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Iwasaki M, Kajiwara T, Yasui Y, Yoshitake Y, Miyazaki M, Kawamura S, Suetsugu N, Nishihama R, Yamaoka S, Wanke D, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Montgomery SA, Singh S, Tanizawa Y, Yagura M, Mochizuki T, Sakamoto M, Nakamura Y, Liu C, Berger F, Yamato KT, Bowman JL, Kohchi T. Identification of the sex-determining factor in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha reveals unique evolution of sex chromosomes in a haploid system. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5522-5532.e7. [PMID: 34735792 PMCID: PMC8699743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination is a central process for sexual reproduction and is often regulated by a sex determinant encoded on a sex chromosome. Rules that govern the evolution of sex chromosomes via specialization and degeneration following the evolution of a sex determinant have been well studied in diploid organisms. However, distinct predictions apply to sex chromosomes in organisms where sex is determined in the haploid phase of the life cycle: both sex chromosomes, female U and male V, are expected to maintain their gene functions, even though both are non-recombining. This is in contrast to the X-Y (or Z-W) asymmetry and Y (W) chromosome degeneration in XY (ZW) systems of diploids. Here, we provide evidence that sex chromosomes diverged early during the evolution of haploid liverworts and identify the sex determinant on the Marchantia polymorpha U chromosome. This gene, Feminizer, encodes a member of the plant-specific BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factor family. It triggers female differentiation via regulation of the autosomal sex-determining locus of FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE MYB and SUPPRESSOR OF FEMINIZATION. Phylogenetic analyses of Feminizer and other sex chromosome genes indicate dimorphic sex chromosomes had already been established 430 mya in the ancestral liverwort. Feminizer also plays a role in reproductive induction that is shared with its gametolog on the V chromosome, suggesting an ancestral function, distinct from sex determination, was retained by the gametologs. This implies ancestral functions can be preserved after the acquisition of a sex determination mechanism during the evolution of a dominant haploid sex chromosome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kajiwara
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yasui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Motoki Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), München 80638, Germany
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sean A Montgomery
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shilpi Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Tanizawa
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masaru Yagura
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takako Mochizuki
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Mika Sakamoto
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Nakamura
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology (BOST), Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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2
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Tessi TM, Brumm S, Winklbauer E, Schumacher B, Pettinari G, Lescano I, González CA, Wanke D, Maurino VG, Harter K, Desimone M. Arabidopsis AZG2 transports cytokinins in vivo and regulates lateral root emergence. New Phytol 2021; 229:979-993. [PMID: 33070379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and auxin are key regulators of plant growth and development. During the last decade transport mechanisms have turned out to be the key for the control of local and long-distance hormone distributions. In contrast with auxin, cytokinin transport is poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana AZG2, a member of the AZG purine transporter family, acts as cytokinin transporter involved in root system architecture determination. Even though purines are substrates for both AZG1 and AZG2, we found distinct transport mechanisms. The expression of AZG2 is restricted to a small group of cells surrounding the lateral root (LR) primordia and induced by auxins. Compared to the wild-type (WT), mutants carrying loss-of-function alleles of AZG2 have higher LR density, suggesting that AZG2 is part of a regulatory pathway in LR emergence. Moreover, azg2 is partially insensitive to exogenous cytokinin, which is consistent with the observation that the cytokinin reporter TCSnpro :GFP showed lower fluorescence signal in the roots of azg2 compared to the WT. These results indicate a defective cytokinin signalling pathway in the region of LR primordia. The integration of AZG2 subcellular localization and cytokinin transport capacity data allowed us to propose a local cytokinin : auxin signalling model for the regulation of LR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Tessi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Sabine Brumm
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eva Winklbauer
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schumacher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Georgina Pettinari
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Lescano
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Claudio A González
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Verónica G Maurino
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Marcelo Desimone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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3
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Theune ML, Bloss U, Brand LH, Ladwig F, Wanke D. Phylogenetic Analyses and GAGA-Motif Binding Studies of BBR/BPC Proteins Lend to Clues in GAGA-Motif Recognition and a Regulatory Role in Brassinosteroid Signaling. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:466. [PMID: 31057577 PMCID: PMC6477699 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant GAGA-motif binding factors are encoded by the BARLEY B RECOMBINANT / BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BBR/BPC) family, which fulfill indispensable functions in growth and development. BBR/BPC proteins control flower development, size of the stem cell niche and seed development through transcriptional regulation of homeotic transcription factor genes. They are responsible for the context dependent recruitment of Polycomb repressive complexes (PRC) or other repressive proteins to GAGA-motifs, which are contained in Polycomb repressive DNA-elements (PREs). Hallmark of the protein family is the highly conserved BPC domain, which is required for DNA binding. Here we study the evolution and diversification of the BBR/BPC family and its DNA-binding domain. Our analyses supports a further division of the family into four main groups (I-IV) and several subgroups, to resolve a strict monophyletic descent of the BPC domain. We prove a polyphyletic origin for group III proteins, which evolved from group I and II members through extensive loss of domains in the N-terminus. Conserved motif searches lend to the identification of a WAR/KHGTN consensus and a TIR/K motif at the very C-terminus of the BPC-domain. We could show by DPI-ELISA that this signature is required for DNA-binding in AtBPC1. Additional binding studies with AtBPC1, AtBPC6 and mutated oligonucleotides consolidated the binding to GAGA tetramers. To validate these findings, we used previously published ChIP-seq data from GFP-BPC6. We uncovered that many genes of the brassinosteroid signaling pathway are targeted by AtBPC6. Consistently, bpc6, bpc4 bpc6, and lhp1 bpc4 bpc4 mutants display brassinosteroid-dependent root growth phenotypes. Both, a function in brassinosteroid signaling and our phylogenetic data supports a link between BBR/BPC diversification in the land plant lineage and the complexity of flower and seed plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius L. Theune
