1
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Turnbull D, Katz J, Sherlock M, Divol L, Shaffer NR, Strozzi DJ, Colaïtis A, Edgell DH, Follett RK, McMillen KR, Michel P, Milder AL, Froula DH. Inverse Bremsstrahlung Absorption. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:145103. [PMID: 37084458 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.145103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption was measured based on transmission through a finite-length plasma that was thoroughly characterized using spatially resolved Thomson scattering. Expected absorption was then calculated using the diagnosed plasma conditions while varying the absorption model components. To match data, it is necessary to account for (i) the Langdon effect; (ii) laser-frequency (rather than plasma-frequency) dependence in the Coulomb logarithm, as is typical of bremsstrahlung theories but not transport theories; and (iii) a correction due to ion screening. Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of inertial confinement fusion implosions have to date used a Coulomb logarithm from the transport literature and no screening correction. We anticipate that updating the model for collisional absorption will substantially revise our understanding of laser-target coupling for such implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Turnbull
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester 14623, New York, USA
| | - J Katz
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester 14623, New York, USA
| | - M Sherlock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore 94550, California, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore 94550, California, USA
| | - N R Shaffer
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester 14623, New York, USA
| | - D J Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore 94550, California, USA
| | - A Colaïtis
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, Talence 33400, France
| | - D H Edgell
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester 14623, New York, USA
| | - R K Follett
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester 14623, New York, USA
| | - K R McMillen
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester 14623, New York, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore 94550, California, USA
| | - A L Milder
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - D H Froula
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester 14623, New York, USA
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2
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Edgell DH, Katz J, Raimondi R, Turnbull D, Froula DH. Scattered-light uniformity imager for diagnosing laser absorption asymmetries on OMEGA. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:103515. [PMID: 36319322 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Light scattered from a target is the most-direct measurement for diagnosing laser absorption in a direct-drive implosion. Observations from OMEGA implosions show much larger scattered-light asymmetries than predictions. A new instrument has been developed to absolutely measure the scattered-light intensity and nonuniformity for the purpose of diagnosing the asymmetry. The scattered-light uniformity imager (SLUI) diagnostic records the variation in scattered-light intensity over a transmission diffuser using a charge-coupled device (CCD)/lens assembly. At the standard operating position, an 11.3° (f/2.5) cone of light is collected. A stray light baffle, debris shield, and antireflection absorbing filter are also incorporated into the diagnostic payload inserted into the target chamber. The imaging parts of the diagnostic (light baffle, vacuum window, filters, lens, and CCD camera) are located outside the target chamber. Five SLUIs have been built and deployed in OMEGA's ten-inch manipulator diagnostic ports, covering almost 5% of the emission surface, enabling an absolute scattered-light measurement should be within a few percent of the global average. Each SLUI system is calibrated offline, providing absolute scattered-light intensity measurements. Based on the measured point spread function, each diffuser plate image contains over 20 000 independent scattered-light absolute-intensity measurements of the variation over the collection cone. SLUI provides a platform to study scattered light and absorption asymmetries, and their possible sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - R Raimondi
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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3
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Edgell DH, Radha PB, Katz J, Shvydky A, Turnbull D, Froula DH. Nonuniform Absorption and Scattered Light in Direct-Drive Implosions Driven by Polarization Smoothing. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:075001. [PMID: 34459636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laser-direct-drive symmetric implosions on OMEGA illuminate a target with 60 laser beams and are designed to produce spherical implosions. Each beam is smoothed using orthogonal polarizations obtained by passing the laser beams through distributed polarization rotators (DPRs). Observations of light scattered from OMEGA implosions do not show the expected symmetry and have much larger variation than standard predictions. For the first time, we have quantified the scattered-light nonuniformity from individual beams and identified the DPRs as the source of the enhanced nonuniformity. An instrument was invented that isolated and measured the variation in the intensity and polarization of the light scattered from each OMEGA beam. The asymmetric intensity and polarization measurements are explained when the on-target offsets between the two orthogonal polarizations produced by the DPRs are modeled using a 3D cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) code that tracks the polarizations of each beam. The time-integrated nonuniformity in laser absorption and scattered light due to CBET and the DPR polarization offsets during high-performance OMEGA implosions is predicted to be significant and dominated by low spherical harmonic mode numbers. The nonuniformity is predicted to be greatly reduced by replacing the DPRs with new optics that create smaller offsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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4
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Christopherson AR, Betti R, Forrest CJ, Howard J, Theobald W, Delettrez JA, Rosenberg MJ, Solodov AA, Stoeckl C, Patel D, Gopalaswamy V, Cao D, Peebles JL, Edgell DH, Seka W, Epstein R, Wei MS, Gatu Johnson M, Simpson R, Regan SP, Campbell EM. Direct Measurements of DT Fuel Preheat from Hot Electrons in Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:055001. [PMID: 34397224 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hot electrons generated by laser-plasma instabilities degrade the performance of laser-fusion implosions by preheating the DT fuel and reducing core compression. The hot-electron energy deposition in the DT fuel has been directly measured for the first time by comparing the hard x-ray signals between DT-layered and mass-equivalent ablator-only implosions. The electron energy deposition profile in the fuel is inferred through dedicated experiments using Cu-doped payloads of varying thickness. The measured preheat energy accurately explains the areal-density degradation observed in many OMEGA implosions. This technique can be used to assess the viability of the direct-drive approach to laser fusion with respect to the scaling of hot-electron preheat with laser energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Christopherson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Howard
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D Patel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Cao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J L Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - M S Wei
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Simpson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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5
