1
|
Havens SM, Hedman CJ, Hemming JDC, Mieritz MG, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ. Occurrence of estrogens, androgens and progestogens and estrogenic activity in surface water runoff from beef and dairy manure amended crop fields. Sci Total Environ 2020; 710:136247. [PMID: 31923660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormone contamination of aquatic systems has been shown to cause reproductive impairment of aquatic organisms. To assess to what extent beef and dairy farms represent a source of hormones to the aquatic environment, surface water runoff samples from three beef and dairy farms that utilize best manure management practices were evaluated for hormone concentrations (estrogens, androgens, progestogens) and estrogenic activity. Runoff was collected from weirs at the edge of each of six study fields from March 2008 to March 2010 and was analyzed for hormone concentrations using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and for estrogenic activity using the E-screen bioassay. The majority of runoff events occurred in February and March when the soil was frozen. Progesterone and 4-androstenedione were the most frequently detected hormones (63% and 50%, respectively) and occurred at event loads up to 49,000 μg/ha and 26,000 μg/ha, respectively. Progesterone, 4-androstenedione, 17α-estradiol had the highest event load concentrations and were found at the field that sustained dairy cattle grazing during the winter and were likely due to application of excreta on frozen soil. The high progesterone event loads could lead to concentrations in receiving streams that exceed the lowest observable effects concentrations for fish. There was a consistent association with the elevated zearalenone presence and corn production. The synthetic hormones, 17α-trenbolone and 17β-trenbolone, were not detected in runoff from the beef farm that utilized trenbolone acetate implants, which is likely due to their short half lives. Estrogenic activity in runoff samples ranged from 0.09 to 133 ng/L estradiol equivalents, with 39% of runoff events exceeding the 2 ng/L predicted-no-effect-concentration for fish. These results indicate that grazing cattle and application of manure to frozen fields present the greatest risk to elevated hormones in runoff and that progesterone is the primary hormone of concern from beef and dairy operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya M Havens
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America.
| | - Curtis J Hedman
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Health Division, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn D C Hemming
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Health Division, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, United States of America
| | - Mark G Mieritz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Health Division, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, United States of America
| | - Martin M Shafer
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Health Division, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, United States of America
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Health Division, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Obi CC, Adebusoye SA, Amund OO, Ugoji EO, Ilori MO, Hedman CJ, Hickey WJ. Structural dynamics of microbial communities in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated tropical estuarine sediments undergoing simulated aerobic biotreatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4299-4314. [PMID: 28190100 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coastal sediments contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be candidates for remediation via an approach like land farming. Land farming converts naturally anaerobic sediments to aerobic environments, and the response of microbial communities, in terms of community structure alterations and corresponding effects on biodegradative activities, is unknown. A key goal of this study was to determine if different sediments exhibited common patterns in microbial community responses that might serve as indicators of PAH biodegradation. Sediments from three stations in the Lagos Lagoon (Nigeria) were used in microcosms, which were spiked with a mixture of four PAH, then examined for PAH biodegradation and for shifts in microbial community structure by analysis of diversity in PAH degradation genes and Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. PAH biodegradation was similar in all sediments, yet each exhibited unique microbiological responses and there were no microbial indicators of PAH bioremediation common to all sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chioma C Obi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
- O.N. Allen Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | | | - Esther O Ugoji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Mathew O Ilori
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - William J Hickey
- O.N. Allen Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Havens SM, Hedman CJ, Hemming JDC, Mieritz MG, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ. Influence of Acidification on the Partitioning of Steroid Hormones among Filtrate, Filter Media, and Retained Particulate Matter. J Environ Qual 2016; 45:1776-1781. [PMID: 27695756 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.01.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormone contamination of aquatic systems has been shown to have deleterious effects on aquatic biota. However, the assessment of hormone contamination of aquatic environments requires a quantitative evaluation of the potential effects of sample preservation on hormone concentrations. This study investigated the influence of acidification (pH 2) of surface water samples on the partitioning of hormones among filtrate, filter media, and filter-retained particulate matter. Hormones were spiked into unpreserved and sulfuric acid-preserved ultrapure water and surface water runoff samples. The samples were filtered, and hormones were extracted from the filter and filtrate and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Acidification did not influence the partitioning of hormones onto the filter media. For the majority of the hormones investigated in this study, the partitioning of hormones to the filter-retained particulate matter was not influenced by acidification. Acidification increased the partitioning of progesterone and melengestrol acetate onto the retained particulate matter (about 25% for both analytes). Incorporation of an isotopically labeled internal standard (ISTD) for progesterone accounted for the loss of progesterone to the filter-retained particulates and resulted in accurate concentrations of progesterone in the filtrate. The incorporation of an ISTD for melengestrol acetate, however, was unable to account for the loss of melengestrol acetate to the retained particulates and resulted in underestimations of melengestrol acetate in the filtrate. Our results indicate that the analysis of melengestrol acetate in acid preserved surface runoff samples should be conducted on the filter-retained particulates as well as the filtrate.
