Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from Chinese medicine residues

Nanocellulose has become a vital material with excellent and crucial properties in the field of nanotechnology and advanced materials science. Plant-based traditional Chinese medicines are mostly plant rhizomes, which contain a large amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In this study, carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared from traditional Chinese medicine residues (CMR) by sequential periodate-chlorite oxidation without mechanical treatment. The obtained nanocelluloses were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD); the carboxyl content and specific surface area were also measured, simultaneously. XRD results revealed that the crystallinity index decreased after sequential oxidation; however, the cellulose I structure was maintained. From the morphology analysis, the average length and width of CNCs were 139.3 and 10 nm, respectively. From the FTIR analysis, with the particle size decreasing, hydrogen bonds were broken and recombined. TGA results showed that the thermal property was decreased with a reduction of nanocellulose particle size and crystallinity index. This study is the first to refine utilization of traditional Chinese medicine residues as a potential source of cellulose, that is, to prepare nanocellulose efficiently with high carboxyl content which finds its application in nanomaterials.

[Consensus of experts on the medical risk prevention for the patients with cardiovascular diseases during dental treatment (2022 edition)]

With the aging process of population in the society, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in China is increasing continuously and the number of dental patients with CVD is increasing gradually too. Due to the lack of guidelines for dental patients with CVD in our country, how to implement standardized preoperative evaluation and perioperative risk prevention remains a problem to be solved for dentists at present. The present expert consensus was reached by combining the clinical experiences of the expert group of the Fifth General Dentistry Special Committee, Chinese Stomatological Association and respiratory and cardiology experts in diagnosis and treatment for CVD patients, and by systematically summarizing the relevant international guidelines and literature regarding the relationship between CVD and oral diseases and the diagnosis and treatment of dental patients with heart failure, hypertension and antithrombotic therapy. The consensus aims to provide, for the dental clinicians, the criteria on diagnosis and treatment of CVD in dental patients in China so as to reduce the risk and complications, and finally to improve the treatment levels of dental patients with CVD in China.

Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from spent edible fungus substrate

BACKGROUND

Spent edible fungus substrates were identified as potential sources to produce cellulose derivatives, namely purified cellulose and dicarboxyl cellulose nanocrystal (DCNC). Purified celluloses were obtained via chemical treatments and then oxidized by sequential periodate-chlorite without mechanical process. The structural properties of the DCNCs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).

RESULTS

XRD results showed that the cellulose I structure was maintained, however, the crystallinity index decreased after oxidation process. The initial pyrolysis temperature of DCNCs ranged from 242 to 344 °C. TEM results revealed that DCNC was rod-shaped with an average length and width of 130.88 nm and 7.3 nm, respectively. The average specific surface area (SSA) was 366.67 m²  g^-1 . The carboxyl content was around 3.485 mmol g^-1 . Finally, the adsorption capacity for contaminations was 76.98, 126.22, 64.44 and 9.63 mg g^-1 for copper ion (Cu²⁺ ), lead ion (Pb²⁺ ), chromium (Cr³⁺ ) and amoxicillin (AMX), respectively.

CONCLUSION

This work showed a sequentially chemical oxidation for preparing nanocellulose from secondary agricultural waste with many functional applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Probiotic and prebiotic interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Many studies have associated altered intestinal bacterial communities and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but the putative effects are inconclusive. The purpose of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to evaluate the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through randomised intervention trials. Literature searches were performed until March 2020. For each outcome, a random NMA was performed, the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was determined. A total of 22 randomised trials comparing prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic treatments included 1301 participants. Considering all seven results (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, body mass index, weight, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) together, the highest SUCRA values are probiotics (94%), synbiotics (61%) and prebiotics (56%), respectively. NMA results provide evidence that probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, due to the lack of high-quality randomised trials, this research also has some limitations.

[Behavioral imaging of serum albumin during matrine transport based on capillary electrophoresis]

