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Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Bernardo MF, Enes A, Rezende EF, Okuyama AR, Alves RC, de Andrade M, Macedo ACG, de Barros MP, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Souza-Junior TP. Caffeine Does Not Alter Performance, Perceptual Responses, and Oxidative Stress After Short Sprint Interval Training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:179-187. [PMID: 38266627 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of research investigating the efficacy of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance, the physiological and biochemical responses to caffeine supplementation during intermittent activities are less evident. This study investigated the acute effects of caffeine supplementation on measures of exercise performance, ratings of perceived exertion, and biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by an acute bout of sprint interval training. In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy males (age: 26 ± 4 years, height: 177.5 ± 6 cm, body mass: 80.7 ± 7.6 kg) ingested 6 mg/kg of caffeine or placebo 60 min prior to performing sprint interval training (12 × 6 s "all-out sprints" interspersed by 60 s of rest). Performance scores and ratings of perceived exertion were assessed after every sprint. Blood samples were collected before supplementation, prior to and following each sprint, and 5 and 60 min after the last sprint. Caffeine had no effect on any performance measures, ratings of perceived exertion, or biomarkers of oxidative stress (p > .05). In conclusion, caffeine supplementation does not improve performance or decrease oxidative stress after an acute bout of sprint interval training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro F Bernardo
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alysson Enes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elisangela F Rezende
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Okuyama
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ragami C Alves
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Murilo de Andrade
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina G Macedo
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Science (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Tácito P Souza-Junior
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Kaviani M, Shaw KA, Candow DG, Farthing JP, Chilibeck PD. Effects of hemp supplementation during resistance training in trained young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1097-1107. [PMID: 37847288 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemp contains protein with high concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine and oils that have anti-inflammatory properties. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of hemp supplementation during resistance training in trained young adults. METHODS Males (n = 22, 29 ± 8y) and females (n = 12, 30 ± 9y) were randomized (double-blind) to receive 60 g/d of hemp (containing 40 g protein and 9 g oil) or 60 g/d of soy (matched for protein and calories) during eight weeks of resistance training (~ 4x/week). Before and after the intervention, participants were assessed for whole-body lean tissue and fat mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), regional muscle hypertrophy (ultrasound), strength (1-repetition maximum leg press, bench press, biceps curl), voluntary activation (interpolated twitch technique), resting twitch properties (single pulse; 0.5 ms) (before and after a fatigue test), markers of inflammation (Interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein), and bone resorption (urinary N-telopeptides). RESULTS Hemp supplementation increased elbow flexor muscle thickness in females (2.6 ± 0.4-3.1 ± 0.5 cm, p = 0.012) while soy supplementation increased elbow flexor muscle thickness in males (3.7 ± 0.4-4.0 ± 0.5 cm, p < 0.01). Twitch torque and rate of torque development were preserved after a fatigue test in males consuming hemp compared to males on soy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Overall, hemp provides some sex-specific beneficial effects on measures of muscle accretion and torque under fatiguing conditions in resistance trained young adults. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT02529917, registered August 11, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Keely A Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Farthing
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada.
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Sirant LW, Singh J, Martin S, Gaul CA, Stuart-Hill L, Candow DG, Mang C, Patrick Neary J. Long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation during a hypercapnic challenge in retired contact sport athletes. Brain Res 2024; 1826:148735. [PMID: 38110074 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation during a five-minute hypercapnic challenge using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). 55 physically active retired contact sport male athletes with three or more previous concussions (mTBI) were recruited along with 29 physically active males with no concussions history (CTRL). Participants completed five minutes of seated rest prior to the five-minute hypercapnic challenge (20-second breath-hold, 40-second recovery breathing; five times). NIRS measured right and left side oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), total (tHb) haemoglobin, and haemoglobin difference (HbDiff) with all parameters analysed through changes in average maximal and minimal values (ΔMAX), Z-scores, and standard deviations. Right prefrontal cortex HbDiff ΔMAX was significantly higher in the mTBI compared to CTRL (p = 0.045) group. Left prefrontal cortex O2Hb ΔMAX (p = 0.040), HHb Z-Scores (p = 0.008), and HbDiff ΔMAX(p = 0.014) were significantly higher in the mTBI group. Within-group right vs left analyses demonstrated significantly lower left HbDiff ΔMAX (p = 0.048) and HbDiff Z-scores (p = 0.002) in the mTBI group, while the CTRL group had significantly lower left HHb Z-scores (p = 0.003) and left tHb Z-scores (p = 0.042). This study provides preliminary evidence that athletes with a history of three or more concussions may have impaired prefrontal cortex oxygenation parameters during a hypercapnic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Sirant
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Jyotpal Singh
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Martin
- University of Victoria, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine A Gaul
- University of Victoria, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lynneth Stuart-Hill
- University of Victoria, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Cameron Mang
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - J Patrick Neary
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada.
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Marini ACB, Schincaglia RM, Candow DG, Pimentel GD. Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score in Hemodialysis Patients: An Exploratory 1-Year, Balanced, Double-Blind Design. Nutrients 2024; 16:615. [PMID: 38474743 PMCID: PMC10934827 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis has a detrimental effect on fat-free mass (FFM) and muscle strength over time. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of creatine supplementation on the body composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis. An exploratory 1-year balanced, placebo-controlled, and double-blind design was conducted with hemodialysis patients (≥18 years). The creatine group (CG) received 5 g of creatine monohydrate and 5 g of maltodextrin per day and the placebo group (PG) received 10 g of maltodextrin per day. MIS and body composition were analyzed at three time points: pre, intermediate (after 6 months), and post (after 12 months). After 6 months, 60% of patients on creatine experienced an increase in FFM compared to a 36.8% increase for those on placebo. Moreover, 65% of patients on creatine increased their skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) compared to only 15.8% for those on placebo. Creatine increased intracellular water (ICW) in 60% of patients. MIS did not change after the intervention. In the CG, there was an increase in body weight (p = 0.018), FFM (p = 0.010), SMMI (p = 0.022). CG also increased total body water (pre 35.4 L, post 36.1 L; p = 0.008), mainly due to ICW (pre 20.2 L, intermediate 20.7 L, post 21.0 L; p = 0.016). Long-term creatine supplementation in hemodialysis patients did not attenuate the MIS, but enhanced FFM and SMMI, which was likely triggered by an increase in ICW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara B. Marini
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 227, Quadra 68 s/n°, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiania 74605080, Brazil; (A.C.B.M.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Raquel M. Schincaglia
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 227, Quadra 68 s/n°, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiania 74605080, Brazil; (A.C.B.M.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Gustavo D. Pimentel
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 227, Quadra 68 s/n°, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiania 74605080, Brazil; (A.C.B.M.); (R.M.S.)