Collapse
|
4
|
Brinkman AM, Chen G, Wang Y, Hedman CJ, Sherer NM, Havighurst TC, Gong S, Xu W. Aminoflavone-loaded EGFR-targeted unimolecular micelle nanoparticles exhibit anti-cancer effects in triple negative breast cancer. Biomaterials 2016; 101:20-31. [PMID: 27267625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer for which there is no available targeted therapy. TNBC cases contribute disproportionately to breast cancer-related mortality, thus the need for novel and effective therapeutic methods is urgent. We have previously shown that a National Cancer Institute (NCI) investigational drug aminoflavone (AF) exhibits strong growth inhibitory effects in TNBC cells. However, in vivo pulmonary toxicity resulted in withdrawal or termination of several human clinical trials for AF. Herein we report the in vivo efficacy of a nanoformulation of AF that enhances the therapeutic index of AF in TNBC. We engineered a unique unimolecular micelle nanoparticle (NP) loaded with AF and conjugated with GE11, a 12 amino acid peptide targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), since EGFR amplification is frequently observed in TNBC tumors. These unimolecular micelles possessed excellent stability and preferentially released drug payload at endosomal pH levels rather than blood pH levels. Use of the GE11 targeting peptide resulted in enhanced cellular uptake and strong growth inhibitory effects in TNBC cells. Further, AF-loaded, GE11-conjugated (targeted) unimolecular micelle NPs significantly inhibit orthotopic TNBC tumor growth in a xenograft model, compared to treatment with AF-loaded, GE11-lacking (non-targeted) unimolecular micelle NPs or free AF. Interestingly, the animals treated with AF-loaded, targeted NPs had the highest plasma and tumor level of AF among different treatment groups yet exhibited no increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level or observable tissue damage at the time of sacrifice. Together, these results highlight AF-loaded, EGFR-targeted unimolecular micelle NPs as an effective therapeutic option for EGFR-overexpressing TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Brinkman
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yidan Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Nathan M Sherer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas C Havighurst
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kurian JR, Keen KL, Kenealy BP, Garcia JP, Hedman CJ, Terasawa E. Acute Influences of Bisphenol A Exposure on Hypothalamic Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Kisspeptin in Female Rhesus Monkeys. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2563-70. [PMID: 25853665 PMCID: PMC4475715 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial compound with pervasive distribution in the environments of industrialized countries. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control recently found that greater than 90% of Americans carry detectable levels of BPA, raising concern over the direct influences of this compound on human physiology. Epidemiologic evidence links elevated BPA serum concentrations to human reproductive dysfunction, although controlled studies on the acute effect of BPA exposure on reproductive function are limited, particularly in primates. We evaluated the effect of direct BPA exposure on female primate hypothalamic peptide release. Specifically, using a microdialysis method, we examined the effects of BPA (0.1, 1, and 10nM) directly infused to the stalk-median eminence on the release of GnRH and kisspeptin (KP) in mid to late pubertal ovarian intact female rhesus monkeys. We found that the highest level of BPA exposure (10nM) suppressed both GnRH and KP release, whereas BPA at lower concentrations (0.1 and 1nM) had no apparent effects. In addition, we measured BPA in plasma and hypothalamic dialysates after an iv bolus injection of BPA (100 μg/kg). We found a relatively stable distribution of BPA between the blood and brain (plasma:brain ≅ 5:1) persists across a wide range of blood BPA concentrations (1-620 ng/mL). Findings of this study suggest that persistent, high-level exposures to BPA could impair female reproductive function by directly influencing hypothalamic neuroendocrine function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Kurian
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (J.R.K., K.L.K., B.P.K., J.P.G., E.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.T.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygeine (C.J.H.), Madison, Wisconsin 53718; and Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (J.R.K.), Springfield, Illinois 62794
| | - Kim L Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (J.R.K., K.L.K., B.P.K., J.P.G., E.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.T.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygeine (C.J.H.), Madison, Wisconsin 53718; and Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (J.R.K.), Springfield, Illinois 62794
