 levels in response to pexidartinib treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2020.
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Allen BD, Syage AR, Maroso M, Baddour AAD, Luong V, Minasyan H, Giedzinski E, West BL, Soltesz I, Limoli CL, Baulch JE, Acharya MM. Mitigation of helium irradiation-induced brain injury by microglia depletion. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:159. [PMID: 32429943 PMCID: PMC7236926 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cosmic radiation exposures have been found to elicit cognitive impairments involving a wide-range of underlying neuropathology including elevated oxidative stress, neural stem cell loss, and compromised neuronal architecture. Cognitive impairments have also been associated with sustained microglia activation following low dose exposure to helium ions. Space-relevant charged particles elicit neuroinflammation that persists long-term post-irradiation. Here, we investigated the potential neurocognitive benefits of microglia depletion following low dose whole body exposure to helium ions. Methods Adult mice were administered a dietary inhibitor (PLX5622) of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) to deplete microglia 2 weeks after whole body helium irradiation (4He, 30 cGy, 400 MeV/n). Cohorts of mice maintained on a normal and PLX5622 diet were tested for cognitive function using seven independent behavioral tasks, microglial activation, hippocampal neuronal morphology, spine density, and electrophysiology properties 4–6 weeks later. Results PLX5622 treatment caused a rapid and near complete elimination of microglia in the brain within 3 days of treatment. Irradiated animals on normal diet exhibited a range of behavioral deficits involving the medial pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus and increased microglial activation. Animals on PLX5622 diet exhibited no radiation-induced cognitive deficits, and expression of resting and activated microglia were almost completely abolished, without any effects on the oligodendrocyte progenitors, throughout the brain. While PLX5622 treatment was found to attenuate radiation-induced increases in post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) puncta and to preserve mushroom type spine densities, other morphologic features of neurons and electrophysiologic measures of intrinsic excitability were relatively unaffected. Conclusions Our data suggest that microglia play a critical role in cosmic radiation-induced cognitive deficits in mice and, that approaches targeting microglial function are poised to provide considerable benefit to the brain exposed to charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amber R Syage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mattia Maroso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Luong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Harutyun Minasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Allen BD, Apodaca LA, Syage AR, Markarian M, Baddour AAD, Minasyan H, Alikhani L, Lu C, West BL, Giedzinski E, Baulch JE, Acharya MM. Attenuation of neuroinflammation reverses Adriamycin-induced cognitive impairments. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:186. [PMID: 31753024 PMCID: PMC6868786 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have established the debilitating neurocognitive side effects of chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer, often referred as chemobrain. We hypothesize that cognitive impairments are associated with elevated microglial inflammation in the brain. Thus, either elimination of microglia or restoration of microglial function could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction. Using a rodent model of chronic Adriamycin (ADR) treatment, a commonly used breast cancer chemotherapy, we evaluated two strategies to ameliorate chemobrain: 1) microglia depletion using the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 and 2) human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMG)-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) treatment. In strategy 1 mice received ADR once weekly for 4 weeks and were then administered CSF1R inhibitor (PLX5622) starting 72 h post-ADR treatment. ADR-treated animals given a normal diet exhibited significant behavioral deficits and increased microglial activation 4–6 weeks later. PLX5622-treated mice exhibited no ADR-related cognitive deficits and near complete depletion of IBA-1 and CD68+ microglia in the brain. Cytokine and RNA sequencing analysis for inflammation pathways validated these findings. In strategy 2, 1 week after the last ADR treatment, mice received retro-orbital vein injections of iMG-EV (once weekly for 4 weeks) and 1 week later, mice underwent behavior testing. ADR-treated mice receiving EV showed nearly complete restoration of cognitive function and significant reductions in microglial activation as compared to untreated ADR mice. Our data demonstrate that ADR treatment elevates CNS inflammation that is linked to cognitive dysfunction and that attenuation of neuroinflammation reverses the adverse neurocognitive effects of chemotherapy.
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9
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Spangenberg E, Severson PL, Hohsfield LA, Crapser J, Zhang J, Burton EA, Zhang Y, Spevak W, Lin J, Phan NY, Habets G, Rymar A, Tsang G, Walters J, Nespi M, Singh P, Broome S, Ibrahim P, Zhang C, Bollag G, West BL, Green KN. Sustained microglial depletion with CSF1R inhibitor impairs parenchymal plaque development in an Alzheimer's disease model. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3758. [PMID: 31434879 PMCID: PMC6704256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many risk genes for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are exclusively or highly expressed in myeloid cells. Microglia are dependent on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling for their survival. We designed and synthesized a highly selective brain-penetrant CSF1R inhibitor (PLX5622) allowing for extended and specific microglial elimination, preceding and during pathology development. We find that in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, plaques fail to form in the parenchymal space following microglial depletion, except in areas containing surviving microglia. Instead, Aβ deposits in cortical blood vessels reminiscent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Altered gene expression in the 5xFAD hippocampus is also reversed by the absence of microglia. Transcriptional analyses of the residual plaque-forming microglia show they exhibit a disease-associated microglia profile. Collectively, we describe the structure, formulation, and efficacy of PLX5622, which allows for sustained microglial depletion and identify roles of microglia in initiating plaque pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Joshua Crapser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jack Lin
- Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Nicole Y Phan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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10
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Wesolowski R, Sharma N, Reebel L, Rodal MB, Peck A, West BL, Marimuthu A, Severson P, Karlin DA, Dowlati A, Le MH, Coussens LM, Rugo HS. Phase Ib study of the combination of pexidartinib (PLX3397), a CSF-1R inhibitor, and paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919854238. [PMID: 31258629 PMCID: PMC6589951 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919854238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the safety, recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and efficacy of pexidartinib, a colony stimulating factor receptor 1 (CSF-1R) inhibitor, in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. Patients and Methods: In part 1 of this phase Ib study, 24 patients with advanced solid tumors received escalating doses of pexidartinib with weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m2). Pexidartinib was administered at 600 mg/day in cohort 1. For subsequent cohorts, the dose was increased by ⩽50% using a standard 3+3 design. In part 2, 30 patients with metastatic solid tumors were enrolled to examine safety, tolerability and efficacy of the RP2D. Pharmacokinetics and biomarkers were also assessed. Results: A total of 51 patients reported ≥1 adverse event(s) (AEs) that were at least possibly related to either study drug. Grade 3–4 AEs, including anemia (26%), neutropenia (22%), lymphopenia (19%), fatigue (15%), and hypertension (11%), were recorded in 38 patients (70%). In part 1, no maximum tolerated dose was achieved and 1600 mg/day was determined to be the RP2D. Of 38 patients evaluable for efficacy, 1 (3%) had complete response, 5 (13%) partial response, 13 (34%) stable disease, and 17 (45%) progressive disease. No drug–drug interactions were found. Plasma CSF-1 levels increased 1.6- to 53-fold, and CD14dim/CD16+ monocyte levels decreased by 57–100%. Conclusions: The combination of pexidartinib and paclitaxel was generally well tolerated. RP2D for pexidartinib was 1600 mg/day. Pexidartinib blocked CSF-1R signaling, indicating potential for mitigating macrophage tumor infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wesolowski
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1800 Cannon Dr 1250 Lincoln Tower Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Laura Reebel
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mai H Le
- Plexxikon Inc. Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Hope S Rugo
- University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Guan W, Hu J, Yang L, Tan P, Tang Z, West BL, Bollag G, Xu H, Wu L. Inhibition of TAMs improves the response to docetaxel in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:131-140. [PMID: 30400004 PMCID: PMC6226051 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) often becomes ineffective requiring the addition of docetaxel, a proven effective chemotherapy option. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known to provide protumorigenic influences that contribute to treatment failure. In this study, we examined the contribution of TAMs to docetaxel treatment. An increased infiltration of macrophages in CRPC tumors was observed after treatment with docetaxel. Prostate cancer cells treated with docetaxel released more macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF-1 or CSF-1), IL-10 and other factors, which can recruit and modulate circulating monocytes to promote their protumorigenic functions. Inhibition of CSF-1 receptor kinase signaling with a small molecule antagonist (PLX3397) in CRPC models significantly reduces the infiltration of TAMs and their influences. As such, the addition of PLX3397 to docetaxel treatment resulted in a more durable tumor growth suppression than docetaxel alone. This study reveals a rational strategy to abrogate the influences of TAMs and extend the treatment response to docetaxel in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guan
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junhui Hu
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Tan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuang Tang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | | | | | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles CA 90095
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles CA 90095
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles CA 90095
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles CA 90095
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12
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Elmore MRP, Hohsfield LA, Kramár EA, Soreq L, Lee RJ, Pham ST, Najafi AR, Spangenberg EE, Wood MA, West BL, Green KN. Replacement of microglia in the aged brain reverses cognitive, synaptic, and neuronal deficits in mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12832. [PMID: 30276955 PMCID: PMC6260908 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, can be eliminated via pharmacological inhibition of the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Withdrawal of CSF1R inhibition then stimulates microglial repopulation, effectively replacing the microglial compartment. In the aged brain, microglia take on a “primed” phenotype and studies indicate that this coincides with age‐related cognitive decline. Here, we investigated the effects of replacing the aged microglial compartment with new microglia using CSF1R inhibitor‐induced microglial repopulation. With 28 days of repopulation, replacement of resident microglia in aged mice (24 months) improved spatial memory and restored physical microglial tissue characteristics (cell densities and morphologies) to those found in young adult animals (4 months). However, inflammation‐related gene expression was not broadly altered with repopulation nor the response to immune challenges. Instead, microglial repopulation resulted in a reversal of age‐related changes in neuronal gene expression, including expression of genes associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling and synaptogenesis. Age‐related changes in hippocampal neuronal complexity were reversed with both microglial elimination and repopulation, while microglial elimination increased both neurogenesis and dendritic spine densities. These changes were accompanied by a full rescue of age‐induced deficits in long‐term potentiation with microglial repopulation. Thus, several key aspects of the aged brain can be reversed by acute noninvasive replacement of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R. P. Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Lindsay A. Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Enikö A. Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Lilach Soreq
