1
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Muss TE, Loftin AH, Oh BC, Brandacher G. Current opinion: advances in machine perfusion and preservation of vascularized composite allografts - will time still matter? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2023; 28:419-424. [PMID: 37823760 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A major hurdle hindering more widespread application of reconstructive transplantation is the very limited cold ischemia time (CIT) of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs). In this review, we discuss cutting edge machine perfusion protocols and preservation strategies to overcome this limitation. RECENT FINDINGS Several preclinical machine perfusion studies have demonstrated the multifactorial utility of this technology to extend preservation windows, assess graft viability prior to transplantation and salvage damaged tissue, yet there are currently no clinically approved machine perfusion protocols for reconstructive transplantation. Thus, machine perfusion remains an open challenge in VCA due to the complexity of the various tissue types. In addition, multiple other promising avenues to prolong preservation of composite allografts have emerged. These include cryopreservation, high subzero preservation, vitrification and nanowarming. Despite several studies demonstrating extended preservation windows, there are several limitations that must be overcome prior to clinical translation. As both machine perfusion and subzero preservation protocols have rapidly advanced in the past few years, special consideration should be given to their potential complementary utilization. SUMMARY Current and emerging machine perfusion and preservation technologies in VCA have great promise to transform the field of reconstructive transplantation, as every extra hour of CIT helps ease the complexities of the peri-transplant workflow. Amongst the many advantages, longer preservation windows may allow for elective procedures, improved matching, establishment of novel immunomodulatory protocols and global transport of grafts, ultimately enabling us the ability to offer this life changing procedure to more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa E Muss
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory
| | - Amanda H Loftin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory
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2
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Sommerfeld SD, Zhou X, Mejías JC, Oh BC, Maestas DR, Furtmüller GJ, Laffont PA, Elisseeff JH, Brandacher G. Biomaterials-based immunomodulation enhances survival of murine vascularized composite allografts. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:4022-4031. [PMID: 37129566 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01845d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a restorative option for patients suffering from severe tissue defects not amenable to conventional reconstruction. However, the toxicities associated with life-long multidrug immunosuppression to enable allograft survival and induce immune tolerance largely limit the broader application of VCA. Here, we investigate the potential of targeted immunomodulation using CTLA4-Ig combined with a biological porcine-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold that elicits a pro-regenerative Th2 response to promote allograft survival and regulate the inflammatory microenvironment in a stringent mouse orthotopic hind limb transplantation model (BALB/c to C57BL/6). The median allograft survival time (MST) increased significantly from 15.0 to 24.5 days (P = 0.0037; Mantel-Cox test) after adding ECM to the CTLA4-Ig regimen. Characterization of the immune infiltration shows a pro-regenerative phenotype prevails over those associated with inflammation and rejection including macrophages (F4/80hi+CD206hi+MHCIIlow), eosinophils (F4/80lowSiglec-F+), and T helper 2 (Th2) T cells (CD4+IL-4+). This was accompanied by an increased expression of genes associated with a Type 2 polarized immune state such as Il4, Ccl24, Arg1 and Ym1 within the graft. Furthermore, when ECM was applied along with a clinically relevant combination of CTLA4-Ig and Rapamycin, allograft survival was prolonged from 33.0 to 72.5 days (P = 0.0067; Mantel-Cox test). These studies implicate the clinical exploration of combined regimens involving local application of pro-regenerative, immunomodulatory biomaterials in surgical wound sites with targeted co-stimulatory blockade to reduce adverse effects of immunosuppression and enhance graft survival in VCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven D Sommerfeld
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Xianyu Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Joscelyn C Mejías
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David R Maestas
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Philippe A Laffont
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Girard AO, Muss TE, Loftin AH, Kalsi R, Bodine AK, Lopez CD, Furtmüller GJ, Etra JW, Izzi J, Plunkard J, Brown MG, Oh BC, Brandacher G. Hickman Catheter Use for Long-Term Vascular Access in a Preclinical Swine Model. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37067285 DOI: 10.3791/65221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Central venous catheters (CVCs) are invaluable devices in large animal research as they facilitate a wide range of medical applications, including blood monitoring and reliable intravenous fluid and drug administration. Specifically, the tunneled multi-lumen Hickman catheter (HC) is commonly used in swine models due to its lower extrication and complication rates. Despite fewer complications relative to other CVCs, HC-related morbidity presents a significant challenge, as it can significantly delay or otherwise negatively impact ongoing studies. The proper insertion and maintenance of HCs is paramount in preventing these complications, but there is no consensus on best practices. The purpose of this protocol is to comprehensively describe an approach for the insertion and maintenance of a tunneled HC in swine that mitigates HC-related complications and morbidity. The use of these techniques in >100 swine has resulted in complication-free patent lines up to 8 months and no catheter-related mortality or infection of the ventral surgical site. This protocol offers a method to optimize the lifespan of the HC and guidance for approaching issues during use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa O Girard
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Tessa E Muss
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Amanda H Loftin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Richa Kalsi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Amy K Bodine
