1
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Brewer MA, Grossman EL, Randklev CR. Clumped isotopes reveal relationship between mussel growth and river discharge. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7653. [PMID: 38561458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels preserve valuable information about hydrology, climate, and population dynamics, but developing seasonal chronologies can be problematic. Using clumped isotope thermometry, we produced high-resolution reconstructions of modern and historic (~ 1900) temperatures and δ18Owater from mussel shells collected from an impounded river, the Brazos in Texas, before and after damming. We also performed high-resolution growth band analyses to investigate relationships between mussel growth rate, rainfall, and seasonal temperature. Reconstructed δ18Owater and temperature vary little between the modern (3R5) and historic shell (H3R). However, a positive relationship between reconstructed δ18Owater and growth rate in H3R indicates that aside from diminished growth in winter, precipitation and flow rate are the strongest controls on mussel growth in both modern and pre-dam times. Overall, our results demonstrate (1) the impact, both positive and negative, of environmental factors such as flow alteration and temperature on mussel growth and (2) the potential for clumped isotopes in freshwater mussels as a paleohydrology and paleoclimate proxies in terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Brewer
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ethan L Grossman
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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2
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Rangaswami XL, Goldsmith AM, Khan JM, Robertson CR, Lopez RR, Randklev CR. Thermal tolerances of Popenaias popeii (Texas hornshell) and its host fish from the Rio Grande Basin, Texas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4603. [PMID: 36944661 PMCID: PMC10030872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels are particularly sensitive to hydrologic changes, including streamflow and temperature, resulting in global decline. The Devils River in south-central Texas harbors the endangered freshwater mussel Popenaias popeii (Unionidae; Texas hornshell). There is concern that water withdrawals from the underlying aquifer may be negatively impacting this species. To assess this risk, we evaluated upper thermal tolerances (LT05 and LT50) of larvae (glochidia) and juveniles from two sites. After being acclimated to 27 °C, glochidia were subjected to five experimental temperatures (30, 32, 34, 36, and 38 °C) and non-acclimated control (20 °C) for 12-h and 24-h while juveniles were subjected to three experimental temperatures (30, 32, and 36 °C) and non-acclimated control (20 °C) for 96-h. We overlaid tolerance estimates against in situ water temperature and discharge data to evaluate thermal exceedances. Additionally, we reviewed upper thermal tolerances of P. popeii's presumed host fish (Carpiodes carpio, Cyprinellas lutrensis, and Moxostoma congestum) and their congeners. Stream temperatures only occasionally exceeded mussel LT05/50 and fish CLMax/LTMax, likely due to the Devils River's large spring input, highlighting the importance of protecting spring flows. We provide a practical framework for assessing hydrological needs of aquatic ectotherms, including the parasite-host relationship, which can be used to optimize environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia L Rangaswami
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, 578 John Kimbrough Blvd. 2260 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Dallas, 17360 Coit Rd., Dallas, TX, 75252, USA.