- University College London; London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute; London UK
| | - Rafael J. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Stephanie T. Pham
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Allison R. Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Elizabeth E. Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
| | | | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
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13
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Groh J, Klein D, Berve K, West BL, Martini R. Targeting microglia attenuates neuroinflammation-related neural damage in mice carrying human PLP1
mutations. Glia 2018; 67:277-290. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Dennis Klein
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Kristina Berve
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
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14
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Najafi AR, Crapser J, Jiang S, Ng W, Mortazavi A, West BL, Green KN. A limited capacity for microglial repopulation in the adult brain. Glia 2018; 66:2385-2396. [PMID: 30370589 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cell of the central nervous system (CNS), and serve to protect and maintain the local brain environment. Microglia are critically dependent on signaling through the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R); administration of CSF1R inhibitors that cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) lead to the elimination of up to 99% of microglia, depending on CNS exposure and treatment duration. Once microglia are depleted, withdrawal of inhibitor stimulates repopulation of the entire CNS with new cells, conceivably enabling a therapeutic strategy for beneficial renewal of the entire microglial tissue. We have explored the kinetics and limits of this repopulation event and show that the rate of microglial repopulation is proportional to the extent of microglial depletion - greater depletion of microglia results in more rapid repopulation. Using a CSF1R inhibitor formulation that eliminates approximately 99% of microglia within 7 days, we subjected mice to multiple rounds of elimination (7 days' treatment) and repopulation (7 days' recovery) and found that the brain only has the capacity for a single complete repopulation event; subsequent elimination and CSF1R inhibitor withdrawal fail to repopulate the brain. However, if the recovery time between, or after, cycles is extended sufficiently then the brain can ultimately repopulate. These kinetic studies define the opportunities and possible limits of the remarkable renewal capacities of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Joshua Crapser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Development and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Winnie Ng
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Development and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
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15
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Giricz O, Mo Y, Dahlman KB, Cotto-Rios XM, Vardabasso C, Nguyen H, Matusow B, Bartenstein M, Polishchuk V, Johnson DB, Bhagat TD, Shellooe R, Burton E, Tsai J, Zhang C, Habets G, Greally JM, Yu Y, Kenny PA, Fields GB, Pradhan K, Stanley ER, Bernstein E, Bollag G, Gavathiotis E, West BL, Sosman JA, Verma AK. The RUNX1/IL-34/CSF-1R axis is an autocrinally regulated modulator of resistance to BRAF-V600E inhibition in melanoma. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120422. [PMID: 30046005 PMCID: PMC6124424 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to current therapies still impacts a significant number of melanoma patients and can be regulated by epigenetic alterations. Analysis of global cytosine methylation in a cohort of primary melanomas revealed a pattern of early demethylation associated with overexpression of oncogenic transcripts. Loss of methylation and associated overexpression of the CSF 1 receptor (CSF1R) was seen in a majority of tumors and was driven by an alternative, endogenous viral promoter in a subset of samples. CSF1R was particularly elevated in melanomas with BRAF and other MAPK activating mutations. Furthermore, rebound ERK activation after BRAF inhibition was associated with RUNX1-mediated further upregulation of CSF-1R and its ligand IL-34. Importantly, increased CSF-1R and IL-34 overexpression were detected in an independent cohort of resistant melanomas. Inhibition of CSF-1R kinase or decreased CSF-1R expression by RNAi reduced 3-D growth and invasiveness of melanoma cells. Coinhibition of CSF-1R and BRAF resulted in synergistic efficacy in vivo. To our knowledge, our data unveil a previously unknown role for the autocrine-regulated CSF-1R in BRAF V600E resistance and provide a preclinical rationale for targeting this pathway in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsi Giricz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yongkai Mo
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Chiara Vardabasso
- Departments of Oncological Sciences & Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Matthias Bartenstein
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Veronika Polishchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Tushar D. Bhagat
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yiting Yu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Paraic A. Kenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Florida, USA
| | - Kith Pradhan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Emily Bernstein
- Departments of Oncological Sciences & Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Amit K. Verma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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16
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Giricz O, Mo Y, Dahlman KB, Cotto-Rios XM, Vardabasso C, Nguyen H, Matusow B, Bartenstein M, Polishchuck-Lee V, Johnson DB, Bhagat TB, Shellooe R, Burton E, Habets G, Greally JM, Yu Y, Bollag G, Kenny PA, Pradhan K, Stanley ER, Bernstein E, Gavathiotis E, West BL, Sosman JA, Verma A. Abstract 2515: Aberrant expression of CSF1R in melanoma is driven through an endogenous viral promoter and it contributes to malignant growth and BRAF-inhibitor resistance. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epigenetic changes in cancer are thought to contribute to the regulation of invasion and metastasis. To study this at a genome-wide level in melanoma, we analyzed the methylome of 44 cases of malignant melanoma. We saw widespread demethylation occurring preferentially outside of CpG islands. Comparison of primary and metastatic lesions showed demethylation occurs early during carcinogenesis with few additional alterations in advanced tumors. The colony stimulating factor-1 receptor was aberrantly expressed and hypomethylated in nearly all cases. Its expression was validated by IHC and RNA-FISH on primary tumors and by qPCR, Western blotting and FACS in BRAF mutant and WT cell lines. CSF1R can be aberrantly expressed via an upstream LTR element in Hodgkin's lymphoma. After analyzing our patient samples and cell lines, we have found this aberrant transcript may be the dominant form in melanoma as well. Expression of one of its ligands IL34 was also shown in the cell lines by both ELISA and qPCR pointing to a potential autocrine regulatory loop. The effects of a small molecule inhibitor, PLX3397 as well as shRNA-mediated knockdown of the receptor were investigated in 2D and 3D cell culture. We saw inhibition of cell growth, smaller colony size, increased apoptosis and decreased invasiveness suggesting a functional role for CSF-1R in melanoma. Treatment of melanoma with BRAF-V600E inhibitors is effective for a time, but resistance invariably develops. The feedback activation of EGFR, BRAF amplification, BRAF splice variants and others are known to aid in the acquisition of resistance and the rebound activation of the MAPK-pathway. We are suggesting a role for CSF1R in this process. In Western experiments, the rebound of phospho-ERK after BRAF inhibitor treatment was accelerated with the addition of CSF1R ligands, or delayed with PLX3397, also attenuating AKT phosphorylation. Melanoma cells stably expressing shRNA against CSF1R recapitulated the effects of the inhibitor. Assaying the cells at different time points during a long-term V600E inhibitory experiment, we saw increasing levels of the transcription factor RUNX1, followed by increasing levels of IL34 and of the receptor, as well as its maturation, and presentation on the cell surface. shRNA-mediated knockdown of RUNX1 resulted in lower levels of the CSF1R and IL34 transcripts and delayed the rebound. Analysis of primary RNA-Seq data showed an increase in RUNX1, CSF1R and IL34 expression in resistant tumors. Co-inhibition of CSF1R and BRAF was also tested and resulted in synergistic blockade of cell growth in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo.The CSF1R inhibitor, PLX3397 is currently in clinical trials for glioblastoma, prostate, breast cancers and other cancers. These data present a preclinical rationale for its study in malignant melanoma.
Citation Format: Orsolya Giricz, Yongkai Mo, Kimberly B. Dahlman, Xiomaris M. Cotto-Rios, Chiara Vardabasso, Hoa Nguyen, Bernice Matusow, Matthias Bartenstein, Veronika Polishchuck-Lee, Douglas B. Johnson, Tushar B. Bhagat, Rafe Shellooe, Elizabeth Burton, Gaston Habets, John M. Greally, Yiting Yu, Gideon Bollag, Paraic A. Kenny, Kith Pradhan, E. Richard Stanley, Emily Bernstein, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Brian L. West, Jeffrey A. Sosman, Amit Verma. Aberrant expression of CSF1R in melanoma is driven through an endogenous viral promoter and it contributes to malignant growth and BRAF-inhibitor resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2515.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongkai Mo
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yiting Yu
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amit Verma
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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17
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Nissen JC, Thompson KK, West BL, Tsirka SE. Csf1R inhibition attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and promotes recovery. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:24-36. [PMID: 29803827 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive neuronal demyelination and degeneration. Much of this damage can be attributed to microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, as well as monocyte-derived macrophages, which breach the blood-brain barrier in this inflammatory state. Upon activation, both microglia and macrophages release a variety of factors that greatly contribute to disease progression, and thus therapeutic approaches in MS focus on diminishing their activity. We use the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622, administered in mouse chow, to ablate microglia and macrophages during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we show that ablation of these cells significantly improves animal mobility and weight gain in EAE. Further, we show that this treatment addresses the pathological hallmarks of MS, as it reduces demyelination and immune activation. White matter lesion areas in microglia/macrophage-depleted animals show substantial preservation of mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes in comparison to control animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that ablation of microglia/macrophages during the symptomatic phase of EAE reduces CNS inflammation and may also promote a more permissive environment for remyelination and recovery. This microglia and macrophage-targeted therapy could be a promising avenue for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian C Nissen
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, United States
| | - Kaitlyn K Thompson
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States
| | - Brian L West
- Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States.
