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Ago Y, Van C, Condro MC, Hrncir H, Diep AL, Rajbhandari AK, Fanselow MS, Hashimoto H, MacKenzie-Graham AJ, Waschek JA. Overexpression of VIPR2 in mice results in microencephaly with paradoxical increased white matter volume. Exp Neurol 2023; 362:114339. [PMID: 36717013 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Large scale studies in populations of European and Han Chinese ancestry found a series of rare gain-of-function microduplications in VIPR2, encoding VPAC2, a receptor that binds vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide with high affinity, that were associated with an up to 13-fold increased risk for schizophrenia. To address how VPAC2 receptor overactivity might affect brain development, we used a well-characterized Nestin-Cre mouse strain and a knock-in approach to overexpress human VPAC2 in the central nervous system. Mice that overexpressed VPAC2 were found to exhibit a significant reduction in brain weight. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis confirmed a decrease in brain size, a specific reduction in the hippocampus grey matter volume and a paradoxical increase in whole-brain white matter volume. Sex-specific changes in behavior such as impaired prepulse inhibition and contextual fear memory were observed in VPAC2 overexpressing mice. The data indicate that the VPAC2 receptor may play a critical role in brain morphogenesis and suggest that overactive VPAC2 signaling during development plays a mechanistic role in some forms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haley Hrncir
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abha K Rajbhandari
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Allan J MacKenzie-Graham
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Calo G, Hauk V, Vota D, Van C, Condro M, Gallino L, Ramhorst R, Waschek J, Pérez Leirós C. VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor deficiencies negatively influence pregnancy outcome through distinct and overlapping modulations of immune, trophoblast and vascular functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166593. [PMID: 36328148 PMCID: PMC9772292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy outcome relies on the maintenance of immune and metabolic homeostasis at the maternal fetal interface. Maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality is associated with impaired placental development. Multiple regulatory effects of the endogenous-produced vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on vascular, metabolic and immune functions at the maternal-fetal interface have been reported. Here we studied the involvement of the two primary high affinity receptors for VIP (VPAC1 and VPAC2) on maternal immune response, placental homeostasis and pregnancy outcome. Targeted disruption of each receptor gene led to altered placental structure, vascular and trophoblast functional markers and shaped the functional profiles of macrophages and neutrophils towards a proinflammatory state. Several changes in pregnant mice were receptor specific: ROS production elicited by VIP on neutrophils was selectively dependent on the presence of VPAC1 whereas apoptosis rate was associated with the VPAC2 deletion. In peritoneal macrophages from pregnant mice, levels of MHC-II, TLR2, and IL-10 were selectively altered in VPAC2 receptor-deficient mice, whereas IL-6 gene expression was reduced only in mice lacking VPAC1 receptors. Additionally, MMP9 mRNA in isolated TGCs was reduced in VPAC2 receptor deleted mice, while the percentage of IL-12 cells in post-phagocytosis macrophage cultures was selectively reduced in VPAC2 receptor deficient mice. The results indicate that manipulation of VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor affects immune, vascular and metabolic environment at the maternal fetal interface. These mouse models offer new approaches to study pregnancy complications adding new perspectives to the development of VPAC receptor-selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Calo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Hauk
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Vota
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christina Van
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael Condro
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lucila Gallino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James Waschek
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ling C, Sud K, Lee V, Van C, Peterson G, Zaidi S, Patel R, Castelino R. POS-071 TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES OF PERITONITIS DUE TO ROTHIA SPECIES IN PATIENTS ON PERITONEAL DIALYSIS: A SYSTEMATIC CASE SUMMARY AND MULTICENTRE REGISTRY ANALYSIS. Kidney Int Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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LING C, Sud K, Peterson G, Van C, Zaidi S, Patel R, Castelino R. POS-701 CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES OF HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED AND COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PERITONITIS IN PATIENTS ON PERITONEAL DIALYSIS. Kidney Int Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.01.