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Edgell DH, Hansen AM, Katz J, Turnbull D, Froula DH. Unabsorbed light beamlets for diagnosing coronal density profiles and absorption nonuniformity in direct-drive implosions on OMEGA. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:043525. [PMID: 34243428 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laser light scattered from a target is the most-direct measurement for diagnosing laser absorption in a direct-drive implosion. The 3ω gated optical imager beamlets diagnostic images unabsorbed light from all 60 OMEGA beams as distinct "beamlet" spots for each beam. The implosion can be diagnosed using the position and intensity of these beamlets. The position of each beamlet in the image is determined by refraction and can be used to fit the coronal plasma density profile of the implosion. The inferred plasma density profiles are comparable to the profiles predicted by the 1D hydrodynamics code LILAC but suggest that the predictions underestimate the density farther out in the corona. The intensity of light in each spot depends on the cumulative effects of absorption and cross-beam energy transfer along the beamlet's path through the corona. The measured variation in intensity and polarization between similar spots indicates that absorption during OMEGA implosions is less uniform than previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A M Hansen
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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6
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Harding DR, Wittman MD, Redden NP, Edgell DH, Ulreich J. Comparison of Shadowgraphy and X-Ray Phase Contrast Methods for Characterizing a DT Ice Layer in an Inertial Confinement Fusion Target. Fusion Science and Technology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2020.1812990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Harding
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - M. D. Wittman
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - N. P. Redden
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - D. H. Edgell
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - J. Ulreich
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
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7
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Turnbull D, Maximov AV, Edgell DH, Seka W, Follett RK, Palastro JP, Cao D, Goncharov VN, Stoeckl C, Froula DH. Anomalous Absorption by the Two-Plasmon Decay Instability. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:185001. [PMID: 32441948 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.185001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of directly driven fusion experiments at the Omega Laser Facility predict absorption accurately when targets are driven at low overlapped laser intensity. Discrepancies appear at increased intensity, however, with higher-than-expected laser absorption on target. Strong correlations with signatures of the two-plasmon decay (TPD) instability-including half-harmonic and hard-x-ray emission-indicate that TPD is responsible for this anomalous absorption. Scattered light data suggest that up to ≈30% of the laser power reaching quarter-critical density can be absorbed locally when the TPD threshold is exceeded. A scaling of absorption versus TPD threshold parameter was empirically determined and validated using the laser-plasma simulation environment code.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Turnbull
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A V Maximov
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Seka
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R K Follett
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Palastro
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Cao
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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8
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Gopalaswamy V, Betti R, Knauer JP, Luciani N, Patel D, Woo KM, Bose A, Igumenshchev IV, Campbell EM, Anderson KS, Bauer KA, Bonino MJ, Cao D, Christopherson AR, Collins GW, Collins TJB, Davies JR, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Epstein R, Forrest CJ, Froula DH, Glebov VY, Goncharov VN, Harding DR, Hu SX, Jacobs-Perkins DW, Janezic RT, Kelly JH, Mannion OM, Maximov A, Marshall FJ, Michel DT, Miller S, Morse SFB, Palastro J, Peebles J, Radha PB, Regan SP, Sampat S, Sangster TC, Sefkow AB, Seka W, Shah RC, Shmyada WT, Shvydky A, Stoeckl C, Solodov AA, Theobald W, Zuegel JD, Johnson MG, Petrasso RD, Li CK, Frenje JA. Tripled yield in direct-drive laser fusion through statistical modelling. Nature 2019; 565:581-586. [PMID: 30700868 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Focusing laser light onto a very small target can produce the conditions for laboratory-scale nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes. The lack of accurate predictive models, which are essential for the design of high-performance laser-fusion experiments, is a major obstacle to achieving thermonuclear ignition. Here we report a statistical approach that was used to design and quantitatively predict the results of implosions of solid deuterium-tritium targets carried out with the 30-kilojoule OMEGA laser system, leading to tripling of the fusion yield to its highest value so far for direct-drive laser fusion. When scaled to the laser energies of the National Ignition Facility (1.9 megajoules), these targets are predicted to produce a fusion energy output of about 500 kilojoules-several times larger than the fusion yields currently achieved at that facility. This approach could guide the exploration of the vast parameter space of thermonuclear ignition conditions and enhance our understanding of laser-fusion physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N Luciani
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D Patel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K M Woo
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Bose
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K S Anderson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K A Bauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M J Bonino
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D Cao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A R Christopherson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T J B Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J R Davies
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - V Y Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D R Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D W Jacobs-Perkins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R T Janezic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J H Kelly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Maximov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D T Michel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Miller
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S F B Morse
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J Palastro
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Sampat
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A B Sefkow
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R C Shah
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - W T Shmyada
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J D Zuegel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Edgell DH, Katz J, Turnbull DP, Froula DH. Unabsorbed light beamlets for diagnosing cross-beam energy transfer. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10E101. [PMID: 30399728 DOI: 10.1063/1.5036565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new diagnostic has been fielded on OMEGA to diagnose cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) during direct-drive implosions. Unabsorbed light from each OMEGA laser beam is imaged as a distinct "spot" onto a gated optical imager. Each spot is in essence the endpoint of a beamlet of light that originates from different regions of each beam profile and follows a path determined by refraction. The intensity of light in the beamlet varies along its path as a result of absorption and CBET with other beamlets. This diagnostic allows the investigation of the effects of CBET on laser energy from specific locations of the beam profile. The diagnostic records images in two 200-ps time windows and includes a Wollaston prism to split each beamlet into two orthogonal polarizations recorded on separate images, allowing the absolute polarization of each beamlet to be determined. This diagnostic has provided the first evidence of polarization rotation caused by CBET during direct-drive implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D P Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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10