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Christopher D Lopez
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Joanna W Etra
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Jessica Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Jessica Plunkard
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Mallory G Brown
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine;
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4
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Lopez CD, Girard AO, Lake IV, Oh BC, Brandacher G, Cooney DS, Burnett AL, Redett RJ. Lessons learned from the first 15 years of penile transplantation and updates to the Baltimore Criteria. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:294-307. [PMID: 36627487 PMCID: PMC9838304 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2006, five penis transplants have been performed worldwide. Mixed outcomes have been reported, and two of the five penile transplants have required explantation. However, the long-term outcomes have been encouraging when compliance is implemented, whether standard induction and triple therapy maintenance, or single therapy maintenance. Follow-up monitoring of transplant recipients has enabled a synthesis of technical considerations for surgical success and has shown stable leukocyte counts and renal function after a donor bone-marrow-based immunomodulatory regimen followed by tacrolimus monotherapy as long as 3 years post-transplant, as well as continuous nerve regeneration of penile allografts 3 years post-transplant. Areas of uncertainty include the ethics of donor-recipient colour mismatch, surveillance for sexually transmitted infections and how to optimize patient compliance. Questions also remain with respect to the long-term immunological sequelae of penile tissue, functional outcomes, psychosocial implications and patient selection. Patient counselling should be modified to mention the possibility of long-term improvement in nerve regeneration and sufficient renal function with single-therapy maintenance, and to build a longitudinal dialogue and partnership between the patient and the multidisciplinary care team regarding the risks of sexually transmitted infection instead of surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Lopez
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
| | - Alisa O. Girard
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
| | - Isabel V. Lake
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
| | - Damon S. Cooney
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
| | - Arthur L. Burnett
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
| | - Richard J. Redett
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA USA
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5
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Messner F, Etra JW, Shores JT, Thoburn CJ, Hackl H, Iglesias Lozano M, Fidder SAJ, Guo Y, Kambarashvili K, Alagol K, Kalsi R, Beck SE, Cooney C, Furtmüller GJ, Krapf J, Oh BC, Brandacher G. Noninvasive evaluation of intragraft immune responses in upper extremity transplantation. Transpl Int 2021; 34:894-905. [PMID: 33626223 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), invasive tissue biopsies remain the gold standard in diagnosing rejection carrying significant morbidity. We aimed to show feasibility of tape-stripping for noninvasive immune monitoring in VCA. Tape-stripping was performed on allografts and native skin of upper extremity transplant recipients. Healthy nontransplanted individuals served as controls. The technique was also used in swine on naïve skin in nontransplanted animals, native skin of treated, transplanted swine, nonrejecting VCAs, and rejecting VCAs. Extracted protein was analyzed for differences in cytokine expression using Luminex technology. Significantly decreased levels of INFγ and IL-1Ra were seen between human allograft samples and native skin. In swine, rejecting grafts had increased IL-1Ra compared to naïve and native skin, decreased levels of GM-CSF compared to native skin, and decreased IL-10 compared to nonrejecting grafts. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed rejecting grafts separated from the nonrejecting (P = 0.021). Variable importance in projection scores identified GM-CSF, IL-1Ra, and IL-2 as the most important profiles for group discrimination. Differences in cytokine expression are detectable in human VCA patient native skin and VCA graft skin using a noninvasive tape-stripping method. Swine studies suggest that differences in cytokines between rejecting and nonrejecting grafts are discernable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Messner
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joanna W Etra
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaimie T Shores
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Thoburn
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcos Iglesias Lozano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel A J Fidder
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yinan Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ketevan Kambarashvili
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kemal Alagol
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richa Kalsi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carisa Cooney
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johanna Krapf
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Cetinkaya-Fisgin A, Luan X, Reed N, Jeong YE, Oh BC, Hoke A. Cisplatin induced neurotoxicity is mediated by Sarm1 and calpain activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21889. [PMID: 33318563 PMCID: PMC7736304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapy agent with significant dose-limiting neurotoxicity resulting in peripheral neuropathy. Although it is postulated that formation of DNA-platinum adducts is responsible for both its cytotoxicity in cancer cells and side effects in neurons, downstream mechanisms that lead to distal axonal degeneration are unknown. Here we show that activation of calpains is required for both neurotoxicity and formation of DNA-platinum adduct formation in neurons but not in cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that neurotoxicity of cisplatin requires activation of Sarm1, a key regulator of Wallerian degeneration, as mice lacking the Sarm1 gene do not develop peripheral neuropathy as evaluated by both behavioral or pathological measures. These findings indicate that Sarm1 and/or specific calpain inhibitors could be developed to prevent cisplatin induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Cetinkaya-Fisgin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xinghua Luan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicole Reed