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18
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Janova H, Arinrad S, Balmuth E, Mitjans M, Hertel J, Habes M, Bittner RA, Pan H, Goebbels S, Begemann M, Gerwig UC, Langner S, Werner HB, Kittel-Schneider S, Homuth G, Davatzikos C, Völzke H, West BL, Reif A, Grabe HJ, Boretius S, Ehrenreich H, Nave KA. Microglia ablation alleviates myelin-associated catatonic signs in mice. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:734-745. [PMID: 29252214 PMCID: PMC5785265 DOI: 10.1172/jci97032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying cellular mechanisms of catatonia, an executive "psychomotor" syndrome that is observed across neuropsychiatric diseases, have remained obscure. In humans and mice, reduced expression of the structural myelin protein CNP is associated with catatonic signs in an age-dependent manner, pointing to the involvement of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Here, we showed that the underlying cause of catatonic signs is the low-grade inflammation of white matter tracts, which marks a final common pathway in Cnp-deficient and other mutant mice with minor myelin abnormalities. The inhibitor of CSF1 receptor kinase signaling PLX5622 depleted microglia and alleviated the catatonic symptoms of Cnp mutants. Thus, microglia and low-grade inflammation of myelinated tracts emerged as the trigger of a previously unexplained mental condition. We observed a very high (25%) prevalence of individuals with catatonic signs in a deeply phenotyped schizophrenia sample (n = 1095). Additionally, we found the loss-of-function allele of a myelin-specific gene (CNP rs2070106-AA) associated with catatonia in 2 independent schizophrenia cohorts and also associated with white matter hyperintensities in a general population sample. Since the catatonic syndrome is likely a surrogate marker for other executive function defects, we suggest that microglia-directed therapies may be considered in psychiatric disorders associated with myelin abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janova
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evan Balmuth
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hertel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A. Bittner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hong Pan
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike C. Gerwig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sönke Langner
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, and
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Brian L. West
- Translational Pharmacology, Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Yan D, Kowal J, Akkari L, Schuhmacher AJ, Huse JT, West BL, Joyce JA. Inhibition of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor abrogates microenvironment-mediated therapeutic resistance in gliomas. Oncogene 2017; 36:6049-6058. [PMID: 28759044 PMCID: PMC5666319 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas represent the most aggressive glioma grade and are associated with a poor patient prognosis. The current standard of care, consisting of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, only results in a median survival of 14 months, underscoring the importance of developing effective new therapeutic strategies. Among the challenges in treating glioblastomas are primary resistance and the rapid emergence of recurrent disease, which can result from tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms in addition to tumor microenvironment (TME)-mediated extrinsic resistance. Using a PDGF-B-driven proneural glioma mouse model, we assessed a panel of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with different selectivity profiles. We found that PLX3397, an inhibitor of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), blocks glioma progression, markedly suppresses tumor cell proliferation and reduces tumor grade. By contrast, the multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors dovitinib and vatalanib, which directly target tumor cells, exert minimal anti-tumoral effects in vivo, despite killing glioma cells in vitro, suggesting a TME-mediated resistance mechanism may be involved. Interestingly, PLX3397 interferes with tumor-mediated education of macrophages and consequently restores the sensitivity of glioma cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vivo in preclinical combination trials. Our findings thus demonstrate that microenvironmental alteration by CSF-1R blockade renders tumor cells more susceptible to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition in a preclinical glioblastoma model, which may have important translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Kowal
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Akkari
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A J Schuhmacher
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J T Huse
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B L West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Hillmer AT, Holden D, Fowles K, Nabulsi N, West BL, Carson RE, Cosgrove KP. Microglial depletion and activation: A [ 11C]PBR28 PET study in nonhuman primates. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:59. [PMID: 28741281 PMCID: PMC5524658 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is an important target for assessing neuroimmune function in brain with positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. The goal of this work was to assess two [11C]PBR28 imaging paradigms for measuring dynamic microglia changes in Macaca mulatta. METHODS Dynamic [11C]PBR28 PET imaging data with arterial blood sampling were acquired to quantify TSPO levels as [11C]PBR28 V T. Scans were acquired at three timepoints: baseline, immediately post-drug, and prolonged post-drug. RESULTS In one animal, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor kinase inhibitor, previously shown to deplete brain microglia, reduced [11C]PBR28 V T in brain by 46 ± 3% from baseline, which recovered after 12 days to 7 ± 5% from baseline. In a different animal, acute lipopolysaccharide administration, shown to activate brain microglia, increased [11C]PBR28 V T in brain by 39 ± 9% from baseline, which recovered after 14 days to -11 ± 3% from baseline. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide preliminary evidence of complementary paradigms to assess microglia dynamics via in vivo TSPO imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Daniel Holden
- Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krista Fowles
- Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Hohsfield LA, Green KN, West BL. [P1–207]: CHARACTERIZING THE EFFECTS OF MICROGLIAL ELIMINATION AND REPOPULATION ON ABETA AND TAU PATHOLOGY. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Rice RA, Pham J, Lee RJ, Najafi AR, West BL, Green KN. Microglial repopulation resolves inflammation and promotes brain recovery after injury. Glia 2017; 65:931-944. [PMID: 28251674 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia mediate chronic neuroinflammation following central nervous system (CNS) disease or injury, and in doing so, damage the local brain environment by impairing recovery and contributing to disease processes. Microglia are critically dependent on signaling through the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and can be eliminated via administration of CSF1R inhibitors. Resolving chronic neuroinflammation represents a universal goal for CNS disorders, but long-term microglial elimination may not be amenable to clinical use. Notably, withdrawal of CSF1R inhibitors stimulates new microglia to fully repopulate the CNS, affording an opportunity to renew this cellular compartment. To that end, we have explored the effects of acute microglial elimination, followed by microglial repopulation, in a mouse model of extensive neuronal loss. Neuronal loss leads to a prolonged neuroinflammatory response, characterized by the presence of swollen microglia expressing CD68 and CD45, as well as elevated levels of cytokines, chemokines, complement, and other inflammatory signals. These collective responses are largely resolved by microglial repopulation. Furthermore, microglial repopulation promotes functional recovery in mice, with elevated plus maze performance matching that of uninjured mice, despite the loss of 80% of hippocampal neurons. Analyses of synaptic surrogates revealed increases in PSD95 and synaptophysin puncta with microglial repopulation, suggesting that these cells sculpt and regulate the synaptic landscape. Thus, our results show that short-term microglial elimination followed by repopulation may represent a clinically feasible and novel approach to resolve neuroinflammatory events and promote brain recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Rice
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Jason Pham
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Rafael J Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Allison R Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | | | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
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23
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Feng X, Jopson TD, Paladini MS, Liu S, West BL, Gupta N, Rosi S. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor blockade prevents fractionated whole-brain irradiation-induced memory deficits. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:215. [PMID: 27576527 PMCID: PMC5006433 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms and brain metastases are routinely treated with whole-brain radiation. Long-term survival occurs in many patients, but their quality of life is severely affected by the development of cognitive deficits, and there is no treatment to prevent these adverse effects. Neuroinflammation, associated with activation of brain-resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes, plays a pivotal role in loss of neurological function and has been shown to be associated with acute and long-term effects of brain irradiation. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling is essential for the survival and differentiation of microglia and monocytes. Here, we tested the effects of CSF-1R blockade by PLX5622 on cognitive function in mice treated with three fractions of 3.3 Gy whole-brain irradiation. Methods Young adult C57BL/6J mice were given three fractions of 3.3 Gy whole-brain irradiation while they were on diet supplemented with PLX5622, and the effects on periphery monocyte accumulation, microglia numbers, and neuronal functions were assessed. Results The mice developed hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits at 1 and 3 months after they received fractionated whole-brain irradiation. The impaired cognitive function correlated with increased number of periphery monocyte accumulation in the CNS and decreased dendritic spine density in hippocampal granule neurons. PLX5622 treatment caused temporary reduction of microglia numbers, inhibited monocyte accumulation in the brain, and prevented radiation-induced cognitive deficits. Conclusions Blockade of CSF-1R by PLX5622 prevents fractionated whole-brain irradiation-induced memory deficits. Therapeutic targeting of CSF-1R may provide a new avenue for protection from radiation-induced memory deficits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0671-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy D Jopson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Paladini
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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24
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Torres L, Danver J, Ji K, Miyauchi JT, Chen D, Anderson ME, West BL, Robinson JK, Tsirka SE. Dynamic microglial modulation of spatial learning and social behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:6-16. [PMID: 26348580 PMCID: PMC4779430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are active players in inflammation, but also have important supporting roles in CNS maintenance and function, including modulation of neuronal activity. We previously observed an increase in the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic current in organotypic brain slices after depletion of microglia using clodronate. Here, we describe that local hippocampal depletion of microglia by clodronate alters performance in tests of spatial memory and sociability. Global depletion of microglia by high-dose oral administration of a Csf1R inhibitor transiently altered spatial memory but produced no change in sociability behavior. Microglia depletion and behavior effects were both reversible, consistent with a dynamic role for microglia in the regulation of such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Torres
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651
| | - Joan Danver
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651
| | | | | | - Maria E. Anderson
- Integrated Neuroscience Area, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2500
| | | | - John K. Robinson
- Integrated Neuroscience Area, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2500
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651,Corresponding Author: Stella E. Tsirka, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacological Sciences, BST8-192, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651; Tel: 631-444-3859;
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25
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Szalay G, Martinecz B, Lénárt N, Környei Z, Orsolits B, Judák L, Császár E, Fekete R, West BL, Katona G, Rózsa B, Dénes Á. Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11499. [PMID: 27139776 PMCID: PMC4857403 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main immune cells of the brain and contribute to common brain diseases. However, it is unclear how microglia influence neuronal activity and survival in the injured brain in vivo. Here we develop a precisely controlled model of brain injury induced by cerebral ischaemia combined with fast in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and selective microglial manipulation. We show that selective elimination of microglia leads to a striking, 60% increase in infarct size, which is reversed by microglial repopulation. Microglia-mediated protection includes reduction of excitotoxic injury, since an absence of microglia leads to dysregulated neuronal calcium responses, calcium overload and increased neuronal death. Furthermore, the incidence of spreading depolarization (SD) is markedly reduced in the absence of microglia. Thus, microglia are involved in changes in neuronal network activity and SD after brain injury in vivo that could have important implications for common brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szalay
