1
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Goth CK, Mehta AY, McQuillan AM, Baker KJ, Hanes MS, Park SS, Stavenhagen K, Hjortø GM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Chaikof EL, Rosenkilde MM, Cummings RD. Chemokine binding to PSGL-1 is controlled by O-glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:893-905.e7. [PMID: 37463583 PMCID: PMC10530560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation influences cellular recognition and regulates protein interactions, but how glycosylation functions alongside other common posttranslational modifications (PTMs), like tyrosine sulfation (sTyr), is unclear. We produced a library of 53 chemoenzymatically synthesized glycosulfopeptides representing N-terminal domains of human and murine P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), varying in sTyr and O-glycosylation (structure and site). Using these, we identified key roles of PSGL-1 O-glycosylation and sTyr in controlling interactions with specific chemokines. Results demonstrate that sTyr positively affects CCL19 and CCL21 binding to PSGL-1 N terminus, whereas O-glycan branching and sialylation reduced binding. For murine PSGL-1, interference between PTMs is greater, attributed to proximity between the two PTMs. Using fluorescence polarization, we found sTyr is a positive determinant for some chemokines. We showed that synthetic sulfopeptides are potent in decreasing chemotaxis of human dendritic cells toward CCL19 and CCL21. Our results provide new research avenues into the interplay of PTMs regulating leukocyte/chemokine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelly J Baker
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Melinda S Hanes
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Simon S Park
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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2
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McKitrick TR, Bernard SM, Noll AJ, Collins BC, Goth CK, McQuillan AM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Herrin BR, Wilson IA, Cooper MD, Cummings RD. Novel lamprey antibody recognizes terminal sulfated galactose epitopes on mammalian glycoproteins. Commun Biol 2021; 4:674. [PMID: 34083726 PMCID: PMC8175384 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal galactose residues of N- and O-glycans in animal glycoproteins are often sialylated and/or fucosylated, but sulfation, such as 3-O-sulfated galactose (3-O-SGal), represents an additional, but poorly understood modification. To this end, we have developed a novel sea lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) termed O6 to explore 3-O-SGal expression. O6 was engineered as a recombinant murine IgG chimera and its specificity and affinity to the 3-O-SGal epitope was defined using a variety of approaches, including glycan and glycoprotein microarray analyses, isothermal calorimetry, ligand-bound crystal structure, FACS, and immunohistochemistry of human tissue macroarrays. 3-O-SGal is expressed on N-glycans of many plasma and tissue glycoproteins, but recognition by O6 is often masked by sialic acid and thus exposed by treatment with neuraminidase. O6 recognizes many human tissues, consistent with expression of the cognate sulfotransferases (GAL3ST-2 and GAL3ST-3). The availability of O6 for exploring 3-O-SGal expression could lead to new biomarkers for disease and aid in understanding the functional roles of terminal modifications of glycans and relationships between terminal sulfation, sialylation and fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steffen M Bernard
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Noll
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Enteric Disease Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bernard C Collins
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Acceleron Pharma, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Mehta AY, Veeraiah RKH, Dutta S, Goth CK, Hanes MS, Gao C, Stavenhagen K, Kardish R, Matsumoto Y, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Boyce M, Pohl NLB, Cummings RD. Parallel Glyco-SPOT Synthesis of Glycopeptide Libraries. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1207-1219.e9. [PMID: 32610041 PMCID: PMC7556346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycan recognition is typically studied using free glycans, but glycopeptide presentations represent more physiological conditions for glycoproteins. To facilitate studies of glycopeptide recognition, we developed Glyco-SPOT synthesis, which enables the parallel production of diverse glycopeptide libraries at microgram scales. The method uses a closed system for prolonged reactions required for coupling Fmoc-protected glycoamino acids, including O-, N-, and S-linked glycosides, and release conditions to prevent side reactions. To optimize reaction conditions and sample reaction progress, we devised a biopsy testing method. We demonstrate the efficient utilization of such microscale glycopeptide libraries to determine the specificity of glycan-recognizing antibodies (e.g., CTD110.6) using microarrays, enzyme specificity on-array and in-solution (e.g., ST6GalNAc1, GCNT1, and T-synthase), and binding kinetics using fluorescence polarization. We demonstrated that the glycosylation on these peptides can be expanded using glycosyltransferases both in-solution and on-array. This technology will promote the discovery of biological functions of peptide modifications by glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar H Veeraiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 120A Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Sucharita Dutta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melinda S Hanes
