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Al-Abdely HM, Midgley CM, Alkhamis AM, Abedi GR, Lu X, Binder AM, Alanazi KH, Tamin A, Banjar WM, Lester S, Abdalla O, Dahl RM, Mohammed M, Trivedi S, Algarni HS, Sakthivel SK, Algwizani A, Bafaqeeh F, Alzahrani A, Alsharef AA, Alhakeem RF, Jokhdar HAA, Ghazal SS, Thornburg NJ, Erdman DD, Assiri AM, Watson JT, Gerber SI. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Dynamics and Antibody Responses among Clinically Diverse Patients, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:753-766. [PMID: 30882305 PMCID: PMC6433025 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.181595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) shedding and antibody responses are not fully understood, particularly in relation to underlying medical conditions, clinical manifestations, and mortality. We enrolled MERS-CoV–positive patients at a hospital in Saudi Arabia and periodically collected specimens from multiple sites for real-time reverse transcription PCR and serologic testing. We conducted interviews and chart abstractions to collect clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory information. We found that diabetes mellitus among survivors was associated with prolonged MERS-CoV RNA detection in the respiratory tract. Among case-patients who died, development of robust neutralizing serum antibody responses during the second and third week of illness was not sufficient for patient recovery or virus clearance. Fever and cough among mildly ill patients typically aligned with RNA detection in the upper respiratory tract; RNA levels peaked during the first week of illness. These findings should be considered in the development of infection control policies, vaccines, and antibody therapeutics.
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2
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Rogers AE, Lu X, Killerby M, Campbell E, Gallus L, Kamau E, Froh IB, Nowak G, Erdman DD, Sakthivel SK, Gerber SI, Schneider E, Watson JT, Johnson LA. Outbreak of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Adenovirus Type 4 at the U.S. Naval Academy, 2016. MSMR 2019; 26:21-27. [PMID: 30807199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are known to cause respiratory illness outbreaks at basic military training (BMT) sites. HAdV type-4 and -7 vaccines are routinely administered at enlisted BMT sites, but not at military academies. During August-September 2016, U.S. Naval Academy clinical staff noted an increase in students presenting with acute respiratory illness (ARI). An investigation was conducted to determine the extent and cause of the outbreak. During 22 August-11 September 2016, 652 clinic visits for ARI were identified using electronic health records. HAdV-4 was confirmed by realtime polymerase chain reaction assay in 18 out of 33 patient specimens collected and 1 additional HAdV case was detected from hospital records. Two HAdV-4 positive patients were treated for pneumonia including 1 hospitalized patient. Molecular analysis of 4 HAdV-4 isolates identified genome type 4a1, which is considered vaccine-preventable. Understanding the impact of HAdV in congregate settings other than enlisted BMT sites is necessary to inform discussions regarding future HAdV vaccine strategy.
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Kajon AE, Lamson DM, Bair CR, Lu X, Landry ML, Menegus M, Erdman DD, St George K. Adenovirus Type 4 Respiratory Infections among Civilian Adults, Northeastern United States, 2011-2015 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:201-209. [PMID: 29350143 PMCID: PMC5782899 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 4 (HAdV-4) is most commonly isolated in military settings. We conducted detailed molecular characterization on 36 HAdV-4 isolates recovered from civilian adults with acute respiratory disease (ARD) in the northeastern United States during 2011–2015. Specimens came from college students, residents of long-term care facilities or nursing homes, a cancer patient, and young adults without co-morbidities. HAdV-4 genome types 4a1 and 4a2, the variants most frequently detected among US military recruits in basic training before the restoration of vaccination protocols, were isolated in most cases. Two novel a-like variants were recovered from students enrolled at a college in Tompkins County, New York, USA, and a prototype-like variant distinguishable from the vaccine strain was isolated from an 18-year-old woman visiting a physician’s office in Ulster County, New York, USA, with symptoms of influenza-like illness. Our data suggest that HAdV-4 might be an underestimated causative agent of ARD among civilian adults.
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4
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Allen KE, Chommanard C, Haynes AK, Erdman DD, Gerber SI, Kim L. Respiratory syncytial virus testing capabilities and practices among National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System laboratories, United States, 2016. J Clin Virol 2018; 107:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Wu X, Lu X, Schneider E, Ahmed JA, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, Eidex RB, Erdman DD. Reassessment of high prevalence human adenovirus detections among residents of two refugee centers in Kenya under surveillance for acute respiratory infections. J Med Virol 2018; 91:385-391. [PMID: 30242854 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) were previously detected at high prevalence by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in the upper respiratory tract of residents of two Kenyan refugee camps under surveillance for acute respiratory infection (ARI) between October 2006 and April 2008. We sought to confirm this finding and characterize the HAdVs detected. Of 2148 respiratory specimens originally tested, 511 (23.8%) screened positive for HAdV and 510 were available for retesting. Of these, 421 (82.4%) were confirmed positive by repeat rRT-PCR or PCR and sequencing. Other respiratory viruses were codetected in 55.8% of confirmed HAdV-positive specimens. Species B and C viruses predominated at 82.8%, and HAdV-C1, -C2, and -B3 were the most commonly identified types. Species A, D, and F HAdVs, which are rarely associated with ARI, comprised the remainder. Viral loads were highest among species B HAdVs, particularly HAdV-B3. Species C showed the widest range of viral loads, and species A, D, and F were most often present at low loads and more often with codetections. These findings suggest that many HAdV detections were incidental and not a primary cause of ARI among camp patients. Species/type, codetections, and viral load determinations may permit more accurate HAdV disease burden estimates in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eileen Schneider
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jamal A Ahmed
- Surveillance, Lab and Data (SLD), Polio Eradication, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Kariuki Njenga
- Washington State University Global Health - Kenya, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel B Eidex
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
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6
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Al-Abdely HM, Midgley CM, Alkhamis AM, Abedi GR, Tamin A, Binder AM, Alanazi K, Lu X, Abdalla O, Sakthivel SK, Mohammed M, Queen K, Algarni HS, Li Y, Trivedi S, Algwizani A, Alhakeem RF, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Ghazal SS, Erdman DD, Assiri AM, Gerber SI, Watson JT. Infectious MERS-CoV Isolated From a Mildly Ill Patient, Saudi Arabia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy111. [PMID: 30294617 PMCID: PMC6016420 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic or mildly ill to severe respiratory illness including death. We describe isolation of infectious MERS-CoV from the upper respiratory tract of a mildly ill 27-year-old female in Saudi Arabia 15 days after illness onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire M Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Glen R Abedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alison M Binder
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Senthilkumar K Sakthivel
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Yan Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suvang Trivedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sameeh S Ghazal
- Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John T Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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7
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Payne DC, Biggs HM, Al-Abdallat MM, Alqasrawi S, Lu X, Abedi GR, Haddadin A, Iblan I, Alsanouri T, Al Nsour M, Sheikh Ali S, Rha B, Trivedi SU, Rasheed MAU, Tamin A, Lamers MM, Haagmans BL, Erdman DD, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI. Multihospital Outbreak of a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Deletion Variant, Jordan: A Molecular, Serologic, and Epidemiologic Investigation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy095. [PMID: 30294616 PMCID: PMC5965092 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Jordan in 2015 involved a variant virus that acquired distinctive deletions in the accessory open reading frames. We conducted a molecular and seroepidemiologic investigation to describe the deletion variant's transmission patterns and epidemiology. METHODS We reviewed epidemiologic and medical chart data and analyzed viral genome sequences from respiratory specimens of MERS-CoV cases. In early 2016, sera and standardized interviews were obtained from MERS-CoV cases and their contacts. Sera were evaluated by nucleocapsid and spike protein enzyme immunoassays and microneutralization. RESULTS Among 16 cases, 11 (69%) had health care exposure and 5 (31%) were relatives of a known case; 13 (81%) were symptomatic, and 7 (44%) died. Genome sequencing of MERS-CoV from 13 cases revealed 3 transmissible deletions associated with clinical illness during the outbreak. Deletion variant sequences were epidemiologically clustered and linked to a common transmission chain. Interviews and sera were collected from 2 surviving cases, 23 household contacts, and 278 health care contacts; 1 (50%) case, 2 (9%) household contacts, and 3 (1%) health care contacts tested seropositive. CONCLUSIONS The MERS-CoV deletion variants retained human-to-human transmissibility and caused clinical illness in infected persons despite accumulated mutations. Serology suggested limited transmission beyond that detected during the initial outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Holly M Biggs