- Molecular Plant Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bloss
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luise H. Brand
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Dierk Wanke
- Molecular Plant Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dierk Wanke,
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4
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Shanks CM, Hecker A, Cheng CY, Brand L, Collani S, Schmid M, Schaller GE, Wanke D, Harter K, Kieber JJ. Role of BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factors in a subset of cytokinin signaling responses. Plant J 2018; 95:458-473. [PMID: 29763523 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant growth and development, generally acting by modulating gene transcription in target tissues. The type-B Arabidopsis response regulators (ARR) transcription factors have emerged as primary targets of cytokinin signaling and are required for essentially all cytokinin-mediated changes in gene expression. The diversity of cytokinin function is likely imparted by the activity of various transcription factors working with the type-B ARRs to alter specific sets of target genes. One potential set of co-regulators modulating the cytokinin response are the BARLEY B-RECOMBINANT/BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BBR/BPC) family of plant-specific transcription factors. Here, we show that disruption of multiple BPCs results in reduced sensitivity to cytokinin. Further, the BPCs are necessary for the induction of a subset of genes in response to cytokinin. We identified direct in vivo targets of BPC6 using ChIP-Seq and found an enrichment of promoters of genes differentially expressed in response to cytokinin. Further, a significant number of BPC6 regulated genes are also direct targets of the type-B ARRs. Potential cis-binding elements for a number of other transcription factors linked to cytokinin action are enriched in the BPC binding fragments, including those for the cytokinin response factors (CRFs). In addition, several BPCs interact with a subset of type-A ARRs. Consistent with these results, a significant number of genes whose expression is altered in bpc mutant roots are also mis-expressed in crf1,3,5,6 and type-A arr3,4,5,6,7,8,9,15 mutant roots. These results suggest that the BPCs are part of a complex network of transcription factors that are involved in the response to cytokinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Shanks
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chia-Yi Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luise Brand
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Silvio Collani
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 (603) 646-1347, USA
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Saarland University, Molecular Plant Biology, Campus A2.4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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5
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Theune ML, Hummel S, Jaspert N, Lafos M, Wanke D, Wanke D. Dimerization of the BASIC PENTACYSTEINE Domain in Plant GAGA-Factors is Mediated by Disulfide Bonds and Required for DNA-Binding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.14302/issn.2638-4469.japb-17-1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
GAGA-binding proteins in plants are encoded by the BARLEY B-RECOMBINANT / BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BBR/BPC) family, which can be spilt into several groups on the basis of sequence divergence. The proteins of the different groups share an evolutionary conserved BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BPC) domain at their very C-terminus that is important for DNA binding. Hallmark of this domain are five Cysteines at defined positions and spacing, which are considered to form a zinc-finger like structure that is involved in GAGA-motif recognition. Here, we report the formation of stabile homodimers between Arabidopsis thaliana group I member BPC1 or between group II member BPC6 in SDS-PAGE. Serial mutations of the highly conserved five Cysteines in the BPC domain of Arabidopsis thaliana BPC1 were tested for their capacity to bind to GAGA-motifs by DPI-ELISA. Our results do not support the idea of a direct involvement of these residues in making physical contact with the DNA, e.g. by formation of a zinc-finger structure. Instead, the data implies an indispensable function for the five Cysteines in homodimerization and stabilization of the protein structure by disulfide bonds. Accordingly, protein folding and structure prediction suggests the formation of a scaffold for dimerization that is supported by three intermolecular and one intramolecular S-S bond. The high degree of conservation between the BPC domains from the different groups and from different species denotes that this role for the five Cysteines might be evolutionary retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius L. Theune
- Universität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabine Hummel
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Jaspert
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Lafos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Universität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Hecker A, Brand LH, Peter S, Simoncello N, Kilian J, Harter K, Gaudin V, Wanke D. The Arabidopsis GAGA-Binding Factor BASIC PENTACYSTEINE6 Recruits the POLYCOMB-REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 Component LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 to GAGA DNA Motifs. Plant Physiol 2015; 168:1013-24. [PMID: 26025051 PMCID: PMC4741334 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb-repressive complexes (PRCs) play key roles in development by repressing a large number of genes involved in various functions. Much, however, remains to be discovered about PRC-silencing mechanisms as well as their targeting to specific genomic regions. Besides other mechanisms, GAGA-binding factors in animals can guide PRC members in a sequence-specific manner to Polycomb-responsive DNA elements. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GAGA-motif binding factor protein basic pentacysteine6 (BPC6) interacts with like heterochromatin protein1 (LHP1), a PRC1 component, and associates with vernalization2 (VRN2), a PRC2 component, in vivo. By using a modified DNA-protein interaction enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, we could show that BPC6 was required and sufficient to recruit LHP1 to GAGA motif-containing DNA probes in vitro. We also found that LHP1 interacts with VRN2 and, therefore, can function as a possible scaffold between BPC6 and VRN2. The lhp1-4 bpc4 bpc6 triple mutant displayed a pleiotropic phenotype, extreme dwarfism and early flowering, which disclosed synergistic functions of LHP1 and group II plant BPC members. Transcriptome analyses supported this synergy and suggested a possible function in the concerted repression of homeotic genes, probably through histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation. Hence, our findings suggest striking similarities between animal and plant GAGA-binding factors in the recruitment of PRC1 and PRC2 components to Polycomb-responsive DNA element-like GAGA motifs, which must have evolved through convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hecker
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Luise H Brand
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Sébastien Peter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Nathalie Simoncello
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Valérie Gaudin
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.H., L.H.B., S.P., J.K., K.H., D.W.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 AgroParisTech, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles, France (N.S., V.G.); andUniversität des Saarlandes, Molekulare Pflanzenbiologie, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (D.W.)
