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Bennett KA, Sutherland C, Savage AL. A systematic review and meta-analysis of environmental contaminant exposure impacts on weight loss and glucose regulation during calorie-restricted diets in preclinical studies: Persistent organic pollutants may impede glycemic control. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116300. [PMID: 38782075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence links chemical exposure with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk and prevalence. Chemical exposure may therefore also limit success of weight loss or restoration of glycemic control during calorie restricted diets. Few human studies examine this hypothesis. This systematic review and clustered meta-analysis examines preclinical evidence that exposure to anthropogenic environmental contaminants impedes weight loss and resumption of glycemic control during calorie restriction. Of five eligible papers from 212 unique citations, four used C57BL/6 mice and one used Sprague Dawley rats. In four the animals received high fat diets to induce obesity and impaired glycemic control. All examined persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 77 exposure did not affect final mass (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.35 [-1.09, 0.39]; n = 5 (experiments); n = 3 (papers)), or response to insulin in insulin tolerance tests (SMD = -1.54 [-3.25, 0.16] n = 3 (experiments); n = 2 (papers)), but impaired glucose control in glucose tolerance tests (SMD = -1.30 [-1.96, -0.63]; n = 6 (experiments); n = 3 (papers)). The impaired glycemic control following perfluoro-octane sulphonic acid (PFOS) exposure and enhanced mass loss following dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure have not been replicated. Animal studies thus suggest some chemical groups, especially PCB and PFOS, could impair glucose control management during calorie restriction, similar to conclusions from limited existing clinical studies. We discuss the research that is urgently required to inform weight management services that are now the mainstay prevention initiative for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bennett
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Kydd Building, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG.
| | | | - A L Savage
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Kydd Building, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG
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Lakkadghatwala R, Lane D, Scheuermeyer F, Hilburt J, Buxton J, Johnson C, Nolan S, Sutherland C, Moe J, Daoust R, Dong K, Christenson J, Miles I, Orkin A, Whyte M, Kestler A. An emergency-department-initiated outreach program for patients with opioid use disorder is associated with an increase in agonist therapy and engagement in addictions care: a one-year cohort study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38383467 PMCID: PMC10880351 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are high-risk for short-term mortality and morbidity. Emergency department (ED) interventions can reduce those risks, but benefits wane without ongoing community follow-up. OBJECTIVE To evaluate an ED-based intensive community outreach program. METHODS At two urban EDs between October 2019 and March 2020, we enrolled patients with OUD not currently on opioid agonist therapy (OAT) in a prospective cohort study evaluating a one-year intensive community outreach program, which provided ongoing addictions care, housing resources, and community support. We surveyed patients at intake and at scheduled outreach encounters at one, two, six, and twelve months. Follow-up surveys assessed OAT uptake, addictions care engagement, housing status, quality of life scores, illicit opioid use, and outreach helpfulness. We used descriptive statistics for each period and conducted sensitivity and subgroup analyses to account for missing data. RESULTS Of 84 baseline participants, 29% were female and 32% were housed, with a median age of 33. Sixty participants (71%) completed at least one follow-up survey. Survey completion rates were 37%, 38%, 39%, and 40% respectively at one, two, six, and twelve months. Participants had a median of three outreach encounters. Among respondents, OAT was 0% at enrolment and ranged from 38% to 56% at follow-up; addictions care engagement was 22% at enrolment and ranged from 65% to 81% during follow-up; and housing was 40% at enrolment and ranged from 48% to 59% during follow-up. Improvements from baseline to follow-up occurred for all time periods. OAT and engagement in care benefits were maintained in sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Respondents rated the outreach program as helpful at all time periods, CONCLUSION: An ED-initiated intensive outreach program for patients with OUD not yet on OAT was associated with a persistent increase in OAT use and engagement in care, as well as housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukaiyah Lakkadghatwala
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Surrey Memorial Hospital & Richmond Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Daniel Lane
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Frank Scheuermeyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine & St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jesse Hilburt
- Vancouver Coastal Health Overdose Outreach Team & St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jane Buxton
- School of Population and Public Health & BC Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cheyenne Johnson
- BC Centre on Substance Use & University of British Columbia School of Nursing, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- Department of Medicine & BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Department of Family Practice, PHS Community Services Society & BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Moe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, BC Centre for Disease Control & Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Raoul Daoust
- Département Médecine de Famille Et Médecine d'Urgence, Université de Montréal, Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal & CIUSSS Nord-de-L'ile, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kathryn Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jim Christenson
- Department of Emergency Medicine & St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Isabelle Miles
- Department of Emergency Medicine & St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aaron Orkin
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Inner City Health Associates Toronto & St. Joseph's Health Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Kestler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health, BC Centre on Substance Use & St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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3
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Bailey A, Harps M, Belcher C, Williams H, Amos C, Donovan B, Sedore G, Victoria S, Graham B, Goulet-Stock S, Cartwright J, Robinson J, Farrell-Low A, Willson M, Sutherland C, Stockwell T, Pauly B. Translating the lived experience of illicit drinkers into program guidance for cannabis substitution: Experiences from the Canadian Managed Alcohol Program Study. Int J Drug Policy 2023; 122:104244. [PMID: 37950943 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
A small but growing body of research has suggested the potential for cannabis substitution to support Managed Alcohol Program (MAP) service users to reduce acute and chronic alcohol-related harms. In 2022, researchers from the Canadian Managed Alcohol Program Study (CMAPS) noted a dearth of accessible, alcohol-specific educational resources to support service users and program staff to implement cannabis substitution pilots at several MAP sites in Canada. In this essay, we draw on over 10-years of collaboration between CMAPS, and organizations of people with lived experience (the Eastside Illicit Drinkers Group for Education (EIDGE) and SOLID Victoria) to describe our experiences co-creating cannabis education resources where none existed to support MAP sites interested in beginning to provide cannabis to participants. The research team relied on the unique lived experiences and informal cannabis-related harm reduction strategies described by EIDGE and SOLID members to create cannabis education resources that were accurate and relevant to MAP sites. EIDGE was familiar with creating peer-oriented educational resources and convened meetings and focus groups to engage peers. CMAPS research team members created standard cannabis unit equivalencies to support program delivery, and clinical advisors ensured that the stated risks and benefits of cannabis substitution, as well as tapering guidance for withdrawal management, were safe and feasible. The collaboration ultimately produced tailored client-facing and provider-facing resources. Our experience demonstrates that the lived expertise of drinkers can play an integral role in creating alcohol harm reduction informational materials, specifically those related to cannabis substitution, when combined with data from rigorous, community-based programs of research like CMAPS. We close by listing additional considerations for cannabis substitution program design for MAP settings emerging from this process of collaboration between illicit drinkers, service providers, clinicians, and researchers for consideration by other programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bailey
- Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, 380 E Hastings Street, Vancouver BC V6A 1P4, Canada.