| | - Brian P Kenealy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (J.R.K., K.L.K., B.P.K., J.P.G., E.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.T.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygeine (C.J.H.), Madison, Wisconsin 53718; and Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (J.R.K.), Springfield, Illinois 62794
| | - James P Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (J.R.K., K.L.K., B.P.K., J.P.G., E.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.T.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygeine (C.J.H.), Madison, Wisconsin 53718; and Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (J.R.K.), Springfield, Illinois 62794
| | - Curtis J Hedman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (J.R.K., K.L.K., B.P.K., J.P.G., E.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.T.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygeine (C.J.H.), Madison, Wisconsin 53718; and Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (J.R.K.), Springfield, Illinois 62794
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (J.R.K., K.L.K., B.P.K., J.P.G., E.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.T.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygeine (C.J.H.), Madison, Wisconsin 53718; and Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (J.R.K.), Springfield, Illinois 62794
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ziegler TE, Kapoor A, Hedman CJ, Binkley N, Kemnitz JW. Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(2&3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(2&3) by tandem mass spectrometry: A primate multispecies comparison. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:801-10. [PMID: 25845705 PMCID: PMC4481142 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolites are widely studied for their roles in bone health, immune functions, and other potential physiologic roles in humans. However, the optimal blood levels of vitamin D metabolites are still unclear. Various methods for measuring vitamin D metabolites have been used and recently liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) has been adopted as the gold standard for vitamin D metabolite measurement. Here, we report the use of LC-MS/MS to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D(2&3)), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D(2&3)), in three laboratory nonhuman primate species: common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), and cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and compare them to humans using the same technique. The nonhuman primates showed blood levels for 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly higher than human values with marmosets having the highest levels. Marmoset samples showed significantly more variability among individuals than those from macaques for both metabolites, but all three nonhuman primate species exhibited large variation within species for both 25(OH)D(2&3) and 1,25(OH)2D(2&3). Marmoset females had significantly lower values than the males for 25(OH)D3, while rhesus males showed a significant decrease in 25(OH)D3 with age. The most striking finding is the variation within species for vitamin D levels even in laboratory primates that have a controlled diet, UV exposure, and in some cases, genetic constraints. Similar variation in 25(OH)D responses to a fixed dose of oral vitamin D supplementation has been reported in humans. We suggest that these species can provide primate models for examining the factors influencing variation in the levels of vitamin D necessary for human and nonhuman primate health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni E Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amita Kapoor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Curtis J Hedman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Neil Binkley
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joseph W Kemnitz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rubert-Nason KF, Hedman CJ, Holeski LM, Lindroth RL. Determination of salicinoids by micro-high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25:185-191. [PMID: 24847528 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plant-derived salicinoids (conjugates of glucose and salicylate phenolic moieties) are potent modulators of plant-herbivore interactions. We demonstrate the use of micro-high-performance liquid chromatography (μHPLC) with photodiode-array detection (DAD) for quantification of four salicinoids (salicin, salicortin, hydroxycyclohexen-on-oyl salicortin and tremulacin) in methanolic extracts of Populus. OBJECTIVE To develop and implement a solvent-conserving μHPLC method to quantify salicinoids in methanolic extracts of Populus tissue. METHODS Salicinoids were extracted from Populus tissue into methanol, filtered, and introduced to μHPLC. Extracted analytes were separated on a Zorbax SB C18-column with a binary gradient of methanol and water (with 2% tetrahydrofuran; 20 μL/min), and quantified by DAD (274 nm). We confirmed measurement reliability through standard addition, comparison with an accepted method, and assessment of chromatographic peak purity by ultraviolet absorbance spectra. RESULTS Method detection and quantification limits for the salicinoids as a percentage of dry leaf weight were as follows: salicin (0.1%, 0.2%), salicortin (0.001%, 0.02%), hydroxycyclohexen-on-oyl salicortin (0.02%, 0.06%) and tremulacin (0.0006%, 0.002%). Calibrations by external standardisation were linear over 1.5 orders of magnitude with acceptable accuracy and reproducibility. CONCLUSION Micro-HPLC can serve as a solvent-conserving alternative to conventional HPLC for quantification of salicinoids in Populus tissue