Matrine (MT) is an alkaloid widely used in the treatment of tumor diseases. It is the main medicinal ingredient in the dried roots of kuh-seng (Sophora flavescens Ait). However, there have been few studies on its transport mechanism. Serum albumin (SA) is the most abundant protein in blood. SA combines easily with many substances, including MT. MT and human serum albumin (HSA) were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) under in vitro conditions. The capillary tubing was 50 μm. The total length of the capillary was 60 cm, the total effective length was 50 cm. The interaction models of ligand-receptor binding were constructed by the mobility and frontal analysis (FA) methods. The purpose of establishing the interaction model was to study the binding of MT and SA. The phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.02 mol/L) was prepared in double distilled water. All solutions were prepared in PBS (0.02 mol/L). All solutions were filtered twice through a 0.45 μm microporous membrane, degassed for 5 min at a time. In the mobility method, different gradient MT solutions were used as running buffers. Their concentrations were 1.0×10^-4-1.0×10^-3 mol/L, with the gradient of 1.0×10^-4 mol/L. And the HSA solution containing (0.5% (v/v)) acetone was used as test sample. Its concentration was 1.0×10^-5 mol/L. The nonlinear fitting method was used to obtain the binding parameters of MT and HSA. In the FA method, different gradient MT-HSA solutions were used as test samples. Their concentrations were 1.0×10^-4-1.0×10^-3 mol/L, with the gradient of 1.0×10^-4 mol/L. And the PBS solution (0.02 mol/L) was used as running buffer. Then three equations were used to obtain the binding parameters of MT and HSA. And the applicability of the models was analyzed using the binding parameters. These three equations were nonlinear regression equation, Scatchard linear equation, and Klotz linear equation. Using the mobility method, the apparent binding constant K_B was 8.072×10³ mol/L. According to the FA method, three apparent binding constants were obtained for MT and HSA. The apparent binding constant K_B of HSA and MT by nonlinear regression equation, Scatchard linear equation and Klotz linear equation were 1.434×10³, 1.781×10³ and 2.133×10³ mol/L. The comparison was as follows, K_{B(nonlinear regression equation)} < K_{B(Scatchard linear equation)} < K_{B(Klotz linear equation)}. The number of binding sites was about 1.0. It was indicating that MT had only a single type of binding site with HSA. By analyzing the applicability of the model, the correlation coefficients (r) of the three equations were obtained. The comparison was as follows, r_{(Klotz linear equations)} > r_{(nonlinear regression equations)} > r_{(Scatchard linear equations)}. The results showed that both the methods were all suitable for analyzing the MT-SA system. The FA method could calculate the apparent binding constants and the numbers of binding sites. Therefore, it was more suitable for the analysis of MT and HSA. And the Klotz linear equation was the best fit for the theoretical model among the three equations. The combined parameters indicated that the interaction of MT with HSA had only one binding site. And the binding of MT with HSA was stable. This experimental method could be used to determine the binding status of MT and HSA. It is useful to further explore the binding mechanism of MT and HSA. This work provides valuable information on the interaction mechanism of typical alkaloids with SA. It will be useful in studies of the blood transport mechanisms of alkaloids.

Production of magnetic sodium alginate polyelectrolyte nanospheres for lead ions removal from wastewater

Polyelectrolyte composite nanospheres are relatively new adsorbents which have attracted much attention for their efficient pollutant removal and reuse performance. A novel polyelectrolyte nanosphere with magnetic function (SA@AM) was synthesized via the electrostatic reaction between the polyanionic sodium alginate (SA) and the surface of a prepared terminal amino-based magnetic nanoparticles (AMs). SA@AM showed a size of 15-22 nm with 6.85 emu·g^-1 of magnetization value, exhibiting a high adsorption capacity on Pb(II) ions representing a common heavy metal pollutant, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 105.8 mg g^-1. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption fits the adsorption curve, indicating uniform adsorption of Pb(II) on the SA@AM surfaces. Repeated adsorption desorption experiments showed that the removal ratio of Pb(II) by SA@AM was more than 76%, illustrating improved regeneration performance. These results provide useful information for the production of bio-based green magnetic nano scale adsorption materials for environmental remediation applications.

Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with post-stroke depression (PSD). Six relevant electronic databases (PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared rTMS with control condition for PSD were included. The mean change in depression symptom scores was defined as the primary efficacy outcome. Secondary outcomes included the remission rate of depression, stroke recovery, and cognitive function recovery. In total, 7 RCTs with 351 participants were included. At post-treatment, rTMS was significantly more effective than the control condition, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -1.15 (95%CI: -1.62 to -0.69; P<0.001, I2=71%) and remission with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.46 (95%CI: 1.68 to 7.12; P<0.001; I2=11%). As for stroke recovery, rTMS was also better than the control condition (SMD=-0.67, 95%CI: -1.02 to -0.32; P<0.001). However, no significant difference was found for cognitive function recovery between the two groups (SMD=4.07, 95%CI: -1.41 to 9.55; P=0.15). To explore the potential moderators for the primary outcome, a series of subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. The results implied that rTMS may be more effective in Asian samples than in North American samples (P=0.03). In conclusion, from the current evidence in this study, rTMS could be an effective treatment for patients with PSD. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes and clearer subgroup definitions are needed to confirm these outcomes.

Applications of microbial co-cultures in polyketides production

Polyketides are a large group of natural biomolecules that are normally produced by bacteria, fungi and plants. These molecules have clinical importance due to their anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Polyketides are biosynthesized from units of acyl-CoA by different polyketide synthases (PKSs), which display wide diversity of functional domains and mechanisms of action between fungi and bacteria. Co-culture of different micro-organisms can produce novel products distinctive from those produced during single cultures. This study compared the new polyketides produced in such co-culture systems and discusses aspects of the cultivation systems, product structures and identification techniques. Current results indicate that the formation of new polyketides may be the result of activation of previously silent PKSs genes induced during co-culture. This review indicated a potential way to produce pure therapeutic polyketides by microbial fermentation and a potential way to develop functional foods and agricultural products using co-co-culture of different micro-organisms. It also pointed out a new perspective for studies on the process of functional foods, especially those involving multiple micro-organisms.