| | - Myles Harps
- Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, 380 E Hastings Street, Vancouver BC V6A 1P4, Canada
| | - Clint Belcher
- Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, 380 E Hastings Street, Vancouver BC V6A 1P4, Canada
| | - Henry Williams
- Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, 380 E Hastings Street, Vancouver BC V6A 1P4, Canada
| | - Cecil Amos
- Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, 380 E Hastings Street, Vancouver BC V6A 1P4, Canada
| | - Brent Donovan
- SOLID Victoria, 1056 N Park Street, Victoria, BC V8T 1C6, Canada
| | - George Sedore
- Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, 380 E Hastings Street, Vancouver BC V6A 1P4, Canada
| | - Solid Victoria
- SOLID Victoria, 1056 N Park Street, Victoria, BC V8T 1C6, Canada
| | - Brittany Graham
- Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, 380 E Hastings Street, Vancouver BC V6A 1P4, Canada
| | - Sybil Goulet-Stock
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Cornett Building (COR), A236, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jenny Cartwright
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC V8N 5M8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Robinson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Cornett Building (COR), B228, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Amanda Farrell-Low
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC V8N 5M8, Canada
| | - Mark Willson
- SOLID Victoria, 1056 N Park Street, Victoria, BC V8T 1C6, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- PHS Community Services Society, 9 E Hastings St, Vancouver, BC V6A 1M9, Canada
| | - Tim Stockwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Cornett Building (COR), A236, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Bernie Pauly
- Department of Nursing, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, HSD Building, A402A, Victoria BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Hedden L, McCracken RK, Spencer S, Narayan S, Gooderham E, Bach P, Boyd J, Chakanyuka C, Hayashi K, Klimas J, Law M, McGrail K, Nosyk B, Peterson S, Sutherland C, Ti L, Yung S, Cameron F, Fernandez R, Giesler A, Strydom N. Advancing virtual primary care for people with opioid use disorder (VPC OUD): a mixed-methods study protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e067608. [PMID: 36167365 PMCID: PMC9516147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of COVID-19 introduced a dual public health emergency in British Columbia, which was already in the fourth year of its opioid-related overdose crisis. The public health response to COVID-19 must explicitly consider the unique needs of, and impacts on, communities experiencing marginalisation including people with opioid use disorder (PWOUD). The broad move to virtual forms of primary care, for example, may result in changes to healthcare access, delivery of opioid agonist therapies or fluctuations in co-occurring health problems that are prevalent in this population. The goal of this mixed-methods study is to characterise changes to primary care access and patient outcomes following the rapid introduction of virtual care for PWOUD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will use a fully integrated mixed-methods design comprised of three components: (a) qualitative interviews with family physicians and PWOUD to document experiences with delivering and accessing virtual visits, respectively; (b) quantitative analysis of linked, population-based administrative data to describe the uptake of virtual care, its impact on access to services and downstream outcomes for PWOUD; and (c) facilitated deliberative dialogues to co-create educational resources for family physicians, PWOUD and policymakers that promote equitable access to high-quality virtual primary care for this population. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Approval for this study has been granted by Research Ethics British Columbia. We will convene PWOUD and family physicians for deliberative dialogues to co-create educational materials and policy recommendations based on our findings. We will also disseminate findings via traditional academic outputs such as conferences and peer-reviewed publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hedden
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rita K McCracken
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Spencer
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shawna Narayan
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ellie Gooderham
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paxton Bach
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jade Boyd
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christina Chakanyuka
- Faculty of Human and Social Development, University of Victoria School of Nursing, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Law
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberlyn McGrail
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bohdan Nosyk
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra Peterson
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lianping Ti
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seles Yung
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fred Cameron
- SOLID Outreach Society, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Giesler
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nardia Strydom
- Department of Primary Care, Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Glegg S, McCrae K, Kolla G, Touesnard N, Turnbull J, Brothers TD, Brar R, Sutherland C, Le Foll B, Sereda A, Goyer MÈ, Rai N, Bernstein S, Fairbairn N. "COVID just kind of opened a can of whoop-ass": The rapid growth of safer supply prescribing during the pandemic documented through an environmental scan of addiction and harm reduction services in Canada. Int J Drug Policy 2022; 106:103742. [PMID: 35679695 PMCID: PMC9170132 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the context of the ongoing overdose crisis, a stark increase in toxic drug deaths from the unregulated street supply accompanied the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT - hydromorphone or medical-grade heroin), tablet-based iOAT (TiOAT), and safer supply prescribing are emerging interventions used to address this crisis in Canada. Given rapid clinical guidance and policy change to enable their local adoption, our objectives were to describe the state of these interventions before the pandemic, and to document and explain changes in implementation during the early pandemic response (March-May 2020). METHODS Surveys and interviews with healthcare providers comprised this mixed methods national environmental scan of iOAT, TiOAT, and safer supply across Canada at two time points. Quantitative data were summarized using descriptive statistics; interview data were coded and analyzed thematically. RESULTS 103 sites in 6 Canadian provinces included 19 iOAT, 3 TiOAT and 21 safer supply sites on March 1, 2020; 60 new safer supply sites by May 1 represented a 285% increase. Most common substances were opioids, available at all sites; most common settings were addiction treatment programs and primary care clinics, and onsite pharmacies models. 79% of safer supply services were unfunded. Diversity in service delivery models demonstrated broad adaptability. Qualitative data reinforced the COVID-19 pandemic as the driving force behind scale-up. DISCUSSION Data confirmed the capacity for rapid scale-up of flexible, community-based safer supply prescribing during dual public health emergencies. Geographical, client demographic, and funding gaps highlight the need to target barriers to implementation, service delivery and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Glegg
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Karen McCrae
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Gillian Kolla
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Health and Wellness Building Room 273, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Natasha Touesnard
- Canadian Association of People Who Use Drugs, 102-68 Highfield Park Drive, Dartmouth, NS B3A 1X4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Turnbull
- Ottawa Inner City Health, 5 Myrand Ave, Ottawa, ON K1N 5N7, Canada
| | - Thomas D Brothers
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Suite 442 Bethune Building, 1276 South Park Street, Halifax, NS B3H 2Y9, Canada
| | - Rupinder Brar
- Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, 801-601 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4C2, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 3(rd) Floor, David Strangway Building, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; PHS Community Services Society, 350 Columbia Street, Vancouver, BC V6A 4J1 Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Departments of Psychiatry, Family and Community Medicine, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 250 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrea Sereda
- Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, Clinical Skills Building, London, ON V6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Goyer
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Boulevard, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nanky Rai
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3157, Toronto, ON V5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Scott Bernstein
- Canadian Drug Policy Coalition, Simon Fraser University, 2400 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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6
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McCrae K, Glegg S, Goyer MÉ, Le Foll B, Brar R, Sutherland C, Fairbairn N. The changing landscape of pharmaceutical alternatives to the unregulated drug supply during COVID-19. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:77. [PMID: 35836189 PMCID: PMC9281344 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dual COVID-19 and overdose emergencies amplified strain on healthcare systems tasked with responding to both. One downstream consequence of the pandemic in the USA and Canada was a surge in drug overdoses resulting from public health-restricted access to services and an increasingly toxic unregulated drug supply. This study aimed to describe changes implemented by programs prescribing pharmaceutical alternatives to the drug supply during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An environmental scan used surveys and qualitative interviews with service providers across Canada to examine pharmaceutical alternative prescribing practices and programs before and during the pandemic. This study summarized the nature, frequency, and reasons for pandemic-driven service delivery changes using directed content analysis, counts, and thematic analysis. Results Eighty-two of the 103 participating sites reported 1193 unique changes in physical space (368), client protocols (347), program operations (342), ancillary services (127), and staffing (90). Four qualitative themes describing the reasons for these changes emerged, namely (1) decreasing risk of COVID-19 infection; (2) decreasing risk of overdose; (3) prioritizing acute care of COVID-19 patients; and (4) improving client access to treatment. Conclusions While most changes were aimed at decreasing risk of COVID-19 infection, some were found to be at odds with the measures needed to combat the overdose crisis; others met dual objectives of decreased risk of both overdose and infection. Further research should examine which changes should be kept or reversed once COVID-19-related public health measures are lifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McCrae