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Kardish
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Boyce
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 120A Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Madsen TD, Hansen LH, Hintze J, Ye Z, Jebari S, Andersen DB, Joshi HJ, Ju T, Goetze JP, Martin C, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ, Kuhre RE, Goth CK, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT. An atlas of O-linked glycosylation on peptide hormones reveals diverse biological roles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4033. [PMID: 32820167 PMCID: PMC7441158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones and neuropeptides encompass a large class of bioactive peptides that regulate physiological processes like anxiety, blood glucose, appetite, inflammation and blood pressure. Here, we execute a focused discovery strategy to provide an extensive map of O-glycans on peptide hormones. We find that almost one third of the 279 classified peptide hormones carry O-glycans. Many of the identified O-glycosites are conserved and are predicted to serve roles in proprotein processing, receptor interaction, biodistribution and biostability. We demonstrate that O-glycans positioned within the receptor binding motifs of members of the neuropeptide Y and glucagon families modulate receptor activation properties and substantially extend peptide half-lives. Our study highlights the importance of O-glycosylation in the biology of peptide hormones, and our map of O-glycosites in this large class of biomolecules serves as a discovery platform for an important class of molecules with potential opportunities for drug designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Madsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lasse H Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - John Hintze
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zilu Ye
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Shifa Jebari
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Cesar Martin
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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5
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Goth CK, Petäjä-Repo UE, Rosenkilde MM. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Sweet Spot: Glycosylation and other Post-translational Modifications. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:237-245. [PMID: 32296765 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a fundamental phenomenon across all classes of life and several hundred different types have been identified. PTMs contribute widely to the biological functions of proteins and greatly increase their diversity. One important class of proteins regulated by PTMs, is the cell surface expressed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). While most PTMs have been shown to exert distinct biological functions, we are only beginning to approach the complexity that the potential interplay between different PTMs may have on biological functions and their regulation. Importantly, PTMs and their potential interplay represent an appealing mechanism for cell and tissue specific regulation of GPCR function and may partially contribute to functional selectivity of some GPCRs. In this review we highlight examples of PTMs located in GPCR extracellular domains, with special focus on glycosylation and the potential interplay with other close-by PTMs such as tyrosine sulfation, proteolytic cleavage, and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer K Goth
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK 2200, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Petäjä-Repo
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK 2200, Denmark
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6
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McKitrick TR, Goth CK, Rosenberg CS, Nakahara H, Heimburg-Molinaro J, McQuillan AM, Falco R, Rivers NJ, Herrin BR, Cooper MD, Cummings RD. Development of smart anti-glycan reagents using immunized lampreys. Commun Biol 2020; 3:91. [PMID: 32111965 PMCID: PMC7048801 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the expression of cellular glycans are limited by a lack of sensitive tools that can discriminate specific structural features. Here we describe the development of a robust platform using immunized lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), which secrete variable lymphocyte receptors called VLRBs as antibodies, for generating libraries of anti-glycan reagents. We identified a wide variety of glycan-specific VLRBs detectable in lamprey plasma after immunization with whole fixed cells, tissue homogenates, and human milk. The cDNAs from lamprey lymphocytes were cloned into yeast surface display (YSD) libraries for enrichment by multiple methods. We generated VLRB-Ig chimeras, termed smart anti-glycan reagents (SAGRs), whose specificities were defined by microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry. 15 VLRB antibodies were discovered that discriminated between linkages, functional groups and unique presentations of the terminal glycan motif. The development of SAGRs will enhance future studies on glycan expression by providing sequenced, defined antibodies for a variety of research applications. Tanya McKitrick et al. develop a platform for generating libraries of anti-glycan reagents using immunized lampreys. They identify 15 glycan-specific lymphocyte receptor antibodies that can distinguish between different functional groups of the terminal glycan motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,University of Copenhagen Glycomics Program, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles S Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rosalia Falco