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ye Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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7
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Majumder P, Zhang Y, Iglesias M, Fan L, Kelley JA, Andrews C, Patel N, Stagno JR, Oh BC, Furtmüller GJ, Lai CC, Wang YX, Brandacher G, Raimondi G, Schneider JP. Multiphase Assembly of Small Molecule Microcrystalline Peptide Hydrogel Allows Immunomodulatory Combination Therapy for Long-Term Heart Transplant Survival. Small 2020; 16:e2002791. [PMID: 32812339 PMCID: PMC7686956 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapies that target multiple pathways involved in immune rejection of transplants hold promise for patients in need of restorative surgery. Herein, a noninteracting multiphase molecular assembly approach is developed to crystallize tofacitinib, a potent JAK1/3 inhibitor, within a shear-thinning self-assembled fibrillar peptide hydrogel network. The resulting microcrystalline tofacitinib hydrogel (MTH) can be syringe-injected directly to the grafting site during surgery to locally deliver the small molecule. The rate of drug delivered from MTH is largely controlled by the dissolution of the encapsulated microcrystals. A single application of MTH, in combination with systemically delivered CTLA4-Ig, a co-stimulation inhibitor, affords significant graft survival in mice receiving heterotopic heart transplants. Locoregional studies indicate that the local delivery of tofacitinib at the graft site enabled by MTH is required for the observed enhanced graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Majumder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marcos Iglesias
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lixin Fan
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAXS Core Facility of the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nimit Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jason R Stagno
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher C Lai
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yun-Xing Wang
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joel P Schneider
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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8
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Li S, Oh BC, Chu C, Arnold A, Jablonska A, Furtmüller GJ, Qin HM, Boltze J, Magnus T, Ludewig P, Janowski M, Brandacher G, Walczak P. Induction of immunological tolerance to myelinogenic glial-restricted progenitor allografts. Brain 2020; 142:3456-3472. [PMID: 31529023 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological barrier currently precludes the clinical utilization of allogeneic stem cells. Although glial-restricted progenitors have become attractive candidates to treat a wide variety of neurological diseases, their survival in immunocompetent recipients is limited. In this study, we adopted a short-term, systemically applicable co-stimulation blockade-based strategy using CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD154 antibodies to modulate T-cell activation in the context of allogeneic glial-restricted progenitor transplantation. We found that co-stimulation blockade successfully prevented rejection of allogeneic glial-restricted progenitors from immunocompetent mouse brains. The long-term engrafted glial-restricted progenitors myelinated dysmyelinated adult mouse brains within one month. Furthermore, we identified a set of plasma miRNAs whose levels specifically correlated to the dynamic changes of immunoreactivity and as such could serve as biomarkers for graft rejection or tolerance. We put forward a successful strategy to induce alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness towards stem cells in the CNS, which will foster effective therapeutic application of allogeneic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Neurology Department, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antje Arnold
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Jablonska
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hua-Min Qin
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Neurology Department, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirosław Janowski
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Guo Y, Messner F, Etra JW, Beck SE, Kalsi R, Furtmüller GJ, Schneeberger S, Chol Oh B, Brandacher G. Efficacy of single-agent immunosuppressive regimens in a murine model of vascularized composite allotransplantation. Transpl Int 2020; 33:948-957. [PMID: 32299127 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We herein investigate the safety and efficacy of single-agent anti-rejection regimens in a mouse vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) model. Orthotopic hind-limb transplantations (Balb/c → C57BL/6) were performed using 6- to 8-week-old mice. A thirty-day regimen of either rapamycin, tacrolimus (both 1, 3, 5 mg/kg/day) or cyclosporine (25, 35, 50 mg/kg/day) was used. Primary endpoints were animal and graft survival, and secondary chimerism and regulatory T-cell levels. For rapamycin and tacrolimus given at 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg/day, median graft survival time (MST) was 23 days (18-28 days), 30 days (23-30 days), and 30 d (30-30 days) and 14 days (13-18 days), 30 days (16-30 days), and 30 days (30-30 days), respectively. For cyclosporine dosed at 25 and 35 mg/kg/day, MST was 15 days (12-18 days) and 21 days (14-27 days). Toxicity from CsA 50 mg/kg led to 100% mortality. Mixed chimerism levels were higher in rapamycin-treated animals than in tacrolimus-treated recipients (P = 0.029). Tacrolimus was superior in preventing leukocyte recruitment to the allograft. In murine VCA, no standardized immunosuppressive regimen exists, limiting comparability of outcomes and survival. Our data demonstrate that rapamycin and tacrolimus maintenance treatment at 5 mg/kg/day both yielded allograft survival (<grade 3 rejection) in all animals. Rapamycin displayed less toxicity and maintained mixed chimerism but was not as potent in controlling leukocyte recruitment compared with tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Guo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Franka Messner
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joanna W Etra
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richa Kalsi