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Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Prokopidis K, Stock MS, Harmon KK, Faulkner P. Correction to: "Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med 2024; 54:235-236. [PMID: 37428413 PMCID: PMC10799101 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Slankamenac J, Ranisavljev M, Todorovic N, Ostojic J, Stajer V, Candow DG, Ratgeber L, Betlehem J, Acs P, Ostojic SM. Eight-Week Creatine-Glucose Supplementation Alleviates Clinical Features of Long COVID. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2024; 70:174-178. [PMID: 38684388 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.70.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Preliminary studies demonstrated beneficial effects of dietary creatine across different post-viral fatigue syndromes. Creatine is often co-administered with glucose to improve its potency yet whether glucose boost the efficacy of creatine in long COVID remains currently unknown. In this report, we investigate the effects of 8-wk creatine intake with and without glucose on patient-reported outcomes, exercise tolerance, and tissue creatine levels in patients with long COVID. Fifteen male and female long COVID adult patients (age 39.7±16.0 y; 9 women) with moderate fatigue and at least one of additional long COVID-related symptoms volunteered to participate in this randomized controlled parallel-group interventional trial. All patients were allocated in a double-blind parallel-group design (1 : 1 : 1) to receive creatine (8 g of creatine monohydrate per day), a mixture of creatine and glucose (8 g of creatine monohydrate and 3 g of glucose per day), or placebo (3 g of glucose per day) t.i.d. during an 8-wk intervention interval. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (treatment vs. time interaction) revealed significant differences in changes in total creatine levels between the groups, showing an interaction effect at two brain locations (right precentral white matter F=34.740, p=0.008; partial η2=0.72; left paracentral grey matter F=19.243, p=0.019; partial η2=0.88), with creatine and creatine-glucose outcompeted placebo to elevate creatine levels at these two locations. Several long COVID symptoms (including body aches, breathing problems, difficulties concentrating, headache, and general malaise) were significantly reduced in creatine-glucose group at 8-wk follow-up (p≤0.05); the effect sizes for reducing body aches, difficulties concentrating, and headache were 1.33, 0.80, and 1.12, respectively, suggesting a large effect of creatine-glucose mixture for these outcomes. Our preliminary findings suggest that supplying exogenous creatine with glucose could be recommended as an effective procedure in replenishing brain creatine pool and alleviating long COVID features in this prevalent condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Slankamenac
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad
| | | | - Nikola Todorovic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad
| | - Jelena Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina
| | | | | | - Pongrac Acs
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder
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Forbes SC, Candow DG, Neto JHF, Kennedy MD, Forbes JL, Machado M, Bustillo E, Gomez-Lopez J, Zapata A, Antonio J. Creatine supplementation and endurance performance: surges and sprints to win the race. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2204071. [PMID: 37096381 PMCID: PMC10132248 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2204071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation is an effective ergogenic aid to augment resistance training and improve intense, short duration, intermittent performance. The effects on endurance performance are less known. The purpose of this brief narrative review is to discuss the potential mechanisms of how creatine can affect endurance performance, defined as large muscle mass activities that are cyclical in nature and are >~3 min in duration, and to highlight specific nuances within the literature. Mechanistically, creatine supplementation elevates skeletal muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) stores facilitating a greater capacity to rapidly resynthesize ATP and buffer hydrogen ion accumulation. When co-ingested with carbohydrates, creatine enhances glycogen resynthesis and content, an important fuel to support high-intensity aerobic exercise. In addition, creatine lowers inflammation and oxidative stress and has the potential to increase mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, creatine supplementation increases body mass, which may offset the potential positive effects, particularly in weight-bearing activities. Overall, creatine supplementation increases time to exhaustion during high-intensity endurance activities, likely due to increasing anaerobic work capacity. In terms of time trial performances, results are mixed; however, creatine supplementation appears to be more effective at improving performances that require multiple surges in intensity and/or during end spurts, which are often key race-defining moments. Given creatines ability to enhance anaerobic work capacity and performance through repeated surges in intensity, creatine supplementation may be beneficial for sports, such as cross-country skiing, mountain biking, cycling, triathlon, and for short-duration events where end-spurts are critical for performance, such as rowing, kayaking, and track cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Michael D Kennedy
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Erik Bustillo
- Train 8Nine/CrossFit Coconut Grove, Erik Bustillo Consulting, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jose Gomez-Lopez
- Rehab & Nutrition Center, Human Performance Laboratory, Motion Training, Lo Barnechea, Chile
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
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Brooks SJ, Candow DG, Roe AJ, Fehrenkamp BD, Wilk VC, Bailey JP, Krumpl L, Brown AF. Creatine monohydrate supplementation changes total body water and DXA lean mass estimates in female collegiate dancers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2193556. [PMID: 36960692 PMCID: PMC10044149 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2193556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Collegiate dance is unique because it requires athletic and academic performance; therefore, optimizing physical and mental function is crucial. Research among athletic populations demonstrate improvements in body composition, performance, and cognition following creatine monohydrate (CR) supplementation, yet dancers have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of CR supplementation on body composition, performance, and cognitive function in female collegiate dancers. Participants were randomized to CR (CR; n = 7; 0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 CM +0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 corn-starch maltodextrin) or placebo (PL; n = 6; 0.2 g·kg -1·day -1 corn-starch maltodextrin) for 42 days. Pre- and post-testing included body composition, total body water (TBW), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Diet History Questionnaire, the National Institute of Health Toolbox fluid cognition battery and isokinetic strength, vertical jump, medicine ball throw, and Wingate anaerobic power test. CR demonstrated a significant increase in TBW (pre, 32.2 ± 3.5 kg; post, 32.7 ± 3.6 kg; p = 0.024) and lean mass (LM; pre, 39.8 ± 3.6 kg; post, 41.5 ± 4.5 kg; p = 0.020). CR supplementation may be an effective strategy to increase TBW and estimates of LM in female collegiate dancers. Although this may optimize aesthetics, larger samples sizes with resistance training are needed to determine if CR supplementation increases muscle mass and translates to improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Brooks
- University of Idaho, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- University of Regina, Aging Muscle & Bone Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Healthy Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Annie J Roe
- University of Idaho, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Victoria C Wilk
- University of Idaho, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Joshua P Bailey
- University of Idaho, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Lukas Krumpl
- University of Idaho, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Ann F Brown
- University of Idaho, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA
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Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Prokopidis K, Stock MS, Harmon KK, Faulkner P. "Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med 2023; 53:49-65. [PMID: 37368234 PMCID: PMC10721691 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging interest regarding the potential beneficial effects of creatine supplementation on indices of brain health and function. Creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine stores, which may help explain some of the positive effects on measures of cognition and memory, especially in aging adults or during times of metabolic stress (i.e., sleep deprivation). Furthermore, creatine has shown promise for improving health outcome measures associated with muscular dystrophy, traumatic brain injury (including concussions in children), depression, and anxiety. However, whether any sex- or age-related differences exist in regard to creatine and indices of brain health and function is relatively unknown. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) provide an up-to-date summary and discussion of the current body of research focusing on creatine and indices of brain health and function and (2) discuss possible sex- and age-related differences in response to creatine supplementation on brain bioenergetics, measures of brain health and function, and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Oliveira EF, Forbes SC, Borges EQ, Machado LF, Candow DG, Machado M. Association between dietary creatine and visuospatial short-term memory in older adults. Nutr Health 2023; 29:731-736. [PMID: 35603861 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The purpose was to examine the relationship between habitual dietary creatine intake obtained in food and visuospatial short-term memory (VSSM). Methods: Forty-two participants (32 females, 10 males; > 60 yrs of age) completed a 5-day dietary recall to estimate creatine intake and performed a cognitive assessment which included a visuospatial short-term memory test (forward and reverse corsi block test) and a mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Pearson correlation coefficients were determined. Further, cohorts were derived based on the median creatine intake. Results: There was a significant correlation between the forward Corsi (r = 0.703, P < 0.001), reverse Corsi (r = 0.715, P < 0.001), and the memory sub-component of the MMSE (r = 0.406, P = 0.004). A median creatine intake of 0.382 g/day was found. Participants consuming greater than the median had a significantly higher Corsi (P = 0.005) and reverse Corsi (P < 0.001) scores compared to participants ingesting less than the median. Conclusions: Dietary creatine intake is positively associated with measures of memory in older adults. Clinical Implications: Older adults should consider food sources containing creatine (i.e. red meat, seafood) due to the positive association with visuospatial short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Marco Machado
- Universidade Iguaçu Campus V, Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
- Itaperuna Universitary Foundation (FUNITA), Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Roberts MD, Moulding B, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to enhance exercise adaptations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:514-520. [PMID: 37650704 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this opinion paper is to provide current-day and evidence-based information regarding dietary supplements that support resistance training adaptations or acutely enhance strength-power or endurance performance. RECENT FINDINGS Several independent lines of evidence support that higher protein diets, which can be readily achieved through animal-based protein supplements, optimize muscle mass during periods of resistance training, and this likely facilitates strength increases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation and peri-exercise caffeine consumption also enhance strength and power through distinct mechanisms. Supplements that favorably affect aspects of endurance performance include peri-exercise caffeine, nitrate-containing supplements (e.g., beet root juice), and sodium bicarbonate consumption. Further, beta-alanine supplementation can enhance high-intensity endurance exercise efforts. SUMMARY Select dietary supplements can enhance strength and endurance outcomes, and take-home recommendations will be provided for athletes and practitioners aiming to adopt these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake Moulding
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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13
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Candow DG, Prokopidis K, Forbes SC, Rusterholz F, Campbell BI, Ostojic SM. Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:4343. [PMID: 37892421 PMCID: PMC10609732 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation has been shown to decrease body fat percentage in adults ≥ 50 years of age. However, the effect on adults < 50 years of age is currently unknown. To address this limitation, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed several meta-analyses comparing studies that included resistance exercise and creatine supplementation to resistance exercise and placebo on fat mass and body fat percentage Twelve studies were included, involving 266 participants. Adults (<50 years of age) who supplemented with creatine and performed resistance exercise experienced a very small, yet significant reduction in body fat percentage (-1.19%, p = 0.006); however, no difference was found in absolute fat mass (-0.18 kg, p = 0.76). Collectively, in adults < 50 years of age, the combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation produces a very small reduction in body fat percentage without a corresponding decrease in absolute fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;
| | - Flavia Rusterholz
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway;
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14