Vacuolar protein sorting 4 is required for silkworm metamorphosis

Vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4) not only functions with its positive regulator vacuolar protein sorting 20-associated 1 (Vta1) in the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway but also participates alone in MVB-unrelated cellular processes. However, its physiological roles at the organism level remain rarely explored. We previously identified their respective homologues Bombyx mori Vps4 (BmVps4) and BmVta1 from the silkworm, a model organism for insect research. In this study, we performed fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot to globally characterize the transcription and protein expression profiles of BmVps4 and BmVta1 during silkworm development and in different silkworm tissues and organs. The results showed that they were significantly up-regulated in metamorphosis, adulthood and embryogenesis relative to larval stages, and displayed a roughly similar tissue-and-organ specificity for transcriptions in silkworm larvae. Importantly, BmVps4 was down-regulated during the early period of the fifth instar, reaching the lowest level of transcription on Day 6, then up-regulated from Day 7 to the wandering, spinning and pupal stages, and down-regulated again in adulthood. Moreover, knocking down BmVps4 by RNA interference significantly inhibited silk gland growth, shortened spinning time, prolonged pupation, reduced pupal size and weight, and increased moth wing defects. Together, our data demonstrate the critical and broad requirements for BmVps4 in silkworm metamorphosis.

A mixture of daidzein and Chinese herbs increases egg production and eggshell strength as well as blood plasma Ca, P, antioxidative enzymes, and luteinizing hormone levels in post-peak, brown laying hens

Dietary supplementation with the isoflavone, daidzein, has been shown to improve egg production in poultry. Additionally, providing Chinese herbs (CH) in the broiler diet has led to increased antioxidative enzyme activity. However, the combined effect of these dietary supplements on hen performance has not been examined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if dietary supplementation with a mixture of daidzein and CH would alter laying performance, egg quality, and blood plasma constituents of post-peak laying hens. At 59 wk of age, Hyline brown hens (240) were randomly allocated to 2 dietary groups and fed for 16 wk. The control group received the basal diet, and a treatment group was fed the basal diet that contained 0.02% of a mixture of daidzein and CH. Egg production and weight were recorded daily and egg quality data were collected at 75 wk of age. Blood plasma antioxidant activity, hormone levels, mineral (Ca and P) content, and osteocalcin content were determined at the end of the study. The results showed that laying rate, egg mass, and shell strength were greater in the daidzein-CH mixture group than the controls (P < 0.05). The plasma glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and luteinizing hormone levels were also greater in the daidzein-CH mixture group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The results of this study reveal that supplementing diets with a daidzein-CH mixture can improve laying performance perhaps by increasing plasma antioxidant activity, luteinizing hormone levels, and mineral content.

Genistein increases progesterone secretion by elevating related enzymes in chicken granulosa cells

Genistein, a biologically active isoflavone, exists in many soy products. It is well known that genistein binds to both oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ), but it has a higher affinity to ERβ. Genistein can also bind to the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30, also known as G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 or GPER). Furthermore, weak oestrogenic activity has been found in genistein, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of genistein on the secretion of progesterone (P4) and oestradiol (E2) in chicken granulosa cells harvested from follicles, as well as the mRNA expression of ERs in these cells. In addition, we examined the expression of key enzymes including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) in the process of P4 synthesis. The results showed that genistein did not affect the viability of granulosa cells, nor was the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein changed. Among the 1-, 10-, 100-, and 1,000-nM concentrations tested, treatment with 1 nM genistein for 48 h significantly increased P4 but did not affect E2 secretion. Real-time PCR results showed that the ERβ gene expression in granulosa cells was markedly upregulated by 1 nM genistein treatment for 48 h, but there was no significant difference in ERα and GPR30 expression. Genistein also increased the gene expression of StAR, P450scc and 3β-HSD in the cultured granulosa cells. These results indicate that genistein acts directly on chicken granulosa cells to increase P4 production by upregulating the gene expression of key enzymes through binding in ERβ. It may exert positive effects on the reproduction of late-laying hens and act as an effective and safe feed additive for animals.

Definition of treatment-resistant depression - Asia Pacific perspectives

BACKGROUND

The lack of uniformity in the definition of treatment resistant depression (TRD) within the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region may have implications for patient management. We aimed to characterize the most commonly used TRD definition in selected APAC countries.

METHODS

A systematic literature review of TRD definitions in APAC countries was conducted in Medline and Embase (2010-2016) and conference proceedings (2014 and 2016). TRD guidelines (APAC, Europe regional, US, or international) were also searched. An expert-panel explored APAC nuances in TRD definitions to achieve consensus for a regional-level definition.