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Martinecz
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Barbara Orsolits
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Linda Judák
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary.,MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B - Two-photon measurement Technology Research Group, Pázmány Péter University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Fekete
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Brian L West
- Plexxikon, Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, USA
| | - Gergely Katona
- MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B - Two-photon measurement Technology Research Group, Pázmány Péter University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary.,MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B - Two-photon measurement Technology Research Group, Pázmány Péter University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
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26
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Spangenberg EE, Lee RJ, Najafi AR, Rice RA, Elmore MRP, Blurton-Jones M, West BL, Green KN. Eliminating microglia in Alzheimer's mice prevents neuronal loss without modulating amyloid-β pathology. Brain 2016; 139:1265-81. [PMID: 26921617 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to amyloid-β plaque and tau neurofibrillary tangle deposition, neuroinflammation is considered a key feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of reactive astrocytes and activated microglia surrounding amyloid plaques, implicating their role in disease pathogenesis. Microglia in the healthy adult mouse depend on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signalling for survival, and pharmacological inhibition of this receptor results in rapid elimination of nearly all of the microglia in the central nervous system. In this study, we set out to determine if chronically activated microglia in the Alzheimer's disease brain are also dependent on CSF1R signalling, and if so, how these cells contribute to disease pathogenesis. Ten-month-old 5xfAD mice were treated with a selective CSF1R inhibitor for 1 month, resulting in the elimination of ∼80% of microglia. Chronic microglial elimination does not alter amyloid-β levels or plaque load; however, it does rescue dendritic spine loss and prevent neuronal loss in 5xfAD mice, as well as reduce overall neuroinflammation. Importantly, behavioural testing revealed improvements in contextual memory. Collectively, these results demonstrate that microglia contribute to neuronal loss, as well as memory impairments in 5xfAD mice, but do not mediate or protect from amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Rafael J Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Allison R Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Rachel A Rice
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Monica R P Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Brian L West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
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27
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Stafford JH, Hirai T, Deng L, Chernikova SB, Urata K, West BL, Brown JM. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibition delays recurrence of glioblastoma after radiation by altering myeloid cell recruitment and polarization. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:797-806. [PMID: 26538619 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) may initially respond to treatment with ionizing radiation (IR), but the prognosis remains extremely poor because the tumors invariably recur. Using animal models, we previously showed that inhibiting stromal cell-derived factor 1 signaling can prevent or delay GBM recurrence by blocking IR-induced recruitment of myeloid cells, specifically monocytes that give rise to tumor-associated macrophages. The present study was aimed at determining if inhibiting colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) signaling could be used as an alternative strategy to target pro-tumorigenic myeloid cells recruited to irradiated GBM. METHODS To inhibit CSF-1 signaling in myeloid cells, we used PLX3397, a small molecule that potently inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R). Combined IR and PLX3397 therapy was compared with IR alone using 2 different human GBM intracranial xenograft models. RESULTS GBM xenografts treated with IR upregulated CSF-1R ligand expression and increased the number of CD11b+ myeloid-derived cells in the tumors. Treatment with PLX3397 both depleted CD11b+ cells and potentiated the response of the intracranial tumors to IR. Median survival was significantly longer for mice receiving combined therapy versus IR alone. Analysis of myeloid cell differentiation markers indicated that CSF-1R inhibition prevented IR-recruited monocyte cells from differentiating into immunosuppressive, pro-angiogenic tumor-associated macrophages. CONCLUSION CSF-1R inhibition may be a promising strategy to improve GBM response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Stafford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (J.H.S., T.H., L.D., S.B.C., K.U., J.M.B.), Department of Radiation Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (B.L.W.)
| | - Takahisa Hirai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (J.H.S., T.H., L.D., S.B.C., K.U., J.M.B.), Department of Radiation Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (B.L.W.)
| | - Lei Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (J.H.S., T.H., L.D., S.B.C., K.U., J.M.B.), Department of Radiation Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (B.L.W.)
| | - Sophia B Chernikova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (J.H.S., T.H., L.D., S.B.C., K.U., J.M.B.), Department of Radiation Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (B.L.W.)
| | - Kimiko Urata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (J.H.S., T.H., L.D., S.B.C., K.U., J.M.B.), Department of Radiation Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (B.L.W.)
| | - Brian L West
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (J.H.S., T.H., L.D., S.B.C., K.U., J.M.B.), Department of Radiation Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (B.L.W.)
| | - J Martin Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (J.H.S., T.H., L.D., S.B.C., K.U., J.M.B.), Department of Radiation Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (B.L.W.)
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Klein D, Patzkó Á, Schreiber D, van Hauwermeiren A, Baier M, Groh J, West BL, Martini R. Targeting the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor alleviates two forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in mice. Brain 2015; 138:3193-205. [PMID: 26297559 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
See Scherer (doi:10.1093/awv279) for a scientific commentary on this article.Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathies are inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system caused by mutations in Schwann cell-related genes. Typically, no causative cure is presently available. Previous preclinical data of our group highlight the low grade, secondary inflammation common to distinct Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathies as a disease amplifier. In the current study, we have tested one of several available clinical agents targeting macrophages through its inhibition of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). We here show that in two distinct mouse models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathies, the systemic short- and long-term inhibition of CSF1R by oral administration leads to a robust decline in nerve macrophage numbers by ∼70% and substantial reduction of the typical histopathological and functional alterations. Interestingly, in a model for the dominant X-linked form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathy, the second most common form of the inherited neuropathies, macrophage ablation favours maintenance of axonal integrity and axonal resprouting, leading to preserved muscle innervation, increased muscle action potential amplitudes and muscle strengths in the range of wild-type mice. In another model mimicking a mild, demyelination-related Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathy caused by reduced P0 (MPZ) gene dosage, macrophage blockade causes an improved preservation of myelin, increased muscle action potential amplitudes, improved nerve conduction velocities and ameliorated muscle strength. These observations suggest that disease-amplifying macrophages can produce multiple adverse effects in the affected nerves which likely funnel down to common clinical features. Surprisingly, treatment of mouse models mimicking Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A neuropathy also caused macrophage blockade, but did not result in neuropathic or clinical improvements, most likely due to the late start of treatment of this early onset disease model. In summary, our study shows that targeting peripheral nerve macrophages by an orally administered inhibitor of CSF1R may offer a highly efficacious and safe treatment option for at least two distinct forms of the presently non-treatable Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Klein
- 1 Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg Josef-Schneider Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Patzkó
- 1 Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg Josef-Schneider Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schreiber
- 1 Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg Josef-Schneider Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anemoon van Hauwermeiren
- 1 Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg Josef-Schneider Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Baier
- 1 Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg Josef-Schneider Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- 1 Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg Josef-Schneider Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Martini
- 1 Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg Josef-Schneider Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Butowski N, Colman H, De Groot JF, Omuro AM, Nayak L, Wen PY, Cloughesy TF, Marimuthu A, Haidar S, Perry A, Huse J, Phillips J, West BL, Nolop KB, Hsu HH, Ligon KL, Molinaro AM, Prados M. Orally administered colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397 in recurrent glioblastoma: an Ivy Foundation Early Phase Clinical Trials Consortium phase II study. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:557-64. [PMID: 26449250 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) ligands, CSF1 and interleukin-34, and the KIT ligand, stem cell factor, are expressed in glioblastoma (GB). Microglia, macrophages, blood vessels, and tumor cells also express CSF1R, and depletion of the microglia reduces tumor burden and invasive capacity. PLX3397 is an oral, small molecule that selectively inhibits CSF1R and KIT, penetrates the blood-brain barrier in model systems, and represents a novel approach for clinical development. METHODS We conducted a phase II study in patients with recurrent GB. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6). Secondary endpoints included overall survival response rate, safety, and plasma/tumor tissue pharmacokinetics. Exploratory endpoints included pharmacodynamic measures of drug effect in blood and tumor tissue. RESULTS A total of 37 patients were enrolled, with 13 treated prior to a planned surgical resection (Cohort 1) and 24 treated without surgery (Cohort 2). PLX3397 was given at an oral dose of 1000 mg daily and was well tolerated. The primary efficacy endpoint of PFS6 was only 8.6%, with no objective responses. Pharmacokinetic endpoints revealed a median maximal concentration (Cmax) of 8090 ng/mL, with a time to attain Cmax of 2 hour in plasma. Tumor tissue obtained after 7 days of drug exposure revealed a median drug level of 5500 ng/g. Pharmacodynamic changes included an increase in colony stimulating factor 1 and reduced CD14(dim)/CD16+ monocytes in plasma compared with pretreatment baseline values. CONCLUSION PLX3397 was well tolerated and readily crossed the blood-tumor barrier but showed no efficacy. Additional studies are ongoing, testing combination strategies and potential biomarkers to identify patients with greater likelihood of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Butowski
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Howard Colman
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - John F De Groot
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Antonio M Omuro
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Lakshmi Nayak
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Adhirai Marimuthu
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Sam Haidar
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Arie Perry
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Jason Huse
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Joanna Phillips
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Brian L West
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Keith B Nolop
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Henry H Hsu
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Keith L Ligon
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
| | - Michael Prados
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California (N.B., A.P., J.P., A.M.M, M.P.); Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.D.G.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (A.M.O.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (L.N., P.Y.W., S.H., K.L.L.); UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California (A.M., B.L.W., K.B.N., H.H.H.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York (J.H.)