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Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Author's reply: Letter to the Editor: Double counting due to inadequate statistics leads to false-positive findings in "Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1497-1500. [PMID: 36644912 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- is with the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
- is with the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Triantafyllidis
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
- is with the Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
| | - Konstantinos S Kechagias
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
- is with the Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, and the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Scott C Forbes
- is with the Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- is with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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15
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Moriarty T, Bourbeau K, Dorman K, Runyon L, Glaser N, Brandt J, Hoodjer M, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Dose-Response of Creatine Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Healthy Young Adults. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1276. [PMID: 37759877 PMCID: PMC10526554 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine if creatine (Cr) supplementation could influence cognitive performance and whether any changes were related to changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation during such cognitive tasks, thirty (M = 11, F = 19) participants were evenly randomized to receive supplementation with Cr (CR10:10 g/day or CR20:20 g/day) or a placebo (PLA:10 g/day) for 6 weeks. Participants completed a cognitive test battery (processing speed, episodic memory, and attention) on two separate occasions prior to and following supplementation. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure PFC oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) during the cognitive evaluation. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the differences between the groups and the timepoints for the cognitive performance scores and PFC O2Hb. In addition, a one-way ANOVA of % change was used to determine pre- and post-differences between the groups. Creatine (independent of dosage) had no significant effect on the measures of cognitive performance. There was a trend for decreased relative PFC O2Hb in the CR10 group versus the PLA group in the processing speed test (p = 0.06). Overall, six weeks of Cr supplementation at a moderate or high dose does not improve cognitive performance or change PFC activation in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Moriarty
- Department of Kinesiology & Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; (K.B.); (K.D.); (L.R.); (N.G.); (J.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Kelsey Bourbeau
- Department of Kinesiology & Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; (K.B.); (K.D.); (L.R.); (N.G.); (J.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Katie Dorman
- Department of Kinesiology & Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; (K.B.); (K.D.); (L.R.); (N.G.); (J.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Lance Runyon
- Department of Kinesiology & Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; (K.B.); (K.D.); (L.R.); (N.G.); (J.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Noah Glaser
- Department of Kinesiology & Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; (K.B.); (K.D.); (L.R.); (N.G.); (J.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Jenna Brandt
- Department of Kinesiology & Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; (K.B.); (K.D.); (L.R.); (N.G.); (J.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Mallory Hoodjer
- Department of Kinesiology & Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; (K.B.); (K.D.); (L.R.); (N.G.); (J.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
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16
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Marcotte-Chénard A, Oliveira B, Little JP, Candow DG. Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic lifestyle interventions. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102835. [PMID: 37542749 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sarcopenia generally refers to the age-related reduction in muscle strength, functional ability, and muscle mass. Sarcopenia is a multifactorial condition associated with poor glucose disposal, insulin resistance, and subsequently type 2 diabetes (T2D). The pathophysiological connection between sarcopenia and T2D is complex but likely involves glycemic control, inflammation, oxidative stress, and adiposity. METHODS AND RESULTS Resistance exercise and aerobic training are two lifestyle interventions that may improve glycemic control in older adults with T2D and counteract sarcopenia. Further, there is evidence that dietary protein, Omega-3 fatty acids, creatine monohydrate, and Vitamin D hold potential to augment some of these benefits from exercise. CONCLUSIONS The purpose of this narrative review is: (1) discuss the pathophysiological link between age-related sarcopenia and T2D, and (2) discuss lifestyle interventions involving physical activity and nutrition that may counteract sarcopenia and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Marcotte-Chénard
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Barbara Oliveira
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada.
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17
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Giannos P, Prokopidis K, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Celoch K, Isanejad M, Pekovic-Vaughan V, Witard OC, Gabriel BM, Scott D. Shorter sleep duration is associated with greater visceral fat mass in US adults: Findings from NHANES, 2011-2014. Sleep Med 2023; 105:78-84. [PMID: 36966579 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Habitual declines in sleep duration and increased rates of obesity are public health concerns worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests a prominent link between reduced sleep duration and weight gain. Our cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between sleep duration and body fat distribution in US adults. We extracted data for 5151 participants (2575 men and 2576 women) aged 18-59 years from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. Weekday or workday night-time sleep duration was estimated using an in-home interview questionnaire. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were used to determine regional body fat mass (arms, legs, trunk [android and gynoid], and abdominal [subcutaneous and visceral]). Multiple linear regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed after adjusting for several demographic, anthropometric, and nutritional covariates. There was a significant negative association between sleep duration and visceral fat mass overall (β: -12.139, P < 0.001) and by sex (men: β: -10.096, P < 0.001; women: β: -11.545, P = 0.038), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, total body fat mass, daily energy and alcohol intake, sleep quality and sleep disorder status. Sleep duration and visceral fat appeared to plateau at ≥ 8 h of daily sleep. Sleep duration is negatively associated with visceral fat mass accumulation during adulthood with possibly no benefits beyond 8 h of sleep per day. Mechanistic and prospective studies are required to confirm the effect of sleep duration on visceral adiposity and determine its causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Giannos
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, UK; Society of Meta-research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK.
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Society of Meta-research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK; Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Kamil Celoch
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| | - Masoud Isanejad
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Brendan M Gabriel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Scott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Burke R, Piñero A, Coleman M, Mohan A, Sapuppo M, Augustin F, Aragon AA, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Swinton P, Schoenfeld BJ. The Effects of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Regional Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2116. [PMID: 37432300 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to carry out a systematic review with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that examined the combined effects of resistance training (RT) and creatine supplementation on regional changes in muscle mass, with direct imaging measures of hypertrophy. Moreover, we performed regression analyses to determine the potential influence of covariates. We included trials that had a duration of at least 6 weeks and examined the combined effects of creatine supplementation and RT on site-specific direct measures of hypertrophy (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or ultrasound) in healthy adults. A total of 44 outcomes were analyzed across 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria. A univariate analysis of all the standardized outcomes showed a pooled mean estimate of 0.11 (95% Credible Interval (CrI): -0.02 to 0.25), providing evidence for a very small effect favoring creatine supplementation when combined with RT compared to RT and a placebo. Multivariate analyses found similar small benefits for the combination of creatine supplementation and RT on changes in the upper and lower body muscle thickness (0.10-0.16 cm). Analyses of the moderating effects indicated a small superior benefit for creatine supplementation in younger compared to older adults (0.17 (95%CrI: -0.09 to 0.45)). In conclusion, the results suggest that creatine supplementation combined with RT promotes a small increase in the direct measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in both the upper and lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Burke
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Alec Piñero
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Adam Mohan
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Max Sapuppo
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Francesca Augustin
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, UK
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:416-427. [PMID: 35984306 PMCID: PMC9999677 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT From an energy perspective, the brain is very metabolically demanding. It is well documented that creatine plays a key role in brain bioenergetics. There is some evidence that creatine supplementation can augment brain creatine stores, which could increase memory. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on memory performance in healthy humans. DATA SOURCES The literature was searched through the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception until September 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Twenty-three eligible RCTs were initially identified. Ten RCTs examining the effect of creatine supplementation compared with placebo on measures of memory in healthy individuals met the inclusion criteria for systematic review, 8 of which were included in the meta-analysis. DATA ANALYSIS Overall, creatine supplementation improved measures of memory compared with placebo (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.29, 95%CI, 0.04-0.53; I2 = 66%; P = 0.02). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant improvement in memory in older adults (66-76 years) (SMD = 0.88; 95%CI, 0.22-1.55; I2 = 83%; P = 0.009) compared with their younger counterparts (11-31 years) (SMD = 0.03; 95%CI, -0.14 to 0.20; I2 = 0%; P = 0.72). Creatine dose (≈ 2.2-20 g/d), duration of intervention (5 days to 24 weeks), sex, or geographical origin did not influence the findings. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation enhanced measures of memory performance in healthy individuals, especially in older adults (66-76 years). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. 42021281027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- is with the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K Triantafyllidis
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos S Kechagias
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott C Forbes
- is with the Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- is with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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20
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Kositsawat J, Vogrin S, French C, Gebauer M, Candow DG, Duque G, Kirk B. Relationship Between Plasma Homocysteine and Bone Density, Lean Mass, Muscle Strength and Physical Function in 1480 Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Data from NHANES. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:45-54. [PMID: 36344761 PMCID: PMC9813058 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia induces oxidative stress and chronic inflammation (both of which are catabolic to bone and muscle); thus, we examined the association between homocysteine and body composition and physical function in middle-aged and older adults. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to build regression models. Plasma homocysteine (fluorescence immunoassay) was used as the exposure and bone mineral density (BMD; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; DXA), lean mass (DXA), knee extensor strength (isokinetic dynamometer; newtons) and gait speed (m/s) were used as outcomes. Regression models were adjusted for confounders (age, sex, race/Hispanic origin, height, fat mass %, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intakes, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and vitamin B12). All models accounted for complex survey design by using sampling weights provided by NHANES. 1480 adults (median age: 64 years [IQR: 56, 73]; 50.3% men) were included. In multivariable models, homocysteine was inversely associated with knee extensor strength (β = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96, 0.99, p = 0.012) and gait speed (β = 0.85, 95% CI 0.78, 0.94, p = 0.003) and borderline inversely associated with femur BMD (β = 0.84, 95% CI 0.69, 1.03, p = 0.086). In the sub-group analysis of older adults (≥ 65 years), homocysteine was inversely associated with gait speed and femur BMD (p < 0.05) and the slope for knee extensor strength and whole-body BMD were in the same direction. No significant associations were observed between homocysteine and total or appendicular lean mass in the full or sub-group analysis. We found inverse associations between plasma homocysteine and muscle strength/physical function, and borderline significant inverse associations for femur BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Vogrin