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glen R Abedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Ibrahim Iblan
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Brian Rha
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suvang U Trivedi
- IHRC, Inc, contracting agency for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mohammed Ata Ur Rasheed
- IHRC, Inc, contracting agency for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Scott MK, Chommanard C, Lu X, Appelgate D, Grenz L, Schneider E, Gerber SI, Erdman DD, Thomas A. Human Adenovirus Associated with Severe Respiratory Infection, Oregon, USA, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1044-51. [PMID: 27191834 PMCID: PMC4880082 DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.151898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause respiratory infections, some severe. HAdV-B7, which can cause severe respiratory disease, has not been recently reported in the United States but is reemerging in Asia. During October 2013-July 2014, Oregon health authorities identified 198 persons with respiratory symptoms and an HAdV-positive respiratory tract specimen. Among 136 (69%) hospitalized persons, 31% were admitted to the intensive care unit and 18% required mechanical ventilation; 5 patients died. Molecular typing of 109 specimens showed that most (59%) were HAdV-B7, followed by HAdVs-C1, -C2, -C5 (26%); HAdVs-B3, -B21 (15%); and HAdV-E4 (1%). Molecular analysis of 7 HAdV-B7 isolates identified the virus as genome type d, a strain previously identified only among strains circulating in Asia. Patients with HAdV-B7 were significantly more likely than those without HAdV-B7 to be adults and to have longer hospital stays. HAdV-B7 might be reemerging in the United States, and clinicians should consider HAdV in persons with severe respiratory infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/history
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/classification
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Genotype
- History, 21st Century
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oregon/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Population Surveillance
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/history
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Symptom Assessment
- Young Adult
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9
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Lu X, Schneider E, Jain S, Bramley AM, Hymas W, Stockmann C, Ampofo K, Arnold SR, Williams DJ, Self WH, Patel A, Chappell JD, Grijalva CG, Anderson EJ, Wunderink RG, McCullers JA, Edwards KM, Pavia AT, Erdman DD. Rhinovirus Viremia in Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1104-1111. [PMID: 28968668 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinoviruses (RVs) are ubiquitous respiratory pathogens that often cause mild or subclinical infections. Molecular detection of RVs from the upper respiratory tract can be prolonged, complicating etiologic association in persons with severe lower respiratory tract infections. Little is known about RV viremia and its value as a diagnostic indicator in persons hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods Sera from RV-positive children and adults hospitalized with CAP were tested for RV by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Rhinovirus species and type were determined by partial genome sequencing. Results Overall, 57 of 570 (10%) RV-positive patients were viremic, and all were children aged <10 years (n = 57/375; 15.2%). Although RV-A was the most common RV species detected from respiratory specimens (48.8%), almost all viremias were RV-C (98.2%). Viremic patients had fewer codetected pathogens and were more likely to have chest retractions, wheezing, and a history of underlying asthma/reactive airway disease than patients without viremia. Conclusions More than 1 out of 7 RV-infected children aged <10 years hospitalized with CAP were viremic. In contrast with other RV species, RV-C infections were highly associated with viremia and were usually the only respiratory pathogen identified, suggesting that RV-C viremia may be an important diagnostic indicator in pediatric pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Seema Jain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Weston Hymas
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Krow Ampofo
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Sandra R Arnold
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | | | | | - Anami Patel
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis.,St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Andrew T Pavia
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
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10
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Binder AM, Biggs HM, Haynes AK, Chommanard C, Lu X, Erdman DD, Watson JT, Gerber SI. Human Adenovirus Surveillance - United States, 2003-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:1039-1042. [PMID: 28981484 PMCID: PMC5720882 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6639a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Binder
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
| | - Holly M Biggs
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
| | - Amber K Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
| | - Christina Chommanard
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
| | - John T Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC
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11
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Killerby ME, Stuckey MJ, Guendel I, Sakthivel S, Lu X, Erdman DD, Schneider E, Fagan R, Davis MS, Watson JT, Gerber SI, Biggs HM, Ellis EM. Notes from the Field: Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis Outbreak Associated with Human Adenovirus Type 8 - U.S. Virgin Islands, June-November 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:811-812. [PMID: 28771460 PMCID: PMC5720879 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6630a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Al-Abdallat MM, Rha B, Alqasrawi S, Payne DC, Iblan I, Binder AM, Haddadin A, Nsour MA, Alsanouri T, Mofleh J, Whitaker B, Lindstrom SL, Tong S, Ali SS, Dahl RM, Berman L, Zhang J, Erdman DD, Gerber SI. Acute respiratory infections among returning Hajj pilgrims-Jordan, 2014. J Clin Virol 2017; 89:34-37. [PMID: 28226273 PMCID: PMC7106359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance for respiratory illness in Hajj pilgrims took place in Jordan in 2014. 58% of the 125 subjects returning from Hajj tested positive for at least one virus. Rhino/enterovirus was the most commonly detected viral pathogen (47% of subjects). No cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus were detected.
Background The emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has prompted enhanced surveillance for respiratory infections among pilgrims returning from the Hajj, one of the largest annual mass gatherings in the world. Objectives To describe the epidemiology and etiologies of respiratory illnesses among pilgrims returning to Jordan after the 2014 Hajj. Study design Surveillance for respiratory illness among pilgrims returning to Jordan after the 2014 Hajj was conducted at sentinel health care facilities using epidemiologic surveys and molecular diagnostic testing of upper respiratory specimens for multiple respiratory pathogens, including MERS-CoV. Results Among the 125 subjects, 58% tested positive for at least one virus; 47% tested positive for rhino/enterovirus. No cases of MERS-CoV were detected. Conclusions The majority of pilgrims returning to Jordan from the 2014 Hajj with respiratory illness were determined to have a viral etiology, but none were due to MERS-CoV. A greater understanding of the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections among returning travelers to other countries after Hajj should help optimize surveillance systems and inform public health response practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Rha
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sultan Alqasrawi
- Communicable Diseases Directorate, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Iblan
- Jordan Field Epidemiology Training Program, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alison M Binder
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Aktham Haddadin
- Directorate of Laboratories, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Tarek Alsanouri
- Directorate of Laboratories, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jawad Mofleh
- Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan
| | - Brett Whitaker
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen L Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sami Sheikh Ali
- Communicable Diseases Directorate, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - LaShondra Berman
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Lee S, Nguyen MT, Currier MG, Jenkins JB, Strobert EA, Kajon AE, Madan-Lala R, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Roy K, Lu X, Erdman DD, Spearman P, Moore ML. Immunogenicity of 50-Valent Rhinovirus Vaccine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Lamers MM, Raj VS, Shafei M, Ali SS, Abdallh SM, Gazo M, Nofal S, Lu X, Erdman DD, Koopmans MP, Abdallat M, Haddadin A, Haagmans BL. Deletion Variants of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from Humans, Jordan, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:716-9. [PMID: 26981770 PMCID: PMC4806954 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.152065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses from a hospital outbreak in Jordan in 2015. The viruses from Jordan were highly similar to isolates from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, except for deletions in open reading frames 4a and 3. Transmissibility and pathogenicity of this strain remains to be determined.