- British Columbia Centre On Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Glegg
- British Columbia Centre On Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Marie-Éve Goyer
- Family Medicine and Emergency Department, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S2S1, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S2S1, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S3H7, Canada
| | - Rupi Brar
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A1, Canada.,Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, 801-601 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4C2, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- PHS Community Services, 9 E Hastings St, Vancouver, BC, V6A 1M9, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre On Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhpreet Klaire
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Klaire, Kerr, Kennedy); Department of Family Practice (Klaire, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Klaire, Sutherland); Department of Medicine (Kerr), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Social Work (Kennedy), University of British Columbia (Okanagan), Kelowna, BC
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Klaire, Kerr, Kennedy); Department of Family Practice (Klaire, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Klaire, Sutherland); Department of Medicine (Kerr), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Social Work (Kennedy), University of British Columbia (Okanagan), Kelowna, BC
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Klaire, Kerr, Kennedy); Department of Family Practice (Klaire, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Klaire, Sutherland); Department of Medicine (Kerr), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Social Work (Kennedy), University of British Columbia (Okanagan), Kelowna, BC
| | - Mary Clare Kennedy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Klaire, Kerr, Kennedy); Department of Family Practice (Klaire, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Klaire, Sutherland); Department of Medicine (Kerr), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; School of Social Work (Kennedy), University of British Columbia (Okanagan), Kelowna, BC
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8
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Mak W, Webb D, Sutherland C, Hirsh A. Role of stimulant replacement therapy in treating stimulant use disorders: Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Can Fam Physician 2022; 68:109-111. [PMID: 35177500 PMCID: PMC9842172 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6802109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Mak
- Enhanced skills resident in Addiction Medicine at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver
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9
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Pal R, Sutherland C, Qureshi Q, Sathyakumar S. Landscape connectivity and population density of snow leopards across a multi‐use landscape in Western Himalaya. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Pal
- Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | - C. Sutherland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews Scotland UK
| | - Q. Qureshi
- Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
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10
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Pauly B, Brown M, Chow C, Wettlaufer A, Graham B, Urbanoski K, Callaghan R, Rose C, Jordan M, Stockwell T, Thomas G, Sutherland C. "If I knew I could get that every hour instead of alcohol, I would take the cannabis": need and feasibility of cannabis substitution implementation in Canadian managed alcohol programs. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:65. [PMID: 34162375 PMCID: PMC8220712 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While there is robust evidence for strategies to reduce harms of illicit drug use, less attention has been paid to alcohol harm reduction for people experiencing severe alcohol use disorder (AUD), homelessness, and street-based illicit drinking. Managed Alcohol Programs (MAPs) provide safer and regulated sources of alcohol and other supports within a harm reduction framework. To reduce the impacts of heavy long-term alcohol use among MAP participants, cannabis substitution has been identified as a potential therapeutic tool. Methods To determine the feasibility of cannabis substitution, we conducted a pre-implementation mixed-methods study utilizing structured surveys and open-ended interviews. Data were collected from MAP organizational leaders (n = 7), program participants (n = 19), staff and managers (n = 17) across 6 MAPs in Canada. We used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to inform and organize our analysis. Results Five themes describing feasibility of CSP implementation in MAPs were identified. The first theme describes the characteristics of potential CSP participants. Among MAP participants, 63% (n = 12) were already substituting cannabis for alcohol, most often on a weekly basis (n = 8, 42.1%), for alcohol cravings (n = 15, 78.9%,) and withdrawal (n = 10, 52.6%). Most MAP participants expressed willingness to participate in a CSP (n = 16, 84.2%). The second theme describes the characteristics of a feasible and preferred CSP model according to participants and staff. Participants preferred staff administration of dry, smoked cannabis, followed by edibles and capsules with replacement of some doses of alcohol through a partial substitution model. Themes three and four highlight organizational and contextual factors related to feasibility of implementing CSPs. MAP participants requested peer, social, and counselling supports. Staff requested education resources and enhanced clinical staffing. Critically, program staff and leaders identified that sustainable funding and inexpensive, legal, and reliable sourcing of cannabis are needed to support CSP implementation. Conclusion Cannabis substitution was considered feasible by all three groups and in some MAPs residents are already using cannabis. Partial substitution of cannabis for doses of alcohol was preferred. All three groups identified a need for additional supports for implementation including peer support, staff education, and counselling. Sourcing and funding cannabis were identified as primary challenges to successful CSP implementation in MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernie Pauly
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Meaghan Brown
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada. .,School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Clifton Chow
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Vancouver Coastal Health, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ashley Wettlaufer
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Brittany Graham
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Urbanoski
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Russell Callaghan
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC), Prince George, BC, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cindy Rose
- Canadian Mental Health Association Sudbury/Manitoulin, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tim Stockwell
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Gerald Thomas
- Ministry of Health, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, USA
| | - Christy Sutherland
- PHS Community Services Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Pauly B, King V, Smith A, Tranquilli-Doherty S, Wishart M, Vallance K, Stockwell T, Sutherland C. Breaking the cycle of survival drinking: insights from a non-residential, peer-initiated and peer-run managed alcohol program. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2020.1764500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernie Pauly
- The Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Vashti King
- Substance Use and Concurrent Disorders Program, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley Smith
- St. Paul's Maternity Care, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Kate Vallance
- The Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tim Stockwell
- The Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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12
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Ivsins A, Boyd J, Mayer S, Collins A, Sutherland C, Kerr T, McNeil R. "It's Helped Me a Lot, Just Like to Stay Alive": a Qualitative Analysis of Outcomes of a Novel Hydromorphone Tablet Distribution Program in Vancouver, Canada. J Urban Health 2021; 98:59-69. [PMID: 33118145 PMCID: PMC7592642 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-020-00489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
North America is experiencing an overdose crisis driven by fentanyl, related analogues, and fentanyl-adulterated drugs. In response, there have been increased calls for "safe supply" interventions based on the premise that providing a safer alternative (i.e., pharmaceutical drugs of known quality/quantity, non-adulterated, with user agency in consumption methods) to the street drug supply will limit people's use of fentanyl-adulterated drugs and reduce overdose events. This study examined outcomes of a hydromorphone tablet distribution program intended to prevent overdose events among people who use drugs (PWUD) at high risk of fatal overdose. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 42 people enrolled in the hydromorphone distribution program. Additionally, over 100 h of ethnographic observation were undertaken in and around the study site. Transcripts were coded using NVivo and based on categories extracted from the interview guides and those identified during initial interviews and ethnographic fieldwork. Analysis focused on narratives around experiences with the program, focusing on program-related outcomes. Our analysis identified the following positive outcomes of being enrolled in the hydromorphone tablet distribution program: (1) reduced street drug use and overdose risk, (2) improvements to health and well-being, (3) improvements in co-management of pain, and (4) economic improvements. Our findings indicate that the hydromorphone distribution program not only is effective in responding to the current overdose crisis by reducing people's use of illicit drugs but also addresses inequities stemming from the intersection of drug use and social inequality. Safe supply programs should be further implemented and evaluated in both urban and rural setting across North America as a strategy to reduce exposure to the toxic drug supply and fatal overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ivsins
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jade Boyd
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samara Mayer
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Collins