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - Chloe French
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Gebauer
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - Ben Kirk
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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21
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Sirant LW, Singh J, Martin S, Gaul CA, Stuart-Hill L, Candow DG, Mang C, Neary JP. Long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation during neurovascular coupling activation in retired male contact sport athletes. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:421-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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22
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Giannos P, Prokopidis K, Lidoriki I, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Celoch K, Candow DG, Ostojic SM, Forbes SC. Medium-chain triglycerides may improve memory in non-demented older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:817. [PMID: 36273115 PMCID: PMC9588230 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketosis has been exploited for its neuroprotective impact and treatment of neurological conditions via ketone production. Exogenous medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) supplementation may induce nutritional ketosis. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the effects of MCTs on memory function in older adults without cognitive impairment. METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science was employed from inception until April 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, investigating the impact of MCT oils on components of memory. Risk of bias (RoB2) tool was utilized for quality assessment. RESULTS Six trials were included for qualitative synthesis, in which two studies examined the effect of MCTs through a ketogenic meal. MCT supplementation compared to controls was associated with improved indices of memory function in 4 out of 6 studies, particularly working memory. A meta-analysis was not employed due to the low number of studies, therefore, a true effect measure of MCT supplementation was not explored. CONCLUSIONS MCT supplementation may enhance working memory in non-demented older adults. These effects may be more prominent in individuals with lower baseline scores, from short and long-term supplementation. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings in terms of optimal dose and MCTs composition, which may protect from memory decline during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Giannos
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Irene Lidoriki
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos K Triantafyllidis
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
| | - Konstantinos S Kechagias
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kamil Celoch
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
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Botero JP, dos Santos EEP, de Araújo RC, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Guijo JA, de Almeida Santana CC, do Prado WL. Effects Of Creatine Supplementation And Resistance Training On Muscle Strength In Older Females: Systematic Review/meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000876496.10863.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Forbes SC, Fairman CM, Gualano B, Roschel H. Creatine supplementation for older adults: Focus on sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty and Cachexia. Bone 2022; 162:116467. [PMID: 35688360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia refers to the age-related reduction in strength, muscle mass and functionality which increases the risk for falls, injuries and fractures. Sarcopenia is associated with other age-related conditions such as osteoporosis, frailty and cachexia. Identifying treatments to overcome sarcopenia and associated conditions is important from a global health perspective. There is evidence that creatine monohydrate supplementation, primarily when combined with resistance training, has favorable effects on indices of aging muscle and bone. These musculoskeletal benefits provide some rationale for creatine being a potential intervention for treating frailty and cachexia. The purposes of this narrative review are to update the collective body of research pertaining to the effects of creatine supplementation on indices of aging muscle and bone (including bone turnover markers) and present possible justification and rationale for its utilization in the treatment of frailty and cachexia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Prokopidis K, Kirwan RP, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Forbes SC, Candow DG. The impact of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on measures of glucose homeostasis in individuals with hepatic disorders: A systematic review of clinical studies. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 36:603-611. [PMID: 35996869 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation may influence glucose metabolism in individuals with impaired glycemic profile. This systematic review investigated the effects of isolated BCAA supplementation on measures of glucose homeostasis in individuals with hepatic disorders. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus for published clinical trials that investigated the effects of isolated BCAA supplementation on measures of glucose homeostasis, including serum glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) scores. RESULTS Eleven trials met the inclusion criteria. Only one study revealed a decrease in serum glucose from BCAA supplementation compared to three studies that showed increases. Five studies demonstrated no significant changes in serum glucose, and two studies displayed no changes in HbA1c following BCAA supplementation. Serum levels of insulin were decreased in three studies, remained unchanged in one, whilst increased in the remaining three studies. BCAA supplementation reduced HOMA-IR scores in two studies, increased HOMA-IR scores in another two or resulted in no changes in two other studies. CONCLUSIONS BCAA supplementation in isolation had no effect on overall glucose homeostasis in individuals with hepatic disorders, although some improvements on serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR scores were observed. Overall, there is little evidence to support the utilization of BCAA supplementation as a potential nutritional strategy for improving measures of glucose homeostasis in individuals with hepatic disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard P Kirwan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Konstantinos S Kechagias
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.,Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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26
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Sirant LW, Singh J, Martin S, Gaul CA, Stuart-Hill L, Candow DG, Mang C, Neary JP. Long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation during repeated squat-stands in retired contact sport athletes. Brain Inj 2022; 36:931-938. [PMID: 35968581 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2022.2109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a squat-stand maneuver that activated dynamic cerebral autoregulation. METHODS Active male retired contact sport athletes with a history of 3+ concussions (mTBI; n = 55), and active retired athletes with no concussion history (CTRL; n = 29) were recruited. Participants completed a 5-min squat-stand maneuve (10-s squat, 10-s stand, 0.05 Hz; 15 times). Oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), total (tHb) hemoglobin, and hemoglobin difference (HbDiff) were analyzed through the change in maximal and minimal values during the test (∆MAX), Z-scores, and standard deviations. RESULTS mTBI group showed left prefrontal cortex O2Hb ∆MAX (p = 0.046) and HbDiff ∆MAX (p = 0.018) were significantly higher. Within-group analyses showed significantly higher left HHb ∆MAX (p = 0.003) and lower left HbDiff Z-scores (p = 0.010) only in the mTBI group. The CTRL group demonstrated significantly lower left HbDiff SD (p = 0.039), tHb Z-scores (p = 0.030), and HbDiff ∆MAX (p = 0.037) compared to right prefrontal cortex response. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest changes in prefrontal cortex oxygenation potentially affecting the brain's ability to adapt to changing cerebral perfusion pressure after multiple previous concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Sirant
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Jyotpal Singh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Martin
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine A Gaul
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lynneth Stuart-Hill
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Cameron Mang
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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27
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Butchart S, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Mang CS, Gordon JJ, Ko J, Deprez D, Chilibeck PD, Ditor DS. Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Progressive Resistance Training in Stroke Survivors. Int J Exerc Sci 2022; 15:1117-1132. [PMID: 35992184 PMCID: PMC9362889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to investigate the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) and creatine supplementation in stroke survivors. Participants were randomized to one of two groups: creatine (n = 5; 51 ± 16y) or placebo (n = 3; 73 ± 8y) during 10 weeks of supervised PRT. Prior to and following PRT and supplementation, assessments were made for body composition (lean tissue and fat mass), muscle thickness, muscle strength (1-repetition maximum), functional exercise capacity (6-minute walk test, Berg Balance Scale; BBS), cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA), and symptoms of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7; GAD-7) and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CES-D). There were time main effects for leg press strength (increased; p = 0.001), chest press strength (increased; p = 0.003), elbow flexor muscle thickness (increased; p = 0.007), BBS (increased; p = 0.002), MoCA (increased; p = 0.031) and CES-D (decreased; p = 0.045). There was a group x time interaction for the 6 minute walk test (p = 0.039). The creatine group significantly increased walking distance over time (p = 0.002) with no change in the placebo group (p = 0.120). Ten weeks of PRT had some positive effects on measures of muscle strength and size, balance, cognition and depression. The addition of creatine to PRT significantly improved walking performance in stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Butchart
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, CANADA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, CANADA
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, CANADA
| | - Cameron S Mang
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, CANADA
| | - Julianne J Gordon
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA
| | - Jongbum Ko
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, CANADA
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, CANADA
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
| | - Dalton Deprez
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, CANADA
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, CANADA
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA
| | - David S Ditor
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
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28
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Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM, Forbes SC, Candow DG, Santos HO. The Influence of Age, Sex, and Type of Exercise on the Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation on Lean Body Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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29
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Giannos P, Prokopidis K, Forbes SC, Celoch K, Candow DG, Tartar JL. Gene Expression Changes of Murine Cortex Homeostasis in Response to Sleep Deprivation Hint Dysregulated Aging-like Transcriptional Responses. Brain Sci 2022; 12:825. [PMID: 35884632 PMCID: PMC9313387 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation leads to the deterioration in the physiological functioning of the brain, cognitive decline, and many neurodegenerative diseases, all of which progress with advancing age. Sleep insufficiency and impairments in cognitive function are characterized by progressive neuronal losses in the cerebral cortex. In this study, we analyze gene expression profiles following sleep-deprived murine models and circadian matched controls to identify genes that might underlie cortical homeostasis in response to sleep deprivation. Screening of the literature resulted in three murine (Mus musculus) gene expression datasets (GSE6514, GSE78215, and GSE33491) that included cortical tissue biopsies from mice that are sleep deprived for 6 h (n = 15) and from circadian controls that are left undisturbed (n = 15). Cortical differentially expressed genes are used to construct a network of encoded proteins that are ranked based on their interactome according to 11 topological algorithms. The analysis revealed three genes-NFKBIA, EZR, and SGK1-which exhibited the highest multi-algorithmic topological significance. These genes are strong markers of increased brain inflammation, cytoskeletal aberrations, and glucocorticoid resistance, changes that imply aging-like transcriptional responses during sleep deprivation in the murine cortex. Their potential role as candidate markers of local homeostatic response to sleep loss in the murine cortex warrants further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Giannos
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London W12 0BZ, UK;
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London W12 0BZ, UK;
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;
| | - Kamil Celoch
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; (K.C.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Jaime L. Tartar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; (K.C.); (J.L.T.)