Collapse
|
8
|
Harrahy EA, Edwards DS, Hedman CJ. Persistence of 2,4-D and its effects on benthic macroinvertebrates following spring treatment of Eurasian Watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L. in two lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, USA. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 92:404-409. [PMID: 24458246 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the persistence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) applied to two lakes (one mesotrophic and one eutrophic) for the control of Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM), and to determine the impacts of 2,4-D on benthic macroinvertebrates in one of the lakes. One lake was treated with a liquid formulation, and the other with a slow release granular formulation of 2,4-D. Concentrations of 2,4-D in the water column were highest 1 and 2 days post-treatment and declined to below detection limits by 7 and 10 days post-treatment. We observed negative correlations between days post-treatment and taxa richness, and between days post-treatment and abundance of three of 12 taxonomic groups of macroinvertebrates. Lake managers need to balance control of EWM with possible impacts of 2,4-D to nontarget organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Harrahy
- Department of Biological Sciences, 320 Upham Hall, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800W. Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hedman CJ, Wiebe DA, Dey S, Plath J, Kemnitz JW, Ziegler TE. Development of a sensitive LC/MS/MS method for vitamin D metabolites: 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D2&3 measurement using a novel derivatization agent. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 953-954:62-7. [PMID: 24576767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Active vitamin D metabolites 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 [1,25-(OH)2-D2; derived from ergocalciferol] and D3 [1,25-(OH)2-D3; derived from cholecalciferol] are found in low levels in the circulation and require a very sensitive method for measurement. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been the method of choice, but it lacks the specificity needed to distinguish between 1,25-(OH)2-D2 and -D3, whereas liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods have the advantage of high specificity and sensitivity. Here, we compare a new derivative for ionizing 1,25-(OH)2-D to enhance the signal and provide the most sensitive assay for measuring vitamin D. We used the Amplifex diene method of derivatizing prior to LC/MS/MS and compared it to the standard RIA method and the 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione (PTAD) method of derivatizing prior to LC/MS/MS. In the evaluation of 20 human serum samples, all methods correlated strongly across the upper levels of the standard 1,25-(OH)2-D2 and -D3 ranges (Amplifex and RIA, pc=0.97; Amplifex and PTAD, pc=0.96) but less strongly on the lower levels of the standard range (Amplifex and RIA, pc=0.81; Amplifex and PTAD, pc=0.65) suggesting differences in the sensitivities between the assays. The Amplifex method was determined to be more sensitive than the PTAD method, as peak areas were significantly higher for the Amplifex method and provided for a 10 fold higher signal-to-noise ratio than PTAD. Therefore, the Amplifex LC/MS/MS method is the most sensitive and specific method available for measuring 1,25-(OH)2-D2 and -D3 while using the smallest sample volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J Hedman
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Donald A Wiebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Subhakar Dey
- AB SCIEX, Chemistry and Consumables R and D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Josh Plath
- AB SCIEX, Chemistry and Consumables R and D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joseph W Kemnitz
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Toni E Ziegler