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Cheng CH, Lee CF, Oh BC, Furtmüller GJ, Patel CH, Brandacher G, Powell JD. Targeting Metabolism as a Platform for Inducing Allograft Tolerance in the Absence of Long-Term Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572. [PMID: 32328063 PMCID: PMC7161684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplant tolerance in the absence of long-term immunosuppression has been an elusive goal for solid organ transplantation. Recently, it has become clear that metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in promoting T cell activation, differentiation, and function. Targeting metabolism can preferentially inhibit T cell effector generation while simultaneously promoting the generation of T regulatory cells. We hypothesized that costimulatory blockade with CTLA4Ig in combination with targeting T cell metabolism might provide a novel platform to promote the induction of transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Cheng
- Sidney∼Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Liver and Transplantation Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung Transplantation Institute, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fang Lee
- Sidney∼Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Liver and Transplantation Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung Transplantation Institute, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chirag H Patel
- Sidney∼Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Sidney∼Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Oh BC, Furtmüller GJ, Fryer ML, Guo Y, Messner F, Krapf J, Schneeberger S, Cooney DS, Lee WPA, Raimondi G, Brandacher G. Vascularized composite allotransplantation combined with costimulation blockade induces mixed chimerism and reveals intrinsic tolerogenic potential. JCI Insight 2020; 5:128560. [PMID: 32271163 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has become a valid therapeutic option to restore form and function after devastating tissue loss. However, the need for high-dose multidrug immunosuppression to maintain allograft survival is still hampering more widespread application of VCA. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory potential of costimulation blockade (CoB; CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD154 mAb) combined with nonmyeoablative total body irradiation (TBI) to promote allograft survival of VCA in a fully MHC-mismatched mouse model of orthotopic hind limb transplantation. Compared with untreated controls (median survival time [MST] 8 days) and CTLA4-Ig treatment alone (MST 17 days), CoB treatment increased graft survival (MST 82 days), and the addition of nonmyeloablative TBI led to indefinite graft survival (MST > 210 days). Our analysis suggests that VCA-derived BM induced mixed chimerism in animals treated with CoB and TBI + CoB, promoting gradual deletion of alloreactive T cells as the underlying mechanism of long-term allograft survival. Acceptance of donor-matched secondary skin grafts, decreased ex vivo T cell responsiveness, and increased graft-infiltrating Tregs further indicated donor-specific tolerance induced by TBI + CoB. In summary, our data suggest that vascularized BM-containing VCAs are immunologically favorable grafts promoting chimerism induction and long-term allograft survival in the context of CoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Madeline L Fryer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinan Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Franka Messner
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, and
| | - Johanna Krapf
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Damon S Cooney
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W P Andrew Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Fidder SAJ, Furtmüller GJ, Matoso A, Etra JW, Lombardo K, Chicco M, Oh BC, Vasilic D, Lee WPA, Redett RJ, Cooney DS, Brandacher G. A novel rat microsurgical model to study the immunological characteristics of male genital tissue in the context of penile transplantation. Transpl Int 2020; 33:796-805. [PMID: 32145119 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Penis transplantation represents an exciting new avenue for restoration of male genitalia and function after devastating tissue loss. This animal model is designed to fill a critical void to study immunologic aspects related to reconstructive transplantation of male genitalia. A rat penile graft dissection was designed based on the internal pudendal arteries and dorsal penile vein and includes the skin of the prepuce. A nonsuture cuff technique was used to anastomose the graft vessels to the recipient superficial epigastric and femoral vessels. Seventy-seven penile transplantations were performed. Graft design yields suitable caliber and length of vessels at the radix of the penis. Anastomosis of the dorsal penile vein and the internal pudendal arteries insures optimal graft perfusion. The nonsuture cuff technique allows for successful microvascular anastomosis by a single surgeon with an average overall operative time of 2.5 h. Long-term graft survival (>30 days) was observed in syngeneic transplants. We have established a robust murine model with ideal vascular perfusion of penile tissue to study the unique immunobiology of male genitourinary allotransplantation. Heterotopic inset further allows for visual monitoring of graft viability, while the native penis serves as an optimal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A J Fidder
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andres Matoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanna W Etra
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kara Lombardo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Chicco
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dalibor Vasilic
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei P A Lee
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Redett
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Damon S Cooney
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Arciero JC, Maturo A, Arun A, Oh BC, Brandacher G, Raimondi G. Combining Theoretical and Experimental Techniques to Study Murine Heart Transplant Rejection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:448. [PMID: 27872621 PMCID: PMC5097940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of life of organ transplant recipients is compromised by complications associated with life-long immunosuppression, such as hypertension, diabetes, opportunistic infections, and cancer. Moreover, the absence of established tolerance to the transplanted tissues causes limited long-term graft survival rates. Thus, there is a great medical need to understand the complex immune system interactions that lead to transplant rejection so that novel and effective strategies of intervention that redirect the system toward transplant acceptance (while preserving overall immune competence) can be identified. This study implements a systems biology approach in which an experimentally based mathematical model is used to predict how alterations in the immune response influence the rejection of mouse heart transplants. Five stages of conventional mouse heart transplantation are modeled using a system of 13 ordinary