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30
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Cornish SM, Cordingley DM, Shaw KA, Forbes SC, Leonhardt T, Bristol A, Candow DG, Chilibeck PD. Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:2221. [PMID: 35684018 PMCID: PMC9182791 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia negatively affects skeletal muscle mass and function in older adults. Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid supplementation, with or without resistance exercise training (RET), is suggested to play a role as a therapeutic component to prevent or treat the negative effects of sarcopenia. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the impact of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation with or without RET on measures of muscle mass and function in older adults (≥55 y). The data sources included SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Medline. All the study types involving ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of muscle mass and function in older adults (without disease) were included. The mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and pooled effects assessed. Sixteen studies (1660 females, 778 males) met our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. ω-3 fatty acid supplementation did not impact lean tissue mass (SMD 0.09 [-0.10, 0.28]). Benefits were observed for lower body strength (SMD 0.54 [0.33, 0.75]), timed-up-and-go (MD 0.29 [0.23, 0.35]s), and 30-s sit-to-stand performance (MD 1.93 [1.59, 2.26] repetitions) but not walking performance (SMD -0.01 [-0.10, 0.07]) or upper body strength (SMD 0.05 [-0.04, 0.13]). Supplementing with ω-3 fatty acids may improve the lower-body strength and functionality in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Cornish
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Dean M. Cordingley
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Pan Am Clinic Foundation, Winnipeg, MB R3M 3E4, Canada
| | - Keely A. Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.), (T.L.), (A.B.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Taylor Leonhardt
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.), (T.L.), (A.B.)
| | - Ainsley Bristol
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.), (T.L.), (A.B.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.), (T.L.), (A.B.)
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Candow DG, Forbes SC, Roberts MD, Roy BD, Antonio J, Smith-Ryan AE, Rawson ES, Gualano B, Roschel H. Creatine O'Clock: Does Timing of Ingestion Really Influence Muscle Mass and Performance? Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:893714. [PMID: 35669557 PMCID: PMC9163789 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.893714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that creatine supplementation augments the gains in muscle mass and performance during periods of resistance training. However, whether the timing of creatine ingestion influences these physical and physiological adaptations is unclear. Muscle contractions increase blood flow and possibly creatine transport kinetics which has led some to speculate that creatine in close proximity to resistance training sessions may lead to superior improvements in muscle mass and performance. Furthermore, creatine co-ingested with carbohydrates or a mixture of carbohydrates and protein that alter insulin enhance creatine uptake. The purpose of this narrative review is to (i) discuss the purported mechanisms and variables that possibly justify creatine timing strategies, (ii) to critically evaluate research examining the strategic ingestion of creatine during a resistance training program, and (iii) provide future research directions pertaining to creatine timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Scott C. Forbes
| | | | - Brian D. Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA, United States
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Arazi H, Aboutalebi S, Taati B, Cholewa JM, Candow DG. Effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance and indices of endocrine function following acute high-intensity resistance exercise in young athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:1-16. [PMID: 35599921 PMCID: PMC9116406 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2041988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance, plasma lactate, testosterone and cortisol levels, and the testosterone to cortisol (T/C) ratio in response to acute resistance exercise (RE). Method Using a double-blind, crossover study design, 10 handball players (age ± SD = 16 ± 1 yrs) without prior-structured RE experience performed a high-intensity RE session (leg press followed by bench press; 5 sets to volitional fatigue using 80% baseline 1 repetition maximum (1RM)), before and after 14 days of either placebo (maltodextrin) or betaine (2.5 g·d−1) supplementation. A 30-day washout period separated each treatment. 48 h prior to testing sessions, participants recorded their food intake and did not perform strenuous exercise. Venous blood was sampled before supplementation, and before and after each RE session. Results After betaine supplementation, participants performed more repetitions (p < 0.001) during the leg press (Betaine: 35.8 ± 4.3; Placebo: 24.8 ± 3.6, Cohen’s d = 2.77) and bench press (Betaine: 36.3 ± 2.6; Placebo: 26.1 ± 3.5, Cohen’s d = 3.34). Betaine resulted in lower post-exercise cortisol (Betaine: 7.6 ± 1.7; Placebo: 13 ± 3.4 µg.dL−1, p = 0.003, generalized eta squared (ηG2) = 0.49) and lactate (Betaine: 5.2 ± 0.3; Placebo: 6 ± 0.3 mmol.L−1, p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.96) and higher total testosterone (Betaine: 15.2 ± 2.2; Placebo: 8.7 ± 1.7 ng.mL−1, p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.87) and T/C ratio (Betaine: 0.21 ± 0.05; Placebo: 0.07 ± 0.02, p < 0.001, = 0.82). Conclusions Two weeks of betaine supplementation improved upper- and lower-body muscle endurance and influenced indices of endocrine function following an acute session of high-intensity RE in adolescent handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht Iran
| | - Shima Aboutalebi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht Iran
| | - Behzad Taati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht Iran
| | - Jason M. Cholewa
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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Grzyb K, Candow DG, Schoenfeld BJ, Bernat P, Butchart S, Neary JP. Effect of Equal Volume, High-Repetition Resistance Training to Volitional Fatigue, With Different Workout Frequencies, on Muscle Mass and Neuromuscular Performance in Postmenopausal Women. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:31-36. [PMID: 32028459 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Grzyb, K, Candow, DG, Schoenfeld, BJ, Bernat, P, Butchart, S, and Neary, JP. Effect of equal volume, high-repetition resistance training to volitional fatigue, with different workout frequencies, on muscle mass and neuromuscular performance in postmenopausal women. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 31-36, 2022-This study examined the effects of equal volume, high-repetition resistance training (HRRT) performed to volitional fatigue, with different workout frequencies, on muscle mass and neuromuscular performance (strength, endurance) in untrained postmenopausal women. Subjects were randomized to perform HRRT 2 d·wk-1 (HRRT-2; 3 sets of 20-30 repetitions/set for elbow and knee flexion and extension) or 3 d·wk-1 (HRRT-3; 2 sets of 20-30 repetitions/set per exercise) for 8 weeks. Baseline and post-training assessments were made for muscle thickness, strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and endurance (number of repetitions performed at 50% baseline 1RM) for elbow and knee flexor and extensor muscle groups. Significance was set at p < 0.05. There was a significant increase over time for all measures of muscle thickness, strength, and endurance (p < 0.005), with no differences between groups. Untrained postmenopausal women can expect to achieve similar improvements in muscle size, strength, and endurance when training 2 or 3 days per week, provided total weekly training volume is equal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Grzyb
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada ; and
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada ; and
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Health, Human Services and Nursing, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York
| | - Patrick Bernat
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada ; and
| | - Sara Butchart
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada ; and
| | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada ; and
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Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Souza-Junior TP, Candow DG. A high dose of creatine combined with resistance training appears to be required to augment indices of bone health in older adults. Ann Nutr Metab 2021; 78:183-186. [PMID: 34788768 DOI: 10.1159/000520967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Ostojic SM, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Do Pregnant Women Consume Enough Creatine? Evidence from NHANES 2011-2018. Ann Nutr Metab 2021; 78:114-116. [PMID: 34763333 DOI: 10.1159/000520818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Gordon JJ, Kontulainen S. Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Area and Density of Bone and Muscle in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2388-2395. [PMID: 34107512 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the efficacy of creatine (Cr) supplementation and any sex differences during supervised whole-body resistance training (RT) on properties of bone and muscle in older adults. METHODS Seventy participants (39 men, 31 women; mean age ± standard deviation: 58 ± 6 yr) were randomized to supplement with Cr (0.1 g·kg-1·d-1) or placebo (Pl) during RT (3 d·wk-1 for 1 yr). Bone geometry (radius and tibia) and muscle area and density (forearm and lower leg) were assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. RESULTS Compared with Pl, Cr increased or maintained total bone area in the distal tibia (Cr, Δ +17 ± 27 mm2; Pl, Δ -1 ± 22 mm2; P = 0.031) and tibial shaft (Cr, Δ 0 ± 9 mm2; Pl, Δ -5 ± 7 mm2; P = 0.032). Men on Cr increased trabecular (Δ +28 ± 31 mm2; P < 0.001) and cortical bone areas in the tibia (Δ +4 ± 4 mm2; P < 0.05), whereas men on Pl increased trabecular bone density (Δ +2 ± 2 mg·cm-3; P < 0.01). There were no bone changes in the radius (P > 0.05). Cr increased lower leg muscle density (Δ +0.83 ± 1.15 mg·cm-3; P = 0.016) compared with Pl (Δ -0.16 ± 1.56 mg·cm-3), with no changes in the forearm muscle. CONCLUSIONS One year of Cr supplementation and RT had some favorable effects on measures of bone area and muscle density in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, CANADA