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Van C, Condro MC, Ko HH, Hoang AQ, Zhu R, Lov K, Ricaflanca PT, Diep AL, Nguyen NNM, Lipshutz GS, MacKenzie-Graham A, Waschek JA. Targeted deletion of PAC1 receptors in retinal neurons enhances neuron loss and axonopathy in a model of multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 160:105524. [PMID: 34610465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation drives synaptic loss in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is also commonly observed in other neurodegenerative diseases. Clinically approved treatments for MS provide symptomatic relief but fail to halt neurodegeneration and neurological decline. Studies in animal disease models have demonstrated that the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, ADCYAP1) exhibits anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and regenerative properties. Anti-inflammatory actions appear to be mediated primarily by two receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, which also bind vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Pharmacological experiments indicate that another receptor, PAC1 (ADCYAP1R1), which is highly selective for PACAP, provides protection to neurons, although genetic evidence and other mechanistic information is lacking. To determine if PAC1 receptors protect neurons in a cell-autonomous manner, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV2) to deliver Cre recombinase to the retina of mice harboring floxed PAC1 alleles. Mice were then subjected to chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease model that recapitulates major clinical and pathological features of MS and associated optic neuritis. Unexpectedly, deletion of PAC1 in naïve mice resulted in a deficit of retinal ganglionic neurons (RGNs) and their dendrites, suggesting a homeostatic role of PAC1. Moreover, deletion of PAC1 resulted in increased EAE-induced loss of a subpopulation of RGNs purported to be vulnerable in animal models of glaucoma. Increased axonal pathology and increased secondary presence of microglia/macrophages was also prominently seen in the optic nerve. These findings demonstrate that neuronal PAC1 receptors play a homeostatic role in protecting RGNs and directly protects neurons and their axons against neuroinflammatory challenge. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic inflammation is a major component of neurodegenerative diseases and plays a central role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Current treatments for MS do not prevent neurodegeneration and/or neurological decline. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and regenerative properties but the cell type- and receptor-specific mechanisms are not clear. To test whether the protective effects of PACAP are direct on the PAC1 receptor subtype on neurons, we delete PAC1 receptors from neurons and investigate neuropathologigical changes in an animal model of MS. The findings demonstrate that PAC1 receptors on neurons play a homeostatic role in maintaining neuron health and can directly protect neurons and their axons during neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Nhat N M Nguyen
- Calabasas High School, Calabasas, CA 91302, United States of America.
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Departments of Surgery, Medical Pharmacology, Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Allan MacKenzie-Graham
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vega-Loza
- Navega Therapeutics, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Christina Van
- Navega Therapeutics, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ana M Moreno
- Navega Therapeutics, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Fernando Aleman
- Navega Therapeutics, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Van C, Condro MC, Lov K, Zhu R, Ricaflanca PT, Ko HH, Diep AL, Hoang AQ, Pisegna J, Rohrer H, Waschek JA. Correction to: PACAP/PAC1 Regulation of Inflammation via Catecholaminergic Neurons in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:452. [PMID: 30362069 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. The captured article title and corresponding author were incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Pisegna
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Van C, Condro MC, Lov K, Zhu R, Ricaflanca PT, Ko HH, Diep AL, Hoang AQ, Pisegna J, Rohrer H, Waschek JA. PACAP/PAC1 Regulation of Inflammation via Catecholaminergic Neurons in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:439-451. [PMID: 30058008 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) serves to maintain homeostasis of vital organ systems throughout the body, and its dysfunction plays a major role in human disease. The SNS also links the central nervous system to the immune system during different types of stress via innervation of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Previous studies have shown that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name adcyap1) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Because PACAP is known to regulate SNS function, we hypothesized that part of the immunoprotective action of PACAP is due to its neuromodulatory effects on sympathetic neurons. To examine this, we used an inducible, targeted approach to conditionally disrupt not only the PACAP-preferring PAC1 receptor gene (adcyap1r1) in dopamine β-hydroxylase-expressing cells, which includes postganglionic sympathetic neurons, but also catecholaminergic neurons in the brain and adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. In contrast to our previous EAE studies using PACAP global knockout mice which developed severe and prolonged EAE, we found that mice with conditional loss of PAC1 receptors in catecholaminergic cells developed a delayed time course of EAE with reduced helper T cell type 1 (Th1) and Th17 and enhanced Th2 cell polarization. At later time points, similar to mice with global PACAP loss, mice with conditional loss of PAC1 exhibited more severe clinical disease than controls. The latter was associated with a reduction in the abundance of thymic regulatory T cells (Tregs). These studies indicate that PAC1 receptor signaling acts in catecholaminergic cells in a time-dependent manner. At early stages of disease development, it enhances the ability of the SNS to polarize the Th response towards a more inflammatory state. Then, after disease is established, it enhances the ability of the SNS to dampen the inflammatory response via Tregs. The lack of concordance in results between global PACAP KO mice and mice with the PAC1 deletion targeted to catecholaminergic cells during early EAE may be explained by the fact that PACAP acts to regulate inflammation via multiple receptor subtypes and multiple targets, including inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Pisegna
