Acne vulgaris and the most popular and new cosmetological treatments

INTRODUCTION

Acne vulgaris is a disease that has an enormous impact on appearance of the skin of the patients and also on their quality of life. Long-term dermatological treatment, which often lasts years, and disease relapses contribute to the occurrence of low self-esteem and depression. Acne is one of the 10 most common diseases in the world and the most common inflammatory skin disease. Many methods of dermatological treatment that bring very good results are available. However, educating people with acne on how to take care of their skin on a daily basis to minimize the bleak effects of the disease is an extremely important element. Contemporary cosmetology creates an environment for not only taking care of the skin at home, but also develops in-office treatments with exfoliation of the dead epidermis as an extremely important and priority part of treatment. The cosmetologist can propose both chemical and apparatus methods, which are selected individually for each client.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this article is to provide information about cosmetological treatment used in acne vulgaris.

METHODS

In this article, we reviewed the published literature, article published in peer-reviewed journals.

RESULTS

There are many methods that work well in the case of acne skin care, more and more new treatments appear on the cosmetological market.

CONCLUSION

Acne skin care in beauty parlor is very important element.

Aging somatosensory cortex displays increased density of WFA-binding perineuronal nets associated with GAD-negative neurons

The mechanisms of aging in the brain and the subsequent decrease in cognitive abilities remain elusive. While most studies refer to research conducted in old and senile animals, little is known about the early symptoms of normal, healthy aging. In this study, we examined whether perineuronal nets (PNNs), a special form of extracellular matrix (ECM) tightly associated with neurons that is thought to be involved in limiting neuronal plasticity, undergo changes in density during early aging. Using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, we found that in middle-aged mice (1-year-old), the density of WFA-binding PNNs in the somatosensory cortex as well as in the visual cortex was increased in comparison to that in young adults (3-month-old). Moreover, in the somatosensory cortex, this increase was not associated with any of the GABAergic neuron types that were examined. We propose that early age-related changes in neuronal plasticity may be associated with this increase and can be conceptualized as the spreading of structural brakes for synaptic rearrangements.

Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition counteracts impairment of cortical experience-dependent plasticity after photothrombotic stroke

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are fine modulators of brain plasticity and pathophysiology. The inhibition of MMPs shortly after ischaemic stroke reduces the infarct size and has beneficial effects on post-stroke behavioural recovery. Our previous studies have shown that photothrombotic cortical stroke disrupts use-dependent plasticity in the neighbouring cortex. The aim of the present study was to check whether the inhibition of MMPs after photothrombosis rescued the plastic capacity of the barrel cortex. To induce plasticity in adult mice, a unilateral deprivation of all vibrissae except row C was applied. The deprivation started immediately after stroke and lasted 7 days. This procedure, in control (non-stroke) animals, results in an enlargement of functional representation of the spared row, as shown with [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose uptake mapping. In mice with stroke induced by photothrombosis in the vicinity of the barrel cortex, vibrissae deprivation did not result in an enlargement of the cortical representation of the spared row C of vibrissae, which confirmed our previous results. However, when mice were injected with the broad-spectrum inhibitor of MMPs FN-439 (10 mg/kg, i.v.) immediately before a stroke, an enlargement of the representation of the spared row similar to the enlargement found in sham mice was observed. These results indicate the involvement of MMPs in the impairment of use-dependent plasticity in the vicinity of an ischaemic lesion.

Influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on the activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes

Non-specific lymphocyte transformation assay using phytohemagglutinin (PHA) as a mitogen was applied to evaluate influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection on activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Animals were selected for the CAEV-infected and CAEV-non-infected groups according to the results of two serological surveys carried out at one year interval, with the use of an ELISA test. In goats which were not infected with CAEV, lymphocytes stimulation index (SI) revealed a high diversity of the results with an mean value equal to 5.86 (minimum = 0.45, maximum = 40.00, SD = 8.40). SI values for infected goats reached the average of 1.10 (minimum = 0.46, maximum = 1.85, SD = 0.26). The difference between the average lymphocyte stimulation indices was statistically highly significant in both groups (p = 0.002) which could be an evidence of CAEV infection influence on lymphocyte reactivity. Regarding ELISA test as a "golden standard" the application of lymphocyte transformation assay in diagnosis of CAEV infection was assessed. The ROC curve was drawn. The area under the curve was only 0.324, which indicates very low accuracy of this method and limits its use for the diagnosis of the disease.

Prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetii in goat herds in Poland

An epidemiological study was carried out to determine the herd prevalence of Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetii antibodies in goats covered by a milk recording program in Poland. The survey took place in 2007 and 48 herds located in different parts of the country were involved. A representative sample from each herd was taken by a simple random sampling allowing to detect seropositivity of a herd on a 95% level of confidence. In total 918 goats were tested for specific antibodies against both germs with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, history of reproductive failures was recorded in these herds. The survey revealed that the herd prevalence of C. abortus was 4.2% (2 herds) while no C. burnetii antibodies were found. Abortions were reported to be a problem in 80% of herds while repeating estrus was encountered in 46% of herds. Reproductive failure concerned two seropositive herds as well. Since the germ is present in the population, it has to be taken into consideration in diagnostic process. Nevertheless, the results of the present study indicate that C. abortus infection occurs infrequently in Polish goats. As no antibodies against C. burnetii were detected in the screened sample the risk of goat-to-human transmission of both bacteria in Poland seems to be very low.

Epidemiological features of Morel's disease in goats

Morel's disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius was diagnosed for the first time in Poland in October 2006 in a goat flock. A second infected flock was found two months later. The course of the disease in both flocks was observed for 15-17 months. Clinical manifestation was confined to abscesses located near major superficial lymph nodes, mostly: superficial cervical, subiliac, parotid and mandibular. At necropsy no other lesions were found. The incubation period was estimated at 3 weeks. Clinical signs were seen both in young and adult goats and up to 7 abscesses in one animal were noted. Abscesses tended to persist for 1 to 5 months, then rupture and heal completely. The initial high in-flock point prevalence in both flocks (93.6% and 84.4%) dropped to approximately 10-30% during next 3-4 months. Until the end of the observation period the in-flock point prevalence remained at this level and only single abscesses were observed, mainly in young animals. No influence of the concurrent caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection on the clinical course of Morel's disease was noticed. It is to be concluded that the clinical course of Morel's disease in a goat flock resembles caseous lymphadenitis (CLA). However, in Morel's disease abscesses occur more frequently in young goats and are located near, not inside, the lymph nodes, as in the case with CLA. Also, the incubation period of Morel's disease seems to be shorter (3 weeks versus 2-6 months in CLA).

Calcyclin (S100A6) binding protein (CacyBP) is highly expressed in brain neurons

The expression of a novel calcyclin (S100A6) binding protein (CacyBP) in different rat tissues was determined by Western and Northern blotting. Polyclonal antibodies against recombinant CacyBP purified from E. coli exhibited the highest reaction in the brain and weaker reaction in liver, spleen, and stomach. CacyBP immunoreactivity was also detected in lung and kidney. Densitometric analysis showed that the concentration of CacyBP in the soluble fractions of total brain and cerebellum is approximately 0.17 and 0. 34 ng/microg protein, respectively. Northern blotting with a specific cDNA probe confirmed the high level of CacyBP expression in the rat brain and lower levels in other tissues examined. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of rat brain sections revealed strong expression of CacyBP in neurons of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex. The in situ hybridization detected CacyBP in hippocampus as early as P7 (postnatal day 7) and a peak of expression at P21, and the expression signal was preserved until adulthood. In the entorhinal cortex, the peak of expression was observed at P7, whereas in the cerebellum it was seen at P21. The results presented here show that CacyBP is predominantly a neuronal protein. (J Histochem Cytochem 48:1195-1202)

[Hemothorax and retroperitoneal hematoma with the secondary posthemorrhagic anemia as a complication of oral anticoagulant and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy]

The authors want to indicate, according to the case description, the danger of oral anticoagulants and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug's therapy in elderly patients.