RESULTS

Ten guidelines and 89 studies qualified for study inclusion. Among the studies, variations were observed in definitions regarding: number of antidepressants failed (range: ≥1 to ≥3), classes of antidepressants (same or different; 59% did not specify class), duration of previous treatments (range: 4-12 weeks), dosage adequacy, and consideration of adherence (yes/no; 88% of studies did not consider adherence). No TRD-specific guidelines were identified. The emerging consensus from the literature review and panel discussion was that TRD is most commonly defined as failure to ≥2 antidepressant therapies given at adequate doses, for 6-8 weeks during a major depressive episode.

LIMITATIONS

Few studies provided definitions of TRD used in daily clinical practice, and a limited number of countries were represented in the included studies and expert panel.

CONCLUSION

Attaining consensus on TRD definition may promote accurate, and possibly early detection of patients with TRD to enable appropriate intervention that may impact patient outcomes and quality of life.

Strategies to increase the efficacy of using gut microbiota for the modulation of obesity

Obesity is one of the most serious global public health challenges of the 21st century. The adjustment of gut microbiota is often recommended as an efficient strategy to treat obesity. This modulation of gut microbiota can be performed by many methods, including dietary intervention, antibiotic application, the use of prebiotics and probiotics, bariatric surgery and faecal microbiota transplantation. In most cases, positive effects have been observed in response to treatment, but invalid and even contrary effects have also been observed in some cases due to factors that are unrelated to intervention methods, such as genetic factors, patient age or gender, environmental microbiota, climate, geography and lifestyle. These factors can cause variation of gut microbial populations and thus should also be taken into consideration when selecting modulation strategies.

PyMIF enhances the inflammatory response in a rodent model by stimulating CD11b(+) Ly6C(+) cells accumulation in spleen

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (PMIF) expressed by Plasmodium parasites has been proved to be similar to the mammalian MIF in both structure and biological activity and is a critical upstream regulator in antimalaria innate immunity. In this work, using a genetically modified (MIF-KO) strain of highly lethal rodent Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (Py17XL), we found that PyMIF could increase the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by eliciting the CD11b(+) Ly6C(+) cells accumulated in the spleen of infected mouse. In addition, the chemotactic effect of PyMIF was demonstrated to associate with cell receptors CXCR2, CXCR4 and the cell surface markers ICAM-1, LFA-4.

Fabrication of Wood-Rubber Composites Using Rubber Compound as a Bonding Agent Instead of Adhesives

Differing from the hot-pressing method in the manufacturing of traditional wood-rubber composites (WRCs), this study was aimed at fabricating WRCs using rubber processing to improve water resistance and mechanical properties. Three steps were used to make WRCs, namely, fiber-rubber mixing, tabletting, and the vulcanization molding process. Ninety-six WRC panels were made with wood fiber contents of 0%-50% at rotor rotational speeds of 15-45 rpm and filled coefficients of 0.55-0.75. Four regression equations, i.e., the tensile strength (Ts), elongation at break (Eb), hardness (Ha) and rebound resilience (Rr) as functions of fiber contents, rotational speed and filled coefficient, were derived and a nonlinear programming model were developed to obtain the optimum composite properties. Although the Ts, Eb and Rr of the panels were reduced, Ha was considerably increased by 17%-58% because of the wood fiber addition. Scanning electron microscope images indicated that fibers were well embedded in rubber matrix. The 24 h water absorption was only 1%-3%, which was much lower than commercial wood-based composites.

Effects of outdoor access days on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, and lymphoid organ index of a local chicken breed

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of outdoor access days on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, and lymphoid organ index of a local chicken breed. In total, 864 twenty one-day-old male Suqin yellow chickens, with similar body weight (536±36g), were selected and raised in indoor floor pens that measured 1.42×1.42 m (2 m2, 18 birds/m2) in conventional poultry research houses (36 birds per pen). Two hundred and sixteen birds were allowed outdoor access treatments at 21, 28, 35, and 42 d of age, respectively (access to outdoor for 35, 28, 21, and 14 days, respectively). Each treatment was represented by 6 replicates (pens) containing 36 birds (216 birds per treatment). In the outdoor access treatment, the birds had an outdoor free-range paddock that measured 3×8 m (24 m2, 1.5 birds/m2). The body weight of birds at 56 d of age increased linearly with increasing outdoor access days (P<0.001), but there was no effect of the outdoor access days on the body weight at 42 d of age (P=0.161). The daily weight gain, daily feed intake, and feed per gain from 21 to 42 d of age were unaffected by outdoor access days (P=0.401, P=0.463, P=0.223, respectively). However, the daily weight gain and daily feed intake from 42 to 56 and from 21 to 56 d of age increased linearly with increasing outdoor access days (P=0.002, P<0.001; P=0.001, P=0.004; respectively), while the feed per gain tended to decrease linearly from 21 to 56 d of age (P=0.060). The mortality from 21 to 56 d of age was unaffected by outdoor access days (P=0.261). At 56 d of age, the breast yield increased linearly with increasing outdoor access days (P<0.001), while the foot yield decreased linearly (P=0.016). The light (L*) and red (b*) values of leg meat color increased linearly with increasing outdoor access days (P=0.032, P=0.013, respectively). The spleen: the body weight ratio showed a decreasing and then increasing quadratic response to increasing outdoor access days (P=0.047). The litter moisture content at 42 and 56 d of age increased linearly with increasing outdoor access days (P<0.001, P=0.013, respectively). The findings of this study suggest that increasing outdoor access days advantageously affects the body weight, daily weight gain, feed per gain and breast yield as well as the light (L*) and red (b*) values of leg meat color, while decreasing foot yield.