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Thompson ML, Jimenez-Andrade JM, Chartier S, Tsai J, Burton EA, Habets G, Lin PS, West BL, Mantyh PW. Targeting cells of the myeloid lineage attenuates pain and disease progression in a prostate model of bone cancer. Pain 2015; 156:1692-1702. [PMID: 25993548 PMCID: PMC4545688 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells frequently metastasize to bone where they can generate cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) that can be difficult to fully control using available therapies. Here, we explored whether PLX3397, a high-affinity small molecular antagonist that binds to and inhibits phosphorylation of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, the tyrosine-protein kinase c-Kit, and the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, can reduce CIBP. These 3 targets all regulate the proliferation and function of a subset of the myeloid cells including macrophages, osteoclasts, and mast cells. Preliminary experiments show that PLX3397 attenuated inflammatory pain after formalin injection into the hind paw of the rat. As there is an inflammatory component in CIBP, involving macrophages and osteoclasts, the effect of PLX3397 was explored in a prostate model of CIBP where skeletal pain, cancer cell proliferation, tumor metastasis, and bone remodeling could be monitored in the same animal. Administration of PLX3397 was initiated on day 14 after prostate cancer cell injection when the tumor was well established, and tumor-induced bone remodeling was first evident. Over the next 6 weeks, sustained administration of PLX3397 attenuated CIBP behaviors by approximately 50% and was equally efficacious in reducing tumor cell growth, formation of new tumor colonies in bone, and pathological tumor-induced bone remodeling. Developing a better understanding of potential effects that analgesic therapies have on the tumor itself may allow the development of therapies that not only better control the pain but also positively impact disease progression and overall survival in patients with bone cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Juan Miguel Jimenez-Andrade
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Stephane Chartier
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - James Tsai
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | | | - Gaston Habets
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Paul S. Lin
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Brian L. West
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Patrick W. Mantyh
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Tap WD, Wainberg ZA, Anthony SP, Ibrahim PN, Zhang C, Healey JH, Chmielowski B, Staddon AP, Cohn AL, Shapiro GI, Keedy VL, Singh AS, Puzanov I, Kwak EL, Wagner AJ, Von Hoff DD, Weiss GJ, Ramanathan RK, Zhang J, Habets G, Zhang Y, Burton EA, Visor G, Sanftner L, Severson P, Nguyen H, Kim MJ, Marimuthu A, Tsang G, Shellooe R, Gee C, West BL, Hirth P, Nolop K, van de Rijn M, Hsu HH, Peterfy C, Lin PS, Tong-Starksen S, Bollag G. Structure-Guided Blockade of CSF1R Kinase in Tenosynovial Giant-Cell Tumor. N Engl J Med 2015. [PMID: 26222558 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1411366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene is elevated in most tenosynovial giant-cell tumors. This observation has led to the discovery and clinical development of therapy targeting the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). METHODS Using x-ray co-crystallography to guide our drug-discovery research, we generated a potent, selective CSF1R inhibitor, PLX3397, that traps the kinase in the autoinhibited conformation. We then conducted a multicenter, phase 1 trial in two parts to analyze this compound. In the first part, we evaluated escalations in the dose of PLX3397 that was administered orally in patients with solid tumors (dose-escalation study). In the second part, we evaluated PLX3397 at the chosen phase 2 dose in an extension cohort of patients with tenosynovial giant-cell tumors (extension study). Pharmacokinetic and tumor responses in the enrolled patients were assessed, and CSF1 in situ hybridization was performed to confirm the mechanism of action of PLX3397 and that the pattern of CSF1 expression was consistent with the pathological features of tenosynovial giant-cell tumor. RESULTS A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the dose-escalation study, and an additional 23 patients were enrolled in the extension study. The chosen phase 2 dose of PLX3397 was 1000 mg per day. In the extension study, 12 patients with tenosynovial giant-cell tumors had a partial response and 7 patients had stable disease. Responses usually occurred within the first 4 months of treatment, and the median duration of response exceeded 8 months. The most common adverse events included fatigue, change in hair color, nausea, dysgeusia, and periorbital edema; adverse events rarely led to discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of tenosynovial giant-cell tumors with PLX3397 resulted in a prolonged regression in tumor volume in most patients. (Funded by Plexxikon; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01004861.).
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Tap
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (W.D.T., J.H.H.) and Weill Cornell Medical College (W.D.T.) - both in New York; University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center, Los Angeles (Z.A.W., B.C., A.S.S.), Plexxikon, Berkeley (P.N.I., C.Z., J.Z., G.H., Y.Z., E.A.B., G.V., L.S., P.S., H.N., M.J.K., A.M., G.T., R.S., C.G., B.L.W., P.H., K.N., H.H.H., P.S.L., S.T.-S., G.B.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.R.) - all in California; Evergreen Hematology and Oncology, Spokane, WA (S.P.A.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.P.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Denver (A.L.C.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.I.S., A.J.W.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (E.L.K.) - both in Boston; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (V.L.K., I.P.); Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at Scottsdale Healthcare-Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, AZ (D.D.V.H., G.J.W., R.K.R.); and Spire Sciences, Boca Raton, FL (C.P.)
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Mok S, Tsoi J, Koya RC, Hu-Lieskovan S, West BL, Bollag G, Graeber TG, Ribas A. Inhibition of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor improves antitumor efficacy of BRAF inhibition. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:356. [PMID: 25939769 PMCID: PMC4432503 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant melanoma is an aggressive tumor type that often develops drug resistance to targeted therapeutics. The production of colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in tumors recruits myeloid cells such as M2-polarized macrophages and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), leading to an immune suppressive tumor milieu. Methods We used the syngeneic mouse model of BRAFV600E-driven melanoma SM1, which secretes CSF-1, to evaluate the ability of the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor PLX3397 to improve the antitumor efficacy of the oncogenic BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Results Combined BRAF and CSF-1R inhibition resulted in superior antitumor responses compared with either therapy alone. In mice receiving PLX3397 treatment, a dramatic reduction of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIM) was observed. In this model, we could not detect a direct effect of TIMs or pro-survival cytokines produced by TIMs that could confer resistance to PLX4032 (vemurafenib). However, the macrophage inhibitory effects of PLX3397 treatment in combination with the paradoxical activation of wild type BRAF-expressing immune cells mediated by PLX4032 resulted in more tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Depletion of CD8+ T-cells abrogated the antitumor response to the combination therapy. Furthermore, TILs isolated from SM1 tumors treated with PLX3397 and PLX4032 displayed higher immune potentiating activity. Conclusions The combination of BRAF-targeted therapy with CSF-1R blockade resulted in increased CD8 T-cell responses in the SM1 melanoma model, supporting the ongoing evaluation of this therapeutic combination in patients with BRAFV600 mutant metastatic melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1377-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mok
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Jennifer Tsoi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Richard C Koya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 11-934 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1782, USA.
| | | | | | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 11-934 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1782, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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van der Sluis TC, Sluijter M, van Duikeren S, West BL, Melief CJM, Arens R, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. Therapeutic Peptide Vaccine-Induced CD8 T Cells Strongly Modulate Intratumoral Macrophages Required for Tumor Regression. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1042-51. [PMID: 25888578 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abundant macrophage infiltration of solid cancers commonly correlates with poor prognosis. Tumor-promoting functions of macrophages include angiogenesis, metastasis formation, and suppression of Th1-type immune responses. Here, we show that successful treatment of cervical carcinoma in mouse models with synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines induced influx of cytokine-producing CD8 T cells that strongly altered the numbers and phenotype of intratumoral macrophages. On the basis of the expression of CD11b, CD11c, F4/80, Ly6C, Ly6G, and MHC II, we identified four myeloid subpopulations that increased in numbers from 2.0-fold to 8.7-fold in regressing tumors. These changes of the intratumoral myeloid composition coincided with macrophage recruitment by chemokines, including CCL2 and CCL5, and were completely dependent on a vaccine-induced influx of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. CD4 T cells were dispensable. Incubation of tumor cells with T cell-derived IFNγ and TNFα recapitulated the chemokine profile observed in vivo, confirming the capacity of antitumor CD8 T cells to mediate macrophage infiltration of tumors. Strikingly, complete regressions of large established tumors depended on the tumor-infiltrating macrophages that were induced by this immunotherapy, because a small-molecule drug inhibitor targeting CSF-1R diminished the number of intratumoral macrophages and abrogated the complete remissions. Survival rates after therapeutic SLP vaccination deteriorated in the presence of CSF-1R blockers. Together, these results show that therapeutic peptide vaccination could induce cytokine-producing T cells with strong macrophage-skewing capacity necessary for tumor shrinkage, and suggest that the development of macrophage-polarizing, rather than macrophage-depleting, agents is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetje C van der Sluis
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Duikeren
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISA Pharmaceuticals, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Elmore MRP, Lee RJ, West BL, Green KN. Characterizing newly repopulated microglia in the adult mouse: impacts on animal behavior, cell morphology, and neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122912. [PMID: 25849463 PMCID: PMC4388515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cell in the brain and are postulated to play important roles outside of immunity. Administration of the dual colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)/c-Kit kinase inhibitor, PLX3397, to adult mice results in the elimination of ~99% of microglia, which remain eliminated for as long as treatment continues. Upon removal of the inhibitor, microglia rapidly repopulate the entire adult brain, stemming from a central nervous system (CNS) resident progenitor cell. Using this method of microglial elimination and repopulation, the role of microglia in both healthy and diseased states can be explored. Here, we examine the responsiveness of newly repopulated microglia to an inflammatory stimulus, as well as determine the impact of these cells on behavior, cognition, and neuroinflammation. Two month-old wild-type mice were placed on either control or PLX3397 diet for 21 d to eliminate microglia. PLX3397 diet was then removed in a subset of animals to allow microglia to repopulate and behavioral testing conducted beginning at 14 d repopulation. Finally, inflammatory profiling of the microglia-repopulated brain in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.25 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was determined 21 d after inhibitor removal using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as well as detailed analyses of microglial morphologies. We find mice with repopulated microglia to perform similarly to controls by measures of behavior, cognition, and motor function. Compared to control/resident microglia, repopulated microglia had larger cell bodies and less complex branching in their processes, which resolved over time after inhibitor removal. Inflammatory profiling revealed that the mRNA gene expression of repopulated microglia was similar to normal resident microglia and that these new cells appear functional and responsive to LPS. Overall, these data demonstrate that newly repopulated microglia function similarly to the original resident microglia without any apparent adverse effects in healthy adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R. P. Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Rafael J. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Brian L. West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smith CC, Zhang C, Lin KC, Lasater EA, Zhang Y, Massi E, Damon LE, Pendleton M, Bashir A, Sebra R, Perl A, Kasarskis A, Shellooe R, Tsang G, Carias H, Powell B, Burton EA, Matusow B, Zhang J, Spevak W, Ibrahim PN, Le MH, Hsu HH, Habets G, West BL, Bollag G, Shah NP. Characterizing and Overriding the Structural Mechanism of the Quizartinib-Resistant FLT3 "Gatekeeper" F691L Mutation with PLX3397. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:668-79. [PMID: 25847190 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tyrosine kinase domain mutations are a common cause of acquired clinical resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used to treat cancer, including the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib. Mutation of kinase "gatekeeper" residues, which control access to an allosteric pocket adjacent to the ATP-binding site, has been frequently implicated in TKI resistance. The molecular underpinnings of gatekeeper mutation-mediated resistance are incompletely understood. We report the first cocrystal structure of FLT3 with the TKI quizartinib, which demonstrates that quizartinib binding relies on essential edge-to-face aromatic interactions with the gatekeeper F691 residue, and F830 within the highly conserved Asp-Phe-Gly motif in the activation loop. This reliance makes quizartinib critically vulnerable to gatekeeper and activation loop substitutions while minimizing the impact of mutations elsewhere. Moreover, we identify PLX3397, a novel FLT3 inhibitor that retains activity against the F691L mutant due to a binding mode that depends less vitally on specific interactions with the gatekeeper position. SIGNIFICANCE We report the first cocrystal structure of FLT3 with a kinase inhibitor, elucidating the structural mechanism of resistance due to the gatekeeper F691L mutation. PLX3397 is a novel FLT3 inhibitor with in vitro activity against this mutation but is vulnerable to kinase domain mutations in the FLT3 activation loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Kimberly C Lin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Elisabeth A Lasater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Evan Massi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lauren E Damon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew Pendleton