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Wittman MD, Bonino MJ, Edgell DH, Fella C, Harding DR, Sanchez J. Effect of Tritium-Induced Damage on Plastic Targets from High-Density DT Permeation. Fusion Science and Technology 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1380496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Wittman
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - M. J. Bonino
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - D. H. Edgell
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - C. Fella
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - D. R. Harding
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - J. Sanchez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
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11
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Michel DT, Igumenshchev IV, Davis AK, Edgell DH, Froula DH, Jacobs-Perkins DW, Goncharov VN, Regan SP, Shvydky A, Campbell EM. Subpercent-Scale Control of 3D Low Modes of Targets Imploded in Direct-Drive Configuration on OMEGA. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:125001. [PMID: 29694102 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple self-emission x-ray images are used to measure tomographically target modes 1, 2, and 3 up to the end of the target acceleration in direct-drive implosions on OMEGA. Results show that the modes consist of two components: the first varies linearly with the laser beam-energy balance and the second is static and results from physical effects including beam mistiming, mispointing, and uncertainty in beam energies. This is used to reduce the target low modes of low-adiabat implosions from 2.2% to 0.8% by adjusting the beam-energy balance to compensate these static modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Michel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - A K Davis
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - D W Jacobs-Perkins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
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12
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Regan SP, Goncharov VN, Sangster TC, Campbell EM, Betti R, Anderson KS, Bernat T, Bose A, Boehly TR, Bonino MJ, Cao D, Chapman R, Collins TJB, Craxton RS, Davis AK, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Epstein R, Farrell M, Forrest CJ, Frenje JA, Froula DH, Johnson MG, Gibson C, Glebov VY, Greenwood A, Harding DR, Hohenberger M, Hu SX, Huang H, Hund J, Igumenshchev IV, Jacobs-Perkins DW, Janezic RT, Karasik M, Keck RL, Kelly JH, Kessler TJ, Knauer JP, Kosc TZ, Loucks SJ, Marozas JA, Marshall FJ, McCrory RL, McKenty PW, Meyerhofer DD, Michel DT, Myatt JF, Obenschain SP, Petrasso RD, Petta N, Radha PB, Rosenberg MJ, Schmitt AJ, Schmitt MJ, Schoff M, Seka W, Shmayda WT, Shoup MJ, Shvydky A, Solodov AA, Stoeckl C, Sweet W, Taylor C, Taylor R, Theobald W, Ulreich J, Wittman MD, Woo KM, Zuegel JD. The National Direct-Drive Program: OMEGA to the National Ignition Facility. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1397487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Regan
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - V. N. Goncharov
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - T. C. Sangster
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - E. M. Campbell
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - R. Betti
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - K. S. Anderson
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - T. Bernat
- Schafer Corporation, Livermore, California
| | - A. Bose
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - T. R. Boehly
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - M. J. Bonino
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - D. Cao
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - R. Chapman
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - T. J. B. Collins
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - R. S. Craxton
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - A. K. Davis
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. A. Delettrez
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - D. H. Edgell
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - R. Epstein
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | | | - C. J. Forrest
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. A. Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - D. H. Froula
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - M. Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - C. Gibson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - V. Yu. Glebov
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | | | - D. R. Harding
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - M. Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - S. X. Hu
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - H. Huang
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - J. Hund
- Schafer Corporation, Livermore, California
| | - I. V. Igumenshchev
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | | | - R. T. Janezic
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - M. Karasik
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - R. L. Keck
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. H. Kelly
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - T. J. Kessler
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. P. Knauer
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - T. Z. Kosc
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - S. J. Loucks
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. A. Marozas
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - F. J. Marshall
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - R. L. McCrory
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - P. W. McKenty
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | | | - D. T. Michel
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. F. Myatt
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | | | - R. D. Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - N. Petta
- Schafer Corporation, Livermore, California
| | - P. B. Radha
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - M. J. Rosenberg
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - A. J. Schmitt
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - M. J. Schmitt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - M. Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - W. Seka
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - W. T. Shmayda
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - M. J. Shoup
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - A. Shvydky
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - A. A. Solodov
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - C. Stoeckl
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - W. Sweet
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - C. Taylor
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - R. Taylor
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - W. Theobald
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. Ulreich
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - M. D. Wittman
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - K. M. Woo
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
| | - J. D. Zuegel
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York
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13
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Edgell DH, Craxton RS, Elasky LM, Harding DR, Iwan LS, Keck RL, Lund LD, Verbridge SJ, Wittman MD, Warrick A, Brown T, Seka W. Three-Dimensional Characterization of Cryogenic Target Ice Layers Using Multiple Shadowgraph Views. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst49-616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. H. Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - R. S. Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - L. M. Elasky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - D. R. Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - L. S. Iwan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - R. L. Keck