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 S Main St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- PHS Community Services, 9 E Hastings St, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6A 1M9, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ryan McNeil
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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13
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Eydt E, Glegg S, Sutherland C, Meador K, Trew M, Perreault M, Goyer MÈ, Le Foll B, Turnbull J, Fairbairn N. Service delivery models for injectable opioid agonist treatment in Canada: 2 sequential environmental scans. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E115-E124. [PMID: 33622764 PMCID: PMC8034381 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT) is an emerging evidence-based option in the continuum of care for opioid use disorder in parts of Canada. Our study objective was to identify and describe iOAT programs operating during the ongoing opioid overdose crisis. METHODS We conducted 2 sequential environmental scans. Programs were eligible to participate if they were in operation as of Sept. 1, 2018, and Mar. 1, 2019. Information was collected over 2-3 months for each scan (September-October 2018, March-May 2019). Programs that participated in the first scan and newly established programs were invited to participate in the second scan. The scans included questions about location, service delivery model, clinical and operational characteristics, numbers and demographic characteristics of clients, and program barriers and facilitators. Descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS We identified 14 unique programs across the 2 scans. Eleven programs located in urban centres in British Columbia and Ontario participated in the first scan. At the time of the second scan, 2 of these programs were on hold and 2 of 3 newly established programs were in Alberta. The total capacity of all participating programs was 420 clients at most. Four service delivery models were identified; iOAT was most commonly integrated within existing health and social services. All programs offered hydromorphone, and 1 program also offered diacetylmorphine. In the first scan, 73% of clients (133/183) were male; the mean age of clients was 47 years. Limited capacity, pharmacy operations and lack of diacetylmorphine access were among the most frequently reported barriers. The most commonly reported facilitators included client-centred care, client relationships and access to other health and social support. INTERPRETATION Evidence indicates that iOAT can be successfully implemented using diverse service delivery models. Future work should facilitate scale-up of this evidence-based treatment where gaps persist in high-risk communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Eydt
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Stephanie Glegg
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Karine Meador
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Michael Trew
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Michel Perreault
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Marie-Ève Goyer
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jeffrey Turnbull
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont
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14
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Baral S, Bond A, Boozary A, Bruketa E, Elmi N, Freiheit D, Ghosh SM, Goyer ME, Orkin AM, Patel J, Richter T, Robertson A, Sutherland C, Svoboda T, Turnbull J, Wong A, Zhu A. Seeking shelter: homelessness and COVID-19. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Those experiencing homelessness in Canada are impacted inequitably by COVID-19 due to their increased exposure, vulnerability of environment and medical comorbidities, and their lack of access to preventive care and treatment in the context of the pandemic. In shelter environments one is unable to effectively physically distance, maintain hygiene, obtain a test, or isolate. As a result, unique strategies are required for this population to protect them and those who serve them. Recommendations are provided to reduce or prevent further negative consequences from the COVID-19 pandemic for people experiencing homelessness. These recommendations were informed by a systematic review of the literature, as well as a jurisdictional scan. Where evidence did not exist, expert consensus from key providers and those experiencing homelessness throughout Canada was included. These recommendations recognize the need for short-term interventions to mitigate the immediate risk to this community, including coordination of response, appropriate precautions and protective equipment, reducing congestion, cohorting, testing, case and contact management strategies, dealing with outbreaks, isolation centres, and immunization. Longer-term recommendations are also provided with a view to ending homelessness by addressing the root causes of homelessness and by the provision of adequate subsidized and supportive housing through a Housing First strategy. It is imperative that meaningful changes take place now in how we serve those experiencing homelessness and how we mitigate specific vulnerabilities. These recommendations call for intersectoral, collaborative engagement to work for solutions targeted towards protecting the most vulnerable within our community through both immediate actions and long-term planning to eliminate homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Inner City Health Associates, Toronto, ON M5C 1K6, Canada
| | - Andrew Bond
- Inner City Health Associates, Toronto, ON M5C 1K6, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Andrew Boozary
- Population Health and Social Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eva Bruketa
- Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nika Elmi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - S. Monty Ghosh
- Department of General Internal Medicine & Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Medicine & Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marie Eve Goyer
- Family Medicine and Emergency Department, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Aaron M. Orkin
- Inner City Health Associates, Toronto, ON M5C 1K6, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Toronto, ON M6R 1B5, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Humber River Hospital, Toronto, ON M3M 0B2, Canada
| | - Jamie Patel
- Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Tim Richter
- Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness, Calgary, AB T3H 0N8, Canada
| | - Angela Robertson
- Parkdale Queen West Community Health Centre, Toronto, ON M6K 1L2, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- PHS Community Services Society, Vancouver, BC V6A 1M9, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tomislav Svoboda
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Turnbull
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Ottawa Inner City Health, Ottawa, ON K1N 5N7, Canada
| | - Alexander Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK S4T 0H8, Canada
| | - Alice Zhu
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Raski M, Sutherland C, Brar R. From methadone to Methadose: Lessons learned from methadone formulation change in British Columbia. Can Fam Physician 2020; 66:797-798. [PMID: 33208417 PMCID: PMC8302423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Raski
- Medical student at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Clinical Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and Education Physician Lead with the British Columbia Centre on Substance Use
| | - Rupinder Brar
- Clinical Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia.
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16
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Raski M, Sutherland C, Brar R. [Not Available]. Can Fam Physician 2020; 66:e273-e275. [PMID: 33208436 PMCID: PMC8302420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Raski
- Étudiant en médecine à l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique à Vancouver
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Professeure adjointe de clinique à la Faculté de médecine de l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique et responsable de l'éducation des médecins au Centre on Substance Use de la Colombie-Britannique
| | - Rupinder Brar
- Professeure adjointe de clinique à la Faculté de médecine de l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique.
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Ivsins A, Boyd J, Mayer S, Collins A, Sutherland C, Kerr T, McNeil R. Barriers and facilitators to a novel low-barrier hydromorphone distribution program in Vancouver, Canada: a qualitative study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108202. [PMID: 32948372 PMCID: PMC7490624 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND North America is experiencing an overdose crisis driven by illicitly-manufactured fentanyl, related analogues, and fentanyl-adulterated drugs. The concept of 'safe supply' has been suggested as a potential measure to address the overdose crisis by providing a regulated alternative to illicit opioids to people at high risk of fatal overdose. In January 2019, a novel hydromorphone tablet distribution program was implemented within an overdose prevention site in Vancouver, Canada's Downtown Eastside neighbourhood. This study explored barriers and facilitators to engagement with this program. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with 42 participants enrolled in the hydromorphone tablet distribution program, and over 100 h of ethnographic observation were conducted in and around the study site. Thematic analysis of the interviews and ethnographic observation focused on program operation, including barriers and facilitators to program uptake, access, and engagement. RESULTS Barriers to program engagement identified include: limited operating hours and dose schedule, co-location within the overdose prevention site (e.g., wait times), and receiving the generic formulation of hydromorphone. Facilitators identified include: having access to a reliable source of opioids, co-location within the overdose prevention site (e.g., low-barrier design), experiences of agency, and program flexibility. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate key implementation and operational considerations of safe supply programs. In particular, lower-barrier design and operational features should be considered to improve uptake and engagement. Safe opioid supply programs are a promising intervention to address North America's ongoing overdose crisis by providing people at high risk of fatal overdose an alternative to the toxic drug supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ivsins
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400 Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Jade Boyd
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400 Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Samara Mayer
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400 Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada.
| | - Alexandra Collins
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 S Main St Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400 Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada; PHS Community Services, 9 E Hastings St Vancouver, British Columbia, V6A 1M9, Canada.