Analysis of gene expression identifies candidate markers and pathways in pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia is a serious multisystem disorder and causes significant increase in both maternal and foetal morbidity and perinatal mortality globally. Due to the limited understanding of the molecular mechanism of pre-eclampsia, the current study conducted bioinformatic analyses to screen key regulators involved in pre-eclampsia. The gene expression profiling dataset GSE44711 containing 8 early-onset pre-eclampsia placentas and 8 gestational-age-matched control placentas was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by limma software package, which were then subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis on the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery website. Finally, protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database. In total, 192 DEGs including 106 upregulated and 86 downregulated genes were obtained. Proteoglycan 2 and podoplanin were the most significantly up- and downregulated genes, respectively. In addition, three potential pathways and their related DEGs: spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, amiloride-binding protein 1 and adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 were associated with arginine and proline metabolism. Vascular endothelial growth factor C; phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit beta; collagen, type I, alpha 1 (COL1A1); and fibronectin 1 (FN1) were associated with focal adhesion. COL6A1 as well as COL1A1 and FN1 were involved in extra-cellular matrix-receptor interaction. The current study identified several potential genes and three pathways which may be considered as candidate targets for diagnosis and therapy of pre-eclampsia.

Abstract P5-06-04: Nicastrin Reveals Gamma-Secretase Independent Function in Breast Cancer Cells and Can Be Targeted by a Blocking Monoclonal Antibody To Reduce Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion

BACKGROUND: Nicastrin (NCT) is a structural and functional part of the gamma-secretase (GS) enzyme, implicated in tumorigenesis and resistance to treatment in multiple cancer types. However, its mechanism(s) of action and biological functions are poorly understood. We investigated functional and biological effects of inhibiting NCT in breast cancer (BC)cells by means of gene silencing and blocking antibodies, as well as the prognostic value of NCT expression in BC tissue. METHODS: NCT siRNA (Dahrmacon) was used at 40nM. A polyclonal antibody (pcAb) against NCT extracellular domain was developed at Biogenes (GE), and anti-NCT monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at Genovac (GE). We tested the Abs for their ability to recognize endogenous NCT in BC cells by FACS and Western blot. Best Abs were tested in vitro, using a transwell cell invasion assay and proliferation assay. Anti-NCT Ab (Sigma, N1660) was used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of BC tissues (n = 1050). Cases were scored as NCT negative (0), 1+, 2+ or 3+. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to investigate impact of NCT expression on survival. Illumina (Agilent) oligonucleotide arrays were used to investigate NCT siRNA effects on gene expression in BC cells. Both PcAb and mAbs recognized endogenous NCT in BC cells. In vitro, blocking NCT in MDA-MB231 BC cells with the PcAb, reduced cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner; by 50% and 70% at concentrations of 50μg/ml and 100μg/ml, respectively. mAbs reduced proliferation by 50% (clones 2H6 and 10C5) and 70% clone 10C11, (P&lt;0.01). In transwell cell invasion assay, anti-NCT pcAb induced a dose dependent reduction of invasion, by 35% at the 5μg/ml, peaking at &gt; 60% reduction at 50μg/ml (P&lt;0.001). mAbs reduced cell invasion by 40-50% (clone 10C5 and 10C11) and by &gt;65% (clone 2H6) (P&lt;001). IHC data showed that NCT was highly expressed (2+, 3+) in 47.5% of BC tissues. High NCT expression correlated with worse overall survival (OS) in ERnegative patients (p=0.05). To elucidate the effects of NCT loss, compared to those induced by GSIs or silencing Notch receptors, we examined cDNA from MDA231 treated independently with NCT, Notch1, Notch2, Notch4 siRNAs and GSI MK-003, on Illumina expression arrays. Thirteen of the 18 genes maximally affected by GSI were similarly affected by NCT siRNA. NCT knockdown also affected 1745 other genes that by large were not affected by GSI or Notch knockdowns. This suggests that NCT has GS-and Notch-independent cellular functions and may have different biological properties as a therapeutic target than GS. Among NCT siRNA affected genes, some are tumor suppressors: CST4 increased 8 fold; pro-invasive genes like GNG11 decreased 4 fold; cell adhesion genes: CTGF increased 4.5 fold etc.