| | - Amanda M Goldsmith
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, 578 John Kimbrough Blvd. 2260 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Dallas, 17360 Coit Rd., Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
| | - Jennifer M Khan
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005 Northeast Green Oaks Boulevard, Suite 140, Arlington, TX, 76006, USA
| | - Clinton R Robertson
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, River Studies Program, 505 Staples Rd., Bldg. 1, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Roel R Lopez
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, 578 John Kimbrough Blvd. 2260 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Charles R Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, 578 John Kimbrough Blvd. 2260 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Dallas, 17360 Coit Rd., Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
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3
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Smith CH, Robertson CR, Randklev CR. DNA barcoding identifies a novel population of the imperiled Trinity Pigtoe, Fusconaia chunii (Lea, 1862) (Bivalvia, Unionidae), in the San Jacinto River drainage in Texas. CheckList 2022. [DOI: 10.15560/18.6.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trinity Pigtoe, Fusconaia chunii (Lea, 1862), is a freshwater mussel endemic to the Trinity River drainage in Texas. Here, we report the first population of F. chunii in the San Jacinto River drainage in Texas. We identified three specimens of F. chunii using DNA barcoding, which were morphologically indistinguishable from syntopic Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque, 1820). A similar issue occurs in the Trinity River drainage. Fusconaia chunii is listed as state threatened, and future research is necessary to assess its status within the San Jacinto River drainage
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4
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Moulpied M, Smith CH, Robertson CR, Johnson NA, Lopez R, Randklev CR. Biogeography of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) in Texas and implications on conservation biology. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moulpied
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Dallas Texas USA
| | - Chase H. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Clinton R. Robertson
- Inland Fisheries – Management and Conservation Branch Texas Parks & Wildlife Department San Marcos Texas USA
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Florida USA
| | - Roel Lopez
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Dallas Texas USA
| | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Dallas Texas USA
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5
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Kiser AH, Cummings KS, Tiemann JS, Smith CH, Johnson NA, Lopez RR, Randklev CR. Using a multi‐model ensemble approach to determine biodiversity hotspots with limited occurrence data in understudied areas: An example using freshwater mussels in México. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8909. [PMID: 35592061 PMCID: PMC9101588 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs) are an increasingly important tool for conservation particularly for difficult‐to‐study locations and with understudied fauna. Our aims were to (1) use SDMs and ensemble SDMs to predict the distribution of freshwater mussels in the Pánuco River Basin in Central México; (2) determine habitat factors shaping freshwater mussel occurrence; and (3) use predicted occupancy across a range of taxa to identify freshwater mussel biodiversity hotspots to guide conservation and management. In the Pánuco River Basin, we modeled the distributions of 11 freshwater mussel species using an ensemble approach, wherein multiple SDM methodologies were combined to create a single ensemble map of predicted occupancy. A total of 621 species‐specific observations at 87 sites were used to create species‐specific ensembles. These predictive species ensembles were then combined to create local diversity hotspot maps. Precipitation during the warmest quarter, elevation, and mean temperature were consistently the most important discriminatory environmental variables among species, whereas land use had limited influence across all taxa. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first freshwater mussel‐focused research to use an ensemble approach to determine species distribution and predict biodiversity hotspots. Our study can be used to guide not only current conservation efforts but also prioritize areas for future conservation and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Kiser
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute Dallas Texas USA
| | | | | | - Chase H. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas Austin Texas USA
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Roel R. Lopez
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute Dallas Texas USA
- Natural Resources Institute Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute Dallas Texas USA
- Natural Resources Institute Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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6
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Smith CH, Johnson NA, Robertson CR, Doyle RD, Randklev CR. Establishing conservation units to promote recovery of two threatened freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionida: Potamilus). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11102-11122. [PMID: 34429906 PMCID: PMC8366875 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genomics has significantly increased our ability to make inferences about microevolutionary processes and demographic histories, which have the potential to improve protection and recovery of imperiled species. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) represent one of the most imperiled groups of organisms globally. Despite systemic decline of mussel abundance and diversity, studies evaluating spatiotemporal changes in distribution, demographic histories, and ecological factors that threaten long-term persistence of imperiled species remain lacking. In this study, we use genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) and mitochondrial sequence data (mtDNA) to define conservation units (CUs) for two highly imperiled freshwater mussel species, Potamilus amphichaenus and Potamilus streckersoni. We then synthesize our molecular findings with details from field collections spanning from 1901 to 2019 to further elucidate distributional trends, contemporary status, and other factors that may be contributing to population declines for our focal species. We collected GBS and mtDNA data for individuals of P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni from freshwater mussel collections in the Brazos, Neches, Sabine, and Trinity drainages ranging from 2012 to 2019. Molecular analyses resolved disputing number of genetic clusters within P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni; however, we find defensible support for four CUs, each corresponding to an independent river basin. Evaluations of historical and recent occurrence data illuminated a generally increasing trend of occurrence in each of the four CUs, which were correlated with recent increases in sampling effort. Taken together, these findings suggest that P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni are likely rare throughout their respective ranges. Because of this, the establishment of CUs will facilitate evidence-based recovery planning and ensure potential captive propagation and translocation efforts are beneficial. Our synthesis represents a case study for conservation genomic assessments in freshwater mussels and provides a model for future studies aimed at recovery planning for these highly imperiled organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase H. Smith
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of TexasAustinTexasUSA
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at DallasDallasTexasUSA
- Biology DepartmentBaylor UniversityWacoTexasUSA
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research CenterGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | | | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at DallasDallasTexasUSA
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7
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Tiemann JS, Inoue K, Rodríguez-Pineda JA, Hart M, Cummings KS, Naranjo-García E, Randklev CR. STATUS OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS (UNIONIDAE) OF THE RÍO CONCHOS BASIN, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO. SOUTHWEST NAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-64.3-4.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Tiemann
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820 (JST, KSC)
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Texas A&M University, Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Dallas, TX 77843 (KI, MH, CRR)
| | | | - Michael Hart
- Texas A&M University, Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Dallas, TX 77843 (KI, MH, CRR)
| | - Kevin S. Cummings
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820 (JST, KSC)
| | - Edna Naranjo-García
- Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Zoología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México 04510 (ENG)
| | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M University, Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Dallas, TX 77843 (KI, MH, CRR)
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8
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Smith CH, Johnson NA, Havlik K, Doyle RD, Randklev CR. Resolving species boundaries in the critically imperiled freshwater mussel species,
Fusconaia mitchelli
(Bivalvia: Unionidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase H. Smith
- Biology Department Baylor University Waco TX USA
- Texas A&M Natural Resources InstituteTexas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Dallas TX USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas Austin TX USA
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Gainesville FL USA
| | | | | | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources InstituteTexas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Dallas TX USA
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9
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Randklev CR, Wolverton S, Johnson NA, Smith CH, DuBose TP, Robertson CR, Conley J. The utility of zooarchaeological data to guide listing efforts for an imperiled mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae:
Pleurobema riddellii
). Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources InstituteTexas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas Dallas Texas USA
| | - Steve Wolverton
- Department of Geography and the Environment & the Advanced Environmental Research InstituteUniversity of North Texas Denton Texas USA
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Chase H. Smith
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas Austin Texas USA
| | - Traci P. DuBose
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, Department of Biology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | | | - Julian Conley
- Department of GeosciencesEast Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee USA
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10
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Inoue K, Cummings KS, Tiemann JS, Miller TD, Johnson NA, Smith CH, Randklev CR. A new species of freshwater mussel in the genus Popenaias Frierson, 1927, from the Gulf coastal rivers of central Mexico (Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae) with comments on the genus. Zootaxa 2020; 4816:zootaxa.4816.4.3. [PMID: 33055684 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4816.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Gulf coastal drainages of central Mexico are a faunal transition zone between North and South America and harbor a unique assemblage of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida). However, little information is available regarding the taxonomy, distribution, and evolutionary history of the Mexican mussel fauna due to limited sampling over the last 100 years. To address these knowledge gaps, we evaluated species-level diversity in the genus Popenaias Frierson, 1927, in Mexican Gulf coastal drainages as part of a larger effort to inform conservation efforts for members of this genus both in Mexico and the United States of America. Based on our analyses, we describe Popenaias berezai n. sp. from the Río Valles of the Río Pánuco basin, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. We also provide presumptive distributional range, phylogenetic structure, and molecular and morphological diagnoses of the new species and provide comments on the other species currently in Popenaias. Our findings highlight the high levels of endemism among freshwater mussels in Mexican Gulf coastal drainages and will help guide impending conservation actions for P. popeii, which is listed as "endangered" in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inoue
- Natural Resources Institute, Texas AM University, College Station, Texas, USA Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA.