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - L. D. Lund
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - S. J. Verbridge
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - M. D. Wittman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - A. Warrick
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - T. Brown
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
| | - W. Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 240 East River Road, Rochester, NY 14623-12
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14
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Edgell DH, Craxton RS, Elasky LM, Harding DR, Verbridge SJ, Wittman MD, Seka W. Three-Dimensional Characterization of Spherical Cryogenic Targets Using Ray-Trace Analysis of Multiple Shadowgraph Views. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst07-a1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. H. Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester New York 14623-1299
| | - R. S. Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester New York 14623-1299
| | - L. M. Elasky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester New York 14623-1299
| | - D. R. Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester New York 14623-1299
| | - S. J. Verbridge
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester New York 14623-1299
| | - M. D. Wittman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester New York 14623-1299
| | - W. Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester New York 14623-1299
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15
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Harding DR, Sangster TC, Meyerhofer DD, McKenty PW, Lund LD, Elasky L, Wittman MD, Seka W, Loucks SJ, Janezic R, Hinterman TH, Edgell DH, Jacobs-Perkins D, Gram RQ. Producing Cryogenic Deuterium Targets for Experiments on OMEGA. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Harding
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - T. C. Sangster
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - D. D. Meyerhofer
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - P. W. McKenty
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - L. D. Lund
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - L. Elasky
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - M. D. Wittman
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - W. Seka
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - S. J. Loucks
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - R. Janezic
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - T. H. Hinterman
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - D. H. Edgell
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - D. Jacobs-Perkins
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - R. Q. Gram
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
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16
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Kilkenny JD, Bell PM, Bradley DK, Bleuel DL, Caggiano JA, Dewald EL, Hsing WW, Kalantar DH, Kauffman RL, Larson DJ, Moody JD, Schneider DH, Schneider MB, Shaughnessy DA, Shelton RT, Stoeffl W, Widmann K, Yeamans CB, Batha SH, Grim GP, Herrmann HW, Merrill FE, Leeper RJ, Oertel JA, Sangster TC, Edgell DH, Hohenberger M, Glebov VY, Regan SP, Frenje JA, Gatu-Johnson M, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Zylstra AB, Cooper GW, Ruizf C. The National Ignition Facility Diagnostic Set at the Completion of the National Ignition Campaign, September 2012. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. M. Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. K. Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. L. Bleuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. A. Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. L. Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - W. W. Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. L. Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. J. Larson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. B. Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | - R. T. Shelton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - W. Stoeffl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. B. Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. H. Batha
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - G. P. Grim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - H. W. Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - F. E. Merrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - R. J. Leeper
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - J. A. Oertel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - T. C. Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - D. H. Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - M. Hohenberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - V. Yu. Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - S. P. Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - J. A. Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - M. Gatu-Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. D. Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - A. B. Zylstra
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - G. W. Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
| | - C. Ruizf
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
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17
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Harding DR, Wittman MD, Edgell DH. Considerations and Requirements for Providing Cryogenic Targets for Direct-Drive Inertial Fusion Implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-a16326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Harding
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - M. D. Wittman
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road Rochester, New York 14623-1299
| | - D. H. Edgell
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road Rochester, New York 14623-1299
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18
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Follett RK, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Henchen RJ, Katz J, Myatt JF, Froula DH. Plasma characterization using ultraviolet Thomson scattering from ion-acoustic and electron plasma waves (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E401. [PMID: 27910493 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Collective Thomson scattering is a technique for measuring the plasma conditions in laser-plasma experiments. Simultaneous measurements of ion-acoustic and electron plasma-wave spectra were obtained using a 263.25-nm Thomson-scattering probe beam. A fully reflective collection system was used to record light scattered from electron plasma waves at electron densities greater than 1021 cm-3, which produced scattering peaks near 200 nm. An accurate analysis of the experimental Thomson-scattering spectra required accounting for plasma gradients, instrument sensitivity, optical effects, and background radiation. Practical techniques for including these effects when fitting Thomson-scattering spectra are presented and applied to the measured spectra to show the improvements in plasma characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Follett
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R J Henchen
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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19
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Regan SP, Goncharov VN, Igumenshchev IV, Sangster TC, Betti R, Bose A, Boehly TR, Bonino MJ, Campbell EM, Cao D, Collins TJB, Craxton RS, Davis AK, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Epstein R, Forrest CJ, Frenje JA, Froula DH, Gatu Johnson M, Glebov VY, Harding DR, Hohenberger M, Hu SX, Jacobs-Perkins D, Janezic R, Karasik M, Keck RL, Kelly JH, Kessler TJ, Knauer JP, Kosc TZ, Loucks SJ, Marozas JA, Marshall FJ, McCrory RL, McKenty PW. Publisher's Note: Demonstration of Fuel Hot-Spot Pressure in Excess of 50 Gbar for Direct-Drive, Layered Deuterium-Tritium Implosions on OMEGA [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 025001 (2016)]. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:059903. [PMID: 27517797 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.059903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.025001.