CONCLUSIONS: NCT is overexpressed in 47.5% of BC cases where it infers adverse OS in the ER-vecohort of patients. Anti-NCT mAbs recognize endogenous NCT in BC cells and reduce BC cell proliferation and invasion. Silencing NCT in invasive BC cells induces extensive gene expression changes that only partially overlap with those caused by GSIs or Notch siRNAs. We conclude that NCT has GS-independent functions in BC cells and that an anti-NCT mAb may be a promising therapeutic approach for invasive BC.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-06-04.

Increased basal insulin secretion in Pdzd2-deficient mice

Expression of the multi-PDZ protein Pdzd2 (PDZ domain-containing protein 2) is enriched in pancreatic islet beta cells, but not in exocrine or alpha cells, suggesting a role for Pdzd2 in the regulation of pancreatic beta-cell function. To explore the in vivo function of Pdzd2, Pdzd2-deficient mice were generated. Homozygous Pdzd2 mutant mice were viable and their gross morphology appeared normal. Interestingly, Pdzd2-deficient mice showed enhanced glucose tolerance in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and their plasma insulin levels indicated increased basal insulin secretion after fasting. Moreover, insulin release from mutant pancreatic islets was found to be twofold higher than from normal islets. To verify the functional defect in vitro, Pdzd2 was depleted in INS-1E cells using two siRNA duplexes. Pdzd2-depleted INS-1E cells also displayed increased insulin secretion at low concentrations of glucose. Our results provide the first evidence that Pdzd2 is required for normal regulation of basal insulin secretion.

Inhibiting nicastrin (NCT) stabilizes expression of e-cadherin and has potential in inducing mesenchymal to epithelial transition in breast cancer (BC)

Abstract #3066

Introduction: NCT is a member of the Gamma Secretase (GS) enzyme complex, responsible for activating multiple substrates (Notch proteins, Her4, E-cadherin , CD44 etc.), implicated in BC development and progression from primary tumour to metastasis. E-cadherin (E-cad) is a key protein regulating cell-to-cell adhesion. Loss of E-cad is a central feature of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal (EMT) transition enabling cell migration and invasion, while restoration of E-cad expression indicates a less malignant cell phenotype.&#x2028; Materials and Methods: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 BC cell lines were used to investigate expression of NCT by Western Blot (WB) and RT-Q-PCR. Paraffin embedded BC tissue samples (n=126), 10 benign breast lesions (fibroadenoma) and 40 normal breast tissue specimens were analysed for NCT expression by Immunohistrochemistry (IHC). NCT was transiently silenced in vitro by siRNA and expression of E-cad, Beta-Catenin, Snail1 were analysed by WB and RT-Q-PCR. A commercially available kit was used to measure GS activity in vitro. Transmitted light microscopy was used to monitor cell motility using a model of a stable NCT knockout (KO) in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells.&#x2028; Results: NCT was not expressed or was weakly expressed in normal breast tissue by IHC. Strikingly, NCT was highly expressed only in the myoepithelial layer of all 10 fibroadenomas analysed, while epithelial layer remained negative of weakly NCT positive (+). Breast carcinomas were graded as NCT 1+, 2+ or 3+. NCT siRNA (72 h) resulted in &gt;90% reduction of both NCT mRNA and protein levels, as well as &gt;50% reduction in GS activity in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. NCT siRNA did not affect E-cad, Beta-Catenin or Snail1 mRNA levels in these cell lines. However, NCT siRNA resulted in cellular redistribution of E-cad to the cell membrane, as visualized by immunofluorescence, and an increase in E-cad protein levels by WB in MCF-7 cells. The transient NCT silencing at 72 h did not result in change of morphology in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell motility was, however, reduced by 20%: (0.01 µm/sec in parental MDA-MB-231 vs 0.008 µm/sec in MDA-MB-231 NCT siRNA cells). Stable NCT KO caused a notable change in cell phenotype, converting a spindle like wild type MEFs to rounded epitheloid-like morphology, coupled with a marked increase of E-cad localized to the membrane. Furthermore, cell motility was reduced by 3 fold in NCT KO MEFs (0.008 µm/sec in wild type MEFs vs 0.0025um/sec in the NCT KO MEFs).&#x2028; Conclusion: NCT is up-regulated in BC as compared to normal breast tissue. NCT is strongly expressed only in the myoepithelial cell compartment of breast fibroadenomas, suggesting possible involvement of NCT in EMT. Inhibiting NCT stabilizes E-cadherin protein levels in BC cells, at the post-translational level. Inhibiting NCT in BC may represent a potential strategy to reduce BC invasiveness and metastasis.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 3066.

Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerisation occurs on specific pre-existing networks in cells and requires spatial restriction to sustain functional lamellipod extension

The classical Arp2/3-mediated dendritic network defines the cytoskeleton at the leading edge of crawling cells, and it is generally assumed that Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization generates the force necessary to extend lamellipods. Our previous work suggested that successful lamellipod extension required not only free barbed ends for actin polymerization but also a proper ultrastructural organization of the cytoskeleton. To further explore the structural role of the Arp2/3 complex-mediated networks in lamellipod morphology and function, we performed a detailed analysis of the ultrastructure of the Arp2/3-mediated networks, using the WA domains of Scar and WASp to generate mislocalised Arp2/3 networks in vivo, and to reconstruct de novo Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation and polymerization on extracted cytoskeletons. We present here evidence that spatially unrestricted Arp2/3-mediated networks are intrinsically three-dimensional and multilayered by nature and, as such, cannot sustain significant polarized extension. Furthermore, such networks polymerize only at preferred locations in extracted cells, corresponding to pre-existing Arp2/3 networks, suggesting that the specific molecular organization of the actin cytoskeleton, in terms of structure and/or biochemical composition, dictates the location of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization. We propose that successful lamellipod extension depends not only on localized actin polymerization mediated through local signalling, but also on spatial restriction of the Arp2/3 complex-mediated nucleation of actin polymerization, both in terms of location within the cell and ultrastructural organization of the resulting network.

Radiation doses to patients during selected CT procedures at four hospitals in Tanzania

The dose characteristics of CT scanners from local scanning protocols were investigated on the basis of questionnaire information provided by four hospitals conducting CT procedures in Tanzania. The information included scanner model, scanner manufacturer, number of most frequent CT examinations and the employed scanning parameters to previously diagnosed patients. For each scan technique, patient doses were estimated in terms of computerized tomography dose index, dose length product and effective dose using the software developed by the ImPACT scan group in conjunction with the NRPB conversion coefficients data. The results show that the mean CTDI_w,100, DLP and effective dose ranged from 8.5 +/- 2.8 to 79.3 +/- 23.7mGy, 145 +/- 5 to 1400 +/- 812.5 mGy cm and 3 +/- 2.3 to 15.7 +/- 10.4 mSv, respectively. On average, the observed CT doses are however roughly higher than the reported literature data such as 30 to 60 mGy, 570 to 1050 mGy cm and 2.4 to 11.7 mSv recommended by European Commission for similar CT examinations. The higher dose levels, which are possibly associated with significant risks, justify extensive similar studies at the national level in order to unify different approaches towards optimisation of CT examinations. In pursue of this noble objective, the need to train the radiology personnel, establish and using protocols and continuously monitor the performance of CT equipment to control patient CT doses is of utmost importance.

Distribution and regulation of expression of serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 in the rat kidney

The serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (sgk1) increases the activity of a number of epithelial ion channels and transporters. The present study examines the distribution and subcellular localization of sgk1 protein in the rat kidney and the regulation of levels of expression induced by steroids. The results indicate that the kidney expresses predominantly the sgk1 isoform with a distribution restricted to the thick ascending limb of Henle, distal convoluted, connecting and cortical collecting tubules. Within cells, sgk1 strongly associates with the microsomal fraction of homogenates and it colocalizes with the Na+,K+-ATPase to the basolateral membrane. Analysis of the levels of expression of sgk1 by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry indicates constitutive high expression under basal conditions. Approximately half of the basal level is maintained by glucocorticoids whereas physiological fluctuations of aldosterone produce minor changes in sgk1 abundance in adrenal-intact animals. These results do not support the notion that physiological changes of aldosterone concentration turn the expression of sgk1 'on and off' in the mammalian kidney. Additionally, localization of sgk1 to the basolateral membrane indicates that the effects mediated by sgk1 do not require a direct interaction with the ion channels and transporters whose activity is modulated, since most of these proteins are located in the apical membrane of renal epithelial cells.

[Predictive value of combined application of umbilical artery color Doppler velocimetry, nonstress testing and ultrasonography in monitoring umbilical cord entanglement]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the predictive value of combined application of umbilical artery color Doppler flow monitoring (CDFI), nonstress testing (NST) and ultrasonography in monitoring umbilical cord entanglement.

METHODS

1 860 cases of pregnant women between gestational ages of 37 approximately 42 weeks were studied 1 approximately 2 weeks before delivery by CDFI, nonstress testing (NST) and ultrasonography to monitor umbilical cord entanglement.