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lewis SR, Hedman CJ, Ziegler T, Ricke WA, Jorgensen JS. Steroidogenic factor 1 promotes aggressive growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by stimulating steroid synthesis and cell proliferation. Endocrinology 2014; 155:358-69. [PMID: 24265454 PMCID: PMC3891934 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of prostate cancer on androgens provides a targeted means of treating advanced disease. Unfortunately, androgen deprivation therapies eventually become ineffective, leading to deadly castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). One of many factors implicated in the transition to CRPC is the onset of de novo steroidogenesis. Although reactivation of steroid receptors likely plays a pivotal role in aggressive CRPC, little is understood regarding the mechanisms whereby prostate cancer cells initiate and maintain steroidogenesis. We hypothesize that steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1, NR5A1, AD4BP), a key regulator of steroidogenesis in normal endocrine tissues, is expressed in CRPC where it stimulates aberrant steroidogenesis and fuels aggressive growth. Notably, SF1 is not expressed in normal prostate tissue. Our results indicated that SF1 was absent in benign cells but present in aggressive prostate cancer cell lines. Introduction of ectopic SF1 expression in benign human prostate epithelial cells (BPH-1) stimulated increased steroidogenic enzyme expression, steroid synthesis, and cell proliferation. In contrast, data from an aggressive human prostate cancer cell line (BCaPT10) demonstrated that SF1 was required for steroid-mediated cell growth because BCaPT10 cell growth was diminished by abiraterone treatment and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of SF1 (shSF1). SF1-depleted cells also exhibited defective centrosome homeostasis. Finally, whereas xenograft experiments in castrated hosts with BCaPT10 control transplants grew large, invasive tumors, BCaPT10-shSF1 knockdown transplants failed to grow. Therefore, we conclude that SF1 stimulates steroid accumulation and controls centrosome homeostasis to mediate aggressive prostate cancer cell growth within a castrate environment. These findings present a new molecular mechanism and therapeutic target for deadly CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biosciences (S.R.L., J.S.J.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (J.S.J., W.A.R.), Madison, Wisconsin 53792, Environmental Health Division (C.J.H.), Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (C.J.H., T.Z.) Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Institute of Clinical and Translational Research (J.S.J., C.J.H., T.Z., W.A.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705; and Department of Urology (W.A.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Havens SM, Hedman CJ, Hemming JD, Mieritz MG, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ. Comparison of Accelerated Solvent Extraction, Soxhlet and Sonication Techniques for the Extraction of Estrogens, Androgens and Progestogens from Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2014.33013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Blair BD, Crago JP, Hedman CJ, Klaper RD. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern. Chemosphere 2013; 93:2116-23. [PMID: 23973285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Blair
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Hedman CJ, Wang J, Hemming JD, Hampton JM, Buist DS, Aiello Bowles EJ, Sisney GS, Burnside ES. Circulating serum xenoestrogens and mammographic breast density. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R45. [PMID: 23710608 PMCID: PMC4053153 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Humans are widely exposed to estrogenically active phthalates, parabens, and phenols, raising concerns about potential effects on breast tissue and breast cancer risk. We sought to determine the association of circulating serum levels of these chemicals (reflecting recent exposure) with mammographic breast density (a marker of breast cancer risk). Methods We recruited postmenopausal women aged 55 to 70 years from mammography clinics in Madison, Wisconsin (N = 264). Subjects completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample that was analyzed for mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, butyl paraben, propyl paraben, octylphenol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol A (BPA). Percentage breast density was measured from mammograms by using a computer-assisted thresholding method. Results Serum BPA was positively associated with mammographic breast density after adjusting for age, body mass index, and other potentially confounding factors. Mean percentage density was 12.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 11.4 to 14.0) among the 193 women with nondetectable BPA levels, 13.7% (95% CI, 10.7 to 17.1) among the 35 women with detectable levels below the median (<0.55 ng/ml), and 17.6% (95% CI, 14.1 to 21.5) among the 34 women with detectable levels above the median (>0.55 ng/ml; Ptrend = 0.01). Percentage breast density was also elevated (18.2%; 95% CI, 13.4 to 23.7) among the 18 women with serum mono-ethyl phthalate above the median detected level (>3.77 ng/ml) compared with women with nondetectable BPA levels (13.1%; 95% CI, 11.9 to 14.3; Ptrend = 0.07). No other chemicals demonstrated associations with percentage breast density. Conclusions Postmenopausal women with high serum levels of BPA and mono-ethyl phthalate had elevated breast density. Further investigation of the impact