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA
| | - Julianne J Gordon
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA
| | - Saija Kontulainen
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA
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dos Santos EEP, de Araújo RC, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Guijo JA, de Almeida Santana CC, do Prado WL, Botero JP. Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass in Older Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113757. [PMID: 34836013 PMCID: PMC8619193 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia refers to the age-related loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, which is associated with a reduced quality of life, particularly in older females. Resistance training (RT) is well established to be an effective intervention to counter indices of sarcopenia. Accumulating research indicates that the addition of creatine supplementation (Cr) to RT augments gains in muscle strength and muscle mass, compared to RT alone. However, some evidence indicates that sex differences may alter the effectiveness of Cr. Therefore, we systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of Cr + RT on measures of upper- and lower-body strength and muscle mass in older females. A systematic literature search was performed in nine electronic databases. Ten RCTs (N = 211 participants) were included the review. Overall, Cr significantly increased measures of upper-body strength (7 studies, n = 142, p = 0.04), with no effect on lower-body strength or measures of muscle mass. Sub-analyses revealed that both upper-body (4 studies, n = 97, p = 0.05) and lower-body strength (4 studies, n = 100, p = 0.03) were increased by Cr, compared to placebo in studies ≥ 24 weeks in duration. In conclusion, older females supplementing with Cr experience significant gains in muscle strength, especially when RT lasts for at least 24 weeks in duration. However, given the level of evidence, future high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellem Eduarda Pinheiro dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Campus Baixada Santista, Santos 11015-020, Brazil; (E.E.P.d.S.); (J.A.G.)
| | | | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4SOA2, Canada;
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.C.F.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Jaddy Antunes Guijo
- Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Campus Baixada Santista, Santos 11015-020, Brazil; (E.E.P.d.S.); (J.A.G.)
| | | | - Wagner Luiz do Prado
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA;
| | - João Paulo Botero
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Campus Baixada Santista, Santos 11015-020, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.C.F.); (J.P.B.)
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Lixandrão ME, Longobardi I, Leitão AE, Morais JVM, Swinton PA, Aihara AY, Goes PCK, Ugrinowitsch C, Candow DG, Gualano B, Roschel H. Daily Leucine Intake Is Positively Associated with Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in the Elderly. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103536. [PMID: 34684538 PMCID: PMC8539207 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher daily protein intake, with an emphasis on leucine content, is thought to mitigate age-related anabolic resistance, potentially counteracting age-related morphological and functional declines. The present study investigated potential associations between total daily leucine intake and dependent variables, including quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum dynamic muscle strength (1-RM) in a cohort of healthy free-living older individuals of both sexes (n = 67; 34/33 men/women). Participants performed three 24 h dietary recalls and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging exam followed by 1-RM tests. Our results demonstrate moderate associations between total daily leucine and both quadriceps CSA (r = 0.42; p = 0.004) and 1-RM (r = 0.45; p = 0.001). Furthermore, our exploratory biphasic linear regression analyses, adjusted for sex, age, and protein intake relative to body weight, revealed a plateau for daily leucine intake and muscle mass and muscle strength (~7.6–8.0 g·day−1) in older adults. In conclusion, we demonstrated that total daily leucine intake is associated with muscle mass and strength in healthy older individuals and this association remains after controlling for multiple factors, including overall protein intake. Furthermore, our breakpoint analysis revealed non-linearities and a potential threshold for habitual leucine intake, which may help guide future research on the effects of chronic leucine intake in age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Alice E. Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - João V. M. Morais
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Paul A. Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QE, UK;
| | - André Y. Aihara
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Paola C. K. Goes
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-8783
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Forbes SC, Krentz JR, Candow DG. Timing of creatine supplementation does not influence gains in unilateral muscle hypertrophy or strength from resistance training in young adults: a within-subject design. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1219-1225. [PMID: 34610729 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine supplementation, in close proximity to resistance training sessions, may be an important strategy to augment muscle accretion and strength. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation immediately before compared to immediately after unilateral resistance training on hypertrophy and strength. METHODS Using a counter-balanced, double-blind, repeated measures within-subject design, ten recreationally active participants (7 males; 3 females; age: 23±5 years; height: 174±9 cm; body mass: 73.5±9.7 kg) were randomized to supplement with creatine monohydrate (0.1 g/kg of body mass) immediately before and placebo immediately after training one side of the body and placebo immediately before and creatine immediately after training the other side of the body on alternate days. Resistance training consisted of elbow flexion and knee extension (3-6 sets at 80% 1-repetition maximum [1-RM]) for 8 weeks. Prior to and following training, muscle thickness (elbow flexors and leg extensors; ultrasonography) and strength (1-RM for the elbow flexors and knee extensors) was assessed. RESULTS There was a significant increase over time for muscle thickness, strength, and relative strength (P<0.01), with no differences between creatine ingestion strategies. Total training volume performed was similar between conditions (P=0.56). CONCLUSIONS Creatine supplementation, immediately before or immediately after unilateral resistance training, produces similar gains in muscle hypertrophy and strength in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada -
| | - Joel R Krentz
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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Ruple BA, Godwin JS, Mesquita PHC, Osburn SC, Vann CG, Lamb DA, Sexton CL, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Frugé AD, Kavazis AN, Young KC, Seaborne RA, Sharples AP, Roberts MD. Resistance training rejuvenates the mitochondrial methylome in aged human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21864. [PMID: 34423880 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100873rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) dynamically alters the skeletal muscle nuclear DNA methylome. However, no study has examined if RT affects the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylome. Herein, ten older, Caucasian untrained males (65 ± 7 y.o.) performed six weeks of full-body RT (twice weekly). Body composition and knee extensor torque were assessed prior to and 72 h following the last RT session. Vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were also obtained. VL DNA was subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing providing excellent coverage across the ~16-kilobase mtDNA methylome (254 CpG sites). Biochemical assays were also performed, and older male data were compared to younger trained males (22 ± 2 y.o., n = 7, n = 6 Caucasian & n = 1 African American). RT increased whole-body lean tissue mass (p = .017), VL thickness (p = .012), and knee extensor torque (p = .029) in older males. RT also affected the mtDNA methylome, as 63% (159/254) of the CpG sites demonstrated reduced methylation (p < .05). Several mtDNA sites presented a more "youthful" signature in older males after RT in comparison to younger males. The 1.12 kilobase mtDNA D-loop/control region, which regulates replication and transcription, possessed enriched hypomethylation in older males following RT. Enhanced expression of mitochondrial H- and L-strand genes and complex III/IV protein levels were also observed (p < .05). While limited to a shorter-term intervention, this is the first evidence showing that RT alters the mtDNA methylome in skeletal muscle. Observed methylome alterations may enhance mitochondrial transcription, and RT evokes mitochondrial methylome profiles to mimic younger men. The significance of these findings relative to broader RT-induced epigenetic changes needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Donald A Lamb
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew D Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert A Seaborne
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Olso, Norway
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Lewgood J, Oliveira B, Korzepa M, Forbes SC, Little JP, Breen L, Bailie R, Candow DG. Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:2378. [PMID: 34371888 PMCID: PMC8308746 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing, which creates a large economic burden. Diet is a critical factor in the treatment and management of T2D; however, there are a large number of dietary approaches and a general lack of consensus regarding the efficacy of each. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is twofold: (1) to critically evaluate the effects of various dietary strategies on diabetes management and treatment, such as Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, low-calorie and very low-calorie diets, intermittent fasting, low-carbohydrate and very low-carbohydrate diets, and low glycemic diets and (2) to examine several purported supplements, such as protein, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, and vitamin D to improve glucose control and body composition. This review can serve as a resource for those wanting to evaluate the evidence supporting the various dietary strategies and supplements that may help manage T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lewgood