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7
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Soyk S, Simková K, Zürcher E, Luginbühl L, Brand LH, Vaughan CK, Wanke D, Zeeman SC. The Enzyme-Like Domain of Arabidopsis Nuclear β-Amylases Is Critical for DNA Sequence Recognition and Transcriptional Activation. Plant Cell 2014; 26:1746-1763. [PMID: 24748042 PMCID: PMC4036583 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant BZR1-BAM transcription factors contain a β-amylase (BAM)-like domain, characteristic of proteins involved in starch breakdown. The enzyme-derived domains appear to be noncatalytic, but they determine the function of the two Arabidopsis thaliana BZR1-BAM isoforms (BAM7 and BAM8) during transcriptional initiation. Removal or swapping of the BAM domains demonstrates that the BAM7 BAM domain restricts DNA binding and transcriptional activation, while the BAM8 BAM domain allows both activities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BAM7 and BAM8 interact on the protein level and cooperate during transcriptional regulation. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the BAM domain of BAM8 shows that its function as a transcriptional activator is independent of catalysis but requires an intact substrate binding site, suggesting it may bind a ligand. Microarray experiments with plants overexpressing truncated versions lacking the BAM domain indicate that the pseudo-enzymatic domain increases selectivity for the preferred cis-regulatory element BBRE (BZR1-BAM Responsive Element). Side specificity toward the G-box may allow crosstalk to other signaling networks. This work highlights the importance of the enzyme-derived domain of BZR1-BAMs, supporting their potential role as metabolic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Soyk
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klára Simková
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Zürcher
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Luise H Brand
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cara K Vaughan
- School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Eichner J, Topf F, Dräger A, Wrzodek C, Wanke D, Zell A. TFpredict and SABINE: sequence-based prediction of structural and functional characteristics of transcription factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82238. [PMID: 24349230 PMCID: PMC3861411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key mechanisms of transcriptional control are the specific connections between transcription factors (TF) and cis-regulatory elements in gene promoters. The elucidation of these specific protein-DNA interactions is crucial to gain insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms and networks underlying the adaptation of organisms to dynamically changing environmental conditions. As experimental techniques for determining TF binding sites are expensive and mostly performed for selected TFs only, accurate computational approaches are needed to analyze transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes on a genome-wide level. We implemented a four-step classification workflow which for a given protein sequence (1) discriminates TFs from other proteins, (2) determines the structural superclass of TFs, (3) identifies the DNA-binding domains of TFs and (4) predicts their cis-acting DNA motif. While existing tools were extended and adapted for performing the latter two prediction steps, the first two steps are based on a novel numeric sequence representation which allows for combining existing knowledge from a BLAST scan with robust machine learning-based classification. By evaluation on a set of experimentally confirmed TFs and non-TFs, we demonstrate that our new protein sequence representation facilitates more reliable identification and structural classification of TFs than previously proposed sequence-derived features. The algorithms underlying our proposed methodology are implemented in the two complementary tools TFpredict and SABINE. The online and stand-alone versions of TFpredict and SABINE are freely available to academics at http://www.cogsys.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/software/TFpredict/ and http://www.cogsys.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/software/SABINE/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Eichner
- Center of Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Topf
- Center of Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dräger
- Center of Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Clemens Wrzodek
- Center of Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Physiology Tuebingen (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Zell
- Center of Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Brand LH, Henneges C, Schüssler A, Kolukisaoglu HÜ, Koch G, Wallmeroth N, Hecker A, Thurow K, Zell A, Harter K, Wanke D. Screening for protein-DNA interactions by automatable DNA-protein interaction ELISA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75177. [PMID: 24146751 PMCID: PMC3795721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-binding proteins (DBPs), such as transcription factors, constitute about 10% of the protein-coding genes in eukaryotic genomes and play pivotal roles in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression by binding to short stretches of DNA. Despite their number and importance, only for a minor portion of DBPs the binding sequence had been disclosed. Methods that allow the de novo identification of DNA-binding motifs of known DBPs, such as protein binding microarray technology or SELEX, are not yet suited for high-throughput and automation. To close this gap, we report an automatable DNA-protein-interaction (DPI)-ELISA screen of an optimized double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) probe library that allows the high-throughput identification of hexanucleotide DNA-binding motifs. In contrast to other methods, this DPI-ELISA screen can be performed manually or with standard laboratory automation. Furthermore, output evaluation does not require extensive computational analysis to derive a binding consensus. We could show that the DPI-ELISA screen disclosed the full spectrum of binding preferences for a given DBP. As an example, AtWRKY11 was used to demonstrate that the automated DPI-ELISA screen revealed the entire range of in vitro binding preferences. In addition, protein extracts of AtbZIP63 and the DNA-binding domain of AtWRKY33 were analyzed, which led to a refinement of their known DNA-binding consensi. Finally, we performed a DPI-ELISA screen to disclose the DNA-binding consensus of a yet uncharacterized putative DBP, AtTIFY1. A palindromic TGATCA-consensus was uncovered and we could show that the GATC-core is compulsory for AtTIFY1 binding. This specific interaction between AtTIFY1 and its DNA-binding motif was confirmed by in vivo plant one-hybrid assays in protoplasts. Thus, the value and applicability of the DPI-ELISA screen for de novo binding site identification of DBPs, also under automatized conditions, is a promising approach for a deeper understanding of gene regulation in any organism of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise H. Brand
- Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Henneges
- Cognitive Systems, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Axel Schüssler
- Cognitive Systems, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - H. Üner Kolukisaoglu
- Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Center for Life Science Automation, Rostock, Germany
| | - Grit Koch
- Center for Life Science Automation, Rostock, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Zell
