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Lynch EM, Pittman S, Daw J, Ikenaga C, Chen S, Dhavale DD, Jackrel ME, Ayala YM, Kotzbauer P, Ly CV, Pestronk A, Lloyd TE, Weihl CC. Seeding competent TDP-43 persists in human patient and mouse muscle. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.03.587918. [PMID: 38617354 PMCID: PMC11014586 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is an RNA binding protein that accumulates as aggregates in the central nervous system of some neurodegenerative diseases. However, TDP-43 aggregation is also a sensitive and specific pathologic feature found in a family of degenerative muscle diseases termed inclusion body myopathy (IBM). TDP-43 aggregates from ALS and FTD brain lysates may serve as self-templating aggregate seeds in vitro and in vivo, supporting a prion-like spread from cell to cell. Whether a similar process occurs in IBM patient muscle is not clear. We developed a mouse model of inducible, muscle-specific cytoplasmic localized TDP-43. These mice develop muscle weakness with robust accumulation of insoluble and phosphorylated sarcoplasmic TDP-43, leading to eosinophilic inclusions, altered proteostasis and changes in TDP-43-related RNA processing that resolve with the removal of doxycycline. Skeletal muscle lysates from these mice also have seeding competent TDP-43, as determined by a FRET-based biosensor, that persists for weeks upon resolution of TDP-43 aggregate pathology. Human muscle biopsies with TDP-43 pathology also contain TDP-43 aggregate seeds. Using lysates from muscle biopsies of patients with IBM, IMNM and ALS we found that TDP-43 seeding capacity was specific to IBM. Surprisingly, TDP-43 seeding capacity anti-correlated with TDP-43 aggregate and vacuole abundance. These data support that TDP-43 aggregate seeds are present in IBM skeletal muscle and represent a unique TDP-43 pathogenic species not previously appreciated in human muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M. Lynch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sara Pittman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jil Daw
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chiseko Ikenaga
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dhruva D. Dhavale
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meredith E. Jackrel
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuna M. Ayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Kotzbauer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy V. Ly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alan Pestronk
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Conrad C. Weihl
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis; St Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Ly CV, Ireland MD, Self WK, Bollinger J, Jockel‐Balsarotti J, Herzog H, Allred P, Miller L, Doyle M, Anez‐Bruzual I, Trikamji B, Hyman T, Kung T, Nicholson K, Bucelli RC, Patterson BW, Bateman RJ, Miller TM. Protein kinetics of superoxide dismutase-1 in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1012-1024. [PMID: 37119480 PMCID: PMC10270254 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulation of misfolded superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) is a pathological hallmark of SOD1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and is observed in sporadic ALS where its role in pathogenesis is controversial. Understanding in vivo protein kinetics may clarify how SOD1 influences neurodegeneration and inform optimal dosing for therapies that lower SOD1 transcripts. METHODS We employed stable isotope labeling paired with mass spectrometry to evaluate in vivo protein kinetics and concentration of soluble SOD1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SOD1 mutation carriers, sporadic ALS participants and controls. A deaminated SOD1 peptide, SDGPVKV, that correlates with protein stability was also measured. RESULTS In participants with heterozygous SOD1A5V mutations, known to cause rapidly progressive ALS, mutant SOD1 protein exhibited ~twofold faster turnover and ~ 16-fold lower concentration compared to wild-type SOD1 protein. SDGPVKV levels were increased in SOD1A5V carriers relative to controls. Thus, SOD1 mutations impact protein kinetics and stability. We applied this approach to sporadic ALS participants and found that SOD1 turnover, concentration, and SDGPVKV levels are not significantly different compared to controls. INTERPRETATION These results highlight the ability of stable isotope labeling approaches and peptide deamidation to discern the influence of disease mutations on protein kinetics and stability and support implementation of this method to optimize clinical trial design of gene and molecular therapies for neurological disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03449212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy V. Ly
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Wade K. Self
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - James Bollinger
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Hillary Herzog
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Peggy Allred
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Leah Miller
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michael Doyle
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Isabel Anez‐Bruzual