Protein kinase C in the barrel cortex

Rapid communication

Neuronal excitation-driven and AP-1-dependent activation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 gene expression in rodent hippocampus

Understanding of biological function of AP-1 transcription factor in central nervous system may greatly benefit from identifying its target genes. In this study, we present several lines of evidence implying AP-1 in regulating expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (timp-1) gene in rodent hippocampus in response to increased neuronal excitation. Such a notion is supported by the findings that timp-1 mRNA accumulation occurs in the rat hippocampus after either kainate- or pentylenetetrazole-evoked seizures with a delayed, in comparison with AP-1 components, time course, as well as with spatial overlap with c-Fos protein (major inducible AP-1 component) expression. Furthermore, AP-1 sequence derived from timp-1 promoter is specifically bound by hippocampal AP-1 proteins after treating the rats with either pro-convulsive agent. Finally, timp-1 promoter responds to excitatory activation both in vivo, in transgenic mice harboring the timp-LacZ gene construct, and in vitro in neurons of the hippocampal dentate gyrus cultures. These findings suggest that the AP-1 transcription factor may exert its role in the brain through affecting extracellular matrix remodeling.

Plasticity- and neurodegeneration-linked cyclic-AMP responsive element modulator/inducible cyclic-AMP early repressor messenger RNA expression in the rat brain

In order to explore the role of CREM (cyclic-AMP responsive element modulator) gene expression in the function of the central nervous system, the gene transcripts were investigated in the rat brain in several conditions linked to increased neuronal activity. Up-regulation of CREM messenger RNA levels in the hippocampus was found to follow intraperitoneal administration of kainate (10 mg/kg). This increase was observed in both the dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper (CA subfields) and reached its maximum at 6 h after the treatment. Intrahippocampal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (200 nmol) resulted in elevated CREM messenger RNA expression as well. A similar increase of the messenger RNA abundance was also observed in the retrosplenial cortex after treating the female rats with a high dose (5 mg/kg) of dizocilpine maleate, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. All these conditions are linked to neuronal excitation and neurodegeneration. However, an increase in CREM messenger RNA accumulation was also observed in the visual cortex after exposure of dark-adapted animals to the light, a procedure linked to neuronal plasticity. In the latter condition, it was found that CREM messenger RNA reached its highest levels at 6 h, i.e. later than the maximal increase of expression of immediate early genes such as c-fos, jun B and zif268, observed 45 min following the onset of visual stimulation. The ICER (inducible cyclic-AMP early repressor) form of CREM messenger RNA was identified to be induced by the light exposure. Finally, it was also found that cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, overinduces CREM/ICER gene expression. Together, these data suggest that CREM/ICER may be responsive to neuronal activation. Furthermore, given that CREM products have been shown previously to down-regulate expression of immediate early genes in vitro, they suggest that ICER may function as a molecular switch involved in down-regulation of immediate early gene expression in the rat brain.

Effective chemo-immunotherapy of L1210 leukemia in vivo using interleukin-12 combined with doxorubicin but not with cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel or cisplatin

It has been well established that chemo-immunotherapy using cytotoxic drugs and appropriate cytokines offers a new approach to increasing the therapeutic index in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. This study investigates the efficacy of combinations of interleukin-12 with cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, cisplatin or doxorubicin in the murine L1210 leukemia model. Mice inoculated i.p. with 1 x 10(3) or 1 x 10(5) leukemia cells were treated with interleukin-12 and/or chemotherapeutics, and were observed daily for survival. Immunosuppression with X-irradiation or macrophage depletion with injections of silica were used to examine the dependence of the therapeutic effects on the efficiency of the immune system. Treatment with interleukin-12 or one of the studied chemotherapeutics given alone resulted in moderate antileukemic effects. Combination of interleukin-12 with cyclophosphamide or paclitaxel produced no augmentation of anti-leukemic effects in comparison with these agents given alone. Combination of interleukin-12 with cisplatin resulted in prolongation of the survival time; however, in the experiment with mice inoculated with 1 x 10(5) leukemia cells, no long-term survivors (>60 days) were observed; on the contrary, combination of interleukin-12 with doxorubicin resulted in 100% long-term survivors. This effect was completely abrogated either by X-irradiation of mice or by macrophage depletion. We also found that doxorubicin augments IL-12-stimulated production of interferon-gamma in vivo. Our observations demonstrating potentiation of the antileukemic effects of the IL-12 and doxorubicin combination suggest that the combined use of these 2 agents could be beneficial in leukemia therapy.