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rivers
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Acceleron Pharma, Boston, MA, 02110, USA
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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7
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Mehta AY, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD, Goth CK. Emerging patterns of tyrosine sulfation and O-glycosylation cross-talk and co-localization. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 62:102-111. [PMID: 31927217 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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8
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Hansen LH, Madsen TD, Goth CK, Clausen H, Chen Y, Dzoyashvili N, Iyer SR, Sangaralingham SJ, Burnett JC, Rehfeld JF, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT, Goetze JP. Correction: Discovery of O-glycans on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) that affect both its proteolytic degradation and potency at its cognate receptor. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18516. [PMID: 31784477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aac119.011661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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9
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Steentoft C, Yang Z, Wang S, Ju T, Vester-Christensen MB, Festari MF, King SL, Moremen K, Larsen ISB, Goth CK, Schjoldager KT, Hansen L, Bennett EP, Mandel U, Narimatsu Y. A validated collection of mouse monoclonal antibodies to human glycosyltransferases functioning in mucin-type O-glycosylation. Glycobiology 2019; 29:645-656. [PMID: 31172184 PMCID: PMC6704369 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates serve a wide range of biological functions in cells and tissues, and their biosynthesis involves more than 200 distinct glycosyltransferases (GTfs) in human cells. The kinetic properties, cellular expression patterns and subcellular topology of the GTfs direct the glycosylation capacity of a cell. Most GTfs are ER or Golgi resident enzymes, and their specific subcellular localization is believed to be distributed in the secretory pathway according to their sequential role in the glycosylation process, although detailed knowledge for individual enzymes is still highly fragmented. Progress in quantitative transcriptome and proteome analyses has greatly advanced our understanding of the cellular expression of this class of enzymes, but availability of appropriate antibodies for in situ monitoring of expression and subcellular topology have generally been limited. We have previously used catalytically active GTfs produced as recombinant truncated secreted proteins in insect cells for generation of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to human enzymes primarily involved in mucin-type O-glycosylation. These mAbs can be used to probe subcellular topology of active GTfs in cells and tissues as well as their presence in body fluids. Here, we present several new mAbs to human GTfs and provide a summary of our entire collection of mAbs, available to the community. Moreover, we present validation of specificity for many of our mAbs using human cell lines with CRISPR/Cas9 or zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) knockout and knockin of relevant GTfs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Steentoft
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Malene B Vester-Christensen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Mammalian Expression, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - María F Festari
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avenida Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Sarah L King
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kelley Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ida S B Larsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lars Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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10
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Hansen LH, Madsen TD, Goth CK, Clausen H, Chen Y, Dzhoyashvili N, Iyer SR, Sangaralingham SJ, Burnett JC, Rehfeld JF, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT, Goetze JP. Discovery of O-glycans on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) that affect both its proteolytic degradation and potency at its cognate receptor. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12567-12578. [PMID: 31186350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a peptide hormone that in response to atrial stretch is secreted from atrial myocytes into the circulation, where it stimulates vasodilatation and natriuresis. ANP is an important biomarker of heart failure where low plasma concentrations exclude cardiac dysfunction. ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide (NP) family, which also includes the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the C-type natriuretic peptide. The proforms of these hormones undergo processing to mature peptides, and for proBNP, this process has previously been demonstrated to be regulated by O-glycosylation. It has been suggested that proANP also may undergo post-translational modifications. Here, we conducted a targeted O-glycoproteomics approach to characterize O-glycans on NPs and demonstrate that all NP members can carry O-glycans. We identified four O-glycosites in proANP in the porcine heart, and surprisingly, two of these were located on the mature bioactive ANP itself. We found that one of these glycans is located within a conserved sequence motif of the receptor-binding region, suggesting that O-glycans may serve a function beyond intracellular processing and maturation. We also identified an O-glycoform of proANP naturally occurring in human circulation. We demonstrated that site-specific O-glycosylation shields bioactive ANP from proteolytic degradation and modifies potency at its cognate receptor in vitro Furthermore, we showed that ANP O-glycosylation attenuates acute renal and cardiovascular ANP actions in vivo The discovery of novel glycosylated ANP proteoforms reported here significantly improves our understanding of cardiac endocrinology and provides important insight into the etiology of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse H Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark,Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Daugbjerg Madsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yang Chen
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Nina Dzhoyashvili
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Seethalakshmi R Iyer
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - S Jeson Sangaralingham
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - John C Burnett
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 3 Blegdamsvej, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Wang S, Mao Y, Narimatsu Y, Ye Z, Tian W, Goth CK, Lira-Navarrete E, Pedersen NB, Benito-Vicente A, Martin C, Uribe KB, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Christoffersen C, Seidah NG, Nielsen R, Christensen EI, Hansen L, Bennett EP, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT, Clausen H. Site-specific O-glycosylation of members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily enhances ligand interactions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8349. [PMID: 31127061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aac119.009121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Hintze J, Ye Z, Narimatsu Y, Madsen TD, Joshi HJ, Goth CK, Linstedt A, Bachert C, Mandel U, Bennett EP, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT. Probing the contribution of individual polypeptide GalNAc-transferase isoforms to the O-glycoproteome by inducible expression in isogenic cell lines. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19064-19077. [PMID: 30327431 PMCID: PMC6295722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The GalNAc-type O-glycoproteome is orchestrated by a large family of polypeptide GalNAc-transferase isoenzymes (GalNAc-Ts) with partially overlapping contributions to the O-glycoproteome besides distinct nonredundant functions. Increasing evidence indicates that individual GalNAc-Ts co-regulate and fine-tune specific protein functions in health and disease, and deficiencies in individual GALNT genes underlie congenital diseases with distinct phenotypes. Studies of GalNAc-T specificities have mainly been performed with in vitro enzyme assays using short peptide substrates, but recently quantitative differential O-glycoproteomics of isogenic cells with and without GALNT genes has enabled a more unbiased exploration of the nonredundant contributions of individual GalNAc-Ts. Both approaches suggest that fairly small subsets of O-glycosites are nonredundantly regulated by specific GalNAc-Ts, but how these isoenzymes orchestrate regulation among competing redundant substrates is unclear. To explore this, here we developed isogenic cell model systems with Tet-On inducible expression of two GalNAc-T genes, GALNT2 and GALNT11, in a knockout background in HEK293 cells. Using quantitative O-glycoproteomics with tandem-mass-tag (TMT) labeling, we found that isoform-specific glycosites are glycosylated in a dose-dependent manner and that induction of GalNAc-T2 or -T11 produces discrete glycosylation effects without affecting the major part of the O-glycoproteome. These results support previous findings indicating that individual GalNAc-T isoenzymes can serve in fine-tuned regulation of distinct protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hintze
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Zilu Ye
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Thomas Daugbjerg Madsen
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Adam Linstedt
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Collin Bachert
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Ulla Mandel
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Eric P Bennett
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and
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13
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King SL, Goth CK, Eckhard U, Joshi HJ, Haue AD, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT, Overall CM, Wandall HH. TAILS N-terminomics and proteomics reveal complex regulation of proteolytic cleavage by O-glycosylation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7629-7644. [PMID: 29593093 PMCID: PMC5961060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing is an irreversible post-translational modification functioning as a ubiquitous regulator of cellular activity. Protease activity is tightly regulated via control of gene expression, enzyme and substrate compartmentalization, zymogen activation, enzyme inactivation, and substrate availability. Emerging evidence suggests that proteolysis can also be regulated by substrate glycosylation and that glycosylation of individual sites on a substrate can decrease or, in rare cases, increase its sensitivity to proteolysis. Here, we investigated the relationship between site-specific, mucin-type (or GalNAc-type) O-glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage of extracellular proteins. Using in silico analysis, we found that O-glycosylation and cleavage sites are significantly associated with each other. We then used a positional proteomic strategy, terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), to map the in vivo cleavage sites in HepG2 SimpleCells with and without one of the key initiating GalNAc transferases, GalNAc-T2, and after treatment with exogenous matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) or neutrophil elastase. Surprisingly, we found that loss of GalNAc-T2 not only increased cleavage, but also decreased cleavage across a broad range of other substrates, including key regulators of the protease network. We also found altered processing of several central regulators of lipid homeostasis, including apolipoprotein B and the phospholipid transfer protein, providing new clues to the previously reported link between GALNT2 and lipid homeostasis. In summary, we show that loss of GalNAc-T2 O-glycosylation leads to a general decrease in cleavage and that GalNAc-T2 O-glycosylation affects key regulators of the cellular proteolytic network, including multiple members of the serpin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L King
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Glycomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Glycomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- the Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Glycomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Amalie D Haue
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Glycomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Glycomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Glycomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Christopher M Overall
- the Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hans H Wandall
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Glycomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
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14
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Wang S, Mao Y, Narimatsu Y, Ye Z, Tian W, Goth CK, Lira-Navarrete E, Pedersen NB, Benito-Vicente A, Martin C, Uribe KB, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Christoffersen C, Seidah NG, Nielsen R, Christensen EI, Hansen L, Bennett EP, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT, Clausen H. Site-specific O-glycosylation of members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily enhances ligand interactions. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7408-7422. [PMID: 29559555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and related receptors are important for the transport of diverse biomolecules across cell membranes and barriers. Their functions are especially relevant for cholesterol homeostasis and diseases, including neurodegenerative and kidney disorders. Members of the LDLR-related protein family share LDLR class A (LA) repeats providing binding properties for lipoproteins and other biomolecules. We previously demonstrated that short linker regions between these LA repeats contain conserved O-glycan sites. Moreover, we found that O-glycan modifications at these sites are selectively controlled by the GalNAc-transferase isoform, GalNAc-T11. However, the effects of GalNAc-T11-mediated O-glycosylation on LDLR and related receptor localization and function are unknown. Here, we characterized O-glycosylation of LDLR-related proteins and identified conserved O-glycosylation sites in the LA linker regions of VLDLR, LRP1, and LRP2 (Megalin) from both cell lines and rat organs. Using a panel of gene-edited isogenic cell line models, we demonstrate that GalNAc-T11-mediated LDLR and VLDLR O-glycosylation is not required for transport and cell-surface expression and stability of these receptors but markedly enhances LDL and VLDL binding and uptake. Direct ELISA-based binding assays with truncated LDLR constructs revealed that O-glycosylation increased affinity for LDL by ∼5-fold. The molecular basis for this observation is currently unknown, but these findings open up new avenues for exploring the roles of LDLR-related proteins in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Wang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yang Mao
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zilu Ye
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Weihua Tian
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Erandi Lira-Navarrete
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nis B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Asier Benito-Vicente
- Biofisika Institute, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cesar Martin
- Biofisika Institute, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Biofisika Institute, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero
- The Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, BIFI-Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), CSIC Joint Unit, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Rikke Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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15