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bhavesh Trikamji
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ted Hyman
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Tyler Kung
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Katherine Nicholson
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Hope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Hope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington UniversitySaint LouisMissouriUSA
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3
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Mohassel P, Donkervoort S, Lone MA, Nalls M, Gable K, Gupta SD, Foley AR, Hu Y, Saute JAM, Moreira AL, Kok F, Introna A, Logroscino G, Grunseich C, Nickolls AR, Pourshafie N, Neuhaus SB, Saade D, Gangfuß A, Kölbel H, Piccus Z, Le Pichon CE, Fiorillo C, Ly CV, Töpf A, Brady L, Specht S, Zidell A, Pedro H, Mittelmann E, Thomas FP, Chao KR, Konersman CG, Cho MT, Brandt T, Straub V, Connolly AM, Schara U, Roos A, Tarnopolsky M, Höke A, Brown RH, Lee CH, Hornemann T, Dunn TM, Bönnemann CG. Childhood amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by excess sphingolipid synthesis. Nat Med 2021; 27:1197-1204. [PMID: 34059824 PMCID: PMC9309980 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease of the lower and upper motor neurons with sporadic or hereditary occurrence. Age of onset, pattern of motor neuron degeneration and disease progression vary widely among individuals with ALS. Various cellular processes may drive ALS pathomechanisms, but a monogenic direct metabolic disturbance has not been causally linked to ALS. Here we show SPTLC1 variants that result in unrestrained sphingoid base synthesis cause a monogenic form of ALS. We identified four specific, dominantly acting SPTLC1 variants in seven families manifesting as childhood-onset ALS. These variants disrupt the normal homeostatic regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) by ORMDL proteins, resulting in unregulated SPT activity and elevated levels of canonical SPT products. Notably, this is in contrast with SPTLC1 variants that shift SPT amino acid usage from serine to alanine, result in elevated levels of deoxysphingolipids and manifest with the alternate phenotype of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. We custom designed small interfering RNAs that selectively target the SPTLC1 ALS allele for degradation, leave the normal allele intact and normalize sphingolipid levels in vitro. The role of primary metabolic disturbances in ALS has been elusive; this study defines excess sphingolipid biosynthesis as a fundamental metabolic mechanism for motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Museer A Lone
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Nalls
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Gable
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sita D Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Reghan Foley
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonas Alex Morales Saute
- Medical Genetics division and Neurology division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, and Internal Medicine Department; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucila Moreira
- Neurology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Kok
- Neurogenetics Outpatient Service, Neurology Department, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Mendelics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Introna
- Neurology Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurology Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari at 'Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico' Hospital Tricase (Le), Bari, Italy
| | - Christopher Grunseich
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alec R Nickolls
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naemeh Pourshafie
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah B Neuhaus
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dimah Saade
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Gangfuß
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children and Adolescents, University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Kölbel
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children and Adolescents, University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Zoe Piccus
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, G. Gaslini Institute and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cindy V Ly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lauren Brady
- Division of Neuromuscular & Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabine Specht
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aliza Zidell
- Center for Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Helio Pedro
- Center for Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Eric Mittelmann
- Department of Neurology, Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation Center of Excellence, Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Florian P Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation Center of Excellence, Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Katherine R Chao
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chamindra G Konersman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne M Connolly