- Cognitive Systems, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Brand LH, Fischer NM, Harter K, Kohlbacher O, Wanke D. Elucidating the evolutionary conserved DNA-binding specificities of WRKY transcription factors by molecular dynamics and in vitro binding assays. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:9764-78. [PMID: 23975197 PMCID: PMC3834811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors constitute a large protein family in plants that is involved in the regulation of developmental processes and responses to biotic or abiotic stimuli. The question arises how stimulus-specific responses are mediated given that the highly conserved WRKY DNA-binding domain (DBD) exclusively recognizes the 'TTGACY' W-box consensus. We speculated that the W-box consensus might be more degenerate and yet undetected differences in the W-box consensus of WRKYs of different evolutionary descent exist. The phylogenetic analysis of WRKY DBDs suggests that they evolved from an ancestral group IIc-like WRKY early in the eukaryote lineage. A direct descent of group IIc WRKYs supports a monophyletic origin of all other group II and III WRKYs from group I by loss of an N-terminal DBD. Group I WRKYs are of paraphyletic descent and evolved multiple times independently. By homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro DNA-protein interaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with AtWRKY50 (IIc), AtWRKY33 (I) and AtWRKY11 (IId) DBDs, we revealed differences in DNA-binding specificities. Our data imply that other components are essentially required besides the W-box-specific binding to DNA to facilitate a stimulus-specific WRKY function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise H Brand
- Department of Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Department of Computer Science, Applied Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics, Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Hahn A, Kilian J, Mohrholz A, Ladwig F, Peschke F, Dautel R, Harter K, Berendzen KW, Wanke D. Plant core environmental stress response genes are systemically coordinated during abiotic stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7617-41. [PMID: 23567274 PMCID: PMC3645707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying plant stress responses is an important issue in a world threatened by global warming. Unfortunately, comparative analyses are hampered by varying experimental setups. In contrast, the AtGenExpress abiotic stress experiment displays intercomparability. Importantly, six of the nine stresses (wounding, genotoxic, oxidative, UV-B light, osmotic and salt) can be examined for their capacity to generate systemic signals between the shoot and root, which might be essential to regain homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. We classified the systemic responses into two groups: genes that are regulated in the non-treated tissue only are defined as type I responsive and, accordingly, genes that react in both tissues are termed type II responsive. Analysis of type I and II systemic responses suggest distinct functionalities, but also significant overlap between different stresses. Comparison with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) responsive genes implies that MeJA is involved in the systemic stress response. Certain genes are predominantly responding in only one of the categories, e.g., WRKY genes respond mainly non-systemically. Instead, genes of the plant core environmental stress response (PCESR), e.g., ZAT10, ZAT12, ERD9 or MES9, are part of different response types. Moreover, several PCESR genes switch between the categories in a stress-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Mohrholz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Friederike Ladwig
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Florian Peschke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Rebecca Dautel
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Kenneth W. Berendzen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
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12
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Berendzen KW, Weiste C, Wanke D, Kilian J, Harter K, Dröge-Laser W. Bioinformatic cis-element analyses performed in Arabidopsis and rice disclose bZIP- and MYB-related binding sites as potential AuxRE-coupling elements in auxin-mediated transcription. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:125. [PMID: 22852874 PMCID: PMC3438128 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In higher plants, a diverse array of developmental and growth-related processes is regulated by the plant hormone auxin. Recent publications have proposed that besides the well-characterized Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) that bind Auxin Response Elements (AuxREs), also members of the bZIP- and MYB-transcription factor (TF) families participate in transcriptional control of auxin-regulated genes via bZIP Response Elements (ZREs) or Myb Response Elements (MREs), respectively. RESULTS Applying a novel bioinformatic algorithm, we demonstrate on a genome-wide scale that singular motifs or composite modules of AuxREs, ZREs, MREs but also of MYC2 related elements are significantly enriched in promoters of auxin-inducible genes. Despite considerable, species-specific differences in the genome structure in terms of the GC content, this enrichment is generally conserved in dicot (Arabidopsis thaliana) and monocot (Oryza sativa) model plants. Moreover, an enrichment of defined composite modules has been observed in selected auxin-related gene families. Consistently, a bipartite module, which encompasses a bZIP-associated G-box Related Element (GRE) and an AuxRE motif, has been found to be highly enriched. Making use of transient reporter studies in protoplasts, these findings were experimentally confirmed, demonstrating that GREs functionally interact with AuxREs in regulating auxin-mediated transcription. CONCLUSIONS Using genome-wide bioinformatic analyses, evolutionary conserved motifs have been defined which potentially function as AuxRE-dependent coupling elements to establish auxin-specific expression patterns. Based on these findings, experimental approaches can be designed to broaden our understanding of combinatorial, auxin-controlled gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Berendzen
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Weiste
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dröge-Laser
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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Wenke K, Wanke D, Kilian J, Berendzen K, Harter K, Piechulla B. Volatiles of two growth-inhibiting rhizobacteria commonly engage AtWRKY18 function. Plant J 2012; 70:445-59. [PMID: 22188129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with the (a)biotic environment play key roles in a plant's fitness and vitality. In addition to direct surface-to-surface contact, volatile chemicals can also affect the physiology of organism. Volatiles of Serratia plymuthica and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia significantly inhibited growth and induced H(2) O(2) production in Arabidopsis in dual culture. Within 1 day, transcriptional changes were observed by promoter-GUS assays using a stress-inducible W-box-containing 4xGST1 construct. Expression studies performed at 6, 12 and 24 h revealed altered transcript levels for 889 genes and 655 genes in response to Se. plymuthica or St. maltophilia volatiles, respectively. Expression of 162 genes was altered in both treatments. Meta-analysis revealed that specifically volatile-responsive genes were significantly overlapping with those affected by abiotic stress. We use the term mVAMP (microbial volatile-associated molecular pattern) to describe these volatile-specific responses. Genes responsive to both treatments were enriched for W-box motifs in their promoters, and were significantly enriched for transcription factors (ERF2, ZAT10, MYB73 and WRKY18). The susceptibility of wrky18 mutant lines to volatiles was significantly delayed, suggesting an indispensable role for WRKY18 in bacterial volatile responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wenke