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20
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Regan SP, Goncharov VN, Igumenshchev IV, Sangster TC, Betti R, Bose A, Boehly TR, Bonino MJ, Campbell EM, Cao D, Collins TJB, Craxton RS, Davis AK, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Epstein R, Forrest CJ, Frenje JA, Froula DH, Gatu Johnson M, Glebov VY, Harding DR, Hohenberger M, Hu SX, Jacobs-Perkins D, Janezic R, Karasik M, Keck RL, Kelly JH, Kessler TJ, Knauer JP, Kosc TZ, Loucks SJ, Marozas JA, Marshall FJ, McCrory RL, McKenty PW, Meyerhofer DD, Michel DT, Myatt JF, Obenschain SP, Petrasso RD, Radha PB, Rice B, Rosenberg MJ, Schmitt AJ, Schmitt MJ, Seka W, Shmayda WT, Shoup MJ, Shvydky A, Skupsky S, Solodov AA, Stoeckl C, Theobald W, Ulreich J, Wittman MD, Woo KM, Yaakobi B, Zuegel JD. Demonstration of Fuel Hot-Spot Pressure in Excess of 50 Gbar for Direct-Drive, Layered Deuterium-Tritium Implosions on OMEGA. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:025001. [PMID: 27447511 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A record fuel hot-spot pressure P_{hs}=56±7 Gbar was inferred from x-ray and nuclear diagnostics for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion cryogenic, layered deuterium-tritium implosions on the 60-beam, 30-kJ, 351-nm OMEGA Laser System. When hydrodynamically scaled to the energy of the National Ignition Facility, these implosions achieved a Lawson parameter ∼60% of the value required for ignition [A. Bose et al., Phys. Rev. E 93, 011201(R) (2016)], similar to indirect-drive implosions [R. Betti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 255003 (2015)], and nearly half of the direct-drive ignition-threshold pressure. Relative to symmetric, one-dimensional simulations, the inferred hot-spot pressure is approximately 40% lower. Three-dimensional simulations suggest that low-mode distortion of the hot spot seeded by laser-drive nonuniformity and target-positioning error reduces target performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Fusion Science Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Bose
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Fusion Science Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T R Boehly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Bonino
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Cao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T J B Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A K Davis
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D R Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Jacobs-Perkins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Janezic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Karasik
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - R L Keck
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J H Kelly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T J Kessler
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T Z Kosc
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S J Loucks
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Marozas
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R L McCrory
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D T Michel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | | | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Rice
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A J Schmitt
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - M J Schmitt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W T Shmayda
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Shoup
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Skupsky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Ulreich
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M D Wittman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - K M Woo
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Fusion Science Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Yaakobi
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J D Zuegel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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21
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Follett RK, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Goncharov VN, Henchen RJ, Katz J, Michel DT, Myatt JF, Shaw J, Solodov AA, Stoeckl C, Yaakobi B, Froula DH. Two-Plasmon Decay Mitigation in Direct-Drive Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Experiments Using Multilayer Targets. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:155002. [PMID: 27127973 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.155002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion targets are shown to significantly reduce two-plasmon decay (TPD) driven hot-electron production while maintaining high hydrodynamic efficiency. Implosion experiments on the OMEGA laser used targets with silicon layered between an inner beryllium and outer silicon-doped plastic ablator. A factor-of-5 reduction in hot-electron generation (>50 keV) was observed in the multilayer targets relative to pure CH targets. Three-dimensional simulations of the TPD-driven hot-electron production using a laser-plasma interaction code (lpse) that includes nonlinear and kinetic effects show good agreement with the measurements. The simulations suggest that the reduction in hot-electron production observed in the multilayer targets is primarily caused by increased electron-ion collisional damping.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Follett
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R J Henchen
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D T Michel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Shaw
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Yaakobi
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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22
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Follett RK, Edgell DH, Henchen RJ, Hu SX, Katz J, Michel DT, Myatt JF, Shaw J, Froula DH. Direct observation of the two-plasmon-decay common plasma wave using ultraviolet Thomson scattering. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2015; 91:031104. [PMID: 25871046 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 263-nm Thomson-scattering beam was used to directly probe two-plasmon-decay (TPD) excited electron plasma waves (EPWs) driven by between two and five 351-nm beams on the OMEGA Laser System. The amplitude of these waves was nearly independent of the number of drive beams at constant overlapped intensity, showing that the observed EPWs are common to the multiple beams. In an experimental configuration where the Thomson-scattering diagnostic was not wave matched to the common TPD EPWs, a broad spectrum of TPD-driven EPWs was observed, indicative of nonlinear effects associated with TPD saturation. Electron plasma waves corresponding to Langmuir decay of TPD EPWs were observed in both Thomson-scattering spectra, suggesting the Langmuir decay instability as a TPD saturation mechanism. Simulated Thomson-scattering spectra from three-dimensional numerical solutions of the extended Zakharov equations of TPD are in excellent agreement with the experimental spectra and verify the presence of the Langmuir decay instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Follett