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ali Bashir
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Robert Sebra
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Perl
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mai H Le
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil P Shah
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Escamilla J, Schokrpur S, Liu C, Priceman SJ, Moughon D, Jiang Z, Pouliot F, Magyar C, Sung JL, Xu J, Deng G, West BL, Bollag G, Fradet Y, Lacombe L, Jung ME, Huang J, Wu L. CSF1 receptor targeting in prostate cancer reverses macrophage-mediated resistance to androgen blockade therapy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:950-62. [PMID: 25736687 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) promote cancer progression and therapeutic resistance by enhancing angiogenesis, matrix-remodeling, and immunosuppression. In this study, prostate cancer under androgen blockade therapy (ABT) was investigated, demonstrating that TAMs contribute to prostate cancer disease recurrence through paracrine signaling processes. ABT induced the tumor cells to express macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF1 or CSF1) and other cytokines that recruit and modulate macrophages, causing a significant increase in TAM infiltration. Inhibitors of CSF1 signaling through its receptor, CSF1R, were tested in combination with ABT, demonstrating that blockade of TAM influx in this setting disrupts tumor promotion and sustains a more durable therapeutic response compared with ABT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Escamilla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shiruyeh Schokrpur
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Connie Liu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Diana Moughon
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ziyue Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frederic Pouliot
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Clara Magyar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James L Sung
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Yves Fradet
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Stafford JH, Chernikova S, West BL, Brown JM. Abstract B71: Inhibiting the CSF-1 receptor on tumor-infiltrating monocytes may enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.chtme14-b71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain tumor and is one of the most deadly forms of cancer with median survival only 15 months after diagnosis. Ionizing radiation (IR) is the most effective treatment for GBM, but the prognosis remains poor because the tumors invariably recur. We have previously shown that bone marrow-derived monocytes promote GBM recurrence after radiotherapy by homing to the irradiation site and stimulating the growth of new tumor blood vessels in a process referred to as vasculogenesis. We found that this infiltration of monocytes can be prevented and tumor recurrences delayed by inhibition of the SDF-1/CXCR4 chemokine axis. Here we present data that suggest Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) may also play an important role in this phenomenon. CSF-1 is a potent chemokine secreted by several different types of solid tumors and is also the main growth factor regulating the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. RT-PCR analysis of U251 GBM tumors growing in mice revealed a more than 12.5-fold increase in expression of CSF-1 after treatment with a single dose of 12 Gy IR. Increased CSF-1 expression in these tumors correlated with increased recruitment of CD11b+ monocytes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that the number of CD11b+ monocytes in GBM tumors had approximately doubled within 2 weeks of IR treatment. F4/80 staining indicated that the majority of the CD11b+ cells were mature macrophages. Treatment with 40 mg/kg/day PLX3397, which inhibits the receptor for CSF-1 (CSF-1R), effectively blocked the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the irradiated tumors and inhibited tumor blood vessel formation. Moreover, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of intracranial U251-luciferase tumors growing in mice showed that combined treatment with IR and PLX3397 was more effective at inhibiting tumor growth than IR alone. Eighty percent of mice treated with IR and PLX3397 were alive at 50 days post-irradiation whereas there were no survivors among groups receiving monotherapy. These results suggest inhibition of CSF-1R may prevent post-irradiation recurrence of GBM by blocking the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages.
Citation Format: Jason H. Stafford, Sophia Chernikova, Brian L. West, J. Martin Brown. Inhibiting the CSF-1 receptor on tumor-infiltrating monocytes may enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B71. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B71
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Mo Y, Giricz O, Hu CH, Dahlman KB, Bhattacharyya S, Nguyen H, Matusow B, Bhagat T, Shellooe R, Burton E, Tsai J, Zhang C, Habets G, Shyr Y, Greally J, Yu Y, Bollag GE, Stanley R, Trent J, Kenny PA, West BL, Sosman J, Verma AK. Abstract 4781: Integrated epigenomic profiling reveals widespread demethylation in melanoma and reveals CSF-1 receptor as an aberrant regulator of malignant growth and invasion. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations can direct carcinogenesis by leading to transcriptional changes and inducing genomic instability. We analyzed the methylome of malignant melanoma and observed widespread loss of DNA methylation that was found to preferentially occur outside of CpG islands. Demethylation was seen to occur early during carcinogenesis, was independent of mutational status and correlated with genomic instability. Parallel transcriptomic analyses revealed that various immune and cancer associated pathways were overexpressed and were associated with promoter demethylation. The CSF1-receptor (CSF1R) was aberrantly overexpressed and hypomethylated in nearly all cases and was strikingly expressed via an aberrant upstream promoter in 10% of melanomas. shRNA mediated knockdown and inhibition of CSF1R kinase via a clinically relevant inhibitor, PLX3397, led to decreased 3D growth and invasiveness. Co-inhibition of CSF1R and BRAF resulted in synergistic blockade of BRAF-mutant melanoma xenograft growth. Thus, widespread epigenetic changes are seen in melanoma and CSF1R is a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
Citation Format: Yongkai Mo, Orsolya Giricz, Caroline H. Hu, Kimberly B. Dahlman, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Hoa Nguyen, Bernice Matusow, Tushar Bhagat, Rafe Shellooe, Elizabeth Burton, James Tsai, Chao Zhang, Gaston Habets, Yu Shyr, John Greally, Yiting Yu, Gideon E. Bollag, Richard Stanley, Jeffrey Trent, Paraic A. Kenny, Brian L. West, Jeffrey Sosman, Amit K. Verma. Integrated epigenomic profiling reveals widespread demethylation in melanoma and reveals CSF-1 receptor as an aberrant regulator of malignant growth and invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4781. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4781
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Mo
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Shyr
- 2Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Yiting Yu
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Trent
- 4Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ
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Sluijter M, van der Sluis TC, van der Velden PA, Versluis M, West BL, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. Inhibition of CSF-1R supports T-cell mediated melanoma therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104230. [PMID: 25110953 PMCID: PMC4128661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) can promote angiogenesis, invasiveness and immunosuppression. The cytokine CSF-1 (or M-CSF) is an important factor of TAM recruitment and differentiation and several pharmacological agents targeting the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) have been developed to regulate TAM in solid cancers. We show that the kinase inhibitor PLX3397 strongly dampened the systemic and local accumulation of macrophages driven by B16F10 melanomas, without affecting Gr-1+ myeloid derived suppressor cells. Removal of intratumoral macrophages was remarkably efficient and a modest, but statistically significant, delay in melanoma outgrowth was observed. Importantly, CSF-1R inhibition strongly enhanced tumor control by immunotherapy using tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Elevated IFNγ production by T cells was observed in mice treated with the combination of PLX3397 and immunotherapy. These results support the combined use of CSF-1R inhibition with CD8 T cell immunotherapy, especially for macrophage-stimulating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tetje C. van der Sluis
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mieke Versluis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brian L. West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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40
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Zhu Y, Knolhoff BL, Meyer MA, Nywening TM, West BL, Luo J, Wang-Gillam A, Goedegebuure SP, Linehan DC, DeNardo DG. CSF1/CSF1R blockade reprograms tumor-infiltrating macrophages and improves response to T-cell checkpoint immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer models. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5057-69. [PMID: 25082815 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy generally offers limited clinical benefit without coordinated strategies to mitigate the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. Critical drivers of immune escape in the tumor microenvironment include tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which not only mediate immune suppression, but also promote metastatic dissemination and impart resistance to cytotoxic therapies. Thus, strategies to ablate the effects of these myeloid cell populations may offer great therapeutic potential. In this report, we demonstrate in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that inhibiting signaling by the myeloid growth factor receptor CSF1R can functionally reprogram macrophage responses that enhance antigen presentation and productive antitumor T-cell responses. Investigations of this response revealed that CSF1R blockade also upregulated T-cell checkpoint molecules, including PDL1 and CTLA4, thereby restraining beneficial therapeutic effects. We found that PD1 and CTLA4 antagonists showed limited efficacy as single agents to restrain PDAC growth, but that combining these agents with CSF1R blockade potently elicited tumor regressions, even in larger established tumors. Taken together, our findings provide a rationale to reprogram immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations in the tumor microenvironment under conditions that can significantly empower the therapeutic effects of checkpoint-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Brett L Knolhoff
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Melissa A Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy M Nywening
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Jingqin Luo
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - S Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David C Linehan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
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Elmore MRP, Najafi AR, Koike MA, Dagher NN, Spangenberg EE, Rice RA, Kitazawa M, Matusow B, Nguyen H, West BL, Green KN. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain. Neuron 2014; 82:380-97. [PMID: 24742461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1193] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key regulator of myeloid lineage cells. Genetic loss of the CSF1R blocks the normal population of resident microglia in the brain that originates from the yolk sac during early development. However, the role of CSF1R signaling in microglial homeostasis in the adult brain is largely unknown. To this end, we tested the effects of selective CSF1R inhibitors on microglia in adult mice. Surprisingly, extensive treatment results in elimination of ∼99% of all microglia brain-wide, showing that microglia in the adult brain are physiologically dependent upon CSF1R signaling. Mice depleted of microglia show no behavioral or cognitive abnormalities, revealing that microglia are not necessary for these tasks. Finally, we discovered that the microglia-depleted brain completely repopulates with new microglia within 1 week of inhibitor cessation. Microglial repopulation throughout the CNS occurs through proliferation of nestin-positive cells that then differentiate into microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R P Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Allison R Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Maya A Koike
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Nabil N Dagher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Rachel A Rice
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA.