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11
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Inoue K, Harris JL, Robertson CR, Johnson NA, Randklev CR. A comprehensive approach uncovers hidden diversity in freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) with the description of a novel species. Cladistics 2020; 36:88-113. [PMID: 34618970 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Major geological processes have shaped biogeographical patterns of riverine biota. The Edwards Plateau of central Texas, USA, exhibits unique aquatic communities and endemism, including several species of freshwater mussels. Lampsilis bracteata (Gould, 1855) is endemic to the Edwards Plateau region; however, its phylogenetic relationship with other species in the Gulf coastal rivers and Mississippi River basin is unknown. We evaluated phylogenetic relationships, shell morphologies and soft anatomy characters of L. bracteata and a closely related congener, Lampsilis hydiana (Lea, 1838) throughout their ranges. Our results showed the presence of an undescribed species: Lampsilis bergmanni sp.n. Lampsilis bracteata and L. bergmanni sp.n. share similar shell morphologies and soft anatomy characters; however, they are genetically distinct. Geological processes, such as faulting and sea-level changes during the Miocene to Pliocene, are likely to have facilitated diversification of Lampsilis species, resulting in isolation of L. bracteata on the Edwards Plateau and diversification between L. bergmanni sp.n. and L. hydiana. We conclude that L. bracteata range is restricted to the Colorado River basin, whereas L. bergmanni sp.n. occurs only in upstream reaches of the Guadalupe River basin. Conservation actions are warranted for both species due to their restricted distributions and potential anthropogenic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inoue
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA.,Daniel P. Haerther Center for Research and Conservation, John G. Shedd Aquarium, 1200 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - John L Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, 72467, USA
| | - Clinton R Robertson
- River Studies Program, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, San Marcos, TX, 78667, USA
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
| | - Charles R Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
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12
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Randklev CR, Hart MA, Khan JM, Tsakiris ET, Robertson CR. Hydraulic requirements of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) and a conceptual framework for how they respond to high flows. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Hart
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute College Station Texas USA
| | | | - Eric T. Tsakiris
- National Conservation Training Center U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Shepherdstown West Virginia USA
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13
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Smith CH, Johnson NA, Inoue K, Doyle RD, Randklev CR. Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of freshwater mussel, Potamilus streckersoni sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Unionidae): implications for conservation and management. SYST BIODIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2019.1607615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase H. Smith
- Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
| | | | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
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14
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Hart MA, Miller TD, Randklev CR. Salinity tolerance of a rare and endangered unionid mussel, Popenaias popeii (Texas Hornshell) and its implications for conservation and water management. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 170:1-8. [PMID: 30503989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Unionid mussels are considered sensitive to salinity and there is growing concern in arid and semi-arid regions that declining flows coupled with anthropogenic impacts are amplifying natural salinity levels. In this study, we tested the effects of varying salinity concentrations (3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 10.0 ppt NaCl) on survival of adult Popenaias popeii, (Texas Hornshell). This species occurs in the Rio Grande basin of Texas and northern Mexico, an arid to semi-arid stream plagued by salinization, and was recently listed as Endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We performed 2, 4, and 10-day toxicity tests on individuals from two disjunct populations: Laredo, TX, and the Lower Canyons of the Rio Grande near Big Bend National Park. We found no significant differences in LC50 estimates between populations at 96-hrs or 10-days but significant differences in TUD50s at 5 ppt between populations, which indicates that tolerance does not vary but sensitivity may between these populations. Overlaying LC50 estimates at 10-days for both populations on plots of salinity (ppt) measured over time, we show parts of the Rio Grande periodically approach or exceed 4.0 ppt, indicating these reaches are becoming unsuitable for P. popeii and populations within them at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hart
- Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Tom D Miller
- Environmental Science Center, Laredo Community College, Laredo, TX 78040, USA
| | - Charles R Randklev
- Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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15
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Johnson NA, Smith CH, Pfeiffer JM, Randklev CR, Williams JD, Austin JD. Integrative taxonomy resolves taxonomic uncertainty for freshwater mussels being considered for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15892. [PMID: 30367102 PMCID: PMC6203750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectively delimiting species boundaries remains an important challenge in systematics and becomes urgent when unresolved taxonomy complicates conservation and recovery efforts. We examined species boundaries in the imperiled freshwater mussel genus Cyclonaias (Bivalvia: Unionidae) using morphometrics, molecular phylogenetics, and multispecies coalescent models to help guide pending conservation assessments and legislative decisions. Congruence across multiple lines of evidence indicated that current taxonomy overestimates diversity in the C. pustulosa species complex. The only genetically and morphologically diagnosable species in the C. pustulosa species complex were C. pustulosa and C. succissa and we consider C. aurea, C. houstonensis, C. mortoni, and C. refulgens to be synonyms of C. pustulosa. In contrast, all three species in the C. nodulata complex (C. necki, C. nodulata, and C. petrina) were genetically, geographically, and morphologically diagnosable. Our findings have important conservation and management implications, as three nominal species (C. aurea, C. houstonensis, and C. petrina) are being considered for protection under the Endangered Species Act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA.