- Department of Paediatrics, Neurology Division, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ulrike Schara
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children and Adolescents, University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Center for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children and Adolescents, University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Division of Neuromuscular & Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Ly CV, Koenig L, Christensen J, Gordon B, Beaumont H, Dahiya S, Chen J, Su Y, Nelson B, Jockel-Balsarotti J, Drain C, Jerome G, Morris JC, Fagan AM, Harms MB, Benzinger TLS, Miller TM, Ances BM. Tau positron emission tomography imaging in C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26:1235-1239. [PMID: 30790403 PMCID: PMC6684398 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE AV-1451 (18 F-AV-1451, flortaucipir) positron emission tomography was performed in C9orf72 expansion carriers to assess tau accumulation and disease manifestation. METHODS Nine clinically characterized C9orf72 expansion carriers and 18 age- and gender- matched cognitively normal individuals were psychometrically evaluated and underwent tau positron emission tomography imaging. The regional AV-1451 standard uptake value ratios from multiple brain regions were analyzed. Spearman correlation was performed to relate the AV-1451 standard uptake value ratio to clinical, psychometric and cerebrospinal fluid measures. RESULTS C9orf72 expansion carriers had increased AV-1451 binding in the entorhinal cortex compared to controls. Primary age-related tauopathy was observed postmortem in one patient. AV-1451 uptake did not correlate with clinical severity, disease duration, psychometric performance or cerebrospinal fluid markers. CONCLUSION C9orf72 expansion carriers exhibited increased AV-1451 uptake in entorhinal cortex compared to cognitively normal controls, suggesting a propensity for primary age-related tauopathy. However, AV-1451 accumulation was not associated with psychometric performance in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Ly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Koenig
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Christensen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - B Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - H Beaumont
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Dahiya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Y Su
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - B Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - C Drain
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - G Jerome
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - J C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - A M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - M B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - T L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - T M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - B M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Neely GG, Hess A, Costigan M, Keene AC, Goulas S, Langeslag M, Griffin RS, Belfer I, Dai F, Smith SB, Diatchenko L, Gupta V, Xia CP, Amann S, Kreitz S, Heindl-Erdmann C, Wolz S, Ly CV, Arora S, Sarangi R, Dan D, Novatchkova M, Rosenzweig M, Gibson DG, Truong D, Schramek D, Zoranovic T, Cronin SJF, Angjeli B, Brune K, Dietzl G, Maixner W, Meixner A, Thomas W, Pospisilik JA, Alenius M, Kress M, Subramaniam S, Garrity PA, Bellen HJ, Woolf CJ, Penninger JM. A genome-wide Drosophila screen for heat nociception identifies α2δ3 as an evolutionarily conserved pain gene. Cell 2010; 143:628-38. [PMID: 21074052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, acute, and chronic pain affects 20% of the adult population and represents an enormous financial and emotional burden. Using genome-wide neuronal-specific RNAi knockdown in Drosophila, we report a global screen for an innate behavior and identify hundreds of genes implicated in heat nociception, including the α2δ family calcium channel subunit straightjacket (stj). Mice mutant for the stj ortholog CACNA2D3 (α2δ3) also exhibit impaired behavioral heat pain sensitivity. In addition, in humans, α2δ3 SNP variants associate with reduced sensitivity to acute noxious heat and chronic back pain. Functional imaging in α2δ3 mutant mice revealed impaired transmission of thermal pain-evoked signals from the thalamus to higher-order pain centers. Intriguingly, in α2δ3 mutant mice, thermal pain and tactile stimulation triggered strong cross-activation, or synesthesia, of brain regions involved in vision, olfaction, and hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gregory Neely
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3-5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Abstract