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15
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Alhakeem RF, Midgley CM, Assiri AM, Alessa M, Al Hawaj H, Saeed AB, Almasri MM, Lu X, Abedi GR, Abdalla O, Mohammed M, Algarni HS, Al-Abdely HM, Alsharef AA, Nooh R, Erdman DD, Gerber SI, Watson JT. Exposures among MERS Case-Patients, Saudi Arabia, January-February 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:2020-2022. [PMID: 27606432 PMCID: PMC5088020 DOI: 10.3201/eid2211.161042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Lee S, Nguyen MT, Currier MG, Jenkins JB, Strobert EA, Kajon AE, Madan-Lala R, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Roy K, Lu X, Erdman DD, Spearman P, Moore ML. A polyvalent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine is broadly immunogenic in rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12838. [PMID: 27653379 PMCID: PMC5036149 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As the predominant aetiological agent of the common cold, human rhinovirus (HRV) is the leading cause of human infectious disease. Early studies showed that a monovalent formalin-inactivated HRV vaccine can be protective, and virus-neutralizing antibodies (nAb) correlated with protection. However, co-circulation of many HRV types discouraged further vaccine efforts. Here, we test the hypothesis that increasing virus input titres in polyvalent inactivated HRV vaccine may result in broad nAb responses. We show that serum nAb against many rhinovirus types can be induced by polyvalent, inactivated HRVs plus alhydrogel (alum) adjuvant. Using formulations up to 25-valent in mice and 50-valent in rhesus macaques, HRV vaccine immunogenicity was related to sufficient quantity of input antigens, and valency was not a major factor for potency or breadth of the response. Thus, we have generated a vaccine capable of inducing nAb responses to numerous and diverse HRV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Minh Trang Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Michael G Currier
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Joe B Jenkins
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Strobert
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Ranjna Madan-Lala
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Paul Spearman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Abstract
Virus was detected in the lung and trachea of a deceased patient. WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) was detected in a bone marrow transplant recipient with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome who died in 2001. Crystalline lattices of polyomavirus-like particles were observed in the patient’s lung by electron microscopy. WUPyV was detected in the lung and other tissues by real-time quantitative PCR and identified in the lung and trachea by immunohistochemistry. A subset of WUPyV-positive cells in the lung had morphologic features of macrophages. Although the role of WUPyV as a human pathogen remains unclear, these results clearly demonstrate evidence for infection of respiratory tract tissues in this patient.
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18
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Assiri A, Abedi GR, Bin Saeed AA, Abdalla MA, al-Masry M, Choudhry AJ, Lu X, Erdman DD, Tatti K, Binder AM, Rudd J, Tokars J, Miao C, Alarbash H, Nooh R, Pallansch M, Gerber SI, Watson JT. Multifacility Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:32-40. [PMID: 26692003 PMCID: PMC4696715 DOI: 10.3201/eid2201.151370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel respiratory pathogen first reported in 2012. During September 2014-January 2015, an outbreak of 38 cases of MERS was reported from 4 healthcare facilities in Taif, Saudi Arabia; 21 of the 38 case-patients died. Clinical and public health records showed that 13 patients were healthcare personnel (HCP). Fifteen patients, including 4 HCP, were associated with 1 dialysis unit. Three additional HCP in this dialysis unit had serologic evidence of MERS-CoV infection. Viral RNA was amplified from acute-phase serum specimens of 15 patients, and full spike gene-coding sequencing was obtained from 10 patients who formed a discrete cluster; sequences from specimens of 9 patients were closely related. Similar gene sequences among patients unlinked by time or location suggest unrecognized viral transmission. Circulation persisted in multiple healthcare settings over an extended period, underscoring the importance of strengthening MERS-CoV surveillance and infection-control practices.
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19
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Lu X, Rowe LA, Frace M, Stevens J, Abedi GR, Elnile O, Banassir T, Al-Masri M, Watson JT, Assiri A, Erdman DD. Spike gene deletion quasispecies in serum of patient with acute MERS-CoV infection. J Med Virol 2016; 89:542-545. [PMID: 27486688 PMCID: PMC7166981 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spike glycoprotein of the Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) facilitates receptor binding and cell entry. During investigation of a multi-facility outbreak of MERS-CoV in Taif, Saudi Arabia, we identified a mixed population of wild-type and variant sequences with a large 530 nucleotide deletion in the spike gene from the serum of one patient. The out of frame deletion predicted loss of most of the S2 subunit of the spike protein leaving the S1 subunit with an intact receptor binding domain. This finding documents human infection with a novel genetic variant of MERS-CoV present as a quasispecies. J. Med. Virol. 89:542-545, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lori A Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Frace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Stevens
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glen R Abedi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - John T Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Dean D Erdman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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20
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Assiri AM, Biggs HM, Abedi GR, Lu X, Bin Saeed A, Abdalla O, Mohammed M, Al-Abdely HM, Algarni HS, Alhakeem RF, Almasri MM, Alsharef AA, Nooh R, Erdman DD, Gerber SI, Watson JT. Increase in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Cases in Saudi Arabia Linked to Hospital Outbreak With Continued Circulation of Recombinant Virus, July 1-August 31, 2015. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw165. [PMID: 27704019 PMCID: PMC5047409 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During July–August 2015, the number of cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) reported from Saudi Arabia increased dramatically. We reviewed the 143 confirmed cases from this period and classified each based upon likely transmission source. We found that the surge in cases resulted predominantly (90%) from secondary transmission largely attributable to an outbreak at a single healthcare facility in Riyadh. Genome sequencing of MERS coronavirus from 6 cases demonstrated continued circulation of the recently described recombinant virus. A single unique frameshift deletion in open reading frame 5 was detected in the viral sequence from 1 case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly M Biggs
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glen R Abedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Abdulaziz Bin Saeed
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Randa Nooh
- Ministry of Health , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John T Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Lu X, Erdman DD. Quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and type-specific identification of the endemic species C human adenoviruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:174-178. [PMID: 27363737 PMCID: PMC7173114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are medically important respiratory pathogens. Among the 7 recognized species (A-G), species C HAdVs (serotypes 1, 2, 5 and 6) are globally endemic and infect most people early in life. Species C HAdV infections are most often subclinical or mild and can lead to persistent shedding from the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts. They can also cause severe disseminated disease in newborn and immunocompromised persons, where rapid and quantitative detection and identification of the virus would help guide therapeutic intervention. To this end, we developed quantitative type-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assays for HAdV-1, -2, -5 and -6 targeting the HAdV hexon gene. All type-specific qPCR assays reproducibly detected as few as 5 copies/reaction of quantified hexon recombinant plasmids with a linear dynamic range of 8 log units (5-5×107 copies). No non-specific amplifications were observed with concentrated nucleic acid from other HAdV types or other common respiratory pathogens. Of 199 previously typed HAdV field isolates and positive clinical specimens, all were detected and correctly identified to type by the qPCR assays; 10 samples had 2 HAdV types and 1 sample had 3 types identified which were confirmed by amplicon sequencing. The species C HAdV qPCR assays permit rapid, sensitive, specific and quantitative detection and identification of four recognized endemic HAdVs. Together with our previously developed qPCR assays for the epidemic respiratory HAdVs, these assays provide a convenient alternative to classical typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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22
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Williams HA, Dunville RL, Gerber SI, Erdman DD, Pesik N, Kuhar D, Mason KA, Haynes L, Rotz L, St Pierre J, Poser S, Bunga S, Pallansch MA, Swerdlow DL. CDC's Early Response to a Novel Viral Disease, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), September 2012-May 2014. Public Health Rep 2015; 130:307-17. [PMID: 26345122 DOI: 10.1177/003335491513000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The first ever case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was reported in September 2012. This report describes the approaches taken by CDC, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners, to respond to this novel virus, and outlines the agency responses prior to the first case appearing in the United States in May 2014. During this time, CDC's response integrated multiple disciplines and was divided into three distinct phases: before, during, and after the initial activation of its Emergency Operations Center. CDC's response to MERS-CoV required a large effort, deploying at least 353 staff members who worked in the areas of surveillance, laboratory capacity, infection control guidance, and travelers' health. This response built on CDC's experience with previous outbreaks of other pathogens and provided useful lessons for future emerging threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Ann Williams
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard L Dunville
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nicki Pesik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, GA
| | - David Kuhar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Health Care Quality and Promotion, Atlanta, GA
| | - Karen A Mason
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lia Haynes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lisa Rotz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeanette St Pierre
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah Poser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sudhir Bunga
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mark A Pallansch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA
| | - David L Swerdlow
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Science and Integrated Programs, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA
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Slater OM, Terio KA, Zhang Y, Erdman DD, Schneider E, Kuypers JM, Wolinsky SM, Kunstman KJ, Kunstman J, Kinsel MJ, Gamble KC. Human metapneumovirus infection in chimpanzees, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:2115-8. [PMID: 25417845 PMCID: PMC4257807 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic disease transmission and infections are of particular concern for humans and closely related great apes. In 2009, an outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection was associated with the death of a captive chimpanzee in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Biosecurity and surveillance for this virus in captive great ape populations should be considered.