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Lackman JJ, Goth CK, Halim A, Vakhrushev SY, Clausen H, Petäjä-Repo UE. Site-specific O-glycosylation of N-terminal serine residues by polypeptide GalNAc-transferase 2 modulates human δ-opioid receptor turnover at the plasma membrane. Cell Signal 2018; 42:184-193. [PMID: 29097258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important protein family of signalling receptors that govern a wide variety of physiological functions. The capacity to transmit extracellular signals and the extent of cellular response are largely determined by the amount of functional receptors at the cell surface that is subject to complex and fine-tuned regulation. Here, we demonstrate that the cell surface expression level of an inhibitory GPCR, the human δ-opioid receptor (hδOR) involved in pain and mood regulation, is modulated by site-specific N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) -type O-glycosylation. Importantly, we identified one out of the 20 polypeptide GalNAc-transferase isoforms, GalNAc-T2, as the specific regulator of O-glycosylation of Ser6, Ser25 and Ser29 in the N-terminal ectodomain of the receptor. This was demonstrated by in vitro glycosylation assays using peptides corresponding to the hδOR N-terminus, Vicia villosa lectin affinity purification of receptors expressed in HEK293 SimpleCells capable of synthesizing only truncated O-glycans, GalNAc-T edited cell line model systems, and site-directed mutagenesis of the putative O-glycosylation sites. Interestingly, a single-nucleotide polymorphism, at residue 27 (F27C), was found to alter O-glycosylation of the receptor in efficiency as well as in glycosite usage. Furthermore, flow cytometry and cell surface biotinylation assays using O-glycan deficient CHO-ldlD cells revealed that the absence of O-glycans results in decreased receptor levels at the plasma membrane due to enhanced turnover. In addition, mutation of the identified O-glycosylation sites led to a decrease in the number of ligand-binding competent receptors and impaired agonist-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in HEK293 cells. Thus, site-specific O-glycosylation by a selected GalNAc-T isoform can increase the stability of a GPCR, in a process that modulates the constitutive turnover and steady-state levels of functional receptors at the cell surface.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylgalactosamine/chemistry
- Acetylgalactosamine/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Chromatography, Affinity/methods
- Cricetulus
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- HEK293 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/genetics
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/metabolism
- Plant Lectins/chemistry
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Stability
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Serine/metabolism
- Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko J Lackman
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Adnan Halim
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Petäjä-Repo
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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16
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Goth CK, Tuhkanen HE, Khan H, Lackman JJ, Wang S, Narimatsu Y, Hansen LH, Overall CM, Clausen H, Schjoldager KT, Petäjä-Repo UE. Site-specific O-Glycosylation by Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GalNAc-transferase T2) Co-regulates β 1-Adrenergic Receptor N-terminal Cleavage. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4714-4726. [PMID: 28167537 PMCID: PMC5377785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the predominant adrenergic receptor subtype in the heart, where it mediates cardiac contractility and the force of contraction. Although it is the most important target for β-adrenergic antagonists, such as β-blockers, relatively little is yet known about its regulation. We have shown previously that β1AR undergoes constitutive and regulated N-terminal cleavage participating in receptor down-regulation and, moreover, that the receptor is modified by O-glycosylation. Here we demonstrate that the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase 2 (GalNAc-T2) specifically O-glycosylates β1AR at five residues in the extracellular N terminus, including the Ser-49 residue at the location of the common S49G single-nucleotide polymorphism. Using in vitro O-glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage assays, a cell line deficient in O-glycosylation, GalNAc-T-edited cell line model systems, and a GalNAc-T2 knock-out rat model, we show that GalNAc-T2 co-regulates the metalloproteinase-mediated limited proteolysis of β1AR. Furthermore, we demonstrate that impaired O-glycosylation and enhanced proteolysis lead to attenuated receptor signaling, because the maximal response elicited by the βAR agonist isoproterenol and its potency in a cAMP accumulation assay were decreased in HEK293 cells lacking GalNAc-T2. Our findings reveal, for the first time, a GPCR as a target for co-regulatory functions of site-specific O-glycosylation mediated by a unique GalNAc-T isoform. The results provide a new level of β1AR regulation that may open up possibilities for new therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer K Goth
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hanna E Tuhkanen
- the Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Hamayun Khan
- the Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarkko J Lackman
- the Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Shengjun Wang
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lasse H Hansen
- the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark and
| | - Christopher M Overall
- the Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Henrik Clausen
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark,
| | - Ulla E Petäjä-Repo
- the Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland,
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17