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R J Henchen
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D T Michel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Shaw
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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23
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Smalyuk VA, Tipton RE, Pino JE, Casey DT, Grim GP, Remington BA, Rowley DP, Weber SV, Barrios M, Benedetti LR, Bleuel DL, Bradley DK, Caggiano JA, Callahan DA, Cerjan CJ, Clark DS, Edgell DH, Edwards MJ, Frenje JA, Gatu-Johnson M, Glebov VY, Glenn S, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hatarik R, Hsing WW, Izumi N, Khan S, Kilkenny JD, Kline J, Knauer J, Landen OL, Ma T, McNaney JM, Mintz M, Moore A, Nikroo A, Pak A, Parham T, Petrasso R, Sayre DB, Schneider MB, Tommasini R, Town RP, Widmann K, Wilson DC, Yeamans CB. Measurements of an ablator-gas atomic mix in indirectly driven implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:025002. [PMID: 24484021 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the first results from an experimental campaign to measure the atomic ablator-gas mix in the deceleration phase of gas-filled capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility. Plastic capsules containing CD layers were filled with tritium gas; as the reactants are initially separated, DT fusion yield provides a direct measure of the atomic mix of ablator into the hot spot gas. Capsules were imploded with x rays generated in hohlraums with peak radiation temperatures of ∼294 eV. While the TT fusion reaction probes conditions in the central part (core) of the implosion hot spot, the DT reaction probes a mixed region on the outer part of the hot spot near the ablator-hot-spot interface. Experimental data were used to develop and validate the atomic-mix model used in two-dimensional simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R E Tipton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J E Pino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D P Rowley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S V Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D L Bleuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Y Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Glenn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S W Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - J Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Mintz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Moore
- AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Parham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R P Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D C Wilson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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24
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Smalyuk VA, Atherton LJ, Benedetti LR, Bionta R, Bleuel D, Bond E, Bradley DK, Caggiano J, Callahan DA, Casey DT, Celliers PM, Cerjan CJ, Clark D, Dewald EL, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edgell DH, Edwards MJ, Frenje J, Gatu-Johnson M, Glebov VY, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Grim G, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hicks DG, Hsing WW, Izumi N, Jones OS, Key MH, Khan SF, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Knauer J, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Le Pape S, Lindl JD, Ma T, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, McNaney J, Meezan NB, Moody JD, Moore A, Moran M, Moses EI, Pak A, Parham T, Park HS, Patel PK, Petrasso R, Ralph JE, Regan SP, Remington BA, Robey HF, Ross JS, Spears BK, Springer PT, Suter LJ, Tommasini R, Town RP, Weber SV, Widmann K. Performance of high-convergence, layered DT implosions with extended-duration pulses at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:215001. [PMID: 24313493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-driven, low-adiabat, cryogenic DT layered plastic capsule implosions were carried out on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study the sensitivity of performance to peak power and drive duration. An implosion with extended drive and at reduced peak power of 350 TW achieved the highest compression with fuel areal density of ~1.3±0.1 g/cm2, representing a significant step from previously measured ~1.0 g/cm2 toward a goal of 1.5 g/cm2. Future experiments will focus on understanding and mitigating hydrodynamic instabilities and mix, and improving symmetry required to reach the threshold for thermonuclear ignition on NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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25
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Ma T, Patel PK, Izumi N, Springer PT, Key MH, Atherton LJ, Benedetti LR, Bradley DK, Callahan DA, Celliers PM, Cerjan CJ, Clark DS, Dewald EL, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edgell DH, Epstein R, Glenn S, Grim G, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Hicks D, Hsing WW, Jones OS, Khan SF, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Le Pape S, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, Meezan NB, Moody JD, Pak A, Parham T, Park HS, Ralph JE, Regan SP, Remington BA, Robey HF, Ross JS, Spears BK, Smalyuk V, Suter LJ, Tommasini R, Town RP, Weber SV, Lindl JD, Edwards MJ, Glenzer SH, Moses EI. Onset of hydrodynamic mix in high-velocity, highly compressed inertial confinement fusion implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:085004. [PMID: 24010449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium-tritium inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility have demonstrated yields ranging from 0.8 to 7×10(14), and record fuel areal densities of 0.7 to 1.3 g/cm2. These implosions use hohlraums irradiated with shaped laser pulses of 1.5-1.9 MJ energy. The laser peak power and duration at peak power were varied, as were the capsule ablator dopant concentrations and shell thicknesses. We quantify the level of hydrodynamic instability mix of the ablator into the hot spot from the measured elevated absolute x-ray emission of the hot spot. We observe that DT neutron yield and ion temperature decrease abruptly as the hot spot mix mass increases above several hundred ng. The comparison with radiation-hydrodynamic modeling indicates that low mode asymmetries and increased ablator surface perturbations may be responsible for the current performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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26