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24
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Khalafalla AI, Lu X, Al-Mubarak AIA, Dalab AHS, Al-Busadah KAS, Erdman DD. MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:1153-8. [PMID: 26079346 PMCID: PMC4480395 DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1-2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013-May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Of 96 live camels, 28 (29.2%) nasal swab samples were positive; of 91 camel carcasses, 56 (61.5%) lung tissue samples were positive. Positive samples were more commonly found among young animals (<4 years of age) than adults (>4 years of age). The proportions of positive samples varied by month for both groups; detection peaked during November 2013 and January 2014 and declined in March and May 2014. These findings further our understanding of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels and may help inform intervention strategies to reduce zoonotic infections.
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25
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Breiman RF, Cosmas L, Njenga M, Williamson J, Mott JA, Katz MA, Erdman DD, Schneider E, Oberste M, Neatherlin JC, Njuguna H, Ondari DM, Odero K, Okoth GO, Olack B, Wamola N, Montgomery JM, Fields BS, Feikin DR. Severe acute respiratory infection in children in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya, 2007-2011. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:95. [PMID: 25879805 PMCID: PMC4351931 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing acute respiratory infection burden in children in Africa remains a major priority and challenge. We analyzed data from population-based infectious disease surveillance for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) among children <5 years of age in Kibera, a densely populated urban slum in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods Surveillance was conducted among a monthly mean of 5,874 (range = 5,778-6,411) children <5 years old in two contiguous villages in Kibera. Participants had free access to the study clinic and their health events and utilization were noted during biweekly home visits. Patients meeting criteria for SARI (WHO-defined severe or very severe pneumonia, or oxygen saturation <90%) from March 1, 2007-February 28, 2011 had blood cultures processed for bacteria, and naso- and oro- pharyngeal swabs collected for quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing for influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Swabs collected during January 1, 2009 – February 28, 2010 were also tested for rhinoviruses, enterovirus, parechovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella species. Swabs were collected for simultaneous testing from a selected group of control-children visiting the clinic without recent respiratory or diarrheal illnesses. Results SARI overall incidence was 12.4 cases/100 person-years of observation (PYO) and 30.4 cases/100 PYO in infants. When comparing detection frequency in swabs from 815 SARI cases and 115 healthy controls, only RSV and influenza A virus were significantly more frequently detected in cases, although similar trends neared statistical significance for PIV, adenovirus and hMPV. The incidence for RSV was 2.8 cases/100 PYO and for influenza A was 1.0 cases/100 PYO. When considering all PIV, the rate was 1.1 case/100 PYO and the rate per 100 PYO for SARI-associated disease was 1.5 for adenovirus and 0.9 for hMPV. RSV and influenza A and B viruses were estimated to account for 16.2% and 6.7% of SARI cases, respectively; when taken together, PIV, adenovirus, and hMPV may account for >20% additional cases. Conclusions Influenza viruses and RSV (and possibly PIV, hMPV and adenoviruses) are important pathogens to consider when developing technologies and formulating strategies to treat and prevent SARI in children.
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Oliveira DBL, Iwane MK, Prill MM, Weinberg GA, Williams JV, Griffin MR, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Hall CB, Durigon EL, Erdman DD. Molecular characterization of respiratory syncytial viruses infecting children reported to have received palivizumab immunoprophylaxis. J Clin Virol 2015; 65:26-31. [PMID: 25766983 PMCID: PMC7172275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Palivizumab (PZ) immunoprophylaxis of high-risk children reduces RSV hospitalizations. PZ resistance mutations can result in RSV breakthrough infections in PZ recipients. PZ resistance mutations were identified in 10.2% of children reportedly receiving PZ. PZ resistance mutations did not account for the majority of PZ failures.
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infections in children. Palivizumab (PZ) is the only RSV-specific immunoprophylaxis approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in the PZ binding site of the RSV F protein have been associated with breakthrough RSV infections in patients receiving PZ. Objective To detect PZ resistance conferring mutations in RSV strains from children who received PZ. Study design Children aged ≤24 months on October 31 who were hospitalized or had outpatient visits for respiratory illness and/or fever during October–May 2001–2008 in 3 US counties were included. PZ receipt was obtained from parent interviews and medical records among children subsequently infected with RSV. Archived nasal/throat swab specimens were tested for RSV by real-time RT-PCR. The coding region of the PZ binding site of the RSV F protein was sequenced using both Sanger and pyrosequencing methods. Results Of 8762 enrolled children, 375 (4.3%) were tested for RSV and had a history of PZ receipt, of which 56 (14.9%) were RSV-positive and 45 of these had available archived specimens. Molecular typing identified 42 partial F gene sequences in specimens from 39 children: 19 single RSV subgroup A, 17 subgroup B and 3 mixed infections. Nucleotide substitutions were identified in 12/42 (28.6%) RSV strains. PZ resistance mutations were identified in 4 (10.2%) of the 39 children, of which one had documented PZ receipt. Conclusions Although RSV PZ resistance mutations were infrequent, most RSV-associated illnesses in children with a history of PZ receipt were not due to strain resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marika K Iwane
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mila M Prill
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary A Staat
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Caroline B Hall
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edison L Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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28
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Al-Abdallat MM, Payne DC, Alqasrawi S, Rha B, Tohme RA, Abedi GR, Al Nsour M, Iblan I, Jarour N, Farag NH, Haddadin A, Al-Sanouri T, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Kuhar DT, Swerdlow DL, Erdman DD, Pallansch MA, Haynes LM, Gerber SI. Hospital-associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1225-33. [PMID: 24829216 PMCID: PMC4834865 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In April 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health investigated an outbreak of lower respiratory illnesses at a hospital in Jordan; 2 fatal cases were retrospectively confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to be the first detected cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). METHODS Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of selected potential cases were assessed through serum blood specimens, medical record reviews, and interviews with surviving outbreak members, household contacts, and healthcare personnel. Cases of MERS-CoV infection were identified using 3 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention serologic tests for detection of anti-MERS-CoV antibodies. RESULTS Specimens and interviews were obtained from 124 subjects. Seven previously unconfirmed individuals tested positive for anti-MERS-CoV antibodies by at least 2 of 3 serologic tests, in addition to 2 fatal cases identified by rRT-PCR. The case-fatality rate among the 9 total cases was 22%. Six subjects were healthcare workers at the outbreak hospital, yielding an attack rate of 10% among potentially exposed outbreak hospital personnel. There was no evidence of MERS-CoV transmission at 2 transfer hospitals having acceptable infection control practices. CONCLUSIONS Novel serologic tests allowed for the detection of otherwise unrecognized cases of MERS-CoV infection among contacts in a Jordanian hospital-associated respiratory illness outbreak in April 2012, resulting in a total of 9 test-positive cases. Serologic results suggest that further spread of this outbreak to transfer hospitals did not occur. Most subjects had no major, underlying medical conditions; none were on hemodialysis. Our observed case-fatality rate was lower than has been reported from outbreaks elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C. Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Sultan Alqasrawi
- CommunicableDiseases Directorate, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | - Brian Rha
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
- Epidemic Intelligence Service
| | - Rania A. Tohme
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glen R. Abedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | | | - Ibrahim Iblan
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | - Najwa Jarour
- CommunicableDiseases Directorate, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | - Noha H. Farag
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aktham Haddadin
- Directorate of Laboratories, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | | | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Jennifer L. Harcourt
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - David T. Kuhar
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David L. Swerdlow
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Dean D. Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Mark A. Pallansch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Lia M. Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Susan I. Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
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29
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Al-Abdallat MM, Payne DC, Alqasrawi S, Rha B, Tohme RA, Abedi GR, Al Nsour M, Iblan I, Jarour N, Farag NH, Haddadin A, Al-Sanouri T, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Kuhar DT, Swerdlow DL, Erdman DD, Pallansch MA, Haynes LM, Gerber SI. Hospital-associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description. Clin Infect Dis 2014. [PMID: 24829216 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu359.hospital-associated] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In April 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health investigated an outbreak of lower respiratory illnesses at a hospital in Jordan; 2 fatal cases were retrospectively confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to be the first detected cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). METHODS Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of selected potential cases were assessed through serum blood specimens, medical record reviews, and interviews with surviving outbreak members, household contacts, and healthcare personnel. Cases of MERS-CoV infection were identified using 3 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention serologic tests for detection of anti-MERS-CoV antibodies. RESULTS Specimens and interviews were obtained from 124 subjects. Seven previously unconfirmed individuals tested positive for anti-MERS-CoV antibodies by at least 2 of 3 serologic tests, in addition to 2 fatal cases identified by rRT-PCR. The case-fatality rate among the 9 total cases was 22%. Six subjects were healthcare workers at the outbreak hospital, yielding an attack rate of 10% among potentially exposed outbreak hospital personnel. There was no evidence of MERS-CoV transmission at 2 transfer hospitals having acceptable infection control practices. CONCLUSIONS Novel serologic tests allowed for the detection of otherwise unrecognized cases of MERS-CoV infection among contacts in a Jordanian hospital-associated respiratory illness outbreak in April 2012, resulting in a total of 9 test-positive cases. Serologic results suggest that further spread of this outbreak to transfer hospitals did not occur. Most subjects had no major, underlying medical conditions; none were on hemodialysis. Our observed case-fatality rate was lower than has been reported from outbreaks elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Sultan Alqasrawi