RESULTS

The prevalence rate of umbilical cord entanglement was 23.23% (432/1 860). Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 95.4 % (412/432) and 98.6% (1 408/1 428) respectively. The rate of accuracy was 97.8% (1 820/1 860). The rate of fetal distress among the fetuses with umbilical cord round the body or four limbs was 85.29% (23/34) and the incidence of cesarean section in this group was 88.28% (30/34). The rate of fetal distress among the fetuses with umbilical cord round the neck was 13.06% (52/398) and the incidence of cesarean section in this group was 44.94% (178/398). The rates of fetal distress and cesarean section were significantly higher in the group with umbilical cord around the body or four limbs than in the group with umbilical cord around the neck (chi(2) = 107.27 and 23.76 respectively, P < 0.001). The systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio was basically in normal ranges in the group with the umbilical cord round the neck. In cardiotopography (CTG), umbilical cord entanglement mainly showed variable deceleration (VD), early deceleration (ED), nonreaction on NST, and late deceleration (LD) on oxytocin challenge test (OCT). Prolonged fetal heart rate deceleration (PD) could be seen in the group with umbilical cord around the body or four limbs.

CONCLUSION

The combined application of umbilical artery color Doppler velocimetry, nonstress testing and ultrasonography have an important auxiliary value in monitoring umbilical cord entanglement. It remarkably increases the positive predictive rate as a valuable reference for the choice of delivery form.

A novel function of B lymphocytes from normal mice to suppress autoimmunity in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice

In systemic autoimmune-prone (NZB x NZW)F1 (NZB/W F1) mice, B-cell abnormalities characterized by hypergammaglobulinaemia accompanying autoantibodies have been thought to be a main cause of the disease. To examine a possible regulatory role of B cells in the disease manifestations, we injected, intravenously (i.v.), normal or autoimmune B cells into non-irradiated NZB/W F1 mice. The injection of splenic B cells from major histocompatibility (MHC)-matched or allogeneic normal mice caused a marked decrease in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of autoantibodies, delayed the appearance of proteinuria and prolonged life span, whereas treatment with splenic B cells from NZB/W F1 or X-linked immunodeficient (Xid) mice failed to suppress the autoimmunity. Moreover, in vitro polyclonal antibody responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of NZB/W F1-derived B cells from the treated mice were markedly reduced. Interestingly, the treatment of NZB/W F1 mice at 16, 18 and 20 or at 20, 22 and 24 weeks of age was more effective than that at 6, 8 and 10 weeks. The treatment also inhibited the development of surface IgG+ (sIgG+) B cells and splenomegaly, prominent in aged NZB/W F1 mice. In addition, when untreated NZB/W F1 responding B cells were precultured with normal B cells in vitro for 3 days, they also diminished the autoantibody production to subsequent LPS stimulation. Hence, the present results imply a novel function of normal B cells to ameliorate autoimmune disease in NZB/W F1 mice by correcting their B-cell abnormalities, and indicate that NZB/W F1 and Xid mice possess defects in this regulatory B-cell function.

Interdomain communication regulating ligand binding by PPAR-gamma

Binding to receptors in the cell nucleus is crucial for the action of lipophilic hormones and ligands. PPAR-gamma (for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) is a nuclear hormone receptor that mediates adipocyte differentiation and modulates insulin sensitivity, cell proliferation and inflammatory processes. PPAR-gamma ligands have been implicated in the development of atherogenic foam cells and as potential cancer treatments. Transcriptional activity of PPAR-gamma is induced by binding diverse ligands, including natural fatty acid derivatives, antidiabetic thiazolidinediones, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ligand binding by PPAR-gamma, as well as by the entire nuclear-receptor superfamily, is an independent property of the carboxy-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor. Here we show that ligand binding by PPAR-gamma is regulated by intramolecular communication between its amino-terminal A/B domain and its carboxy-terminal LBD. Modification of the A/B domain, for example by physiological phosphorylation by MAP kinase, reduces ligand-binding affinity, thus negatively regulating the transcriptional and biological functions of PPAR-gamma. The ability of the A/B domain to regulate ligand binding has important implications for the evaluation and mechanism of action of potentially therapeutic ligands that bind PPAR-gamma and that are likely to extend to other members of the nuclear-receptor superfamily.

Galphai-2 is required for carbachol-induced stress fiber formation in human airway smooth muscle cells

To determine which heterotrimeric G protein couples muscarinic receptors to stress fiber formation [measured by an increase in the filamentous (F)- to monomeric (G)-actin ratio] in human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, cultured human ASM cells expressing the M2 muscarinic receptor were grown to confluence. Cells were exposed for 6 days to 10 microM antisense oligonucleotides designed to specifically bind to the mRNA encoding Galphai-2, Galphai-3, or Gqalpha. A randomly scrambled oligonucleotide served as a control. F- to G-actin ratios were measured with dual-fluorescence labeling after 5 min of carbachol exposure, which is known to increase the F- to G-actin ratio. Cells in parallel wells were harvested for immunoblot analysis of G protein alpha-subunit expression. Oligonucleotide antisense treatment decreased protein expression of the respective G protein alpha-subunit. Antisense depletion of the Galphai-2 protein but not of Galphai-3 or Gqalpha protein blocked the carbachol-induced increase in the F- to G-actin ratio. These results show that the Galphai-2 protein couples muscarinic receptors to stress fiber formation in ASM.