of BPA and mono-ethyl phthalate on breast cancer risk by using repeated serum measurements or other markers of xenoestrogen exposure are needed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang J, Trentham-Dietz A, Hemming JDC, Hedman CJ, Sprague BL. Serum factors and clinical characteristics associated with serum E-screen activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:962-71. [PMID: 23588007 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E-Screen bioassay can measure the mitogenicity of human serum and thus may be useful as a biomarker in epidemiologic studies of breast cancer. While the assay's MCF-7 cells are known to proliferate in response to estrogen, the specific determinants of variation in E-Screen activity in human serum samples are poorly understood. We sought to identify serum molecules and patient characteristics associated with serum E-Screen activity among postmenopausal women. METHODS Postmenopausal women (N = 219) aged 55 to 70 years with no history of postmenopausal hormone use or breast cancer completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample. Serum was analyzed for E-Screen activity and a variety of molecules including sex hormones, growth factors, and environmental chemicals. Stepwise selection procedures were used to identify correlates of E-Screen activity. RESULTS Serum samples from all women had detectable E-Screen activity, with a median estradiol equivalents value of 0.027 ng/mL and interquartile range of 0.018-0.036 ng/mL. In the final multivariable-adjusted model, serum E-Screen activity was positively associated with serum estradiol, estrone, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3, and testosterone levels (all P < 0.05), as well as body mass index (P = 0.03). Serum E-Screen activity was lower among women with higher SHBG (P < 0.0001) and progesterone levels (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Serum E-Screen activity varies according to levels of endogenous estrogens and other serum molecules. Obesity appears to confer additional serum mitogenicity beyond its impact on the measured hormones and growth factors. IMPACT By capturing mitogenicity due to a variety of patient and serum factors, the E-Screen may provide advantages for use as a biomarker in breast cancer studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Blair BD, Crago JP, Hedman CJ, Treguer RJF, Magruder C, Royer LS, Klaper RD. Evaluation of a model for the removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and hormones from wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2013; 444:515-21. [PMID: 23295178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Current wastewater treatment processes are insufficient at removing many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater and it is necessary to identify the chemical characteristics that determine their fate. Models that predict the fate of various chemicals lack verification using in situ data, particularly for PPCPs. BIOWIN4 is a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that has been proposed to estimate the removal of PPCPs from wastewater, but data verifying the accuracy of its predictions is limited. In this study, the in situ soluble and suspended solid concentrations were assessed from raw influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and final effluent for 54 PPCPs and hormones over six dates. When assessing the removal efficiency across the different stages of the WWTP, the majority of the removal occurred across the secondary treatment process for the majority of the compounds. The primary treatment and disinfection process had limited impacts on the removal of most PPCPs. Sorption to solids was found to influence the removal for compounds with a log octanol-water partitioning coefficient greater than 4.5 across the secondary treatment process. For other compounds, the removal of PPCPs across the secondary treatment process was significantly correlated with the biodegradation predicted by BIOWIN4. Removal efficiencies across the aerobic secondary treatment process were predicted by integrating BIOWIN4 into pseudo-first order kinetics of PPCPs and these predicted values were compared to the in situ data. This study determines that under a certain set of operating conditions, two chemical characteristics - the expected hydrophobic interaction and the modeled biological degradation from BIOWIN4 - were found to predict the removal of highly degradable and recalcitrant PPCPs from a wastewater secondary treatment process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Blair
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Hedman CJ, Wang J, Hemming JDC, Hampton JM, Buist DSM, Bowles EJA, Burnside ES. Authors' response. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:403. [PMID: 24592439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
|
17
|