- Communicable Diseases Directorate, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | - Brian Rha
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Epidemic Intelligence Service
| | - Rania A Tohme
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glen R Abedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | | | - Ibrahim Iblan
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | - Najwa Jarour
- Communicable Diseases Directorate, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | - Noha H Farag
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aktham Haddadin
- Directorate of Laboratories, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman
| | | | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Jennifer L Harcourt
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - David T Kuhar
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David L Swerdlow
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Mark A Pallansch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Lia M Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
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30
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Zhang Y, Brooks WA, Goswami D, Rahman M, Luby SP, Erdman DD. A duplex recombinant viral nucleoprotein microbead immunoassay for simultaneous detection of seroresponses to human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus infections. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:55-62. [PMID: 24859050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serologic diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections has been shown to complement virus detection methods in epidemiologic studies. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) using cultured virus lysate antigens are often used to diagnose infection by demonstration of a ≥4-fold rises in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum pairs. In this study, hRSV and hMPV nucleocapsid (recN) proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system and their performance compared with virus culture lysate antigen in EIAs using paired serum specimens collected from symptomatic children. The recN proteins were also used to develop a duplex assay based on the Luminex microbead-based suspension array technology, where diagnostic rises in antibody levels could be determined simultaneously at a single serum dilution. Antibody levels measured by the recN and viral lysate EIAs correlated moderately (hRSV, r(2)=0.72; hMPV, r(2)=0.76); the recN EIAs identified correctly 35 of 37 (94.6%) and 48 of 50 (96%) serum pairs showing diagnostic antibody rises by viral lysate EIAs. Purified recN proteins were then coupled to microbeads and serum pairs were tested at a single dilution on a Luminex MAGPIX(®) analyzer. The duplex recN assay identified correctly 33 of 39 (85%) and 41 of 47 (86.7%) serum pairs showing diagnostic rises to hRSV and hMPV, respectively. The recN assay permits simultaneous testing for acute hRSV and hMPV infections and offers a platform for expanded multiplexing of other respiratory virus assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yange Zhang
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Battelle, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Doli Goswami
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute of the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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31
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Bialek SR, Allen D, Alvarado-Ramy F, Arthur R, Balajee A, Bell D, Best S, Blackmore C, Breakwell L, Cannons A, Brown C, Cetron M, Chea N, Chommanard C, Cohen N, Conover C, Crespo A, Creviston J, Curns AT, Dahl R, Dearth S, DeMaria A, Echols F, Erdman DD, Feikin D, Frias M, Gerber SI, Gulati R, Hale C, Haynes LM, Heberlein-Larson L, Holton K, Ijaz K, Kapoor M, Kohl K, Kuhar DT, Kumar AM, Kundich M, Lippold S, Liu L, Lovchik JC, Madoff L, Martell S, Matthews S, Moore J, Murray LR, Onofrey S, Pallansch MA, Pesik N, Pham H, Pillai S, Pontones P, Poser S, Pringle K, Pritchard S, Rasmussen S, Richards S, Sandoval M, Schneider E, Schuchat A, Sheedy K, Sherin K, Swerdlow DL, Tappero JW, Vernon MO, Watkins S, Watson J. First confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities - May 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:431-6. [PMID: 24827411 PMCID: PMC5779407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since mid-March 2014, the frequency with which cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection have been reported has increased, with the majority of recent cases reported from Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, the frequency with which travel-associated MERS cases have been reported and the number of countries that have reported them to the World Health Organization (WHO) have also increased. The first case of MERS in the United States, identified in a traveler recently returned from Saudi Arabia, was reported to CDC by the Indiana State Department of Health on May 1, 2014, and confirmed by CDC on May 2. A second imported case of MERS in the United States, identified in a traveler from Saudi Arabia having no connection with the first case, was reported to CDC by the Florida Department of Health on May 11, 2014. The purpose of this report is to alert clinicians, health officials, and others to increase awareness of the need to consider MERS-CoV infection in persons who have recently traveled from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula. This report summarizes recent epidemiologic information, provides preliminary descriptions of the cases reported from Indiana and Florida, and updates CDC guidance about patient evaluation, home care and isolation, specimen collection, and travel as of May 13, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Bialek
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC,Corresponding author: Stephanie R. Bialek, 404-639-8200
| | | | - Francisco Alvarado-Ramy
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Ray Arthur
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | | | - David Bell
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | | | - Lucy Breakwell
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CDC,Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Clive Brown
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Martin Cetron
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Nora Chea
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CDC,Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Christina Chommanard
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Nicole Cohen
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | | | | | | | - Aaron T. Curns
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Dahl
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | | | | | - Dean D. Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Feikin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Mabel Frias
- Cook County Department of Public Health, Illinois
| | - Susan I. Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Reena Gulati
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Christa Hale
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Lia M. Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Kelly Holton
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Kashef Ijaz
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | | | - Katrin Kohl
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - David T. Kuhar
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | | | | | - Susan Lippold
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Moore
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | | | - Mark A. Pallansch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Nicki Pesik
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Huong Pham
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Satish Pillai
- Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Sarah Poser
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Kimberly Pringle
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CDC
| | | | - Sonja Rasmussen
- Influenza Coordination Unit, Office of Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Michelle Sandoval
- Indiana State Department of Health,National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Eileen Schneider
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anne Schuchat
- Office of the Director, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Kristine Sheedy
- Office of the Director, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | - David L. Swerdlow
- Office of the Director, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | | | | | - John Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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32
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Luby SP, Lu X, Cromeans T, Sharker MAY, Kadir MA, Erdman DD. Hand contamination with human rhinovirus in Bangladesh. J Med Virol 2014; 86:2177-80. [PMID: 24760731 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As one step in developing a measure of hand contamination with respiratory viruses, this study assessed if human rhinovirus (HRV) was detectable on hands in a low income non-temperate community where respiratory disease is a leading cause of child death. Research assistants observed residents in a low income community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. When they observed a resident sneeze or pick their nose, they collected a hand rinse and anterior nare sample from the resident. Samples were first tested for HRV RNA by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). A subset of rRT-PCR positive samples were cultured into MRC-5 and HeLa Ohio cells. Among 177 hand samples tested for HRV by real-time RT-PCR, 52 (29%) were positive. Among 15 RT-PCR positive hand samples that were cultured, two grew HRV. HRV was detected in each of the sampling months (January, February, June, July, November, and December). This study demonstrates in the natural setting that, at least after sneezing or nasal cleaning, hands were contaminated commonly with potentially infectious HRV. Future research could explore if HRV RNA is present consistently and is associated sufficiently with the incidence of respiratory illness in communities that it may provide a proxy measure of respiratory viral hand contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Luby
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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33