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Condro MC, Matynia A, Foster NN, Ago Y, Rajbhandari AK, Van C, Jayaram B, Parikh S, Diep AL, Nguyen E, May V, Dong HW, Waschek JA. High-resolution characterization of a PACAP-EGFP transgenic mouse model for mapping PACAP-expressing neurons. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3827-3848. [PMID: 27197019 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name Adcyap1) regulates a wide variety of neurological and physiological functions, including metabolism and cognition, and plays roles in of multiple forms of stress. Because of its preferential expression in nerve fibers, it has often been difficult to trace and identify the endogenous sources of the peptide in specific populations of neurons. Here, we introduce a transgenic mouse line that harbors in its genome a bacterial artificial chromosome containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette inserted upstream of the PACAP ATG translation initiation codon. Analysis of expression in brain sections of these mice using a GFP antibody reveals EGFP expression in distinct neuronal perikarya and dendritic arbors in several major brain regions previously reported to express PACAP from using a variety of approaches, including radioimmunoassay, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry with and without colchicine. EGFP expression in neuronal perikarya was modulated in a manner similar to PACAP gene expression in motor neurons after peripheral axotomy in the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus in the brainstem, providing an example in which the transgene undergoes proper regulation in vivo. These mice and the high-resolution map obtained are expected to be useful in understanding the anatomical patterns of PACAP expression and its plasticity in the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3827-3848, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Condro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Anna Matynia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Nicholas N Foster
- Institute of Neuro Imaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA 90089
| | - Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 565-0871
| | - Abha K Rajbhandari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Christina Van
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Bhavaani Jayaram
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Sachin Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Anna L Diep
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Eileen Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, USA 05405
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- Institute of Neuro Imaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA 90089
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
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Crammond B, Van C, Allender S, Peeters A, Lawrence M, Sacks G, Mavoa H, Swinburn BA, Loff B. The possibility of regulating for obesity prevention--understanding regulation in the Commonwealth Government. Obes Rev 2013; 14:213-21. [PMID: 23171416 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A complex regulatory package is likely to be necessary to effectively reduce obesity prevalence in developed countries. This study investigated the barriers and facilitators to implementing regulatory interventions to prevent obesity within the executive arm of the Australian Commonwealth Government. Policy reviews were conducted on nine government departments to understand their roles and interests in obesity. From this process we identified regulatory review carried out by the Office of Best Practice Regulation as possibly posing a barrier to law reform for obesity prevention, along with the complexity of the food policymaking structures. The policy reviews informed subsequent in-depth semi-structured interviews with senior Commonwealth government officers (n = 13) focused on refining our understanding of the barriers to enacting obesity prevention policy. In addition to the two barriers already identified, interviewees identified a lack of evidence for interventions, which would reduce obesity prevalence, and the influence of politicians on executive decisions as posing obstacles. Most interviewees believed that the barriers to regulating to prevent obesity were strong and that intervention by elected politicians would be the most likely method of implementing obesity prevention policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Crammond
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Van C, Costa D, Mitchell B, Abbott P, Krass I. Factors Predicting GP-Pharmacist Interprofessional Collaboration in Primary Care from the Pharmacist's Perspective: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Res Social Adm Pharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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