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42
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Mok S, Koya RC, Tsui C, Xu J, Robert L, Wu L, Graeber T, West BL, Bollag G, Ribas A. Inhibition of CSF-1 receptor improves the antitumor efficacy of adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:153-161. [PMID: 24247719 PMCID: PMC3947337 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIM) that suppress tumor immunity, including M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is a tyrosine kinase that is targetable by small molecule inhibitors such as PLX3397. In this study, we used a syngeneic mouse model of BRAF(V600E)-driven melanoma to evaluate the ability of PLX3397 to improve the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT). In this model, we found that combined treatment produced superior antitumor responses compared with single treatments. In mice receiving the combined treatment, a dramatic reduction of TIMs and a skewing of MHCII(low) to MHCII(hi) macrophages were observed. Furthermore, mice receiving the combined treatment exhibited an increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and T cells, as revealed by real-time imaging in vivo. In support of these observations, TILs from these mice released higher levels of IFN-γ. In conclusion, CSF-1R blockade with PLX3397 improved the efficacy of ACT immunotherapy by inhibiting the intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mok
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (UCLA)
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, U.S.A; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | | | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (UCLA)
| | - Lídia Robert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (UCLA)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, UCLA
- Department of Urology, UCLA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA
| | - Thomas Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (UCLA)
- the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC) at UCLA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, UCLA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA
| | - Brian L. West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, U.S.A; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Gideon Bollag
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, U.S.A; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (UCLA)
- the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC) at UCLA
- Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, UCLA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, UCLA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA
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Mo Y, Giricz O, Hu C, Dahlman K, Bhattacharyya S, Nguyen H, Matusow B, Bhagat T, Yu Y, Shellooe R, Burton E, Habets G, Greally J, Kenny P, Sosman J, Bollag G, West BL, Verma A. Abstract A26: Integrated epigenomic profiling reveals widespread demethylation in melanoma, and reveals aberrant CSF-1 receptor expression as a regulator of malignant growth and invasion inhibited by PLX3397. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.tim2013-a26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epigenetic changes in cancer are thought to contribute to regulation of tumor invasion and metastasis, but this previously has not been studied at a genome wide level in melanoma. We analyzed the methylome of 44 cases of malignant melanoma with the HELP (HpaII tiny fragment enriched by LM-PCR) assay and compared it with healthy melanocyte controls. We observed widespread demethylation in malignant melanoma, preferentially outside of CpG islands. The epigenomic loss of methylation was independent of mutational status of BRAF, RAS and Kit. Comparison of primary and metastatic lesions demonstrated that demethylation occurs early during carcinogenesis with very few additional alterations in advanced tumors. Parallel transcriptomic analysis revealed many known and novel oncogenic pathways that were aberrantly expressed and regulated by loss of DNA methylation. Strikingly, the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R, c-fms) was aberrantly expressed and hypomethylated in nearly all cases. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that predominantly regulates macrophages, osteoclasts, and microglia, but is known to sometimes be aberrantly expressed by malignant cells in Hodgkins lymphoma. The expression of CSF1R on malignant melanocytes was validated by immunohistochemical analysis of primary tumors. In a melanoma cell line (A2058) we found through PCR sequencing of the cDNA 5' untranslated region that the CSF1R can be expressed through an aberrant promoter, as has been described for Hodgkin lymphoma. A custom Taqman assay was developed for this unique transcript, and then used to detect the transcript in 4 of 40 samples in a panel of melanoma biopsies, suggesting that aberrant CSF1R expression in melanoma is not uncommon. Expression of CSF1R protein in A2058 cells was confirmed by FACS using anti-CD115 antibodies, and by Western blot using antibodies directed to the C-terminus. Expression of the ligand CSF-1 was also found in A2058 cells by both ELISA and Taqman assays. Inhibition of A2058 cell growth by PLX3397, a clinically relevant small molecule inhibitor of CSF1R kinase, could be observed in 3D cell culture, indicating that under some conditions an autocrine stimulation of growth occurs. shRNA mediated knockdown of CSF1R also demonstrated decreased colony size and increased apoptosis in 3D culture conditions. The invasiveness of A2058 cells was decreased after treatment with PLX3397 or anti-CSF1 antibodies, suggesting a role for melanoma cancer cell expression of CSF1R in metastasis. Since A2058 cells possess an oncogenic BRAF mutation, co-inhibition of CSF1R and BRAF was tested and resulted in synergistic blockade of xenograft growth. The CSF1R inhibitor, PLX3397, is under investigation in clinical trials for breast, glioma, and other cancers, and these data present a preclinical rationale for its study in malignant melanoma.
Citation Format: Yongkai Mo, Orsolya Giricz, Caroline Hu, Kimberly Dahlman, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Hoa Nguyen, Bernice Matusow, Tushar Bhagat, Yiting Yu, Rafe Shellooe, Elizabeth Burton, Gaston Habets, John Greally, Paraic Kenny, Jeffrey Sosman, Gideon Bollag, Brian L. West, Amit Verma. Integrated epigenomic profiling reveals widespread demethylation in melanoma, and reveals aberrant CSF-1 receptor expression as a regulator of malignant growth and invasion inhibited by PLX3397. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Mo
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,
| | | | - Caroline Hu
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yiting Yu
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,
| | | | | | | | - John Greally
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,
| | - Paraic Kenny
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,
| | | | | | | | - Amit Verma
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,
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Mitchem JB, Brennan DJ, Knolhoff BL, Belt BA, Zhu Y, Sanford DE, Belaygorod L, Carpenter D, Collins L, Piwnica-Worms D, Hewitt S, Udupi GM, Gallagher WM, Wegner C, West BL, Wang-Gillam A, Goedegebuure P, Linehan DC, DeNardo DG. Targeting tumor-infiltrating macrophages decreases tumor-initiating cells, relieves immunosuppression, and improves chemotherapeutic responses. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1128-41. [PMID: 23221383 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells can promote chemoresistance and metastatic spread in aggressive tumors. Consequently, the type and quality of immune responses present in the neoplastic stroma are highly predictive of patient outcome in several cancer types. In addition to host immune responses, intrinsic tumor cell activities that mimic stem cell properties have been linked to chemoresistance, metastatic dissemination, and the induction of immune suppression. Cancer stem cells are far from a static cell population; rather, their presence seems to be controlled by highly dynamic processes that are dependent on cues from the tumor stroma. However, the impact immune responses have on tumor stem cell differentiation or expansion is not well understood. In this study, we show that targeting tumor-infiltrating macrophages (TAM) and inflammatory monocytes by inhibiting either the myeloid cell receptors colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) or chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) decreases the number of tumor-initiating cells (TIC) in pancreatic tumors. Targeting CCR2 or CSF1R improves chemotherapeutic efficacy, inhibits metastasis, and increases antitumor T-cell responses. Tumor-educated macrophages also directly enhanced the tumor-initiating capacity of pancreatic tumor cells by activating the transcription factor STAT3, thereby facilitating macrophage-mediated suppression of CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Together, our findings show how targeting TAMs can effectively overcome therapeutic resistance mediated by TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Mitchem
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Coniglio SJ, Eugenin E, Dobrenis K, Stanley ER, West BL, Symons MH, Segall JE. Microglial stimulation of glioblastoma invasion involves epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling. Mol Med 2012; 18:519-27. [PMID: 22294205 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a deadly cancer for which current treatment options are limited. The ability of glioblastoma tumor cells to infiltrate the surrounding brain parenchyma critically limits the effectiveness of current treatments. We investigated how microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, stimulate glioblastoma cell invasion. We first examined the ability of normal microglia from C57Bl/6J mice to stimulate GL261 glioblastoma cell invasion in vitro. We found that microglia stimulate the invasion of GL261 glioblastoma cells by approximately eightfold in an in vitro invasion assay. Pharmacological inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) strongly inhibited microglia-stimulated invasion. Furthermore, blockade of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling using ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference or pharmacological inhibitors completely inhibited microglial enhancement of glioblastoma invasion. GL261 cells were found to constitutively secrete CSF-1, the levels of which were unaffected by epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation, EGFR inhibition or coculture with microglia. CSF-1 only stimulated microglia invasion, whereas EGF only stimulated glioblastoma cell migration, demonstrating a synergistic interaction between these two cell types. Finally, using PLX3397 (a CSF-1R inhibitor that can cross the blood-brain barrier) in live animals, we discovered that blockade of CSF-1R signaling in vivo reduced the number of tumor-associated microglia and glioblastoma invasion. These data indicate that glioblastoma and microglia interactions mediated by EGF and CSF-1 can enhance glioblastoma invasion and demonstrate the possibility of inhibiting glioblastoma invasion by targeting glioblastoma-associated microglia via inhibition of the CSF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J Coniglio