differential equations that tracks populations of both innate and adaptive immunity as well as proxies for pro- and anti-inflammatory factors within the graft and a representative draining lymph node. The model correctly reproduces known experimental outcomes, such as indefinite survival of the graft in the absence of CD4+ T cells and quick rejection in the absence of CD8+ T cells. The model predicts that decreasing the translocation rate of effector cells from the lymph node to the graft delays transplant rejection. Increasing the starting number of quiescent regulatory T cells in the model yields a significant but somewhat limited protective effect on graft survival. Surprisingly, the model shows that a delayed appearance of alloreactive T cells has an impact on graft survival that does not correlate linearly with the time delay. This computational model represents one of the first comprehensive approaches toward simulating the many interacting components of the immune system. Despite some limitations, the model provides important suggestions of experimental investigations that could improve the understanding of rejection. Overall, the systems biology approach used here is a first step in predicting treatments and interventions that can induce transplant tolerance while preserving the capacity of the immune system to protect against legitimate pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Arciero
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Andrew Maturo
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Anirudh Arun
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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14
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Wang HD, Swanson EW, Cheng HT, Walch J, Alonso-Escalante JC, Kolegraff K, Lopez J, Furtmuller G, Oh BC, Quan A, Budihardjo J, AlFadil S, Mulla S, Fidder S, Akre P, Sacks JM, Bonawitz SC, Raimondi G, Shores JT, Cooney DS, Lee WPA, Brandacher G. 2523: Vascularized composite allograft tolerance with transient high-dose tacrolimus across a full MHC mismatch in a large animal model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23723505.2016.1232941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard D. Wang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward W. Swanson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hsu-Tang Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Walch
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose C. Alonso-Escalante
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keli Kolegraff
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Lopez
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg Furtmuller
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Quan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Budihardjo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara AlFadil
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara Mulla
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Fidder
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Akre
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin M. Sacks
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven C. Bonawitz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaimie T. Shores
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Damon S. Cooney
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W. P. Andrew Lee
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Smith DJ, Brat GA, Medina SH, Tong D, Huang Y, Grahammer J, Furtmüller GJ, Oh BC, Nagy-Smith KJ, Walczak P, Brandacher G, Schneider. JP. A multiphase transitioning peptide hydrogel for suturing ultrasmall vessels. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:95-102. [PMID: 26524396 PMCID: PMC4706483 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many surgeries are complicated by the need to anastomose, or reconnect, micrometre-scale vessels. Although suturing remains the gold standard for anastomosing vessels, it is difficult to place sutures correctly through collapsed lumen, making the procedure prone to failure. Here, we report a multiphase transitioning peptide hydrogel that can be injected into the lumen of vessels to facilitate suturing. The peptide, which contains a photocaged glutamic acid, forms a solid-like gel in a syringe and can be shear-thin delivered to the lumen of collapsed vessels (where it distends the vessel) and the space between two vessels (where it is used to approximate the vessel ends). Suturing is performed directly through the gel. Light is used to initiate the final gel-sol phase transition that disrupts the hydrogel network, allowing the gel to be removed and blood flow to resume. This gel adds a new tool to the armamentarium for micro- and supermicrosurgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Smith
- National Cancer Institute, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Gabriel A. Brat
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 USA
| | - Scott H. Medina
- National Cancer Institute, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Dedi Tong
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Johanna Grahammer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 USA
| | - Georg J. Furtmüller
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 USA
| | - Katelyn J. Nagy-Smith
- National Cancer Institute, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 USA
| | - Joel P. Schneider.
- National Cancer Institute, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
- Corresponding author, Tel: 301 846 5954,
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16
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Kim JS, Lee HM, Oh BC, Lim HG, Lee JR. Effect of hyperkalemia and hemolysis caused by hyperacute rejection on cardiac function in pig to human ex vivo xenogeneic cardiac perfusion model. Korean Circ J 2011; 41:130-6. [PMID: 21519511 PMCID: PMC3079132 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2011.41.3.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hyperacute rejection (HAR) is a major obstacle to successful xenotransplantation of vascularized organs. This study was conducted to observe the effect of hemolysis of perfused human whole blood on pig heart function, and determine the major risk factors for preservation of xenoperfused cardiac function using ex-vivo pig to human xenogeneic cardiac perfusion model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Harvested pig hearts were perfused with normal human whole blood (group 1), two different types of pre-treated human whole blood (group 2: immunoglobulins were depleted by plasmapheresis, group 3: pre-treated with plasmapheresis, GAS914, cobra venom factor (CVF) and steroid), and normal porcine whole blood as control (group 4) for 3 hours. RESULTS Duration of heart beat was significantly prolonged in group 2 and group 3. Histological examination showed widespread HAR features but was gradually delayed in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1. The absolute levels of serum creatine kinase-MB and Troponin I increased gradually, and was lower in group 3. Serum hemoglobin levels were rapidly increased in groups 3 and 4, compared to group 1. Extracellular potassium level increased sharply from the beginning of blood perfusion in groups 1, 2 and 3, compared to group 4. CONCLUSION Pretreatment of human whole blood, including immunoglobulin depletion, CVF and steroid reduced and delayed the destruction of pig myocardium by HAR. However, the increased extracellular potassium levels in groups 1, 2 and 3 reflected that these treatments could not prohibit myocardial injury by HAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Abstract