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Tanz SK, Kilian J, Johnsson C, Apel K, Small I, Harter K, Wanke D, Pogson B, Albrecht V. The SCO2 protein disulphide isomerase is required for thylakoid biogenesis and interacts with LHCB1 chlorophyll a/b binding proteins which affects chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant J 2012; 69:743-54. [PMID: 22040291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The process of chloroplast biogenesis requires a multitude of pathways and processes to establish chloroplast function. In cotyledons of seedlings, chloroplasts develop either directly from proplastids (also named eoplasts) or, if germinated in the dark, via etioplasts, whereas in leaves chloroplasts derive from proplastids in the apical meristem and are then multiplied by division. The snowy cotyledon 2, sco2, mutations specifically disrupt chloroplast biogenesis in cotyledons. SCO2 encodes a chloroplast-localized protein disulphide isomerase, hypothesized to be involved in protein folding. Analysis of co-expressed genes with SCO2 revealed that genes with similar expression patterns encode chloroplast proteins involved in protein translation and in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Indeed, sco2-1 accumulates increased levels of the chlorophyll precursor, protochlorophyllide, in both dark grown cotyledons and leaves. Yeast two-hybrid analyses demonstrated that SCO2 directly interacts with the chlorophyll-binding LHCB1 proteins, being confirmed in planta using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC). Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of sco2-1 chloroplasts revealed that formation and movement of transport vesicles from the inner envelope to the thylakoids is perturbed. SCO2 does not interact with the signal recognition particle proteins SRP54 and FtsY, which were shown to be involved in targeting of LHCB1 to the thylakoids. We hypothesize that SCO2 provides an alternative targeting pathway for light-harvesting chlorophyll binding (LHCB) proteins to the thylakoids via transport vesicles predominantly in cotyledons, with the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway predominant in rosette leaves. Therefore, we propose that SCO2 is involved in the integration of LHCB1 proteins into the thylakoids that feeds back on the regulation of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway and nuclear gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Tanz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Wenke K, Weise T, Warnke R, Valverde C, Wanke D, Kai M, Piechulla B. Bacterial Volatiles Mediating Information Between Bacteria and Plants. Biocommunication of Plants 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23524-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kilian J, Peschke F, Berendzen KW, Harter K, Wanke D. Prerequisites, performance and profits of transcriptional profiling the abiotic stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1819:166-75. [PMID: 22001611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, microarrays became a routine tool for the analysis of transcripts in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the crop plant species rice, poplar or barley. The overwhelming amount of data generated by gene expression studies is a valuable resource for every scientist. Here, we summarize the most important findings about the abiotic stress responses in plants. Interestingly, conserved patterns of gene expression responses have been found that are common between different abiotic stresses or that are conserved between different plant species. However, the individual histories of each plant affect the inter-comparability between experiments already before the onset of the actual stress treatment. This review outlines multiple aspects of microarray technology and highlights some of the benefits, limitations and also pitfalls of the technique. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant gene regulation in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kilian
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology, ZMBP-Plant Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Wanke D. The ABA-mediated switch between submersed and emersed life-styles in aquatic macrophytes. J Plant Res 2011; 124:467-75. [PMID: 21674229 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophytes comprise aquatic macrophytes from various taxa that are able to sustain and to complete their lifecycle in a flooded environment. Their ancestors, however, underwent adaptive processes to withstand drought on land and became partially or completely independent of water for sexual reproduction. Interestingly, the step backwards into the high-density aquatic medium happened independently several times in numerous plant taxa. For flowering plants, this submersed life-style is especially difficult as they need to erect their floral organs above the water surface to be pollinated. Moreover, fresh-water plants evolved the adaptive mechanism of heterophylly, which enabled them to switch between a submersed and an emersed leaf morphology. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a key factor of heterophylly induction in aquatic plants and is a major switch between a submersed and emersed life. The mechanisms of ABA signal perception and transduction appear to be conserved throughout the evolution of basal plants to angiosperms and from terrestrial to aquatic plants. This review summarizes the interplay of environmental factors that act through ABA to orchestrate adaptation of plants to their aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dierk Wanke
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, Tübingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Mangelsen E, Kilian J, Harter K, Jansson C, Wanke D, Sundberg E. Transcriptome analysis of high-temperature stress in developing barley caryopses: early stress responses and effects on storage compound biosynthesis. Mol Plant 2011; 4:97-115. [PMID: 20924027 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature stress, like any abiotic stress, impairs the physiology and development of plants, including the stages of seed setting and ripening. We used the Affymetrix 22K Barley1 GeneChip microarray to investigate the response of developing barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds, termed caryopses, after 0.5, 3, and 6 h of heat stress exposure; 958 induced and 1122 repressed genes exhibited spatial and temporal expression patterns that provide a detailed insight into the caryopses' early heat stress responses. Down-regulation of genes related to storage compound biosynthesis and cell growth provides evidence for a rapid impairment of the caryopsis' development. Increased levels of sugars and amino acids were indicative for both production of compatible solutes and feedback-induced accumulation of substrates for storage compound biosynthesis. Metadata analysis identified embryo and endosperm as primary locations of heat stress responses, indicating a strong impact of short-term heat stress on central developmental functions of the caryopsis. A comparison with heat stress responses in Arabidopsis shoots and drought stress responses in barley caryopses identified both conserved and presumably heat- and caryopsis-specific stress-responsive genes. Summarized, our data provide an important basis for further investigation of gene functions in order to aid an improved heat tolerance and reduced losses of yield in barley as a model for cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Mangelsen
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Schröder A, Eichner J, Supper J, Eichner J, Wanke D, Henneges C, Zell A. Predicting DNA-binding specificities of eukaryotic transcription factors. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13876. [PMID: 21152420 PMCID: PMC2994704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, annotated amino acid sequences of more and more transcription factors (TFs) are readily available. Quantitative information about their DNA-binding specificities, however, are hard to obtain. Position frequency matrices (PFMs), the most widely used models to represent binding specificities, are experimentally characterized only for a small fraction of all TFs. Even for some of the most intensively studied eukaryotic organisms (i.e., human, rat and mouse), roughly one-sixth of all proteins with annotated DNA-binding domain have been characterized experimentally. Here, we present a new method based on support vector regression for predicting quantitative DNA-binding specificities of TFs in different eukaryotic species. This approach estimates a quantitative measure for the PFM similarity of two proteins, based on various features derived from their protein sequences. The method is trained and tested on a dataset containing 1 239 TFs with known DNA-binding specificity, and used to predict specific DNA target motifs for 645 TFs with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Schröder