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Goldsmith CS, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Comer JA, Nicholson WL, Peret TCT, Erdman DD, Bellini WJ, Harcourt BH, Rota PA, Bhatnagar J, Bowen MD, Erickson BR, McMullan LK, Nichol ST, Shieh WJ, Paddock CD, Zaki SR. Cell culture and electron microscopy for identifying viruses in diseases of unknown cause. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:886-91. [PMID: 23731788 PMCID: PMC3713842 DOI: 10.3201/eid1906.130173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During outbreaks of infectious diseases or in cases of severely ill patients, it is imperative to identify the causative agent. This report describes several events in which virus isolation and identification by electron microscopy were critical to initial recognition of the etiologic agent, which was further analyzed by additional laboratory diagnostic assays. Examples include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Nipah, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, West Nile, Cache Valley, and Heartland viruses. These cases illustrate the importance of the techniques of cell culture and electron microscopy in pathogen identification and recognition of emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop G32, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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34
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Fuller JA, Njenga MK, Bigogo G, Aura B, Ope MO, Nderitu L, Wakhule L, Erdman DD, Breiman RF, Feikin DR. Association of the CT values of real-time PCR of viral upper respiratory tract infection with clinical severity, Kenya. J Med Virol 2013; 85:924-32. [PMID: 23508918 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay of the upper respiratory tract is used increasingly to diagnose lower respiratory tract infections. The cycle threshold (CT ) values of qRT-PCR are continuous, semi-quantitative measurements of viral load, although interpretation of diagnostic qRT-PCR results are often categorized as positive, indeterminate, or negative, obscuring potentially useful clinical interpretation of CT values. From 2008 to 2010, naso/oropharyngeal swabs were collected from outpatients with influenza-like illness, inpatients with severe respiratory illness, and asymptomatic controls in rural Kenya. CT values of positive specimens (i.e., CT values < 40.0) were compared by clinical severity category for five viruses using Mann-Whitney U-test and logistic regression. Among children <5 years old we tested with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), inpatients had lower median CT values (27.2) than controls (35.8, P = 0.008) and outpatients (34.7, P < 0.001). Among children and older patients infected with influenza virus, outpatients had the lowest median CT values (29.8 and 24.1, respectively) compared with controls (P = 0.193 for children, P < 0.001 for older participants) and inpatients (P = 0.009 for children, P < 0.001 for older participants). All differences remained significant in logistic regression when controlling for age, days since onset, and coinfection. CT values were similar for adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, and parainfluenza virus in all severity groups. In conclusion, the CT values from the qRT-PCR of upper respiratory tract specimens were associated with clinical severity for some respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fuller
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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35
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Soileau SL, Schneider E, Erdman DD, Lu X, Ryan WD, McAdams RM. Case report: severe disseminated adenovirus infection in a neonate following water birth delivery. J Med Virol 2013; 85:667-9. [PMID: 23417617 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus infections are a common cause of respiratory and enteric illnesses of late infancy and childhood. In neonates, adenovirus infections are rare, carrying a high morbidity and mortality rate. We present a case of infant who developed severe pneumonia and disseminated adenoviral infection following water birth delivery to a mother with gastroenteritis. The infant's infection was due to an adenovirus strain that has not been previously reported in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Soileau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Kimaro Mlacha SZ, Peret TCT, Kumar N, Romero-Steiner S, Dunning Hotopp JC, Ishmael N, Grinblat-Huse V, Riley DR, Erdman DD, Carlone GM, Sampson J, Scott JAG, Tettelin H. Transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:378. [PMID: 23742656 PMCID: PMC3681581 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral upper respiratory tract infections are associated with increased colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. The objective of this study is to describe a comprehensive picture of the cellular interaction between the adhering bacteria and host cells in the presence or absence of a viral co-infection. Results Gene expression profiles of Detroit-562 pharyngeal cells, which were either mock-infected or infected with human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3), were analyzed using human microarrays. Transcription response of S. pneumoniae strain TIGR4 (serotype 4) in the presence of either mock- or viral-infected cells was analyzed by pneumococcal microarray. Significantly regulated genes were identified by both significance analysis of microarray (SAM) and a ≥ 2-fold change ratio cut-off. The adherence of S. pneumoniae to human pharyngeal cells was significantly augmented in the presence of RSV or HPIV3 infection. Global gene expression profiling of the host cells during infection with RSV or HPIV3 revealed increased transcription of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM1), CD47, fibronectin, interferon-stimulated genes and many other host cell adhesion molecules. Pneumococci increased transcription of several genes involved in adhesive functions (psaA, pilus islet), choline uptake and incorporation (lic operon), as well as transport and binding. Conclusions We have identified a core transcriptome that represents the basic machinery required for adherence of pneumococci to D562 cells infected or not infected with a virus. These bacterial genes and cell adhesion molecules can potentially be used to control pneumococcal adherence occurring secondary to a viral infection.
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37
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Weinberg GA, Schnabel KC, Erdman DD, Prill MM, Iwane MK, Shelley LM, Whitaker BL, Szilagyi PG, Hall CB. Field evaluation of TaqMan Array Card (TAC) for the simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory infection. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:254-60. [PMID: 23608639 PMCID: PMC7108303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Multipathogen reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) platforms have proven useful in surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ARI) and study of respiratory outbreaks of unknown etiology. The TaqMan® Array Card (TAC, Life Technologies™), can simultaneously test 7 clinical specimens for up to 21 individual pathogens (depending on arrangement of controls and use of duplicate wells) by arrayed singleplex RT-qPCR on a single assay card, using minimal amounts of clinical specimens. A previous study described the development of TAC for the detection of respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens; the assay was evaluated against well-characterized analytical materials and a limited collection of human clinical specimens. Objectives We wished to compare TAC assay performance against standard individual RT-qPCR assays for respiratory viral detection, focusing on 10 viruses (adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, human parainfluenza viruses 1–4, influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus) from a larger collection of human specimens. Study design We used specimens from 942 children with ARI enrolled systematically in a population-based, ARI surveillance study (New Vaccine Surveillance Network, NVSN). Results Compared with standard individual RT-qPCR assays, the sensitivity of TAC for the targeted viruses ranged from 54% to 95% (54%, 56%, and 75% for adenovirus, human parainfluenza viruses-1 and -2, respectively, and 82%–95% for the other viruses). Assay specificity was 99%, and coefficients of variation for virus controls ranged from 1.5% to 4.5%. Conclusion The TAC assay should prove useful for multipathogen studies and rapid outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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38
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Morgan OW, Chittaganpitch M, Clague B, Chantra S, Sanasuttipun W, Prapasiri P, Naorat S, Laosirithavorn Y, Peret TCT, Erdman DD, Baggett HC, Olsen SJ, Fry AM. Hospitalization due to human parainfluenza virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness in rural Thailand. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:280-5. [PMID: 22716273 PMCID: PMC5779843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are an important cause of acute respiratory illness in young children but little is known about their epidemiology in the tropics. Methods From 2003–2007, we conducted surveillance for hospitalized respiratory illness in rural Thailand. We performed reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal specimens and enzyme immunoassay on paired sera Results Of 10,097 patients enrolled, 573 (5%) of all ages and 370 (9%) of children <5 years of age had evidence of HPIV infection (HPIV1=189, HPIV2=54, HPIV3=305, untyped=27). Average adjusted annual incidence of HPIV‐associated hospitalized respiratory illness was greatest in children aged <1 year (485 per 100,000 person years). Conclusions In Thailand, HPIV caused substantial illnesses requiring hospitalization in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Morgan
- Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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39
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Soto-Quiros M, Avila L, Platts-Mills TAE, Hunt JF, Erdman DD, Carper H, Murphy DD, Odio S, James HR, Patrie JT, Hunt W, O'Rourke AK, Davis MD, Steinke JW, Lu X, Kennedy J, Heymann PW. High titers of IgE antibody to dust mite allergen and risk for wheezing among asthmatic children infected with rhinovirus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1499-1505.e5. [PMID: 22560151 PMCID: PMC3792652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background The relevance of allergic sensitization, as judged by titers of serum IgE antibodies, to the risk of an asthma exacerbation caused by rhinovirus is unclear. Objective We sought to examine the prevalence of rhinovirus infections in relation to the atopic status of children treated for wheezing in Costa Rica, a country with an increased asthma burden. Methods The children enrolled (n = 287) were 7 through 12 years old. They included 96 with acute wheezing, 65 with stable asthma, and 126 nonasthmatic control subjects. PCR methods, including gene sequencing to identify rhinovirus strains, were used to identify viral pathogens in nasal washes. Results were examined in relation to wheezing, IgE, allergen-specific IgE antibody, and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide levels. Results Sixty-four percent of wheezing children compared with 13% of children with stable asthma and 13% of nonasthmatic control subjects had positive test results for rhinovirus (P < .001 for both comparisons). Among wheezing subjects, 75% of the rhinoviruses detected were group C strains. High titers of IgE antibodies to dust mite allergen (especially Dermatophagoides species) were common and correlated significantly with total IgE and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide levels. The greatest risk for wheezing was observed among children with titers of IgE antibodies to dust mite of 17.5 IU/mL or greater who tested positive for rhinovirus (odds ratio for wheezing, 31.5; 95% CI, 8.3-108; P < .001). Conclusions High titers of IgE antibody to dust mite allergen were common and significantly increased the risk for acute wheezing provoked by rhinovirus among asthmatic children.