The understanding of main mechanisms that determine the ability of immune privilege related to Sertoli cells (SCs) will provide clues for promoting a local tolerogenic environment. In this study, we evaluated the property of humoral and cellular immune response modulation provided by porcine SCs. Porcine SCs were resistant to human antibody and complement-mediated formation of the membrane attack complex (38.41+/-2.77% vs. 55.02+/-5.44%, p=0.027) and cell lysis (42.95+/-1.75% vs. 87.99 +/-2.25%, p<0.001) compared to immortalized aortic endothelial cells, suggesting that porcine SCs are able to escape cellular lysis associated with complement activation by producing one or more immunoprotective factors that may be capable of inhibiting membrane attack complex formation. On the other hand, porcine SCs and their culture supernatant suppressed the up-regulation of CD40 expression (p<0.05) on DCs in the presence of LPS stimulation. These novel findings, as we know, suggest that immune modulatory effects of porcine SCs in the presence of other antigen can be obtained from the first step of antigen presentation. These might open optimistic perspectives for the use of porcine SCs in tolerance induction eliminating the need for chronic immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Mo Lee
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Lim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Gook Lim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sejong General Hospital, Sejong Heart Institute, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Ryul Lee
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee HM, Lim HG, Oh BC, Park CS, Lee DS, Lee JR. Systemic immune modulation using chemokine receptor 7 expressing porcine Sertoli cells. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:619-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee HM, Oh BC, Lim DP, Lee DS, Cho J, Lee G, Lee JR. Establishment and characterization of porcine Sertoli cell line for the study of xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:112-8. [PMID: 17381685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understanding of the main mechanism that determines the ability of immune privilege related to Sertoli cells (SC) will provide clues for promoting a local tolerogenic environment. In this report, we established neonatal porcine SC line and evaluated their characteristics. METHODS SC line was established following the transfection of primary SC (NPSC) from the testis of neonatal pig with plasmid pRNS-1 carrying genes for neomycin resistance and the SV40 large T antigen. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were performed to evaluate the character of immortalized SC lines. RESULTS Our immortalized SC line (iPS) proliferated stably and had a phenotype similar to NPSC, as indicated by the immunoexpression of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), and mRNA expression of androgen receptor (AR), and Wilms' tumor antigen (WT1). Interestingly, NPSC and iPS expressed mRNA of complement regulatory proteins (CRP) such as membrane cofactor protein (CD46), decay accelerating factor (DAF or CD55), and protectin (CD59), but CD59 mRNA expression was negligible in iPS. CONCLUSION These results suggest that iPS, immortalized by the introduction of SV40 T, retain their original characteristics, except for the relatively low expression of CD59, and that they may be useful for future in vitro and in vivo studies of immune privilege mechanisms related to SC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transplantation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Complement System Proteins/genetics
- Complement System Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Phenotype
- Plasmids/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Sertoli Cells/cytology
- Sertoli Cells/immunology
- Sertoli Cells/metabolism
- Swine
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous/methods
- WT1 Proteins/genetics
- WT1 Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Mo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Oh BC, Lee HM, Lim DP, Cho JJ, Lee G, Lee DS, Lee JR. Effect of immature dendritic cell injection before heterotropic cardiac allograft. Transplant Proc 2007; 38:3189-92. [PMID: 17175218 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.10.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although dendritic cells (DCs) are unrivaled for initiation of immune responses, the immunomodulatory capacity of chemically fixed DC has not been thoroughly evaluated. We monitored the tolerogenic capacity of chemically fixed DCs using allogeneic heart transplantations. Bone marrow progenitors were differentiated into immature DCs which were then chemically fixed and injected intravenously into recipient mice at 14 days before allogeneic heart transplantation. Chemically fixed DCs markedly prolonged graft survival in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I/II mismatch cardiac transplantation (B6 --> B10.A; median survival time [MST] 12.5 days vs >70 days). T cells that encountered chemically fixed DCs showed attenuated apoptotic cell death and inactivated phenotypes after allogeneic heterotropic heart transplantation. Furthermore, when DCs from interleukin (IL)-10-/- mice were treated, the in vitro T-cell response was greater than that from IL-12-/- mice. We have suggested that the chemically fixed DCs may mediate peripheral T-cell tolerance, with therapeutic potential for allogeneic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Oh