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400 Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Ryan McNeil
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe St Suite 400 Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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Bach P, Robinson S, Sutherland C, Brar R. Innovative strategies to support physical distancing among individuals with active addiction. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:731-733. [PMID: 32473096 PMCID: PMC7255226 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paxton Bach
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Samantha Robinson
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rupinder Brar
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Wilson T, Brar R, Sutherland C, Nolan S. Use of a primary care and pharmacy-based model for the delivery of injectable opioid agonist treatment for severe opioid use disorder: a case report. CMAJ 2020; 192:E115-E117. [PMID: 32015080 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.190732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Wilson
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wilson, Brar, Sutherland, Nolan); Department of Medicine (Brar, Nolan, Sutherland), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - Rupi Brar
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wilson, Brar, Sutherland, Nolan); Department of Medicine (Brar, Nolan, Sutherland), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wilson, Brar, Sutherland, Nolan); Department of Medicine (Brar, Nolan, Sutherland), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wilson, Brar, Sutherland, Nolan); Department of Medicine (Brar, Nolan, Sutherland), University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
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Brar R, Fairbairn N, Sutherland C, Nolan S. Use of a novel prescribing approach for the treatment of opioid use disorder: Buprenorphine/naloxone micro-dosing - a case series. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 39:588-594. [PMID: 32657496 PMCID: PMC7919736 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Buprenorphine/naloxone is an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder, but an identified limitation is the period of required opioid abstinence prior to induction on the medication. 'Micro-dosing', or using incrementally increasing doses of buprenorphine/naloxone over time, may be a way to overcome this challenge as it can be done in parallel with the ongoing use of other opioids (either illicit or prescribed). DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective case series (January to December 2018) was completed of seven participants who underwent buprenorphine/naloxone induction using micro-dosing at two outpatient addiction clinics in Vancouver, Canada. RESULTS Seven participants completed a 7-day buprenorphine/naloxone micro-dosing protocol. Prior to and during the induction, one participant was prescribed methadone, three were prescribed slow release oral morphine and three used only illicit fentanyl. Participants were prescribed sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone: 0.5 mg once daily (day 1), 0.5 mg twice daily (BID; day 2), 1 mg BID (day 3), 2 mg BID (day 4), 3 mg BID (day 5), 4 mg BID (day 6) and 12 mg once daily (day 7). On day 7, all prescribed or illicit full opioid agonists were discontinued. Buprenorphine/naloxone was subsequently titrated to a daily dose of between 12 and 32 mg. All patients reported success with buprenorphine/naloxone induction with no precipitated withdrawal. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Buprenorphine/naloxone micro-dosing may offer a promising alternative approach for successful induction for individuals with opioid use disorder who desire treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone, and further research to determine effectiveness is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder Brar
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Fairbairn N, Ross J, Trew M, Meador K, Turnbull J, MacDonald S, Oviedo-Joekes E, Le Foll B, Goyer MÈ, Perreault M, Sutherland C. Injectable opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder: a national clinical guideline. CMAJ 2020; 191:E1049-E1056. [PMID: 31548191 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.190344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Fairbairn
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Josey Ross
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Michael Trew
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Karine Meador
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Jeff Turnbull
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Scott MacDonald
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Marie-Ève Goyer
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Michel Perreault
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Department of Medicine (Fairbairn, Sutherland), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Fairbairn, Ross, Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine (Trew), University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Calgary, Alta.; Inner City Health and Wellness Program and Addiction Recovery and Community Health (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.; Providence Crosstown Clinic (MacDonald); School of Population and Public Health (Oviedo-Joekes), University of British Columbia; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences (Oviedo-Joekes), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Le Foll), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry (Le Foll), Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médicine de famille et de médicine d'urgence (Goyer), Faculté de médicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche et d'aide pour narcomanes (Goyer), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sudde-I'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health Institute (Perreault), Montréal, Que.; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC
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Olding M, Ivsins A, Mayer S, Betsos A, Boyd J, Sutherland C, Culbertson C, Kerr T, McNeil R. A Low-Barrier and Comprehensive Community-Based Harm-Reduction Site in Vancouver, Canada. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:833-835. [PMID: 32298171 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
"The Molson" is a low-barrier, peer-staffed, supervised consumption site located in Vancouver, Canada. In addition to overdose response, this site offers drug checking and a colocated injectable hydromorphone treatment program, and it distributes tablet and liquid hydromorphone to service users at high risk of overdose. Our evaluation suggests benefits of this program in creating service continuums and preventing overdose deaths. From September 2017 to August 2019, the site had 128 944 visits, reversed 770 overdoses, and had no overdose deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Olding
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Andrew Ivsins
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Samara Mayer
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alex Betsos
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jade Boyd
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Coco Culbertson
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Thomas Kerr
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ryan McNeil
- Michelle Olding, Andrew Ivsins, Samara Mayer, Alex Betsos, Jade Boyd, and Thomas Kerr are with the BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada. Christy Sutherland and Coco Culbertson are with the Portland Hotel Society, Vancouver, Canada. Ryan McNeil is with the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Caulfield MDG, Brar R, Sutherland C, Nolan S. Transitioning a patient from injectable opioid agonist therapy to sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone for the treatment of opioid use disorder using a microdosing approach. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/3/e233715. [PMID: 32213504 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of North America's opioid crisis, access to evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is of critical importance. While buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone are currently indicated as first-line medications for the treatment of OUD, there are a proportion of individuals who do not benefit from these therapies. Recent Canadian guidelines suggest the use of alternate therapies, including slow-release oral morphine or injectable opioid agonist therapy (iOAT) for individuals unsuccessful with either methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone. While the guidelines highlight the need to intensify OUD treatment as disease severity increases, equally important is the consideration for deintensification of treatment (eg, from iOAT to an oral opioid agonist treatment (OAT) option) following successful stabilisation. Literature addressing how best to accomplish this, however, is currently lacking. Accordingly, the case presented here describes a patient that successfully transitions from iOAT to oral buprenorphine/naloxone using a novel induction approach termed microdosing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupinder Brar
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .,BC Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Brar R, Sutherland C, Nolan S. Supervised injectable opioid agonist therapy in a supported housing setting for the treatment of severe opioid use disorder. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/7/e229456. [PMID: 31371332 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, North America is facing a national opioid overdose crisis. Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic, relapsing condition requiring varying intensities of treatment. Injectable opioid agonist therapy (iOAT) is an effective, high-intensity treatment option for people who are unsuccessful on conventional oral opioid agonist treatments (eg, methadone, buprenorphine). This case highlights the effectiveness of the provision of iOAT in a low-barrier setting. More specifically, we discuss a patient with severe OUD and untreated HIV infection, who was disengaged from medical care and, consequently, was prescribed iOAT in a supportive housing setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder Brar
- Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ng J, Sutherland C, Kolber MR. Does evidence support supervised injection sites? Can Fam Physician 2017; 63:866. [PMID: 29138158 PMCID: PMC5685449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ng
- Medical student in the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Alberta in Edmonton
| | | | - Michael R Kolber
- Associate Professor in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta
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Hill M, Vipler S, Sutherland C, Nolan S. Challenges of treatment of acutely ill patients enrolled in a managed alcohol program. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 37 Suppl 1:S143-S144. [PMID: 28868652 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hill
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sharon Vipler
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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McNeilly A, Gao A, Hill A, Gomersall T, Balfour D, Sutherland C, Stewart C. The effect of dietary intervention on the metabolic and behavioural impairments generated by short term high fat feeding in the rat. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Walton G, Nolan S, Sutherland C, Ahamad K. Sustained release oral morphine as an alternative to methadone for the treatment of opioid-use disorder post Torsades de Pointes cardiac arrest. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-210239. [PMID: 26392442 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-210239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In most settings, approved medications for the treatment of opioid-use disorder include methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone, and in some settings, naltrexone. We present a case in which methadone administration was associated with an in-hospital episode of Torsades de Pointes in a patient who was subsequently maintained on sustained release oral morphine (SROM) for treatment of his opioid-use disorder. This transition was made in the context of long-term compliance to methadone maintenance, and with a previous adverse reaction to buprenorphine/naloxone precluding its use. The change to SROM, supported by emerging evidence, resulted in a reduction in the patient's measured QTc interval, prevention of further arrhythmias and continued abstinence from illicit opioid-use. In this context, we believe careful consideration should be given to the use of SROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Walton
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- Department of Medicine, Urban Health Research Initiative, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christy Sutherland
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Keith Ahamad
- Department of Family Medicine, Urban Health Research Initiative, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zivanovic R, Milloy MJ, Hayashi K, Dong H, Sutherland C, Kerr T, Wood E. Impact of unstable housing on all-cause mortality among persons who inject drugs. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:106. [PMID: 25884182 PMCID: PMC4389703 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Illicit drug injecting is a well-established risk factor for morbidity and mortality. However, a limited number of prospective studies have examined the independent effect of unstable housing on mortality among persons who inject drugs (PWIDs). In this study we sought to identify if a relationship exists between unstable housing and all-cause mortality among PWIDs living in Vancouver, Canada. Methods PWIDs participating in two prospective cohort studies in Vancouver, Canada were followed between May 1996 and December 2012. Cohort data were linked to the provincial vital statistics database to ascertain mortality rates and causes of death. We used multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression to determine factors associated with all-cause mortality and to investigate the independent relationship between unstable housing and time to all-cause mortality. Results During the study period, 2453 individuals were followed for a median of 69 months (Inter-quartile range [IQR]: 34 – 113). In total, there were 515 (21.0%) deaths for an incidence density of 3.1 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.8 – 3.4) deaths per 100 person years. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for potential confounders including HIV infection and drug use patterns, unstable housing remained independently associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.08 – 1.56). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that unstable housing is an important risk factor for mortality independent of known risk factors including HIV infection and patterns of drug use. This study highlights the urgent need to provide supportive housing interventions to address elevated levels of preventable mortality among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Zivanovic
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - M J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Huiru Dong
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Christy Sutherland
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Evan Wood
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Sutherland C, Elston DA, Lambin X. Accounting for false positive detection error induced by transient individuals. Wildl Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/wr12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
In metapopulations, colonisation is the result of dispersal from neighbouring occupied patches, typically juveniles dispersing from natal to breeding sites. When occupancy dynamics are dispersal driven, occupancy should refer to the presence of established, breeding populations. The detection of transient individuals at sites that are, by definition, unoccupied (i.e. false positive detections), may result in misleading conclusions about metapopulation dynamics. Until recently, the issue of false positives has been considered negligible and current efforts to account for such error have been restricted to the context of species misidentification. However, the detection of transient individuals visiting multiple sites while dispersing is a distinct source of false positives that can bias estimates of occupancy because visited sites do not contribute to metapopulation dynamics in the same way as do sites occupied by established, reproducing populations. Although transient-induced false positive error presents a challenge to occupancy studies aiming to account for all sources of detection error and estimate occupancy without bias, accounting for it has received little attention.