Synapses are asymmetric intercellular junctions that mediate neuronal communication. The number, type, and connectivity patterns of synapses determine the formation, maintenance, and function of neural circuitries. The complexity and specificity of synaptogenesis relies upon modulation of adhesive properties, which regulate contact initiation, synapse formation, maturation, and functional plasticity. Disruption of adhesion may result in structural and functional imbalance that may lead to neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism, or neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, understanding the roles of different adhesion protein families in synapse formation is crucial for unraveling the biology of neuronal circuit formation, as well as the pathogenesis of some brain disorders. The present review summarizes some of the knowledge that has been acquired in vertebrate and invertebrate genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Giagtzoglou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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7
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Verstreken P, Ohyama T, Haueter C, Habets RL, Lin YQ, Swan LE, Ly CV, Venken KJT, De Camilli P, Bellen HJ. Tweek, an evolutionarily conserved protein, is required for synaptic vesicle recycling. Neuron 2009; 63:203-15. [PMID: 19640479 PMCID: PMC2759194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle endocytosis is critical for maintaining synaptic communication during intense stimulation. Here we describe Tweek, a conserved protein that is required for synaptic vesicle recycling. tweek mutants show reduced FM1-43 uptake, cannot maintain release during intense stimulation, and harbor larger than normal synaptic vesicles, implicating it in vesicle recycling at the synapse. Interestingly, the levels of a fluorescent PI(4,5)P(2) reporter are reduced at tweek mutant synapses, and the probe is aberrantly localized during stimulation. In addition, various endocytic adaptors known to bind PI(4,5)P(2) are mislocalized and the defects in FM1-43 dye uptake and adaptor localization are partially suppressed by removing one copy of the phosphoinositide phosphatase synaptojanin, suggesting a role for Tweek in maintaining proper phosphoinositide levels at synapses. Our data implicate Tweek in regulating synaptic vesicle recycling via an action mediated at least in part by the regulation of PI(4,5)P(2) levels or availability at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- VIB, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- K.U.Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claire Haueter
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ron L.P. Habets
- VIB, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- K.U.Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yong Q. Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura E. Swan
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cindy V. Ly
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Koen J. T. Venken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Yao CK, Lin YQ, Ly CV, Ohyama T, Haueter CM, Moiseenkova-Bell VY, Wensel TG, Bellen HJ. A synaptic vesicle-associated Ca2+ channel promotes endocytosis and couples exocytosis to endocytosis. Cell 2009; 138:947-60. [PMID: 19737521 PMCID: PMC2749961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle (SV) exo- and endocytosis are tightly coupled to sustain neurotransmission in presynaptic terminals, and both are regulated by Ca(2+). Ca(2+) influx triggered by voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels is necessary for SV fusion. However, extracellular Ca(2+) has also been shown to be required for endocytosis. The intracellular Ca(2+) levels (<1 microM) that trigger endocytosis are typically much lower than those (>10 microM) needed to induce exocytosis, and endocytosis is inhibited when the Ca(2+) level exceeds 1 microM. Here, we identify and characterize a transmembrane protein associated with SVs that, upon SV fusion, localizes at periactive zones. Loss of Flower results in impaired intracellular resting Ca(2+) levels and impaired endocytosis. Flower multimerizes and is able to form a channel to control Ca(2+) influx. We propose that Flower functions as a Ca(2+) channel to regulate synaptic endocytosis and hence couples exo- with endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Yao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ly CV, Yao CK, Verstreken P, Ohyama T, Bellen HJ. straightjacket is required for the synaptic stabilization of cacophony, a voltage-gated calcium channel alpha1 subunit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 181:157-70. [PMID: 18391075 PMCID: PMC2287295 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200712152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a screen to identify genes involved in synaptic function, we isolated mutations in Drosophila melanogaster straightjacket (stj), an α2δ subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel. stj mutant photoreceptors develop normal synaptic connections but display reduced “on–off” transients in electroretinogram recordings, indicating a failure to evoke postsynaptic responses and, thus, a defect in neurotransmission. stj is expressed in neurons but excluded from glia. Mutants exhibit endogenous seizure-like activity, indicating altered neuronal excitability. However, at the synaptic level, stj larval neuromuscular junctions exhibit approximately fourfold reduction in synaptic release compared with controls stemming from a reduced release probability at these synapses. These defects likely stem from destabilization of Cacophony (Cac), the primary presynaptic α1 subunit in D. melanogaster. Interestingly, neuronal overexpression of cac partially rescues the viability and physiological defects in stj mutants, indicating a role for the α2δ Ca2+ channel subunit in mediating the proper localization of an α1 subunit at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy V Ly