| | - Chase H Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA.,Baylor University, Biology Department, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - John M Pfeiffer
- University of Florida, Florida Museum, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Charles R Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
| | - James D Williams
- University of Florida, Florida Museum, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - James D Austin
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
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16
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Popejoy T, Randklev CR, Neeson TM, Vaughn CC. Prioritizing sites for conservation based on similarity to historical baselines and feasibility of protection. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:1118-1127. [PMID: 29738619 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of shifting baselines in conservation science implies advocacy for the use of historical knowledge to inform these baselines but does not address the feasibility of restoring sites to those baselines. In many regions, conservation feasibility varies among sites due to differences in resource availability, statutory power, and land-owner participation. We used zooarchaeological records to identify a historical baseline of the freshwater mussel community's composition before Euro-American influence at a river-reach scale (i.e., a kilometer stretch of river that is abiotically similar) in the Leon River of central Texas (U.S.A.). We evaluated how the community reference position and the feasibility of conservation might enable identification of sites where conservation actions would preserve historically representative communities and be likely to succeed. We devised a conceptual model that incorporated community information and landscape factors to link the best conservation areas to potential cost and conservation benefits. Using fuzzy ordination, we identified modern mussel beds that were most like the historical baseline. We then quantified housing density and land use near each river reach identified to estimate feasibility of habitat restoration. Using our conceptual framework, we identified reaches of high conservation value (i.e., contain the best mussel beds) and where restoration actions would be most likely to succeed. Reaches above Lake Belton were most similar in species composition and relative abundance to zooarchaeological sites. A subset of these mussel beds occurred in locations where conservation actions appeared most feasible. Our results show how to use zooarchaeological data (biodiversity data often readily available) and estimates of conservation feasibility to inform conservation priorities at a local spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci Popejoy
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, Department of Biology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake Street, Norman, OK, 73019, U.S.A
| | - Charles R Randklev
- Texas A&M AgriLife, Natural Resources Institute, 17360 Coit Road, Dallas, TX, 75252, U.S.A
| | - Thomas M Neeson
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street, Norman, OK, 73019, U.S.A
| | - Caryn C Vaughn
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, Department of Biology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake Street, Norman, OK, 73019, U.S.A
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Randklev CR, Tsakris ET, Johnson MS, Popejoy T, Hart MA, Khan J, Geeslin D, Robertson CR. The effect of dewatering on freshwater mussel (Unionidae) community structure and the implications for conservation and water policy: A case study from a spring-fed stream in the southwestern United States. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Randklev CR, Miller T, Hart M, Morton J, Johnson NA, Skow K, Inoue K, Tsakiris ET, Oetker S, Smith R, Robertson C, Lopez R. A semi-arid river in distress: Contributing factors and recovery solutions for three imperiled freshwater mussels (Family Unionidae) endemic to the Rio Grande basin in North America. Sci Total Environ 2018; 631-632:733-744. [PMID: 29544177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions are in extreme demand, which creates conflicts between needs of humans and aquatic ecosystems. The Rio Grande basin in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico exemplifies this issue, as much of its aquatic biodiversity is in peril as a result of human activities. Unionid mussels have been disproportionately impacted, though the specific factors responsible for their decline remain largely unknown. This is problematic because the Rio Grande basin harbors one federally endangered unionid mussel (Popenaias popeii, Texas Hornshell) plus two other mussel species (Potamilus metnecktayi, Salina Mucket; and Truncilla cognata, Mexican Fawnsfoot), which are also being considered for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. To date, surveys for these species have not corrected for variability in detection so current range estimates may be inaccurate. Using single occupancy-modeling to estimate detection and occupancy at 115 sites along ~800 river kilometers of the Rio Grande in Texas, we found that detection probabilities were relatively high, indicating that our survey design was efficient. In contrast, the estimated occupancy was low, indicating that our focal species were likely rare within the Rio Grande drainage. In general, the predicted occupancy of our focal species was low throughout their respective ranges, indicating possible range declines. A comparison of currently occupied ranges to presumptive ranges underscores this point. The best-approximating models indicated that occupancy was influenced by habitat, water quantity and quality, and proximity to large-scale human activities, such as dams and major urban centers. We also discuss a series of conservation options that may not only improve the long-term prognosis of our focal species but also other aquatic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Tom Miller