Aims
Using a novel application of an existing occupancy model, we sought to account for false positives that result from transient individuals being observed at truly unoccupied sites (i.e. where no establishment has occurred).
Methods
We applied a Bayesian multi-season occupancy model correcting for false negative and false positive errors, to 3 years of detection or non-detection data from a metapopulation of water voles, Arvicola amphibious, in which both types of patch-state misclassification are suspected.
Key results
We provide evidence that transient individuals can cause false positive detection errors. We then demonstrate the flexibility of the occupancy model to account for both false negative and false positive detection errors beyond the typical application to species misidentification. Accounting for both types of observation error reduces the bias in estimates of occupancy and avoids misleading conclusions about the status of (meta) populations by allowing for the distinction to be made between resident and transient occupancy.
Conclusion
In many species, transience may result in patch-state misclassification which needs to be accounted for so as to draw correct inference about metapopulation status. Making the distinction between occupancy by established populations and visitation by transients will influence how we interpret patch occupancy dynamics, with important implications for the management of wildlife.
Implications
The ability to estimate occupancy free of bias induced by false positive detections can help ensure that downward trends in occupancy are detected despite such declines being accompanied by increasing frequency of transients associated with, for example, reductions in mate availability or failure to establish. Our approach can be applied to any occupancy study in which false positive detections are suspected because of the behaviour of the focal species.
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McNeilly AD, Williamson R, Balfour DJK, Stewart CA, Sutherland C. A high-fat-diet-induced cognitive deficit in rats that is not prevented by improving insulin sensitivity with metformin. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3061-70. [PMID: 22898768 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We previously demonstrated that animals fed a high-fat (HF) diet for 10 weeks developed insulin resistance and behavioural inflexibility. We hypothesised that intervention with metformin would diminish the HF-feeding-evoked cognitive deficit by improving insulin sensitivity. METHODS Rats were trained in an operant-based matching and non-matching to position task (MTP/NMTP). Animals received an HF (45% of kJ as lard; n = 24), standard chow (SC; n = 16), HF + metformin (144 mg/kg in diet; n = 20) or SC + metformin (144 mg/kg in diet; n = 16) diet for 10 weeks before retesting. Body weight and plasma glucose, insulin and leptin were measured. Protein lysates from various brain areas were analysed for alterations in intracellular signalling or production of synaptic proteins. RESULTS HF-fed animals developed insulin resistance and an impairment in switching task contingency from matching to non-matching paradigm. Metformin attenuated the insulin resistance and weight gain associated with HF feeding, but had no effect on performance in either MTP or NMTP tasks. No major alteration in proteins associated with insulin signalling or synaptic function was detected in response to HF diet in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum or cortex. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Metformin prevented the metabolic but not cognitive alterations associated with HF feeding. The HF diet protocol did not change basal insulin signalling in the brain, suggesting that the brain did not develop insulin resistance. These findings indicate that HF diet has deleterious effects on neuronal function over and above those related to insulin resistance and suggest that weight loss may not be sufficient to reverse some damaging effects of poor diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D McNeilly
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Chowdhry S, Zhang Y, McMahon M, Sutherland C, Cuadrado A, Hayes JD. Nrf2 is controlled by two distinct β-TrCP recognition motifs in its Neh6 domain, one of which can be modulated by GSK-3 activity. Oncogene 2012; 32:3765-81. [PMID: 22964642 PMCID: PMC3522573 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of regulatable mechanisms by which transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is repressed will allow strategies to be designed that counter drug resistance associated with its up-regulation in tumours that harbour somatic mutations in Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), a gene that encodes a joint adaptor and substrate receptor for the Cul3-Rbx1/Roc1 ubiquitin ligase. We now show that mouse Nrf2 contains two binding sites for β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), which acts as a substrate receptor for the Skp1-Cul1-Rbx1/Roc1 ubiquitin ligase complex. Deletion of either binding site in Nrf2 decreased β-TrCP-mediated ubiquitylation of the transcription factor. The ability of one of the two β-TrCP-binding sites to serve as a degron could be both increased and decreased by manipulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity. Biotinylated-peptide pull-down assays identified DSGIS338 and DSAPGS378 as the two β-TrCP-binding motifs in Nrf2. Significantly, our pull-down assays indicated that β-TrCP binds a phosphorylated version of DSGIS more tightly than its non-phosphorylated counterpart, whereas this was not the case for DSAPGS. These data suggest that DSGIS, but not DSAPGS, contains a functional GSK-3 phosphorylation site. Activation of GSK-3 in Keap1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), or in human lung A549 cells that contain mutant Keap1, by inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) – protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt pathway markedly reduced endogenous Nrf2 protein and decreased to 10-50% of normal the levels of mRNA for prototypic Nrf2-regulated enzymes, including the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic and modifier subunits, glutathione S-transferases Alpha-1 and Mu-1, heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1. Pre-treatment of Keap1−/− MEFs or A549 cells with the LY294002 PI3K inhibitor or the MK-2206 PKB/Akt inhibitor increased their sensitivity to acrolein, chlorambucil and cisplatin between 1.9-fold and 3.1-fold, and this was substantially attenuated by simultaneous pre-treatment with the GSK-3 inhibitor CT99021.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chowdhry
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
For many years, the development of insulin resistance has been seen as the core defect responsible for the development of Type 2 diabetes. However, despite extensive research, the initial factors responsible for insulin resistance development have not been elucidated. If insulin resistance can be overcome by enhanced insulin secretion, then hyperglycaemia will never develop. Therefore, a β-cell defect is clearly required for the development of diabetes. There is a wealth of evidence to suggest that disorders in insulin secretion can lead to the development of decreased insulin sensitivity. In this review, we describe the potential initiating defects in Type 2 diabetes, normal pulsatile insulin secretion and the effects that disordered secretion may have on both β-cell function and hepatic insulin sensitivity. We go on to examine evidence from physiological and epidemiological studies describing β-cell dysfunction in the development of insulin resistance. Finally, we describe how disordered insulin secretion may cause intracellular insulin resistance and the implications this concept has for diabetes therapy. In summary, disordered insulin secretion may contribute to development of insulin resistance and hence represent an initiating factor in the progression to Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Schofield
- Diabetes Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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Williamson R, Sutherland C. Neuronal membranes are key to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: the role of both raft and non-raft membrane domains. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011; 8:213-21. [PMID: 21222605 DOI: 10.2174/156720511795256008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane rafts are sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts isolated from post-mortem AD brain are enriched in both β-amyloid and phosphorylated tau. Proteolytic processing of APP to generate β-amyloid, the principle component of amyloid plaques, can occur in membrane rafts, implicating them in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Secondary to their role in β-amyloid generation, membrane rafts have more recently been implicated in the accumulation, aggregation and degradation of β-amyloid, with evidence supporting a specific role for membrane raft gangliosides in the binding and aggregation of β-amyloid. In addition, membrane domain composition has a direct impact on both the generation of β-amyloid and its subsequent toxic actions and as such is a key target for the development of therapeutic strategies. This mini-review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the relevance of membrane composition, of both raft and non-raft domains, to AD progression in models and in human disease. We will discuss how manipulation of membrane composition can alter both the proteolytic processing of APP and the subsequent binding and aggregation of β-amyloid peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Williamson