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Wanke D, Kolukisaoglu HU. An update on the ABCC transporter family in plants: many genes, many proteins, but how many functions? Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2010; 12 Suppl 1:15-25. [PMID: 20712617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC subfamily of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which were formerly known as multidrug resistance-related proteins (MRPs), consists of closely related members found in all eukaryotic organisms. Although more than a decade of intensive research has elapsed since the first MRP protein was functionally characterised in Arabidopsis thaliana, knowledge of this particular transporter family is still limited in plants. Although ABCC proteins were originally defined as vacuolar pumps of glutathione-S (GS) conjugates, evidence, as well as speculation, on their endogenous functions inside the cell ranges from detoxification and heavy metal sequestration, to chlorophyll catabolite transport and ion channel regulation. The characterisation of knockout mutants in Arabidopsis has been pivotal for elucidation of different roles of ABCC transporters. However, a functional annotation for the majority of these transport proteins is still lacking, even in this model plant. On the one hand, this problem seems to be caused by functional redundancy between family members, which might lead to physiological complementation by a highly homologous gene in the mutant lines. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that the functional diversity of ABCC genes in Arabidopsis and other plants is far greater than previously assumed. For example, analysis of microarray expression data supports involvement of ABCC transporters in the response to biotic stress: particular changes in ABCC transcript levels are found, which are pathogen-specific and evoke distinct signalling cascades. Current knowledge about plant ABCC transporters indicates that novel and unexpected functions and substrates of these proteins are still waiting to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Mangelsen E, Wanke D, Kilian J, Sundberg E, Harter K, Jansson C. Significance of light, sugar, and amino acid supply for diurnal gene regulation in developing barley caryopses. Plant Physiol 2010; 153:14-33. [PMID: 20304969 PMCID: PMC2862414 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The caryopses of barley (Hordeum vulgare), as of all cereals, are complex sink organs optimized for starch accumulation and embryo development. While their early to late development has been studied in great detail, processes underlying the caryopses' diurnal adaptation to changes in light, temperature, and the fluctuations in phloem-supplied carbon and nitrogen have remained unknown. In an attempt to identify diurnally affected processes in developing caryopses at the early maturation phase, we monitored global changes of both gene expression and metabolite levels. We applied the 22 K Barley1 GeneChip microarray and identified 2,091 differentially expressed (DE) genes that were assigned to six major diurnal expression clusters. Principal component analysis and other global analyses demonstrated that the variability within the data set relates to genes involved in circadian regulation, storage compound accumulation, embryo development, response to abiotic stress, and photosynthesis. The correlation of amino acid and sugar profiles with expression trajectories led to the identification of several hundred potentially metabolite-regulated DE genes. A comparative analysis of our data set and publicly available microarray data disclosed suborgan-specific expression of almost all diurnal DE genes, with more than 350 genes specifically expressed in the pericarp, endosperm, or embryo tissues. Our data reveal a tight linkage between day/night cycles, changes in light, and the supply of carbon and nitrogen. We present a model that suggests several phases of diurnal gene expression in developing barley caryopses, summarized as starvation and priming, energy collection and carbon fixation, light protection and chaperone activity, storage and growth, and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Mangelsen
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Regulatory DNA sequences harbor the essential information to control specific gene expression changes and integrate information derived from upstream signaling cascades. This regulatory potential is mediated by direct binding of proteins, e.g., transcription factors, to defined stretches of DNA motifs in regulatory regions. The analysis of these DNA regions, at which several signaling pathways could merge to orchestrate gene expression, is still a challenging task. To date, the combination of functional approaches in the laboratory and computer aided sequence evaluation is frequently used for regulatory sequence analysis. The yeast-one-hybrid method is a possible approach to test for direct binding of plant proteins to DNA in a heterologous system. Moreover, it is the most frequently used method for the identification of DNA-binding proteins targeting a given DNA sequence by screening a cDNA library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dierk Wanke
- ZMBP Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ciolkowski I, Wanke D, Birkenbihl RP, Somssich IE. Studies on DNA-binding selectivity of WRKY transcription factors lend structural clues into WRKY-domain function. Plant Mol Biol 2008; 68:81-92. [PMID: 18523729 PMCID: PMC2493524 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors have been shown to play a major role in regulating, both positively and negatively, the plant defense transcriptome. Nearly all studied WRKY factors appear to have a stereotypic binding preference to one DNA element termed the W-box. How specificity for certain promoters is accomplished therefore remains completely unknown. In this study, we tested five distinct Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factor subfamily members for their DNA binding selectivity towards variants of the W-box embedded in neighboring DNA sequences. These studies revealed for the first time differences in their binding site preferences, which are partly dependent on additional adjacent DNA sequences outside of the TTGACY-core motif. A consensus WRKY binding site derived from these studies was used for in silico analysis to identify potential target genes within the Arabidopsis genome. Furthermore, we show that even subtle amino acid substitutions within the DNA binding region of AtWRKY11 strongly impinge on its binding activity. Additionally, all five factors were found localized exclusively to the plant cell nucleus and to be capable of trans-activating expression of a reporter gene construct in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Ciolkowski
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Koln, Germany
- Present Address: Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, IPAZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Koln, Germany
- Present Address: ZMBP – Pflanzenphysiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Rainer P. Birkenbihl
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Koln, Germany
| | - Imre E. Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Koln, Germany