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Homaira N, Luby SP, Petri WA, Vainionpaa R, Rahman M, Hossain K, Snider CB, Rahman M, Alamgir ASM, Zesmin F, Alam M, Gurley ES, Zaman RU, Azim T, Erdman DD, Fry AM, Bresee J, Widdowson MA, Haque R, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Incidence of respiratory virus-associated pneumonia in urban poor young children of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009-2011. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32056. [PMID: 22384139 PMCID: PMC3285198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood death in Bangladesh. We conducted a longitudinal study to estimate the incidence of virus-associated pneumonia in children aged <2 years in a low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS We followed a cohort of children for two years. We collected nasal washes when children presented with respiratory symptoms. Study physicians diagnosed children with cough and age-specific tachypnea and positive lung findings as pneumonia case-patients. We tested respiratory samples for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinoviruses, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza viruses, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV 1, 2, 3), and adenoviruses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Between April 2009-March 2011, we followed 515 children for 730 child-years. We identified a total of 378 pneumonia episodes, 77% of the episodes were associated with a respiratory viral pathogen. The overall incidence of pneumonia associated with a respiratory virus infection was 40/100 child-years. The annual incidence of pneumonia/100 child-years associated with a specific respiratory virus in children aged < 2 years was 12.5 for RSV, 6 for rhinoviruses, 6 for HMPV, 4 for influenza viruses, 3 for HPIV and 2 for adenoviruses. CONCLUSION Young children in Dhaka are at high risk of childhood pneumonia and the majority of these episodes are associated with viral pathogens. Developing effective low-cost strategies for prevention are a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Homaira
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Carr MJ, Kajon AE, Lu X, Dunford L, O'Reilly P, Holder P, De Gascun CF, Coughlan S, Connell J, Erdman DD, Hall WW. Deaths associated with human adenovirus-14p1 infections, Europe, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1402-8. [PMID: 21801616 DOI: 10.3201/eid1708.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) serotype 14 is rarely identified. However, an emerging variant, termed HAdV-14p1, recently has been described in the United States in association with outbreaks of acute respiratory disease with high rates of illness and death. We retrospectively analyzed specimens confirmed positive for HAdV by immunofluorescence, virus culture, or real-time PCR during July 1, 2009-July 31, 2010, and describe 9 cases of HAdV-14p1 infection with characteristic mutations in the fiber and E1A genes that are phylogenetically indistinguishable from the viruses previously detected in the United States. Three patients died; 2 were immunocompromised, and 1 was an immunocompetent adult. We propose that surveillance should be increased for HAdV-14p1 and recommend that this virus be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden-onset acute respiratory disease, particularly fatal infections, for which an etiology is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory-University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Carr MJ, Kajon AE, Lu X, Dunford L, O'Reilly P, Holder P, De Gascun CF, Coughlan S, Connell J, Erdman DD, Hall WW. Deaths associated with human adenovirus-14p1 infections, Europe, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2011. [PMID: 21801616 PMCID: PMC3381588 DOI: 10.3201/1708.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory-University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Sawatwong P, Chittaganpitch M, Hall H, Peruski LF, Xu X, Baggett HC, Fry AM, Erdman DD, Olsen SJ. Serology as an adjunct to polymerase chain reaction assays for surveillance of acute respiratory virus infections. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 54:445-6. [PMID: 22057703 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Iwane MK, Prill MM, Lu X, Miller EK, Edwards KM, Hall CB, Griffin MR, Staat MA, Anderson LJ, Williams JV, Weinberg GA, Ali A, Szilagyi PG, Zhu Y, Erdman DD. Human rhinovirus species associated with hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness in young US children. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1702-10. [PMID: 22013207 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of human rhinovirus (HRV) to severe acute respiratory illness (ARI) is unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between HRV species detection and ARI hospitalizations. METHODS Children <5 years old hospitalized for ARI were prospectively enrolled between December 2003 and April 2005 in 3 US counties. Asymptomatic controls were enrolled between December 2003 and March 2004 and between October 2004 and April 2005 in clinics. Nasal and throat swab samples were tested for HRV and other viruses (ie, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus) by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and genetic sequencing identified HRV species and types. HRV species detection was compared between controls and patients hospitalized during months in which controls were enrolled. RESULTS A total of 1867 children with 1947 ARI hospitalizations and 784 controls with 790 clinic visits were enrolled and tested for HRV. The HRV-A detection rate among participants ≥24 months old was 8.1% in the hospitalized group and 2.2% in the control group (P = .009), and the HRV-C detection rates among those ≥6 months old were 8.2% and 3.9%, respectively (P = .002); among younger children, the detection rates for both species were similar between groups. The HRV-B detection rate was ≤1%. A broad diversity of HRV types was observed in both groups. Clinical presentations were similar among HRV species. Compared with children infected with other viruses, children with HRV detected were similar for severe hospital outcomes and more commonly had histories or diagnoses of asthma or wheezing. CONCLUSIONS HRV-A and HRV-C were associated with ARI hospitalization and serious illness outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika K Iwane
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Marinheiro JC, Dos Santos TG, Siqueira-Silva J, Lu X, Carvalho D, da Camara AA, Arruda E, Arruda K, Erdman DD, Hársi CM. A naturally occurring human adenovirus type 7 variant with a 1743 bp deletion in the E3 cassette. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2399-2404. [PMID: 21677090 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.029181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) is an important cause of acute respiratory disease (ARD). Different genomic variants of HAdV-7 have been described, designated 7a-7l. In a previous study to investigate risk factors for ARD and wheezing, nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 90 ill children seeking medical attention in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. HAdVs were identified in 31 samples and were characterized by serum neutralization and genome restriction analysis. Eleven HAdVs were identified as being HAdV-7, five of which were classified as being of genome type 7p (Gomen). Six other HAdV-7 isolates gave new restriction profiles with all enzymes used and were classified as being a new genomic variant, 7m. These isolates were further characterized by sequencing. The hexon and fiber genes of the 7m variant were nearly identical to the prototype, 7p. However, nucleotide sequences from the E3 cassette revealed a 1743 bp deletion affecting the 16.1K, 19K, 20.1K and 20.5K ORFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Marinheiro
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana G Dos Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joselma Siqueira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniela Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ataíde A da Camara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Karla Arruda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charlotte M Hársi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fry AM, Chittaganpitch M, Baggett HC, Peret TCT, Dare RK, Sawatwong P, Thamthitiwat S, Areerat P, Sanasuttipun W, Fischer J, Maloney SA, Erdman DD, Olsen SJ. The burden of hospitalized lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in rural Thailand. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15098. [PMID: 21152047 PMCID: PMC2994907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe the epidemiology of hospitalized RSV infections for all age groups from population-based surveillance in two rural provinces in Thailand. Methods From September 1, 2003 through December 31, 2007, we enrolled hospitalized patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness, who had a chest radiograph ordered by the physician, from all hospitals in SaKaeo and Nakhom Phanom Provinces. We tested nasopharyngeal specimens for RSV with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and paired-sera from a subset of patients with IgG enzyme immunoassay. Rates were adjusted for enrollment. Results Among 11,097 enrolled patients, 987 (8.9%) had RSV infection. Rates of hospitalized RSV infection overall (and radiographically-confirmed pneumonia) were highest among children aged <1 year: 1,067/100,000 (534/100,000 radiographically-confirmed pneumonia) and 1–4 year: 403/100,000 (222/100,000), but low among enrolled adults aged ≥65 years: 42/100,000. Age <1 year (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 13.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7, 22.5) and 1–4 year (aOR = 8.3, 95% CI 5.0, 13.9) were independent predictors of hospitalized RSV infection. Conclusions The incidence of hospitalized RSV lower respiratory tract illness among children <5 years was high in rural Thailand. Efforts to prevent RSV infection could substantially reduce the pneumonia burden in children aged <5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