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Igumenshchev IV, Froula DH, Edgell DH, Goncharov VN, Kessler TJ, Marshall FJ, McCrory RL, McKenty PW, Meyerhofer DD, Michel DT, Sangster TC, Seka W, Skupsky S. Laser-beam zooming to mitigate crossed-beam energy losses in direct-drive implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:145001. [PMID: 25166997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spherically symmetric direct-drive-ignition designs driven by laser beams with a focal-spot size nearly equal to the target diameter suffer from energy losses due to crossed-beam energy transfer (CBET). Significant reduction of CBET and improvements in implosion hydrodynamic efficiency can be achieved by reducing the beam diameter. Narrow beams increase low-mode perturbations of the targets because of decreased illumination uniformity that degrades implosion performance. Initiating an implosion with nominal beams (equal in size to the target diameter) and reducing the beam diameter by ∼ 30%-40% after developing a sufficiently thick target corona, which smooths the perturbations, mitigate CBET while maintaining low-mode target uniformity in ignition designs with a fusion gain ≫ 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T J Kessler
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - R L McCrory
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D T Michel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - S Skupsky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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27
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Edgell DH, Bradley DK, Bond EJ, Burns S, Callahan DA, Celeste J, Eckart MJ, Glebov VY, Hey DS, Lacaille G, Kilkenny JD, Kimbrough J, Mackinnon AJ, Magoon J, Parker J, Sangster TC, Shoup MJ, Stoeckl C, Thomas T, MacPhee A. South pole bang-time diagnostic on the National Ignition Facility (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E119. [PMID: 23126941 DOI: 10.1063/1.4731756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The south pole bang-time diagnostic views National Ignition Facility (NIF) implosions through the lower Hohlraum laser entrance hole to measure the time of peak x-ray emission (peak compression) in indirect-drive implosions. Five chemical-vapor-deposition diamond photoconductive detectors with different filtrations and sensitivities record the time-varying x rays emitted by the target. Wavelength selecting highly oriented pyrolytic graphite crystal mirror monochromators increase the x-ray signal-to-background ratio by filtering for 11-keV emission. Diagnostic timing and the in situ temporal instrument response function are determined from laser impulse shots on the NIF. After signal deconvolution and background removal, the bang time is determined to 45-ps accuracy. The x-ray "yield" (mJ∕sr∕keV at 11 keV) is determined from the time integral of the corrected peak signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA.
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Mackinnon AJ, Kline JL, Dixit SN, Glenzer SH, Edwards MJ, Callahan DA, Meezan NB, Haan SW, Kilkenny JD, Döppner T, Farley DR, Moody JD, Ralph JE, MacGowan BJ, Landen OL, Robey HF, Boehly TR, Celliers PM, Eggert JH, Krauter K, Frieders G, Ross GF, Hicks DG, Olson RE, Weber SV, Spears BK, Salmonsen JD, Michel P, Divol L, Hammel B, Thomas CA, Clark DS, Jones OS, Springer PT, Cerjan CJ, Collins GW, Glebov VY, Knauer JP, Sangster C, Stoeckl C, McKenty P, McNaney JM, Leeper RJ, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Nelson AG, Chandler GGA, Hahn KD, Moran MJ, Schneider MB, Palmer NE, Bionta RM, Hartouni EP, LePape S, Patel PK, Izumi N, Tommasini R, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Grim GP, Merrill FE, Fittinghoff DN, Guler N, Drury O, Wilson DC, Herrmann HW, Stoeffl W, Casey DT, Johnson MG, Frenje JA, Petrasso RD, Zylestra A, Rinderknecht H, Kalantar DH, Dzenitis JM, Di Nicola P, Eder DC, Courdin WH, Gururangan G, Burkhart SC, Friedrich S, Blueuel DL, Bernstein LA, Eckart MJ, Munro DH, Hatchett SP, Macphee AG, Edgell DH, Bradley DK, Bell PM, Glenn SM, Simanovskaia N, Barrios MA, Benedetti R, Kyrala GA, Town RPJ, Dewald EL, Milovich JL, Widmann K, Moore AS, LaCaille G, Regan SP, Suter LJ, Felker B, Ashabranner RC, Jackson MC, Prasad R, Richardson MJ, Kohut TR, Datte PS, Krauter GW, Klingman JJ, Burr RF, Land TA, Hermann MR, Latray DA, Saunders RL, Weaver S, Cohen SJ, Berzins L, Brass SG, Palma ES, Lowe-Webb RR, McHalle GN, Arnold PA, Lagin LJ, Marshall CD, Brunton GK, Mathisen DG, Wood RD, Cox JR, Ehrlich RB, Knittel KM, Bowers MW, Zacharias RA, Young BK, Holder JP, Kimbrough JR, Ma T, La Fortune KN, Widmayer CC, Shaw MJ, Erbert GV, Jancaitis KS, DiNicola JM, Orth C, Heestand G, Kirkwood R, Haynam C, Wegner PJ, Whitman PK, Hamza A, Dzenitis EG, Wallace RJ, Bhandarkar SD, Parham TG, Dylla-Spears R, Mapoles ER, Kozioziemski BJ, Sater JD, Walters CF, Haid BJ, Fair J, Nikroo A, Giraldez E, Moreno K, Vanwonterghem B, Kauffman RL, Batha S, Larson DW, Fortner RJ, Schneider DH, Lindl JD, Patterson RW, Atherton LJ, Moses EI. Assembly of high-areal-density deuterium-tritium fuel from indirectly driven cryogenic implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:215005. [PMID: 23003274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.215005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The National Ignition Facility has been used to compress deuterium-tritium to an average areal density of ~1.0±0.1 g cm(-2), which is 67% of the ignition requirement. These conditions were obtained using 192 laser beams with total energy of 1-1.6 MJ and peak power up to 420 TW to create a hohlraum drive with a shaped power profile, peaking at a soft x-ray radiation temperature of 275-300 eV. This pulse delivered a series of shocks that compressed a capsule containing cryogenic deuterium-tritium to a radius of 25-35 μm. Neutron images of the implosion were used to estimate a fuel density of 500-800 g cm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Froula DH, Yaakobi B, Hu SX, Chang PY, Craxton RS, Edgell DH, Follett R, Michel DT, Myatt JF, Seka W, Short RW, Solodov A, Stoeckl C. Saturation of the two-plasmon decay instability in long-scale-length plasmas relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:165003. [PMID: 22680726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.165003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the hot-electron generation by the two-plasmon-decay instability are made in plasmas relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. Density-scale lengths of 400 μm at n(cr)/4 in planar CH targets allowed the two-plasmon-decay instability to be driven to saturation for vacuum intensities above ~3.5×10(14) W cm(-2). In the saturated regime, ~1% of the laser energy is converted to hot electrons. The hot-electron temperature is measured to increase rapidly from 25 to 90 keV as the laser beam intensity is increased from 2 to 7×10(14) W cm(-2). This increase in the hot-electron temperature is compared with predictions from nonlinear Zakharov models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA.