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Mangelsen E, Kilian J, Berendzen KW, Kolukisaoglu UH, Harter K, Jansson C, Wanke D. Phylogenetic and comparative gene expression analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare) WRKY transcription factor family reveals putatively retained functions between monocots and dicots. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:194. [PMID: 18442363 PMCID: PMC2390551 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background WRKY proteins belong to the WRKY-GCM1 superfamily of zinc finger transcription factors that have been subject to a large plant-specific diversification. For the cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare), three different WRKY proteins have been characterized so far as regulators in sucrose signaling, pathogen defense, and in response to cold and drought. However, their phylogenetic relationship remained unresolved. Results In this study, we used available sequence information to identify a minimum number of 45 barley WRKY transcription factor (HvWRKY) genes. According to their structural features, the HvWRKY factors were classified into the previously defined polyphyletic WRKY subgroups 1 to 3. Furthermore, we could assign putative orthologs of the HvWRKY proteins in Arabidopsis and rice. While in most cases clades of orthologous proteins were formed within each group or subgroup, other clades were composed of paralogous proteins for the grasses and Arabidopsis only, which is indicative of specific gene radiation events. To gain insight into their putative functions, we examined expression profiles of WRKY genes from publicly available microarray data resources and found group specific expression patterns. While putative orthologs of the HvWRKY transcription factors have been inferred from phylogenetic sequence analysis, we performed a comparative expression analysis of WRKY genes in Arabidopsis and barley. Indeed, highly correlative expression profiles were found between some of the putative orthologs. Conclusion HvWRKY genes have not only undergone radiation in monocot or dicot species, but exhibit evolutionary traits specific to grasses. HvWRKY proteins exhibited not only sequence similarities between orthologs with Arabidopsis, but also relatedness in their expression patterns. This correlative expression is indicative for a putative conserved function of related WRKY proteins in monocot and dicot species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Mangelsen
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7080, SE-750 07Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hahn A, Zimmermann R, Wanke D, Harter K, Edelmann HG. The root cap determines ethylene-dependent growth and development in maize roots. Mol Plant 2008; 1:359-67. [PMID: 19825545 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssm027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Besides providing protection against mechanical damage to the root tip, the root cap is involved in the perception and processing of diverse external and internal stimuli resulting in altered growth and development. The transduction of these stimuli includes hormonal signaling pathways such as those of auxin, ethylene and cytokinin. Here, we show that the root cap is essential for the ethylene-induced regulation of elongation growth and root hair formation in maize. Exogenously applied ethylene is no longer able to inhibit elongation growth when the root cap has been surgically removed prior to hormone treatment. Reconstitution of the cap positively correlates with the developing capacity of the roots to respond to ethylene again. In contrast, the removal of the root cap does not per se affect growth inhibition controlled by auxin and cytokinin. Furthermore, our semi-quantitative RT-PCR results support earlier findings that the maize root cap is a site of high gene expression activity with respect to sensing and responding to hormones such as ethylene. From these data, we propose a novel function of the root cap which is the establishment of competence to respond to ethylene in the distal zones of the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Hahn
- Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany
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Supper J, Strauch M, Wanke D, Harter K, Zell A. EDISA: extracting biclusters from multiple time-series of gene expression profiles. BMC Bioinformatics 2007; 8:334. [PMID: 17850657 PMCID: PMC2063505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cells dynamically adapt their gene expression patterns in response to various stimuli. This response is orchestrated into a number of gene expression modules consisting of co-regulated genes. A growing pool of publicly available microarray datasets allows the identification of modules by monitoring expression changes over time. These time-series datasets can be searched for gene expression modules by one of the many clustering methods published to date. For an integrative analysis, several time-series datasets can be joined into a three-dimensional gene-condition-time dataset, to which standard clustering or biclustering methods are, however, not applicable. We thus devise a probabilistic clustering algorithm for gene-condition-time datasets. Results In this work, we present the EDISA (Extended Dimension Iterative Signature Algorithm), a novel probabilistic clustering approach for 3D gene-condition-time datasets. Based on mathematical definitions of gene expression modules, the EDISA samples initial modules from the dataset which are then refined by removing genes and conditions until they comply with the module definition. A subsequent extension step ensures gene and condition maximality. We applied the algorithm to a synthetic dataset and were able to successfully recover the implanted modules over a range of background noise intensities. Analysis of microarray datasets has lead us to define three biologically relevant module types: 1) We found modules with independent response profiles to be the most prevalent ones. These modules comprise genes which are co-regulated under several conditions, yet with a different response pattern under each condition. 2) Coherent modules with similar responses under all conditions occurred frequently, too, and were often contained within these modules. 3) A third module type, which covers a response specific to a single condition was also detected, but rarely. All of these modules are essentially different types of biclusters. Conclusion We successfully applied the EDISA to different 3D datasets. While previous studies were mostly aimed at detecting coherent modules only, our results show that coherent responses are often part of a more general module type with independent response profiles under different conditions. Our approach thus allows for a more comprehensive view of the gene expression response. After subsequent analysis of the resulting modules, the EDISA helped to shed light on the global organization of transcriptional control. An implementation of the algorithm is available at http://www-ra.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/software/IAGEN/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Supper
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Strauch
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Zell