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Romero E, Cha GH, Verstreken P, Ly CV, Hughes RE, Bellen HJ, Botas J. Suppression of neurodegeneration and increased neurotransmission caused by expanded full-length huntingtin accumulating in the cytoplasm. Neuron 2008; 57:27-40. [PMID: 18184562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a translated CAG repeat in the N terminus of the huntingtin (htt) protein. Here we describe the generation and characterization of a full-length HD Drosophila model to reveal a previously unknown disease mechanism that occurs early in the course of pathogenesis, before expanded htt is imported into the nucleus in detectable amounts. We find that expanded full-length htt (128Qhtt(FL)) leads to behavioral, neurodegenerative, and electrophysiological phenotypes. These phenotypes are caused by a Ca2+-dependent increase in neurotransmitter release efficiency in 128Qhtt(FL) animals. Partial loss of function in synaptic transmission (syntaxin, Snap, Rop) and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel genes suppresses both the electrophysiological and the neurodegenerative phenotypes. Thus, our data indicate that increased neurotransmission is at the root of neuronal degeneration caused by expanded full-length htt during early stages of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Romero
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ohyama T, Verstreken P, Ly CV, Rosenmund T, Rajan A, Tien AC, Haueter C, Schulze KL, Bellen HJ. Huntingtin-interacting protein 14, a palmitoyl transferase required for exocytosis and targeting of CSP to synaptic vesicles. J Cell Biol 2007; 179:1481-96. [PMID: 18158335 PMCID: PMC2373489 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200710061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification through palmitoylation regulates protein localization and function. In this study, we identify a role for the Drosophila melanogaster palmitoyl transferase Huntingtin-interacting protein 14 (HIP14) in neurotransmitter release. hip14 mutants show exocytic defects at low frequency stimulation and a nearly complete loss of synaptic transmission at higher temperature. Interestingly, two exocytic components known to be palmitoylated, cysteine string protein (CSP) and SNAP25, are severely mislocalized at hip14 mutant synapses. Complementary DNA rescue and localization experiments indicate that HIP14 is required solely in the nervous system and is essential for presynaptic function. Biochemical studies indicate that HIP14 palmitoylates CSP and that CSP is not palmitoylated in hip14 mutants. Furthermore, the hip14 exocytic defects can be suppressed by targeting CSP to synaptic vesicles using a chimeric protein approach. Our data indicate that HIP14 controls neurotransmitter release by regulating the trafficking of CSP to synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Synapses are packed with mitochondria, complex organelles with roles in energy metabolism, cell signaling, and calcium homeostasis. However, the precise mechanisms by which mitochondria influence neurotrans mission remain undefined. In this review, the authors discuss pharmacological and genetic analyses of synaptic mitochondrial function, focusing on their role in Ca2+ buffering and ATP production. Additionally, they will summarize recent data that implicate synaptic mitochondria in the regulation of neurotransmitter release during intense neuronal activity and link these findings to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases that feature disrupted synaptic mitochondria, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy V Ly
- Department of Neuroscience and Molecular and Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Verstreken P, Ly CV, Venken KJT, Koh TW, Zhou Y, Bellen HJ. Synaptic mitochondria are critical for mobilization of reserve pool vesicles at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions. Neuron 2005; 47:365-78. [PMID: 16055061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In a forward screen for genes affecting neurotransmission in Drosophila, we identified mutations in dynamin-related protein (drp1). DRP1 is required for proper cellular distribution of mitochondria, and in mutant neurons, mitochondria are largely absent from synapses, thus providing a genetic tool to assess the role of mitochondria at synapses. Although resting Ca2+ is elevated at drp1 NMJs, basal synaptic properties are barely affected. However, during intense stimulation, mutants fail to maintain normal neurotransmission. Surprisingly, FM1-43 labeling indicates normal exo- and endocytosis, but a specific inability to mobilize reserve pool vesicles, which is partially rescued by exogenous ATP. Using a variety of drugs, we provide evidence that reserve pool recruitment depends on mitochondrial ATP production downstream of PKA signaling and that mitochondrial ATP limits myosin-propelled mobilization of reserve pool vesicles. Our data suggest a specific role for mitochondria in regulating synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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