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30
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Froula DH, Igumenshchev IV, Michel DT, Edgell DH, Follett R, Glebov VY, Goncharov VN, Kwiatkowski J, Marshall FJ, Radha PB, Seka W, Sorce C, Stagnitto S, Stoeckl C, Sangster TC. Increasing hydrodynamic efficiency by reducing cross-beam energy transfer in direct-drive-implosion experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:125003. [PMID: 22540590 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.125003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of experiments to determine the optimum laser-beam radius by balancing the reduction of cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) with increased illumination nonuniformities shows that the hydrodynamic efficiency is increased by ∼35%, which leads to a factor of 2.6 increase in the neutron yield when the laser-spot size is reduced by 20%. Over this range, the absorption is measured to increase by 15%, resulting in a 17% increase in the implosion velocity and a 10% earlier bang time. When reducing the ratio of laser-spot size to a target radius below 0.8, the rms amplitudes of the nonuniformities imposed by the smaller laser spots are measured at a convergence ratio of 2.5 to exceed 8 μm and the neutron yield saturates despite increasing absorbed energy, implosion velocity, and decreasing bang time. The results agree well with hydrodynamic simulations that include both nonlocal and CBET models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA.
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31
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Smalyuk VA, Shvarts D, Betti R, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Glebov VY, Goncharov VN, McCrory RL, Meyerhofer DD, Radha PB, Regan SP, Sangster TC, Seka W, Skupsky S, Stoeckl C, Yaakobi B, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Séguin FH. Role of hot-electron preheating in the compression of direct-drive imploding targets with cryogenic D2 ablators. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:185005. [PMID: 18518385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.185005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The compression of direct-drive, spherical implosions is studied using cryogenic D2 targets on the 60-beam, 351-nm OMEGA laser with intensities ranging from approximately 3x10(14) to approximately 1x10(15) W/cm2. The hard-x-ray signal from hot electrons generated by laser-plasma instabilities increases with laser intensity, while the areal density decreases. Mitigating hot-electron production, by reducing the laser intensity to approximately 3x10(14) W/cm2, results in areal density of the order of approximately 140 mg/cm2, in good agreement with 1D simulations. These results will be considered in future direct-drive-ignition designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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Sangster TC, Goncharov VN, Radha PB, Smalyuk VA, Betti R, Craxton RS, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Glebov VY, Harding DR, Jacobs-Perkins D, Knauer JP, Marshall FJ, McCrory RL, McKenty PW, Meyerhofer DD, Regan SP, Seka W, Short RW, Skupsky S, Soures JM, Stoeckl C, Yaakobi B, Shvarts D, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Séguin FH. High-areal-density fuel assembly in direct-drive cryogenic implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:185006. [PMID: 18518386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.185006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first observation of ignition-relevant areal-density deuterium from implosions of capsules with cryogenic fuel layers at ignition-relevant adiabats is reported. The experiments were performed on the 60-beam, 30-kJUV OMEGA Laser System [T. R. Boehly, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)10.1016/S0030-4018(96)00325-2]. Neutron-averaged areal densities of 202+/-7 mg/cm2 and 182+/-7 mg/cm2 (corresponding to estimated peak fuel densities in excess of 100 g/cm3) were inferred using an 18-kJ direct-drive pulse designed to put the converging fuel on an adiabat of 2.5. These areal densities are in good agreement with the predictions of hydrodynamic simulations indicating that the fuel adiabat can be accurately controlled under ignition-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Sangster
- Laboratory For Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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McCrory RL, Meyerhofer DD, Loucks SJ, Skupsky S, Betti R, Boehly TR, Collins TJ, Craxton RS, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Epstein R, Fletcher KA, Freeman C, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Goncharov VN, Harding DR, Igumenshchev IV, Keck RL, Kilkenny JD, Knauer JP, Li CK, Marciante J, Marozas JA, Marshall FJ, Maximov AV, McKenty PW, Morse SF, Myatt J, Padalino S, Petrasso RD, Radha PB, Regan SP, Sangster TC, Séguin FH, Seka W, Smalyuk VA, Soures JM, Stoeckl C, Yaakobi B, Zuegel JD. Progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research at the laboratory for laser energetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:2006133013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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