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Kilian J, Whitehead D, Horak J, Wanke D, Weinl S, Batistic O, D'Angelo C, Bornberg-Bauer E, Kudla J, Harter K. The AtGenExpress global stress expression data set: protocols, evaluation and model data analysis of UV-B light, drought and cold stress responses. Plant J 2007; 50:347-63. [PMID: 17376166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 906] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The tolerance responses of plants to many abiotic stresses are conjectured to be controlled by complex gene networks. In the frame of the AtGenExpress project a comprehensive Arabidopsis thaliana genome transcript expression study was performed using the Affymetrix ATH1 microarray in order to understand these regulatory networks in detail. In contrast to earlier studies, we subjected, side-by-side and in a high-resolution kinetic series, Arabidopsis plants, of identical genotype grown under identical conditions, to different environmental stresses comprising heat, cold, drought, salt, high osmolarity, UV-B light and wounding. Furthermore, the harvesting of tissue and RNA isolation were performed in parallel at the same location using identical experimental protocols. Here we describe the technical performance of the experiments. We also present a general overview of environmental abiotic stress-induced gene expression patterns and the results of a model bioinformatics analysis of gene expression in response to UV-B light, drought and cold stress. Our results suggest that the initial transcriptional stress reaction of Arabidopsis might comprise a set of core environmental stress response genes which, by adjustment of the energy balance, could have a crucial function in various stress responses. In addition, there are indications that systemic signals generated by the tissue exposed to stress play a major role in the coordination and execution of stress responses. In summary, the information reported provides a prime reference point and source for the subsequent exploitation of this important resource for research into plant abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kilian
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Strauch M, Supper J, Spieth C, Wanke D, Kilian J, Harter K, Zell A. A Two-Step Clustering for 3-D Gene Expression Data Reveals the Main Features of the Arabidopsis Stress Response. J Integr Bioinform 2007. [DOI: 10.1515/jib-2007-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary We developed an integrative approach for discovering gene modules, i.e. genes that are tightly correlated under several experimental conditions and applied it to a threedimensional Arabidopsis thaliana microarray dataset. The dataset consists of approximately 23000 genes responding to 9 abiotic stress conditions at 6-9 different points in time. Our approach aims at finding relatively small and dense modules lending themselves to a specific biological interpretation. In order to detect gene modules within this dataset, we employ a two-step clustering process. In the first step, a k-means clustering on one condition is performed, which is subsequently used in the second step as a seed for the clustering of the remaining conditions. To validate the significance of the obtained modules, we performed a permutation analysis and determined a null hypothesis to compare the module scores against, providing a p-value for each module. Significant modules were mapped to the Gene Ontology (GO) in order to determine the participating biological processes.As a result, we isolated modules showing high significance with respect to the p-values obtained by permutation analysis and GO mapping. In these modules we identified a number of genes that are either part of a general stress response with similar characteristics under different conditions (coherent modules), or part of a more specific stress response to a single stress condition (single response modules). We also found genes clustering within several conditions, which are, however, not part of a coherent module. These genes have a distinct temporal response under each condition. We call the modules they are contained in individual response modules (IR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strauch
- 1Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT) Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Supper
- 1Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT) Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Spieth
- 1Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT) Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dierk Wanke
- 2Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kilian
- 2Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- 2Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Zell
- 1Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT) Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Santi L, Wang Y, Stile MR, Berendzen K, Wanke D, Roig C, Pozzi C, Müller K, Müller J, Rohde W, Salamini F. The GA octodinucleotide repeat binding factor BBR participates in the transcriptional regulation of the homeobox gene Bkn3. Plant J 2003; 34:813-26. [PMID: 12795701 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the dominant mutant Hooded (K), the barley gene BKn3 is overexpressed as a result of a duplication of 305 bp in intron IV. When fused to a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S minimal promoter, the 305 bp element activates gene expression in tobacco, as does a 655 bp BKn3 promoter sequence. Both DNA fragments contain a (GA)8 repeat (GA/TC)8. A one-hybrid screen using the 305 bp element as the DNA target led to the cloning of the barley b recombinant (BBR) protein, which binds specifically to the (GA/TC)8 repeat. BBR is nuclear targeted and is a characterized nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence, a DNA-binding domain extended up to 90 aa at the C-terminus and a putative N-terminal activation domain. The corresponding gene has no introns and is ubiquitously expressed in barley tissues. In co-transfection experiments, BBR activates (GA/TC)8-containing promoters, and its overexpression in tobacco leads to a pronounced leaf shape modification. BBR has properties of a GAGA-binding factor, but the corresponding gene has no sequence homology to Trl and Psq of Drosophila, which encode functionally analogous proteins. In Arabidopsis, (GA/TC)8 repeats occur particularly within 1500 bp upstream of gene start codons included in some homeodomain genes of different classes. The data presented suggest that expression of the barley BKn3 is regulated, at least in part, by the binding of the transcription factor BBR to GA/TC repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Department of Plant Breeding and Yield Physiology, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
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Kolukisaoglu HU, Bovet L, Klein M, Eggmann T, Geisler M, Wanke D, Martinoia E, Schulz B. Family business: the multidrug-resistance related protein (MRP) ABC transporter genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 2002; 216:107-19. [PMID: 12430019 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-002-0890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2002] [Accepted: 08/09/2002] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the completion of the sequencing of the entire genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., the exact determination of each single gene and its function remains an open question. This is especially true for multigene families. An approach that combines analysis of genomic structure, expression data and functional genomics to ascertain the role of the members of the multidrug-resistance-related protein ( MRP) gene family, a subfamily of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters from Arabidopsis is presented. We used cDNA sequencing and alignment-based re-annotation of genomic sequences to define the exact genic structure of all known AtMRP genes. Analysis of promoter regions suggested different induction conditions even for closely related genes. Expression analysis for the entire gene family confirmed these assumptions. Phylogenetic analysis and determination of segmental duplication in the regions of AtMRP genes revealed that the evolution of the extraordinarily high number of ABC transporter genes in plants cannot solely be explained by polyploidisation during the evolution of the Arabidopsis genome. Interestingly MRP genes from Oryza sativa L. (rice; OsMRP) show very similar genomic structures to those from Arabidopsis. Screening of large populations of T-DNA-mutagenised lines of A. thaliana resulted in the isolation of AtMRP insertion mutants. This work opens the way for the defined analysis of a multigene family of important membrane transporters whose broad variety of functions expands their traditional role as cellular detoxifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Uner Kolukisaoglu
- Universität zu Köln, Botanik II (AG Flügge), Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany
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