Lowry SJ, Sprague BL, Bowles EJA, Hedman CJ, Hemming J, Hampton JM, Burnside ES, Sisney GA, Buist DS, Trentham-Dietz A. Mammographic breast density and serum phytoestrogen levels. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:783-9. [PMID: 22860715 PMCID: PMC4055295 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.707279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Some forms of estrogen are associated with breast cancer risk as well as with mammographic density (MD), a strong marker of breast cancer risk. Whether phytoestrogen intake affects breast density, however, remains unclear. We evaluated the association between serum levels of phytoestrogens and MD in postmenopausal women. We enrolled 269 women, ages 55-70 yr, who received a screening mammogram and had no history of postmenopausal hormone use. Subjects completed a survey on diet and factors related to MD and provided a blood sample for analysis of 3 phytoestrogens: genistein, daidzein, and coumestrol. We examined whether mean percent MD was related to serum level of phytoestrogens, adjusting for age and body mass index. Genistein and daidzein levels correlated with self-reported soy consumption. Mean percent MD did not differ across women with different phytoestrogen levels. For example, women with nondetectable genistein levels had mean density of 11.0% [95% confidence intervals (CI) = 9.9-12.4], compared to 10.5% (95% CI = 8.0-13.7) and 11.2% (95% CI = 8.7-14.6) for < and ≥ median detectable levels, respectively. In a population with relatively low soy intake, serum phytoestrogens were not associated with mammographic density. Additional studies are needed to determine effects of higher levels, particularly given patterns of increasing phytoestrogen intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Lowry
- Group Health Research Institute
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth S. Burnside
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Amy Trentham-Dietz
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DeQuattro ZA, Peissig EJ, Antkiewicz DS, Lundgren EJ, Hedman CJ, Hemming JDC, Barry TP. Effects of progesterone on reproduction and embryonic development in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:851-6. [PMID: 22374535 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations (375 ng/L) of the steroid hormone progesterone (P4) were measured in snowmelt runoff associated with large livestock-feeding operations in Wisconsin. To gain insight into the potential endocrine-disrupting effects of P4 in fish, experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of P4 on reproduction and embryonic development in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). For the reproduction assay, groups of reproductively mature fish were exposed for 21 d to nominal concentrations of 0, 10, 100, and 1,000 ng/L P4 in a flow-through system, and various key reproductive endpoints (e.g., egg number, fertilization success) were quantified throughout the exposure period. The embryonic development assay consisted of incubating fathead minnow eggs in static culture to quantify the effects of P4 on early development and hatching success. Progesterone caused dose-dependent decreases in fecundity and fertility and significantly reduced gonadosomatic index and vitellogenin gene expression in females. There were no effects of P4 on early embryonic development or hatching success. Progesterone may be a significant endocrine-disrupting chemical in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A DeQuattro
- Department of Zoology, Russell Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Olson CN, Galloway MM, Yu G, Hedman CJ, Lockett MR, Yoon T, Stone EA, Smith LM, Keutsch FN. Hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates: synthesis, stability, and quantification in ambient aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:6468-6474. [PMID: 21682266 DOI: 10.1021/es201039p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates have been proposed as contributors to aerosol growth and have been detected in both chamber and atmospheric aerosol samples. We present a simple method for the synthesis of quantitative analytical standards of two small hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates, glycolic and lactic acid sulfate. Additionally, we discuss the stability of hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates and their previously proposed sulfate hemiacetal isomers in commonly used solvents for filter extraction. The hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived organosulfates were found to be stable under acidic conditions comparable to those found in ambient aerosol. By using synthesized standards, quantitative organosulfate concentrations were measured from ambient particulate matter (PM(2.5)) collected in urban locations in the United States, Mexico City, and Pakistan. Lactic acid sulfate and glycolic acid sulfate concentrations ranged 0.4-3.8 ng/m(3) and 1.9-11.3 ng/m(3), respectively. We propose that glycolic acid sulfate represents an important tracer for atmospheric processes that form organosulfates in ambient particulate matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey N Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Havens SM, Hedman CJ, Hemming JDC, Mieritz MG, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ. Stability, preservation, and quantification of hormones and estrogenic and androgenic activities in surface water runoff. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010; 29:2481-2490. [PMID: 20865698 DOI: 10.1002/etc.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of hormones that may occur during storage of surface water samples can lead to underestimations in estrogenic and androgenic activities and inaccuracies in hormone concentrations. The current study investigated the use of sodium azide, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to inhibit the degradation of hormones and estrogenic and androgenic activities in samples of surface water runoff from cattle manure-amended fields during storage at 4°C. Hormones and hormone metabolites were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem MS. Estrogenic and androgenic activities were assessed by E-screen and A-screen, respectively. Results of the current study indicate significant degradation of estrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic hormones and activities, which is likely attributable to microbial activity, within hours of sample collection. The inclusion of internal standards provides a means to account for hormone losses caused by extraction inefficiency and to some extent degradation. However, internal standards are unable to adequately account for significant losses and are not available for E-screen and A-screen. Sodium azide did not adequately inhibit androgen degradation at the concentration used (1 g/L). Acid preservation (HCl or H₂SO₄, pH 2) stabilized the estrogenic and androgenic activities, and coupling acid preservation with the use of internal standards resulted in reliable and accurate recovery of a suite of androgens, estrogens, and progestogens for up to 14 d of storage at 4°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya M Havens
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wilcox JD, Bahr JM, Hedman CJ, Hemming JDC, Barman MAE, Bradbury KR. Removal of organic wastewater contaminants in septic systems using advanced treatment technologies. J Environ Qual 2009; 38:149-156. [PMID: 19141804 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The detection of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in ground water and surface-water bodies has raised concerns about the possible ecological impacts of these compounds on nontarget organisms. On-site wastewater treatment systems represent a potentially significant route of entry for organic contaminants to the environment. In this study, effluent samples were collected and analyzed from conventional septic systems and from systems using advanced treatment technologies. Six of 13 target compounds were detected in effluent from at least one septic system. Caffeine, paraxanthine, and acetaminophen were the most frequently detected compounds, and estrogenic activity was detected in 14 of 15 systems. The OWC concentrations were significantly lower in effluent after sand filtration (p < 0.01) or aerobic treatment (p < 0.05) as compared with effluent that had not undergone advanced treatment. In general, concentrations in conventional systems were comparable to those measured in previous studies of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent, and concentrations in systems after advanced treatment were comparable to previously measured concentrations in WWTP effluent. These data indicate that septic systems using advanced treatment can reduce OWCs in treated effluent to similar concentrations as municipal WWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Wilcox
- Dep. of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hedman CJ, Krick WR, Karner Perkins DA, Harrahy EA, Sonzogni WC. New measurements of cyanobacterial toxins in natural waters using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Environ Qual 2008; 37:1817-1824. [PMID: 18689743 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The presence and levels of the cyanobacterial toxins microcystin-LR, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin were measured in various Wisconsin waters where algal nuisance or bloom conditions were noted. Out of 74 samples analyzed, 36 had detectable levels of microcystin-LR (49%), and four had detectable levels of anatoxin-a (5%). Cylindrospermopsin, the toxin produced by Cylindrospermopsis (a warm water species that has been moving its range northward, including to Wisconsin), was not detected in the field samples tested. Concentrations of microcystin-LR ranged from 1.2 to 7600 microg L(-1). Anatoxin-a ranged from 0.68 to 1750 microg L(-1), which is the highest concentration reported from around the world. Cyanobacterial toxins, because of their high potency, deserve continued scrutiny by resource managers and public health officials responsible for recreational waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J Hedman
- Wisconsin State Lab. of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI, 53718, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|