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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Sutherland C. The Oxford Handbook of Women's Health Nursing. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jfprhc.2011.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Soutar MPM, Thornhill P, Cole AR, Sutherland C. Increased CRMP2 phosphorylation is observed in Alzheimer's disease; does this tell us anything about disease development? Curr Alzheimer Res 2009; 6:269-78. [PMID: 19519308 DOI: 10.2174/156720509788486572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) was recently identified as a physiological substrate for GSK3 and Cdk5, two protein kinases suggested to exhibit greater activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, phosphorylation of CRMP2, at the residues targeted by GSK3 and Cdk5, is relatively high in cortex isolated from human AD brain, as well as in the brains of animal models of AD, while phospho-CRMP2 is found in neurofibrillary tangles. In mouse models of AD, increased phosphorylation occurs prior to pathology. Although CRMP2 has no known enzymatic activity, a great deal of information is appearing on its importance in neuronal development and polarity, as well as in axon growth and guidance. In this mini-review, we examine what is known about CRMP2 function, how that is controlled by phosphorylation, what alterations in molecular mechanisms could lead to the abnormally high CRMP2 phosphorylation in AD, and whether this is likely to be specific to AD or occur in other forms of neurodegeneration. This will include discussion of the evidence for increased GSK3 or Cdk5 activity, for decreased phosphatase activity, or the upregulation of other CRMP2 protein kinases in AD. Importantly, we will compare the processes that may contribute to increased CRMP2 phosphorylation with those known to increase tau hyperphosphorylation in AD, and whether these are likely to be part of disease development or a useful early marker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P M Soutar
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Tsuji LJS, Wainman BC, Martin ID, Weber JP, Sutherland C, Liberda EN, Nieboer E. Elevated blood-lead levels in first nation people of Northern Ontario Canada: policy implications. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2008; 80:14-18. [PMID: 17917695 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-007-9281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the preliminary impact of the Canadian "non-toxic" shotshell policy, for the hunting of migratory game birds, by examining blood-lead levels of First Nations people living in sub-arctic Canada. If the use of lead shotshell was the major source of lead exposure as has been postulated and the ban on the use of lead shotshell for hunting migratory birds was immediately effective, we would expect that blood-lead levels would be typical of a geographic area remote from industrialization. Our findings present some concern in that approximately 18% of the 196 First Nations people examined had blood-lead levels > or =100 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J S Tsuji
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, 200 University Ave. West, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Sutherland C. LXXVII: Asthma in the British Army. 1942. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2006; 152:269-72; discussion 268-9. [PMID: 17508650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Liu HK, Perrier S, Lipina C, Finlay D, McLauchlan H, Hastie CJ, Hundal HS, Sutherland C. Functional characterisation of the regulation of CAAT enhancer binding protein alpha by GSK-3 phosphorylation of Threonines 222/226. BMC Mol Biol 2006; 7:14. [PMID: 16600022 PMCID: PMC1456981 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3) activity is repressed following insulin treatment of cells. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 mimics the effect of insulin on Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK), Glucose-6 Phosphatase (G6Pase) and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP1) gene expression. CAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) regulates these gene promoters in liver and is phosphorylated on two residues (T222/T226) by GSK3, although the functional outcome of the phosphorylation has not been established. We aimed to establish whether CEBPalpha is a link between GSK3 and these gene promoters. RESULTS C/EBPalpha represses the IGFBP1 thymine-rich insulin response element (TIRE), but mutation of T222 or T226 of C/EBPalpha to non-phosphorylatable alanines has no effect on C/EBPalpha activity in liver cells (towards the TIRE or a consensus C/EBP binding sequence). Phosphorylation of T222/T226 is decreased by GSK3 inhibition, suggesting GSK3 does phosphorylate T222/226 in intact cells. However, phosphorylation was not altered by treatment of liver cells with insulin. Meanwhile C/EBPalpha activity in 3T3 L1 preadipocytes was enhanced by mutation of T222/T226 and/or S230 to alanine residues. Finally, we demonstrate that C/EBPalpha is a very poor substrate for GSK3 in vitro and in cells. CONCLUSION The work demonstrates an important role for this domain in the regulation of C/EBPalpha activity in adipocytes but not hepatocytes, however GSK3 phosphorylation of these residues does not mediate regulation of this C/EBP activity. In short, we find no evidence that C/EBPalpha activity is regulated by direct phosphorylation by GSK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-K Liu
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S Perrier
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - C Lipina
- Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - D Finlay
- Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - H McLauchlan
- Division of Signal Transduction and Therapy, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - CJ Hastie
- Division of Signal Transduction and Therapy, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - HS Hundal
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - C Sutherland
- Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Ong CT, Dandekar PK, Sutherland C, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Intrapulmonary Concentrations of Telithromycin: Clinical Implications for Respiratory Tract Infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Chemotherapy 2005; 51:339-46. [PMID: 16224186 DOI: 10.1159/000088958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial efficacy is dependent on the ability of the agent to reach the site of infection. To assess the bronchopulmonary drug disposition of a novel ketolide, telithromycin (TEL), the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophage (AM) concentrations were utilized as a surrogate marker for lung penetration. METHODS Adult subjects scheduled for diagnostic bronchoscopy received oral TEL 800 mg once daily for 5 days. Plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected 2, 8, 12, or 24 h after the last TEL dose. TEL concentrations in the ELF and AM were determined using a validated HPLC assay. ELF drug concentrations were calculated using the urea dilution method. RESULTS Seventeen subjects with a mean age 65 +/- 13 years and a mean weight of 81 +/- 25 kg completed this open-label study. The median (range) TEL concentrations in plasma and ELF, respectively, were 1.09 mg/l (1.00-4.81) and 3.91 mg/l (2.64-9.59) at 2 h (n = 6), 0.48 and 1.09 mg/l at 8 h (n = 1), 0.65 mg/l (0.18-1.55) and 1.81 mg/l (0.61-10.0) at 12 h (n = 5), and 0.11 mg/l (0.09-0.24) and 0.69 mg/l (0.15-1.58) at 24 h (n = 5). The median AM concentrations obtained from these subjects were 53.35 mg/l at 2 h, 32.55 mg/l at 8 h, 65.96 mg/l at 12 h, and 26.43 mg/l at 24 h. Overall TEL was well tolerated. No discontinuation was required due to an adverse event. CONCLUSIONS TEL displayed high intrapulmonary penetration with ELF concentrations exceeding that of plasma at all time points. AM intracellular concentrations were multiple times higher than in the ELF and plasma. These data support the clinical efficacy of TEL against intracellular and extracellular pathogens, particularly with Streptococcus pneumoniae having an MIC(90 )well below achievable concentrations at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Ong
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, CT 06102, USA
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Tsuji LJS, Wainman BC, Martin ID, Weber JP, Sutherland C, Nieboer E. Elevated levels of PCBs in first nation communities of the Western James Bay region of Northern Ontario, Canada: the use of correspondence analysis to identify source of exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2005; 75:903-9. [PMID: 16400577 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-005-0835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J S Tsuji
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
In-home health services strive for client-centredness, involvement, and ultimately, empowerment, but economic constraint may undermine these aims. The purpose of this study was to explore the everyday experience of in-home care, with particular attention to the enactment of empowerment in the care partnership. In-depth interviews with a maximally varied sample of clients, informal caregivers, and providers uncovered relationships largely reflecting the traditional expert model of care. Findings afford insights into the unrecognized and undervalued personal knowledge of clients, caregivers, and in-home service providers, the professional and structural hegemony and consequent disempowered group behaviour of those who share the experience of care, and the hesitance of clients to engage as equitable partners in care. Strategies to achieve empowerment approaches to in-home health services are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L McWilliam
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London.