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Barbara Oliveira
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Robert Bailie
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
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Asbaghi O, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Moosavian SP, Olyaei HP, Nazarian B, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Wong A, Candow DG, Dutheil F, Suzuki K, Alavi Naeini A. Folic Acid Supplementation Improves Glycemic Control for Diabetes Prevention and Management: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072355. [PMID: 34371867 PMCID: PMC8308657 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a growing interest in the considerable benefits of dietary supplementations, such as folic acid, on the glycemic profile. We aimed to investigate the effects of folic acid supplementation on glycemic control markers in adults. Methods: Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of folic acid supplementation on glycemic control markers published up to March 2021 were detected by searching online databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and ISI web of science, using a combination of related keywords. Mean change and standard deviation (SD) of the outcome measures were used to estimate the mean difference between the intervention and control groups at follow-up. Meta-regression and non-linear dose-response analysis were conducted to evaluate the association between pooled effect size and folic acid dosage (mg/day) and duration of the intervention (week). From 1814 detected studies, twenty-four studies reported fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) as an outcome measure. Results: Results revealed significant reductions in FBG (weighted mean difference (WMD): −2.17 mg/dL, 95% CI: −3.69, −0.65, p = 0.005), fasting insulin (WMD: −1.63 pmol/L, 95% CI: −2.53, −0.73, p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (WMD: −0.40, 95% CI: −0.70, −0.09, p = 0.011) following folic acid supplementation. No significant effect was detected for HbA1C (WMD: −0.27%, 95% CI: −0.73, 0.18, p = 0.246). The dose-response analysis showed that folic acid supplementation significantly changed HOMA-IR (r = −1.30, p-nonlinearity = 0.045) in non-linear fashion. However, meta-regression analysis did not indicate a linear relationship between dose, duration, and absolute changes in FBG, HOMA-IR, and fasting insulin concentrations. Conclusions: Folic acid supplementation significantly reduces some markers of glycemic control in adults. These reductions were small, which may limit clinical applications for adults with type II diabetes. Further research is necessary to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran;
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran;
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Seyedeh Parisa Moosavian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
| | - Hadi Pourmirzaei Olyaei
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1584743311, Iran;
| | - Behzad Nazarian
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran;
| | - Mahnaz Rezaei Kelishadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S OA2, Canada;
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Université Clermont Auvergne, WittyFit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Amirmansour Alavi Naeini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (A.A.N.)
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Forbes SC, Candow DG, Ostojic SM, Roberts MD, Chilibeck PD. Meta-Analysis Examining the Importance of Creatine Ingestion Strategies on Lean Tissue Mass and Strength in Older Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061912. [PMID: 34199420 PMCID: PMC8229907 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training (RT) augments gains in lean tissue mass and strength in aging adults; however, there is a large amount of heterogeneity between individual studies that may be related to creatine ingestion strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to (1) perform updated meta-analyses comparing creatine vs. placebo (independent of dosage and frequency of ingestion) during a resistance training program on measures of lean tissue mass and strength, (2) perform meta-analyses examining the effects of different creatine dosing strategies (lower: ≤5 g/day and higher: >5 g/day), with and without a creatine-loading phase (≥20 g/day for 5-7 days), and (3) perform meta-analyses determining whether creatine supplementation only on resistance training days influences measures of lean tissue mass and strength. Overall, creatine (independent of dosing strategy) augments lean tissue mass and strength increase from RT vs. placebo. Subanalyses showed that creatine-loading followed by lower-dose creatine (≤5 g/day) increased chest press strength vs. placebo. Higher-dose creatine (>5 g/day), with and without a creatine-loading phase, produced significant gains in leg press strength vs. placebo. However, when studies involving a creatine-loading phase were excluded from the analyses, creatine had no greater effect on chest press or leg press strength vs. placebo. Finally, creatine supplementation only on resistance training days significantly increased measures of lean tissue mass and strength vs. placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-727-9637
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4SOA2, Canada;
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovcenska 16, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | | | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;
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Pakulak A, Candow DG, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Forbes SC, Basta D. Effects of Creatine and Caffeine Supplementation During Resistance Training on Body Composition, Strength, Endurance, Rating of Perceived Exertion and Fatigue in Trained Young Adults. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:587-602. [PMID: 33759701 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1904085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose was to determine the separate and combined effects of creatine and caffeine supplementation during resistance training on body composition and muscle performance in trained young adults. Twenty-eight participants were randomized to supplement with creatine and caffeine (CR-CAF; n = 9, 22 ± 4 years; 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of creatine monohydrate + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of caffeine anhydrous micronized powder); creatine (CR; n = 7, 22 ± 4 years, 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of creatine + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of micronized cellulose), caffeine (CAF; n = 6, 19 ± 1 years, 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of caffeine + 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of maltodextrin) or placebo (PLA; n = 6, 23 ± 7 years, 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of maltodextrin + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 micronized cellulose) one hour prior to performing resistance training for 6 weeks. Before and after training and supplementation, fat-free and fat mass (air-displacement plethysmography), muscle thickness (elbow and knee flexors and extensors; ultrasound), muscle strength (1-repetition maximum [1-RM] for the leg press and chest press), and endurance (one set of repetitions to volitional fatigue using 50% baseline 1-RM for leg press and chest press) were assessed. There was a group x time interaction (p = 0.049) for knee extensor muscle thickness with CR experiencing an increase over time with no changes in the other groups. There were no other between group differences for any variable. In conclusion, creatine supplementation and resistance training results in a small improvement in knee extensor muscle accretion in trained young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Pakulak
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | | | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Canada
| | - Daniele Basta
- University Sport Center, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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Pourabbas M, Bagheri R, Hooshmand Moghadam B, Willoughby DS, Candow DG, Elliott BT, Forbes SC, Ashtary-Larky D, Eskandari M, Wong A, Dutheil F. Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030948. [PMID: 33804259 PMCID: PMC7999866 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effects of high-protein dairy milk ingestion on changes in body composition, strength, power, and skeletal muscle regulatory markers following 6 weeks of resistance training in trained young males. METHODS Thirty resistance-trained young males (age: 27 ± 3 years; training experience: 15 ± 2 months) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: high-protein dairy milk (both whey and casein) + resistance training (MR; n = 15) or isoenergetic carbohydrate (maltodextrin 9%) + resistance training (PR; n = 15). Milk and placebo were ingested immediately post-exercise (250 mL; 30 g protein) and 30 min before sleep (250 mL; 30 g protein). Before and after 6 weeks of linear periodized resistance training (4 times/week), body composition (bioelectrical impedance), strength, power, and serum levels of skeletal muscle regulatory markers (insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, follistatin, myostatin, and follistatin-myostatin ratio) were assessed. RESULTS The MR group experienced a significantly higher (p < 0.05) increase in lean mass, strength, and power (upper- and lower-body) than the PR group. Further, IGF-1, growth hormone, testosterone, follistatin, and follistatin-myostatin ratio were significantly increased, while cortisol and myostatin significantly decreased in the MR group than the PR group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The strategic ingestion of high-protein dairy milk (post-exercise and pre-sleep) during 6 weeks of resistance training augmented lean mass, strength, power, and altered serum concentrations of skeletal muscle regulatory markers in trained young males compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourabbas
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran 1961733114, Iran;
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (A.W.); Tel.: +98-937-909-2551 (R.B.); +1-703-908-7609 (A.W.)
| | | | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4SOA2, Canada;
| | - Bradley T. Elliott
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London WC2N 5DU, UK;
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran;
| | - Mozhgan Eskandari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Birjand, Birjand 9717434765, Iran;
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (A.W.); Tel.: +98-937-909-2551 (R.B.); +1-703-908-7609 (A.W.)