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Esposito DH, Gardner TJ, Schneider E, Stockman LJ, Tate JE, Panozzo CA, Robbins CL, Jenkerson SA, Thomas L, Watson CM, Curns AT, Erdman DD, Lu X, Cromeans T, Westcott M, Humphries C, Ballantyne J, Fischer GE, McLaughlin JB, Armstrong G, Anderson LJ. Outbreak of pneumonia associated with emergent human adenovirus serotype 14--Southeast Alaska, 2008. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:214-22. [PMID: 20533881 DOI: 10.1086/653498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September 2008, an outbreak of pneumonia associated with an emerging human adenovirus (human adenovirus serotype 14 [HAdV-14]) occurred on a rural Southeast Alaska island. Nine patients required hospitalization, and 1 patient died. METHODS To investigate the outbreak, pneumonia case patients were matched to control participants on the basis of age, sex, and community of residence. Participants in the investigation and their household contacts were interviewed, and serum samples and respiratory tract specimens were collected. Risk factors were evaluated by means of conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Among 32 pneumonia case patients, 21 (65%) had confirmed or probable HAdV-14 infection. None of 32 matched control participants had evidence of HAdV-14 infection (P<.001 for the difference). Factors independently associated with pneumonia included contact with a known HAdV-14-infected case patient (odds ratio [OR], 18.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, >or=2.0]), current smoking (OR, 6.7 [95% CI, >or=0.9]), and having neither traveled off the island nor attended a large public gathering (OR, 14.7 [95% CI, >or=2.0]). Fourteen (67%) of 21 HAdV-14-positive case patients belonged to a single network of people who socialized and often smoked together and infrequently traveled off the island. HAdV-14 infection occurred in 43% of case-patient household contacts, compared with 5% of control-participant household contacts (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS During a community outbreak in Alaska, HAdV-14 appeared to have spread mostly among close contacts and not widely in the community. Demographic characteristics and illness patterns among the case patients were similar to those observed in other recent outbreaks of HAdV-14 infection in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Esposito
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Kajon AE, Lu X, Erdman DD, Louie J, Schnurr D, George KS, Koopmans MP, Allibhai T, Metzgar D. Molecular epidemiology and brief history of emerging adenovirus 14-associated respiratory disease in the United States. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:93-103. [PMID: 20500088 DOI: 10.1086/653083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First isolated in the Netherlands in 1955 during an outbreak of acute respiratory disease (ARD) among military recruits, human adenovirus 14 (HAdV-14) has historically been considered rare. With no precedent of circulation in North America, HAdV-14 has been isolated from military and civilian cases of ARD of variable severity since 2003 in the United States. METHODS Ninety-nine isolates from military and civilian cases from different geographic locations and circulation periods were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA and select gene sequencing. RESULTS All examined viruses were found to be identical and to belong to a new genome type designated "HAdV-14p1" (formerly known as "14a"). Comparative alignments of E1A, hexon, and fiber gene sequences with other subspecies B2 HAdVs suggest that HAdV-14p1, like the closely related HAdV-11a, arose from recombination among similar HAdV-11 and HAdV-14 ancestral strains. A deletion of 2 amino acids in the knob region of the fiber protein is the only identified unique characteristic of HAdV-14p1. CONCLUSION The current geographic distribution of HAdV-14p1 involves at least 15 states in the Unites States. The role of the fiber mutations in the recent emergence of HAdV-14p1 ARD in North America warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana E Kajon
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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Santos N, Peret TCT, Humphrey CD, Albuquerque MCM, Silva RC, Benati FJ, Lu X, Erdman DD. Human bocavirus species 2 and 3 in Brazil. J Clin Virol 2010; 48:127-30. [PMID: 20382557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The newly described human bocavirus (HBoV) species 2 and 3 have been repeatedly detected in stool strengthening the possibility that these viruses might present a tropism for the gastrointestinal tract and may be etiological agents of diarrhea. OBJECTIVE In this study we assessed the presence of HBoV2 and HBoV3 in stool specimens from Brazilians with acute gastroenteritis. STUDY DESIGN Stool samples from Brazilian patients with acute diarrhea were analyzed for HBoV2 and HBoV3 by PCR assay. Full or partial genome sequences were obtained for selected isolates. Electron microscopy analysis was used to investigate virus morphology. RESULTS Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of virus-like particles in HBoV PCR-positive specimens, with morphology similar to other members of the Parvoviridae family. Five samples out of 807 (0.6%) were positive for HBoV3. Three of the HBoV3-positive patients were HIV/AIDS positive. A selected group of 144 samples was also tested for HBoV2 and 30 samples (20.8%) were positive, 11 of which were HIV/AIDS positive. CONCLUSION This study reports the detection and genetic characterization of HBoV3 and HBoV2 in the stool of Brazilian patients with acute diarrhea. This is the first description of HBoV3 outside Australia, suggesting a wide global distribution of this virus. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of HBoV in gastrointestinal infections, particularly among patients with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
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Maziarz RT, Sridharan P, Slater S, Meyers G, Post M, Erdman DD, Peret TCT, Taplitz RA. Control of an outbreak of human parainfluenza virus 3 in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 16:192-8. [PMID: 19781656 PMCID: PMC7172256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) infection can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). There are no standard guidelines for the prevention and control of HPIV3 in the outpatient setting. After 2 HSCT inpatients diagnosed with HPIV3 were noted to have had multiple recent HSCT outpatient clinic (OPC) visits, an investigation of policy and procedures in the HSCT OPC was undertaken, and active surveillance for respiratory viral illness was instituted in the at-risk HSCT population. Between July 19 and August 30, 2005, 13 patients were diagnosed with HPIV3 infection. Morbidity in affected patients was significant, and mortality was high (38.5%) and not affected by antiviral therapy. Molecular typing identified several genetically distinct groups of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of the 11 available isolates. Based on sequence relatedness among the isolates and the demographic and exposure history of the patients, in many of these cases HPIV3 infection likely was acquired in the HSCT OPC. The major infection control interventions were introduced between August 20 and August 24. An epidemic curve revealed that HPIV3 infection frequency peaked between August 17 and August 26, with no cases identified after August 30. Prompt attention and focus on infection control interventions were associated with a rapid decrease in the number of incident cases. Policies and procedures regarding patients with respiratory viral illnesses in HSCT OPC populations should be formulated and universally reinforced with HSCT clinic staff to prevent the spread of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Maziarz
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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