- Department of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Sertoli cells (SC) are known to contain immunoprotective properties, which allow them to survive as allografts without the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Experiments were designed to determine which factors are related to prolonged survival of allogeneic SC. Balb/c derived Sertoli (TM4) and colon cancer (CT-26) cell lines were implanted beneath the kidney capsule of non-immunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice and compared their survival as allografts. Compared to TM4 graft, which survived more than 7 days after transplantation, CT-26 showed massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, necrosis and enlargement of draining lymph nodes. Cultured cell lines showed no differences in their expression patterns of FasL, TGF beta1, clusterin and two complement regulatory proteins (CRP, i.e., membrane cofactor protein, MCP; decay accelerating factor, DAF), but protectin (CD59), another member of CRP was expressed only on TM4. These results suggest that CD59 and unknown factors may contribute to the prolonged survival of SC in non-immunoprivileged sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Mo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Lim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Laboratory of Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaejin Cho
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation, College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gene Lee
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation, College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Ryul Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee HM, Oh BC, Yang JH, Cho J, Lee G, Lee DS, Hwang WS, Lee JR. Age-dependent expression of immune-privilege and proliferation-related molecules on porcine Sertoli cells. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:69-74. [PMID: 16497214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunoprotective nature of the testes has prompted numerous investigations into their supportive roles during allogeneic or xenogeneic cellular grafts. However, the optimal developmental stage of these cells in terms of maximum efficacy for cellular grafts has not been elucidated. In this study, the time-dependent expressions of immune-privilege- and proliferation-related molecules in Sertoli cells were determined. METHODS To investigate the time course of the expression of proteins related to immune privilege and proliferation, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed using testes of 18 Yorkshire pigs from birth to 20 weeks of age. We included fas ligand (FasL), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and clusterin as the immune-protective molecules, and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), p27Kip1, GATA-4 and Wilm's tumor antigen (WT1) as Sertoli cell proliferation markers. RT-PCR was used to complement histological assessment. RESULTS The expression of FasL in Sertoli cells gradually increased with age, whereas TGF-beta1 showed the reverse pattern, and clusterin expression showed no age-related difference. p27Kip1 showed a gradual increase in its expression from week 12, but GATA-4 showed earlier postnatal expression from birth to week 12. WT1 expression gradually increased from week 16. CONCLUSION We confirmed the age-dependent expression of immune-privilege- and proliferation-related molecules in porcine Sertoli cells. These data may be useful for determining the optimal time for harvesting Sertoli cells with respect to maximal immunoprotection and proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Mo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytases hydrolyze phytic acid (myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate) to less-phosphorylated myo-inositol derivatives and inorganic phosphate. Phytases are used in animal feed to reduce phosphate pollution in the environment. Recently, a thermostable, calcium-dependent Bacillus phytase was identified that represents the first example of the beta propeller fold exhibiting phosphatase activity. We sought to delineate the catalytic mechanism and property of this enzyme. RESULTS The crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with inorganic phosphate reveals that two phosphates and four calcium ions are tightly bound at the active site. Mutation of the residues involved in the calcium chelation results in severe defects in the enzyme's activity. One phosphate ion, chelating all of the four calcium ions, is close to a water molecule bridging two of the bound calcium ions. Fluoride ion, which is expected to replace this water molecule, is an uncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme. The enzyme is able to hydrolyze any of the six phosphate groups of phytate. CONCLUSIONS The enzyme reaction is likely to proceed through a direct attack of the metal-bridging water molecule on the phosphorous atom of a substrate and the subsequent stabilization of the pentavalent transition state by the bound calcium ions. The enzyme has two phosphate binding sites, the "cleavage site", which is responsible for the hydrolysis of a substrate, and the "affinity site", which increases the binding affinity for substrates containing adjacent phosphate groups. The existence of the two nonequivalent phosphate binding sites explains the puzzling formation of the alternately dephosphorylated myo-inositol triphosphates from phytate and the hydrolysis of myo-inositol monophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea
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Oh BC, Chang BS, Park KH, Ha NC, Kim HK, Oh BH, Oh TK. Calcium-dependent catalytic activity of a novel phytase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DS11. Biochemistry 2001; 40:9669-76. [PMID: 11583167 DOI: 10.1021/bi010589u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermostable phytase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DS11 hydrolyzes phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6) to less phosphorylated myo-inositol phosphates in the presence of Ca2+. In this report, we discuss the unique Ca2+-dependent catalytic properties of the phytase and its specific substrate requirement. Initial rate kinetic studies of the phytase indicate that the enzyme activity follows a rapid equilibrium ordered mechanism in which binding of Ca2+ to the active site is necessary for the essential activation of the enzyme. Ca2+ turned out to be also required for the substrate because the phytase is only able to hydrolyze the calcium-phytate complex. In fact, both an excess amount of free Ca2+ and an excess of free phytate, which is not complexed with each other, can act as competitive inhibitors. The Ca2+-dependent catalytic activity of the enzyme was further confirmed, and the critical amino acid residues for the binding of Ca2+ and substrate were identified by site-specific mutagenesis studies. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to understand if the decreased enzymatic activity was related to poor Ca2+ binding. The pH dependence of the Vmax and Vmax/Km consistently supported these observations by demonstrating that the enzyme activity is dependent on the ionization of amino acid residues that are important for the binding of Ca2+ and the substrate. The Ca2+-dependent activation of enzyme and substrate was found to be different from other histidine acid phytases that hydrolyze metal-free phytate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Oh