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CNRS, LaPSCo, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Witty Fit, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Antonio J, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Gualano B, Jagim AR, Kreider RB, Rawson ES, Smith-Ryan AE, VanDusseldorp TA, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 33557850 PMCID: PMC7871530 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementing with creatine is very popular amongst athletes and exercising individuals for improving muscle mass, performance and recovery. Accumulating evidence also suggests that creatine supplementation produces a variety of beneficial effects in older and patient populations. Furthermore, evidence-based research shows that creatine supplementation is relatively well tolerated, especially at recommended dosages (i.e. 3-5 g/day or 0.1 g/kg of body mass/day). Although there are over 500 peer-refereed publications involving creatine supplementation, it is somewhat surprising that questions regarding the efficacy and safety of creatine still remain. These include, but are not limited to: 1. Does creatine lead to water retention? 2. Is creatine an anabolic steroid? 3. Does creatine cause kidney damage/renal dysfunction? 4. Does creatine cause hair loss / baldness? 5. Does creatine lead to dehydration and muscle cramping? 6. Is creatine harmful for children and adolescents? 7. Does creatine increase fat mass? 8. Is a creatine 'loading-phase' required? 9. Is creatine beneficial for older adults? 10. Is creatine only useful for resistance / power type activities? 11. Is creatine only effective for males? 12. Are other forms of creatine similar or superior to monohydrate and is creatine stable in solutions/beverages? To answer these questions, an internationally renowned team of research experts was formed to perform an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding creatine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA.
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Medicine, FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Eric S Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
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Odgers JB, Zourdos MC, Helms ER, Candow DG, Dahlstrom B, Bruno P, Sousa CA. Rating of Perceived Exertion and Velocity Relationships Among Trained Males and Females in the Front Squat and Hexagonal Bar Deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S23-S30. [PMID: 33629974 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Odgers, JB, Zourdos, MC, Helms, ER, Candow, DG, Dahlstrom, B, Bruno, P, and Sousa, CA. Rating of perceived exertion and velocity relationships among trained males and females in the front squat and hexagonal bar deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S23-S30, 2021-This study examined the accuracy of intraset rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to predict repetitions in reserve (RIR) during sets to failure at 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on the front squat and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift (HHBD). Furthermore, the relationship between RPE and average concentric velocity (ACV) during the sets to failure was also determined. Fourteen males (29 ± 6 years, front squat relative 1RM: 1.78 ± 0.2 kg·kg-1, and HHBD relative 1RM: 3.0 ± 0.1 kg·kg-1) and 13 females (30 ± 5 years, front squat relative 1RM: 1.60 ± 0.2 kg·kg-1, and HHBD relative 1RM: 2.5 ± 0.3 kg·kg-1) visited the laboratory 3 times. The first visit tested 1RM on both exercises. During visits 2 and 3, which were performed in a counterbalanced order, subjects performed 4 sets to failure at 80% of 1RM for both exercises. During each set, subjects verbally indicated when they believed they were at "6" and "9" on the RIR-based RPE scale, and ACV was assessed during every repetition. The difference between the actual and predicted repetitions performed was recorded as the RPE difference (RPEDIFF). The RPEDIFF was significantly (p < 0.001) lower at the called 9 RPE versus the called 6 RPE in the front squat for males (9 RPE: 0.09 ± 0.19 versus 6 RPE: 0.71 ± 0.70) and females (9 RPE: 0.19 ± 0.36 versus 6 RPE: 0.86 ± 0.88) and in the HHBD for males (9 RPE: 0.25 ± 0.46 versus 6 RPE: 1.00 ± 1.12) and females (9 RPE: 0.21 ± 0.44 versus 6 RPE: 1.19 ± 1.16). Significant inverse relationships existed between RPE and ACV during both exercises (r = -0.98 to -1.00). These results indicate that well-trained males and females can gauge intraset RPE accurately during moderate repetition sets on the front squat and HHBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan B Odgers
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael C Zourdos
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida; and
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Barclay Dahlstrom
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul Bruno
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Colby A Sousa
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Forbes SC, Candow DG, Ferreira LHB, Souza-Junior TP. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Properties of Muscle, Bone, and Brain Function in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:318-335. [PMID: 33502271 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1877232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with reductions in muscle and bone mass and brain function, which may be counteracted by several lifestyle factors, of which exercise appears to be most beneficial. However, less than 20% of older adults (> 55 years of age) adhere to performing the recommended amount of resistance training (≥ 2 days/week) and less than 12% regularly meet the aerobic exercise guidelines (≥ 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise) required to achieve significant health benefits. Therefore, from a healthy aging and clinical perspective, it is important to determine whether other lifestyle interventions (independent of exercise) can have beneficial effects on aging muscle quality and quantity, bone strength, and brain function. Creatine, a nitrogen containing organic compound found in all cells of the body, has the potential to have favorable effects on muscle, bone, and brain health (independent of exercise) in older adults. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine and summarize the small body of research investigating the effects of creatine supplementation alone on measures of muscle mass and performance, bone mineral and strength, and indices of brain health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Luis H B Ferreira
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Sarshin A, Fallahi V, Forbes SC, Rahimi A, Koozehchian MS, Candow DG, Kaviani M, Khalifeh SN, Abdollahi V, Naderi A. Short-term co-ingestion of creatine and sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic performance in trained taekwondo athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:10. [PMID: 33478522 PMCID: PMC7819230 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine (CR) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) alone improve anaerobic performance. However, the ergogenic effects of CR and SB co-ingestion on taekwondo anaerobic performance remains unknown. METHODS Forty trained taekwondo athletes (21 ± 1 y.; 180.5 ± 7.3 cm; 72.7 ± 8.6 kg) were randomized to: (i) CR and SB (CR + SB; 20 g of CR+ 0.5 g·kg- 1·d- 1 of SB), (ii) CR, (iii) SB, (iv) placebo (PLA), or (v) control (CON) for 5 days. Before and after supplementation, participants completed 3 bouts of a Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT) to determine changes in peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI). Blood lactate (BL) was measured before, immediately following, and 3 min post-TAIKT. RESULTS PP and MP increased over time (P < 0.05) following CR + SB, CR, and SB ingestion, with no changes in the PLA or CON groups. There was a greater increase over time in MP following CR + SB (Absolute Δ: 1.15 ± 0.28 W∙kg67) compared to CR (Absolute Δ: 0.43 ± 0.33 W∙kg67; P < 0.001) and SB (Absolute Δ: 0.73 ± 0.24 W∙kg67; P = 0.03). There were no significant time and condition effect for FI (P > 0.05). BL increased following exercise across all groups; however, CR + SB and SB post-exercise BL was lower compared to CR, PLA, and CON (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Short-term CR and SB alone enhance TAIKT performance in trained taekwondo athletes. Co-ingestion of CR and SB augments MP compared to CR and SB alone, with similar PP improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sarshin
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Vahid Fallahi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A6A9, Canada
| | - Alireza Rahimi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid S Koozehchian
- Department of Kinesiology, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL, 36265, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Seyed Nemat Khalifeh
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
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50
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Bagheri R, Hooshmand Moghadam B, Ashtary-Larky D, Forbes SC, Candow DG, Galpin AJ, Eskandari M, Kreider RB, Wong A. Whole Egg Vs. Egg White Ingestion During 12 weeks of Resistance Training in Trained Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:411-419. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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