- Environmental Science Center, Laredo Community College, Laredo, TX, United States
| | - Michael Hart
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Morton
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kevin Skow
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Eric T Tsakiris
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Susan Oetker
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ryan Smith
- The Nature Conservancy of Texas, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Clint Robertson
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, River Studies Program, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Roel Lopez
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute and AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
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Hess MC, Inoue K, Tsakiris ET, Hart M, Morton J, Dudding J, Robertson CR, Randklev CR. Misidentification of sex for Lampsilis teres, Yellow Sandshell, and its implications for mussel conservation and wildlife management. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197107. [PMID: 29768469 PMCID: PMC5955573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification of sex is an important component of wildlife management because changes in sex ratios can affect population viability. Identification of sex often relies on external morphology, which can be biased by intermediate or nondistinctive morphotypes and observer experience. For unionid mussels, research has demonstrated that species misidentification is common but less attention has been given to the reliability of sex identification. To evaluate whether this is an issue, we surveyed 117 researchers on their ability to correctly identify sex of Lampsilis teres (Yellow Sandshell), a wide ranging, sexually dimorphic species. Personal background information of each observer was analyzed to identify factors that may contribute to misidentification of sex. We found that median misidentification rates were ~20% across males and females and that observers falsely identified the number of female specimens more often (~23%) than males (~10%). Misidentification rates were partially explained by geographic region of prior mussel experience and where observers learned how to identify mussels, but there remained substantial variation among observers after controlling for these factors. We also used three morphometric methods (traditional, geometric, and Fourier) to investigate whether sex could be more correctly identified statistically and found that misidentification rates for the geometric and Fourier methods (which characterize shape) were less than 5% (on average 7% and 2% for females and males, respectively). Our results show that misidentification of sex is likely common for mussels if based solely on external morphology, which raises general questions, regardless of taxonomic group, about its reliability for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Hess
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Tsakiris
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Hart
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Morton
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jack Dudding
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clinton R. Robertson
- Texas Parks and Wildlife, Inland Fisheries Division, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pieri AM, Inoue K, Johnson NA, Smith CH, Harris JL, Robertson C, Randklev CR. Molecular and morphometric analyses reveal cryptic diversity within freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the western Gulf coastal drainages of the USA. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Pieri
- Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chase H Smith
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - John L Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Clint Robertson
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, River Studies Program, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Inoue K, Hayes DM, Harris JL, Johnson NA, Morrison CL, Eackles MS, King TL, Jones JW, Hallerman EM, Christian AD, Randklev CR. The Pleurobemini (Bivalvia : Unionida) revisited: molecular species delineation using a mitochondrial DNA gene reveals multiple conspecifics and undescribed species. INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is17059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Pleurobemini (Bivalvia: Unionida) represent approximately one-third of freshwater mussel diversity in North America. Species identification within this group is challenging due to morphological convergence and phenotypic plasticity. Accurate species identification, including characterisation of currently unrecognised taxa, is required to develop effective conservation strategies because many species in the group are imperiled. We examined 575 cox1 sequences from 110 currently recognised species (including 13 Fusconaia and 21 Pleurobema species) to understand phylogenetic relationships among pleurobemine species (mainly Fusconaia and Pleurobema) and to delineate species boundaries. The results of phylogenetic analyses showed no geographic structure within widespread species and illustrated a close relationship between Elliptio lanceolata and Parvaspina collina. Constraint tests supported monophyly of the genera Fusconaia and Pleurobema, including the subgenus P. (Sintoxia). Furthermore, results revealed multiple conspecifics, including P. hanleyianum and P. troschelianum, P. chattanoogaense and P. decisum, P. clava and P. oviforme, P. rubrum and P. sintoxia, F. askewi and F. lananensis, and F. cerina and F. flava. Species delimitation analyses identified three currently unrecognised taxa (two in Fusconaia and one in Pleurobema). Further investigation using additional genetic markers and other lines of evidence (e.g. morphology, life history, ecology) are necessary before any taxonomic changes are formalised.