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Tami A, Grundmann H, Sutherland C, McBride JS, Cavanagh DR, Campos E, Snounou G, Barnabé C, Tibayrenc M, Warhurst DC. Restricted genetic and antigenic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum under mesoendemic transmission in the Venezuelan Amazon. Parasitology 2002; 124:569-81. [PMID: 12118712 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182002001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of genetic diversity in malaria populations is expected to provide new insights for the deployment of control measures. Plasmodium falciparum diversity in Africa and Asia is thought to reflect endemicity. In comprehensive epidemiological surveys reported here the genetic and antigenic structure of P. falciparum in the Venezuelan Amazon were studied over a 2-year period. DNA polymorphisms in glutamate-rich protein (GLURP), merozoite-surface protein 1 (MSP1) and MSP2 genes, in a multicopy element (PfRRM), all showed low diversity, 1 predominant genotype, and virtually no multi-clonal infections. Moreover, linkage disequilibrium was seen between GLURP, MSP1 and MSP2. Specific antibody responses against MSP1 and MSP2 recombinant antigens reflected the low genetic diversity observed in the parasite population. This is unexpected in a mesoendemic area, and suggests that the low diversity here may not only relate to endemicity but to other influences such as a bottleneck effect. Linkage disequilibrium and a predominant genotype may imply that P. falciparum frequently propagates with an epidemic or clonal population structure in the Venezuelan Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tami
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
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McWilliam CL, Stewart M, Sangster J, Cohen I, Mitchell J, Sutherland C, Ryan B. Work in progress. Integrating physicians' services in the home. Can Fam Physician 2001; 47:2502-9. [PMID: 11785281 PMCID: PMC2018482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While increasing acuity levels and the concomitant complexity of service demand that physicians be involved in in-home care, conflicting evidence and opinions do not show how this can best be achieved. DESIGN A phenomenologic research design was used to obtain insights into the challenges and opportunities of integrating physicians' services into the usual in-home services in London, Ont. SETTING Home care in London, Ont. PARTICIPANTS Twelve participants included three patients, two family caregivers, two family physicians, the program's nurse practitioner, two case managers, and two community nurses. METHOD In-depth interviews with a maximally varied purposeful sample of patients, caregivers, and providers were analyzed using immersion and crystallization techniques. MAIN FINDINGS Findings revealed the potential for enhanced continuity of care and interdisciplinary team functioning. Having a nurse practitioner, interdisciplinary team-building exercises and meetings, regular face-to-face contact among all providers, support for family caregivers, and 24-hour coverage for physicians were found to be essential for success. CONCLUSION Integration of services takes time, money, and sustained commitment, particularly when undertaken in geographically isolated communities. Informed choice and a fair remuneration system remain important considerations for family physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L McWilliam
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London.
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Kjos SL, Schaefer-Graf U, Sardesi S, Peters RK, Buley A, Xiang AH, Bryne JD, Sutherland C, Montoro MN, Buchanan TA. A randomized controlled trial using glycemic plus fetal ultrasound parameters versus glycemic parameters to determine insulin therapy in gestational diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:1904-10. [PMID: 11679455 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.11.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare management based on maternal glycemic criteria with management based on relaxed glycemic criteria and fetal abdominal circumference (AC) measurements in order to select patients for insulin treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with fasting hyperglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a pilot study, 98 women with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations of 105-120 mg/dl were randomized. The standard group received insulin treatment. The experimental group received insulin if the AC, measured monthly, was > or =70th percentile and/or if any venous FPG measurement was >120 mg/dl. Power was projected to detect a 250-g difference in birth weights. RESULTS Gestational ages, maternal glycemia, and AC percentiles were similar at randomization. After initiation of protocol, venous FPG (P = 0.003) and capillary blood glucose levels (P = 0.049) were significantly lower in the standard group. Birth weights (3,271 +/- 458 vs. 3,369 +/- 461 g), frequencies of birth weights >90th percentile (6.3 vs 8.3%), and neonatal morbidity (25 vs. 25%) did not differ significantly between the standard and experimental groups, respectively. The cesarean delivery rate was significantly lower (14.6 vs. 33.3%, P = 0.03) in the standard group; this difference was not explained by birth weights. In the experimental group, infants of women who did not receive insulin had lower birth weights than infants of mothers treated with insulin (3,180 +/- 425 vs. 3,482 +/- 451 g, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In women with GDM and fasting hyperglycemia, glucose plus fetal AC measurements identified pregnancies at low risk for macrosomia and resulted in the avoidance of insulin therapy in 38% of patients without increasing rates of neonatal morbidity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anthropometry
- Birth Weight
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Body Mass Index
- Diabetes Mellitus/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
- Diabetes, Gestational/blood
- Diabetes, Gestational/drug therapy
- Diabetes, Gestational/rehabilitation
- Fasting
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/blood
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/classification
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Small for Gestational Age
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
- Male
- Obesity
- Parity
- Patient Education as Topic
- Pilot Projects
- Pregnancy
- Skinfold Thickness
- Ultrasonography, Prenatal
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Kjos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Patel S, Lochhead PA, Rena G, Sutherland C. Antagonistic effects of phorbol esters on insulin regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) but not glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression. Biochem J 2001; 359:611-9. [PMID: 11672436 PMCID: PMC1222183 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3590611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) genes contain a homologous promoter sequence that is required for gene repression by insulin. Interestingly, this element interacts with members of the forkhead family of transcription factors [e.g. HNF3 (hepatic nuclear factor 3), FKHR (forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma)] in vitro, while insulin promotes the phosphorylation and inactivation of FKHR in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and protein kinase B (PKB)-dependent manner. This mechanism has been proposed to underlie insulin action on G6Pase and IGFBP-1 gene transcription. However, we find that treatment of cells with phorbol esters mimics the effect of insulin on G6Pase, but not IGFBP-1, gene expression. Indeed, phorbol ester treatment actually blocks the ability of insulin to repress IGFBP-1 gene expression. In addition, the action of phorbol esters is significantly reduced by inhibition of the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. However insulin-induced phosphorylation of PKB or FKHR is not affected by the presence of phorbol esters. Therefore we suggest that activation of p42/p44 MAP kinases will reduce the sensitivity of the IGFBP-1 gene promoter, but not the G6Pase gene promoter, to insulin. Importantly, the activation of PKB and phosphorylation of FKHR is not, in itself, sufficient to reduce IGFBP-1 gene expression in the presence of phorbol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patel
- Division of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, WTB/MSI Complex, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sutherland
- Serious Crime Group, SO1(6), Metropolitan Police, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Abstract
Smooth muscle contraction follows an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, activation of myosin light chain kinase, and phosphorylation of the 20-kDa light chain of myosin at Ser(19). Several agonists acting via G protein-coupled receptors elicit a contraction without a change in [Ca(2+)](i) via inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase and increased myosin phosphorylation. We showed that microcystin (phosphatase inhibitor)-induced contraction of skinned smooth muscle occurred in the absence of Ca(2+) and correlated with phosphorylation of myosin light chain at Ser(19) and Thr(18) by a kinase distinct from myosin light chain kinase. In this study, we identify this kinase as integrin-linked kinase. Chicken gizzard integrin-linked kinase cDNA was cloned, sequenced, expressed in E. coli, and shown to phosphorylate myosin light chain in the absence of Ca(2+) at Ser(19) and Thr(18). Subcellular fractionation revealed two distinct populations of integrin-linked kinase, including a Triton X-100-insoluble component that phosphorylates myosin in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. These results suggest a novel function for integrin-linked kinase in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction via Ca(2+)-independent phosphorylation of myosin, raise the possibility that integrin-linked kinase may also play a role in regulation of nonmuscle motility, and confirm that integrin-linked kinase is indeed a functional protein-serine/threonine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Deng
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Regulation of Vascular Contractility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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