- Microbial Genomic Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Taejon
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the changing status of women after hysterectomy using the electrodiagnostic method. STUDY DESIGN We compared pre- and postoperative somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) through vaginal stimulation in twenty patients undergoing hysterectomy. RESULTS 1) The latencies (Mean +/- SD) of the first positive peak (P1) and first negative peak (N1) in preoperative vaginal SSEP were 32.89 +/- 3.02 ms and 40.41 +/- 3.43 ms in the left side, 33.25 +/- 4.28 ms and 41.39 +/- 5.46 ms in the right side respectively. 2) The postoperative P1 and N1 latencies were 33.68 +/- 4.50 ms and 42.00 +/- 4.30 ms in the left side, 33.78 +/- 3.10 ms and 42.00 +/- 3.62 in the right side respectively. CONCLUSION There were no significant differences between the pre- and the postoperative vaginal SSEP by stimulating vagina in patients of hysterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Korea.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We introduce a safe and convenient method for ligature of vascular pedicles at laparoscopic surgery in which one laparoscopic and two auxillary ports are used. TECHNIQUE The first two-turn wrap around the loop is made extracorporeally with the hand and is locked by an intracorporeal tie with manipulation of the target tissue. Knot typing is finished with the second and third nontension tie of one-turn throws. EXPERIENCE We have used this method for laparoscopic surgery for more than 2.5 years and have not observed a failure or late hemorrhage. CONCLUSION Two-turn throw incomplete loop ligature is a useful and convenient technique for hemostasis in three-port pelviscopic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
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Ha NC, Oh BC, Shin S, Kim HJ, Oh TK, Kim YO, Choi KY, Oh BH. Crystal structures of a novel, thermostable phytase in partially and fully calcium-loaded states. Nat Struct Biol 2000; 7:147-53. [PMID: 10655618 DOI: 10.1038/72421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phytases hydrolyze phytic acid to less phosphorylated myo-inositol derivatives and inorganic phosphate. A thermostable phytase is of great value in applications for improving phosphate and metal ion availability in animal feed, and thereby reducing phosphate pollution to the environment. Here, we report a new folding architecture of a six-bladed propeller for phosphatase activity revealed by the 2.1 A crystal structures of a novel, thermostable phytase determined in both the partially and fully Ca2+-loaded states. Binding of two calcium ions to high-affinity calcium binding sites results in a dramatic increase in thermostability (by as much as approximately 30 degrees C in melting temperature) by joining loop segments remote in the amino acid sequence. Binding of three additional calcium ions to low-affinity calcium binding sites at the top of the molecule turns on the catalytic activity of the enzyme by converting the highly negatively charged cleft into a favorable environment for the binding of phytate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Ha
- Department of Life Science and School of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea
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Han MK, Kwark OS, Jang KY, Lee DG, Oh BC, An NH, Kim UH. Increase of NAD glycohydrolase activity in uterine cervix cancers is caused by infiltration of lymphocytes. Cancer Lett 1999; 146:201-5. [PMID: 10656627 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein which is expressed by hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells in human. It has two functions of ADP-ribosyl cyclase and cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activities and the sum of these two enzyme activities is identical with NAD glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. The levels of NADase activity in human cervical carcinoma and normal cancer tissue were measured. With a total of 12 patients with cervical cancer and 11 women with normal cervix, cancer tissues were found to have significantly higher NADase and ADP-ribosyl cyclase activities than the control group. Moreover, immunoblot analysis showed an increase of immunoreactivity against CD38 in cervical cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. Immunohistochemical data indicated that the increase of CD38 expression was due to increased infiltration of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, South Korea
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Cao Y, Oh BC, Stryer L. Cloning and localization of two multigene receptor families in goldfish olfactory epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:11987-92. [PMID: 9751777 PMCID: PMC21752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Goldfish reproduction is coordinated by pheromones that are released by ovulating females and detected by males. Two highly potent pheromones, a dihydroxyprogesterone and a prostaglandin, previously have been identified, and their effects on goldfish behavior have been studied in depth. We have cloned goldfish olfactory epithelium cDNAs belonging to two multigene G-protein coupled receptor families as a step toward elucidating the molecular basis of pheromone recognition. One gene family (GFA) consists of homologs of putative odorant receptors (approximately 320 residues) found in the olfactory epithelium of other fish and mammals. The other family (GFB) consists of homologs of putative pheromone receptors found in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of mammals and also in the nose of pufferfish. GFB receptors (approximately 840 residues) are akin to the V2R family of VNO receptors, which possess a large extracellular N-terminal domain and are homologs of calcium-sensing and metabotropic glutamate receptors. In situ hybridization showed that the two families of goldfish receptors are differentially expressed in the olfactory epithelium. GFB mRNA is abundant in rather compact cells whose nuclei are near the apical surface. In contrast, GFA mRNA is found in elongated cells whose nuclei are positioned deeper in the epithelium. Our findings support the hypothesis that the separate olfactory organ and VNO of terrestrial vertebrates arose in evolution by the segregation of distinct classes of neurons that were differentially positioned in the olfactory epithelium of a precursor aquatic vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA
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