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Schjoldager KT, Joshi HJ, Kong Y, Goth CK, King SL, Wandall HH, Bennett EP, Vakhrushev SY, Clausen H. Deconstruction of O-glycosylation--GalNAc-T isoforms direct distinct subsets of the O-glycoproteome. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1713-22. [PMID: 26566661 PMCID: PMC4693523 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is found on most proteins trafficking through the secretory pathway in metazoan cells. The O-glycoproteome is regulated by up to 20 polypeptide GalNAc-Ts and the contributions and biological functions of individual GalNAc-Ts are poorly understood. Here, we used a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)-directed knockout strategy to probe the contributions of the major GalNAc-Ts (GalNAc-T1 and GalNAc-T2) in liver cells and explore how the GalNAc-T repertoire quantitatively affects the O-glycoproteome. We demonstrate that the majority of the O-glycoproteome is covered by redundancy, whereas distinct subsets of substrates are modified by non-redundant functions of GalNAc-T1 and GalNAc-T2. The non-redundant O-glycoproteome subsets and specific transcriptional responses for each isoform are related to different cellular processes; for the GalNAc-T2 isoform, these support a role in lipid metabolism. The results demonstrate that GalNAc-Ts have different non-redundant glycosylation functions, which may affect distinct cellular processes. The data serves as a comprehensive resource for unique GalNAc-T substrates. Our study provides a new view of the differential regulation of the O-glycoproteome, suggesting that the plurality of GalNAc-Ts arose to regulate distinct protein functions and cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine T Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yun Kong
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sarah Louise King
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Goth CK, Halim A, Khetarpal SA, Rader DJ, Clausen H, Schjoldager KTBG. A systematic study of modulation of ADAM-mediated ectodomain shedding by site-specific O-glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14623-8. [PMID: 26554003 PMCID: PMC4664366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511175112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated shedding of the ectodomain of cell membrane proteins by proteases is a common process that releases the extracellular domain from the cell and activates cell signaling. Ectodomain shedding occurs in the immediate extracellular juxtamembrane region, which is also where O-glycosylation is often found and examples of crosstalk between shedding and O-glycosylation have been reported. Here, we systematically investigated the potential of site-specific O-glycosylation mediated by distinct polypeptide GalNAc-transferase (GalNAc-T) isoforms to coregulate ectodomain shedding mediated by the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) subfamily of proteases and in particular ADAM17. We analyzed 25 membrane proteins that are known to undergo ADAM17 shedding and where the processing sites included Ser/Thr residues within ± 4 residues that could represent O-glycosites. We used in vitro GalNAc-T enzyme and ADAM cleavage assays to demonstrate that shedding of at least 12 of these proteins are potentially coregulated by O-glycosylation. Using TNF-α as an example, we confirmed that shedding mediated by ADAM17 is coregulated by O-glycosylation controlled by the GalNAc-T2 isoform both ex vivo in isogenic cell models and in vivo in mouse Galnt2 knockouts. The study provides compelling evidence for a wider role of site-specific O-glycosylation in ectodomain shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Adnan Halim
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T-B G Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
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Schjoldager KTBG, Vester-Christensen MB, Goth CK, Petersen TN, Brunak S, Bennett EP, Levery SB, Clausen H. A systematic study of site-specific GalNAc-type O-glycosylation modulating proprotein convertase processing. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40122-32. [PMID: 21937429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.287912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is emerging as an important co-regulator of proprotein convertase (PC) processing of proteins. PC processing is crucial in regulating many fundamental biological pathways and O-glycans in or immediately adjacent to processing sites may affect recognition and function of PCs. Thus, we previously demonstrated that deficiency in site-specific O-glycosylation in a PC site of the fibroblast growth factor, FGF23, resulted in marked reduction in secretion of active unprocessed FGF23, which cause familial tumoral calcinosis and hyperostosis hyperphosphatemia. GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is found on serine and threonine amino acids and up to 20 distinct polypeptide GalNAc transferases catalyze the first addition of GalNAc to proteins making this step the most complex and differentially regulated steps in protein glycosylation. There is no reliable prediction model for O-glycosylation especially of isolated sites, but serine and to a lesser extent threonine residues are frequently found adjacent to PC processing sites. In the present study we used in vitro enzyme assays and ex vivo cell models to systematically address the boundaries of the region within site-specific O-glycosylation affect PC processing. The results demonstrate that O-glycans within at least ±3 residues of the RXXR furin cleavage site may affect PC processing suggesting that site-specific O-glycosylation is a major co-regulator of PC processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Ter-Borch Gram Schjoldager
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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