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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46
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Chakravarty D, Santos E, Ryder M, Knauf JA, Liao XH, West BL, Bollag G, Kolesnick R, Thin TH, Rosen N, Zanzonico P, Larson SM, Refetoff S, Ghossein R, Fagin JA. Small-molecule MAPK inhibitors restore radioiodine incorporation in mouse thyroid cancers with conditional BRAF activation. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4700-11. [PMID: 22105174 DOI: 10.1172/jci46382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced human thyroid cancers, particularly those that are refractory to treatment with radioiodine (RAI), have a high prevalence of BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) mutations. However, the degree to which these cancers are dependent on BRAF expression is still unclear. To address this question, we generated mice expressing one of the most commonly detected BRAF mutations in human papillary thyroid carcinomas (BRAF(V600E)) in thyroid follicular cells in a doxycycline-inducible (dox-inducible) manner. Upon dox induction of BRAF(V600E), the mice developed highly penetrant and poorly differentiated thyroid tumors. Discontinuation of dox extinguished BRAF(V600E) expression and reestablished thyroid follicular architecture and normal thyroid histology. Switching on BRAF(V600E) rapidly induced hypothyroidism and virtually abolished thyroid-specific gene expression and RAI incorporation, all of which were restored to near basal levels upon discontinuation of dox. Treatment of mice with these cancers with small molecule inhibitors of either MEK or mutant BRAF reduced their proliferative index and partially restored thyroid-specific gene expression. Strikingly, treatment with the MAPK pathway inhibitors rendered the tumor cells susceptible to a therapeutic dose of RAI. Our data show that thyroid tumors carrying BRAF(V600E) mutations are exquisitely dependent on the oncoprotein for viability and that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of its expression or activity is associated with tumor regression and restoration of RAI uptake in vivo in mice. These findings have potentially significant clinical ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debyani Chakravarty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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47
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Blakely CM, Kolhatkar N, Johansson M, Hainer CM, Wheeler M, Yagui-Beltran A, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ, Jahan TM, West BL, Jablons DM, Broaddus VC, Coussens LM. Abstract C231: Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor blockade reprograms malignant mesothelioma tumor microenvironments and decreases tumor growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-c231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a debilitating, frequently incurable cancer that exhibits a high degree of resistance to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy (CTX). Novel therapeutic approaches to treat this disease are desperately needed. In the vast majority of cases, MM is associated with prior exposure to asbestos fibers, resulting in a chronic pro-inflammatory state in pleura. As such, we hypothesized that infiltration of MM by leukocytes fosters tumorigenesis. To investigate this, we evaluated MMs resected from patients (n=16) and compared the complexity of immune cells infiltrating MM to those found in normal pleura (n=4). Using polychromatic fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) on freshly resected whole tissues, we found a significant increased presence of CD11b+CD14+HLA-DR+ monocytes/macrophages in MM (37.3 ± 4.4% of total CD45+ cells) as compared to normal pleural tissue (13.8 ± 6.5% of total CD45+ cells), and a further increase in MM resected from patients treated with neoadjuvant CTX (48.8 ± 5.5% of CD45+ cells). To determine if increased presence of CD11b+CD14+HLA-DR+ leukocytes was associated with varied expression of cytokines regulating leukocyte maturation/recruitment, we examined mRNA expression of tissues/tumors. We found increased expression of Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF1), and Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) mRNA, a critical cytokine-signaling axis regulating monocyte/macrophage differentiation and recruitment into tumors, in MM tumors compared to normal pleura, and even higher levels in tumors resected from patients treated with CTX. Since recent experimental data has revealed that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) secrete proangiogenic, prosurvival, and pro-invasive factors that foster tumor progression, we evaluated macrophage depletion in MM as a novel therapeutic strategy. We conducted studies evaluating PLX3397 (Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, CA), a novel, orally bioavailable, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of CSF-1R. Using a syngeneic orthotopic murine model of MM, we found that treatment of mice with PLX3397 alters the tumor immune microenvironment by decreasing TAM infiltration and increasing the proportion of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes within tumors. This reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment was associated with alterations in the tumor microvasculature as evidenced by a decrease in CD31+ structures, as well as a decrease in VEGFA mRNA expression. Ultimately, these changes resulted in an increase in tumor cell apoptosis (p=0.04) and a decrease in tumor burden (p=0.0008). These studies indicate that: 1) macrophages potentiate mesothelioma development, and 2) depletion of mesothelioma-associated macrophages may improve the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C231.
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DeNardo DG, Brennan DJ, Rexhepaj E, Ruffell B, Shiao SL, Madden SF, Gallagher WM, Wadhwani N, Keil SD, Junaid SA, Rugo HS, Hwang ES, Jirström K, West BL, Coussens LM. Leukocyte complexity predicts breast cancer survival and functionally regulates response to chemotherapy. Cancer Discov 2011; 1:54-67. [PMID: 22039576 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8274.cd-10-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1296] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immune-regulated pathways influence multiple aspects of cancer development. In this article we demonstrate that both macrophage abundance and T-cell abundance in breast cancer represent prognostic indicators for recurrence-free and overall survival. We provide evidence that response to chemotherapy is in part regulated by these leukocytes; cytotoxic therapies induce mammary epithelial cells to produce monocyte/macrophage recruitment factors, including colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and interleukin-34, which together enhance CSF1 receptor (CSF1R)-dependent macrophage infiltration. Blockade of macrophage recruitment with CSF1R-signaling antagonists, in combination with paclitaxel, improved survival of mammary tumor-bearing mice by slowing primary tumor development and reducing pulmonary metastasis. These improved aspects of mammary carcinogenesis were accompanied by decreased vessel density and appearance of antitumor immune programs fostering tumor suppression in a CD8+ T-cell-dependent manner. These data provide a rationale for targeting macrophage recruitment/response pathways, notably CSF1R, in combination with cytotoxic therapy, and identification of a breast cancer population likely to benefit from this novel therapeutic approach. SIGNIFICANCE These findings reveal that response to chemotherapy is in part regulated by the tumor immune microenvironment and that common cytotoxic drugs induce neoplastic cells to produce monocyte/macrophage recruitment factors, which in turn enhance macrophage infiltration into mammary adenocarcinomas. Blockade of pathways mediating macrophage recruitment, in combination with chemotherapy, significantly decreases primary tumor progression, reduces metastasis, and improves survival by CD8+ T-cell-dependent mechanisms, thus indicating that the immune microenvironment of tumors can be reprogrammed to instead foster antitumor immunity and improve response to cytotoxic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G DeNardo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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West BL, Tsai J, Nicolaides T, Wong B, Nguyen H, Marimuthu A, Ibrahim P, Hirth P, Bollag G. Abstract 552: Targeting brain tumors with PLX3397, an inhibitor of the CSF-1 receptor kinase. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer growth in the brain incites a neuroinflammatory response that becomes a defining feature of the brain tumor microenvironment. Microglia and macrophages provide important functions that support the invasiveness of glioblastoma. Other cancer types that become metastatic to brain also rely on the microenvironment to support angiogenesis.
PLX3397 is a potent inhibitor of the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1R). The CSF-1R is required for the differentiation and activation of microglia and macrophages. Oral administration of PLX3397 to mice at 20 mg/kg qd significantly reduces the microglia/macrophage marker, Iba1, as determined by western blotting.
PLX3397 penetrates the blood-brain barrier, as determined through pharmacokinetic analysis, with brain levels reaching substantial fractions of the concurrent plasma levels. PLX3397 is highly bound to plasma albumin, and therefore the levels attained in the brain likely affect Iba1 levels through a local inhibition of brain microglia and macrophages, although a peripheral effect may also contribute.
Culture of glioblastoma cell lines including U87, and treatment with chemotherapeutic agents or radiation, was found to cause a 4-fold elevation of the two CSF-1R ligands, CSF-1 and IL-34, as quantified by QPCR. This indicates that glioma cells can recruit and stimulate microglia and macrophages, and that current standard therapies likely exacerbate this stimulation. Other cancer types that are known to form metastases to brain, including melanoma and breast cancer, show similar abilities to produce these cytokines in response to standard therapies.
The rat 9L glioblastoma line forms an aggressive tumor when tested as an orthotopic model in syngeneic Fisher rats. Seven days after implantation, PLX3397 was administered via rodent chow for 14 days, reducing the tumor growth by 44% as determined by MRI.
These results provide preclinical evidence that PLX3397 may show a clinical benefit in brain cancers, either as a single agent or in combination with standard chemo- or radiation therapies. PLX3397 is nearing completion of a successful Phase 1 dose-escalation safety trial in solid tumor cancer patients.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 552. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-552
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Green KN, Kitazawa M, Dagher NN, Koike M, Rezvani R, West BL, LaFerla FM. P3‐367: Reductions in LPS‐ and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology‐induced CNS inflammation with selective colony stimulating factor‐1 receptor kinase inhibitors. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maya Koike
- University of California, IrvineIrvine CA USA
| | - Rod Rezvani
- University of California, IrvineIrvine CA USA
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