Kainate-evoked modulation of gene expression in rat brain

Kainate is a glutamate analog that produces neuronal excitation resulting in seizures within hours following its intraperitoneal injection into adult rats. Then, at 2-3 days after the treatment, neurodegeneration of apoptotic character can be observed in limbic system. As a consequence, plastic reorganization and glial reactivation phenomena occur. These physiological and pathological responses are reflected by specific changes in gene expression, that can be dissected according to their spatio-temporal patterns. The early phase of gene expression observed in all hippocampal subfields appears to reflect a sudden burst of spiking activity. Changes in mRNA levels restricted to dentate gyrus are suggestive of a link to neuronal plasticity. The late gene expression response implies its correlation either to neuronal cell death or glial reactivation, depending on cellular localization of gene products. Thus analysis of the temporal and spatial gene expression pattern in the hippocampus after kainate treatment may provide clues revealing specific phenomena to which gene expression could be attributed.

Kainate-evoked modulation of gene expression in rat brain

Kainate is a glutamate analog that produces neuronal excitation resulting in seizures within hours following its intraperitoneal injection into adult rats. Then, at 2-3 days after the treatment, neurodegeneration of apoptotic character can be observed in limbic system. As a consequence, plastic reorganization and glial reactivation phenomena occur. These physiological and pathological responses are reflected by specific changes in gene expression, that can be dissected according to their spatio-temporal patterns. The early phase of gene expression observed in all hippocampal subfields appears to reflect a sudden burst of spiking activity. Changes in mRNA levels restricted to dentate gyrus are suggestive of a link to neuronal plasticity. The late gene expression response implies its correlation either to neuronal cell death or glial reactivation, depending on cellular localization of gene products. Thus analysis of the temporal and spatial gene expression pattern in the hippocampus after kainate treatment may provide clues revealing specific phenomena to which gene expression could be attributed.

Spatio-temporal pattern of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 mRNA expression during postnatal development of visual structures of the rat brain

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitatory amino acid receptors (NMDAR) play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological responses of the central nervous system (CNS), including such phenomena of neuronal plasticity as cortical development. Hence, it could be suggested that expression of genes coding for NMDAR components can be differentially regulated throughout the development. To test this notion we analyzed with in situ hybridization mRNA levels of NMDAR subunit designated as NR1, during time of development (1-6 weeks postnatally) spanning the critical period of functional formation of major visual structures of the rat brain, namely visual cortex (VC), superior colliculus (SC), and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The highest levels of NR1 mRNA were found in the VC and SC at the onset of the critical period, i.e., 21 days postnatally, whereas in the LGN a tendency toward a similar pattern of expression was observed. Analysis of spatial distribution of NR1 mRNA in the SC and VC revealed that an adult-like laminar pattern of expression was also achieved between 14 and 21 days postnatally. This pattern of expression corroborates with developmentally regulated changes in an overall density of cell bodies in these areas.

Kainate-evoked secondary gene expression in the rat hippocampus

Kainate treatment provides a model to study elevated expression of genes whose function may be related to neuronal plasticity. In particular, expression of components of AP-1 transcription factor, i.e. Fos and Jun proteins, has been widely investigated in this system. While AP-1 has been repeatedly implicated in various plasticity-related phenomena, very little is known about its downstream gene targets. In the experiments reported here we have analyzed whether genes recently identified as kainate-induced in the rat dentate gyrus and coding for secretogranin II, clathrin heavy chain and heat shock cognate protein 70 can be characterized by a secondary, i.e. possibly inducible transcription factor-dependent mode of activation. Using in situ hybridization and northern studies we have found that expression of all three genes occurs in all hippocampal regions activated following kainate treatment, the time-course of this activation is delayed when compared to mRNA accumulation of AP-1 components, and finally the expression of all three genes is significantly blocked by a cycloheximide-protein synthesis inhibitor. These results suggest that indeed the genes examined are characterized by their secondary mode of activation.