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Tsakiris ET, Randklev CR. Structural Changes in Freshwater Mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) Assemblages Downstream of Lake Somerville, Texas. The American Midland Naturalist 2016. [DOI: 10.1674/amid-175-01-120-127.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pfeiffer III JM, Johnson NA, Randklev CR, Howells RG, Williams JD. Generic reclassification and species boundaries in the rediscovered freshwater mussel ‘Quadrula’ mitchelli (Simpson in Dall, 1896). CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sowards B, Tsakiris ET, Libson M, Randklev CR. Recent Collection of a False Spike (Quadrula mitchelli) in the San Saba River, Texas, with Comments on Habitat Use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.31931/fmbc.v16i2.2013.63-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Sowards
- Texas A&M Institute of Renewable Natural Resources 1500 Research Parkway, Suite 110, College Station
| | - Eric T. Tsakiris
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 U.S.A
| | - Monika Libson
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 U.S.A
| | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Institute of Renewable Natural Resources 1500 Research Parkway, Suite 110, College Station
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Randklev CR, Tsakiris ET, Johnson MS, Skorupski JA, Burlakova LE, Groce J, Wilkins N. Is False Spike,Quadrula mitchelli(Bivalvia: Unionidae), Extinct? First Account of a Very Recently Deceased Individual in Over Thirty Years. SOUTHWEST NAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-58.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Randklev CR, Skorupski J, Lundeen B, Tsakiris ET. New Distributional Records for Four Rare Species of Freshwater Mussels (Family: Unionidae) in Southwestern Louisiana. SOUTHWEST NAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-58.2.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peacock E, Randklev CR, Wolverton S, Palmer RA, Zaleski S. The "cultural filter", human transport of mussel shell, and the applied potential of zooarchaeological data. Ecol Appl 2012; 22:1446-1459. [PMID: 22908705 DOI: 10.1890/11-1943.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Large assemblages of animal bones and/or shells from archaeological sites can provide data valuable for modern conservation efforts, e.g., by providing accurate historical baselines for species reintroductions or habitat restoration. Such data are underused by natural scientists, partly due to assumptions that archaeological materials are too biased by prehistoric human actions (the so-called "cultural filter") to accurately reflect past biotic communities. In order to address many paleobiological, archaeological, or applied research questions, data on past species, communities, and populations must first be demonstrated to be representative at the appropriate level. We discuss different ways in which one kind of cultural bias, human transport of specimens, can be tested at different scales, using freshwater mussel shells from prehistoric sites in the Tombigbee River basin of Mississippi and Alabama to show how representativeness of samples can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Peacock
- Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box AR, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
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Randklev CR, Wolverton S, Lundeen B, Kennedy JH. A paleozoological perspective on unionid (Mollusca: Unionidae) zoogeography in the upper Trinity River basin, Texas. Ecol Appl 2010; 20:2359-2368. [PMID: 21265464 DOI: 10.1890/09-1425.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In north central Texas, USA, the zoogeography of unionids in the Trinity River is thought to consist of upland and lowland biogeographic components reflective of differences in upstream and downstream hydraulic conditions. Historical and modern surveys from a limited number of localities were used to delineate these zoogeographic provinces based on the absence of several species thought to occur only in the lower Trinity River drainage. Available zooarchaeological data indicate that at least one species considered absent from the upper Trinity River basin was present during the late Holocene (roughly the last 2500 years), suggesting that both biogeographical provinces shared similar mussel fauna in the recent geological past. The discrepancy between historical and zooarchaeological data is probably the result of inadequate sampling and of an extirpation gradient related to impoundments that have been constructed in this drainage during the last century. The presence of lower Trinity species during the late Holocene in the upper Trinity drainage challenges interpretations drawn from modern biogeographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Randklev
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
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Randklev CR, Lundeen BJ, Howells RG, Kennedy JH. First Account of a Living Population of Texas Fawnsfoot, Truncilla macrodon (Bivalvia: Unionidae), in the Brazos River, Texas. SOUTHWEST NAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1894/js-31.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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