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Bagheri R, Karimi Z, Mousavi Z, Ziaee Bashirzad M, Camera DM, Sadeghi R, Dabbagh VR, Kargarfard M, Dutheil F. High-Protein Diets during either Resistance or Concurrent Training Have No Detrimental Effect on Bone Parameters in Resistance-Trained Males. Nutrients 2024; 16:325. [PMID: 38276563 PMCID: PMC10819948 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of combining resistance training (RT) and concurrent training (CT; resistance + endurance training) with varied protein doses on bone measures remain poorly understood. Hence, we conducted a comparison of the impacts of two high-protein diets (1.6 or 3.2 g kg-1 d-1) over 16 weeks in resistance-trained males, either with CT or RT alone. METHODS A total of forty-eight males, all of whom were resistance-trained, had the following demographics: 26.6 ± 6 years, body mass index: 25.6 ± 2.9 kg m-2 administered either 3.2 g kg-1 d-1 protein (CT2; n = 12; RT2; n = 12) or 1.6 g kg-1 d-1 protein (CT1; n = 12; RT1; n = 12) during 16 weeks (four sessions·w-1). Bone parameters were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS There was no significant interaction between the intervention group and time for the legs, arms, ribs, or pelvis area BMC and BMD (p > 0.05). For the BMD of the pelvis and the BMC of the right ribs, however, there were significant time effects noted (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between the intervention group and time in the lumbar and thoracic spines, with a particular time effect noted for the thoracic spine region (p < 0.05). The regional differences in skeletal responses to the intervention are highlighted by these data. CONCLUSION Our findings show that the intake of two high-protein diets combined with RT and CT during 16 weeks had no adverse effects on bone tissue parameters. While these findings indicate that protein intake between 2 and 3 times the current RDI does not promote bone demineralization when consumed in conjunction with exercise, future studies investigating the long-term effects of chronic high protein intake on bone tissue health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Zohreh Karimi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran;
| | - Zeynabalsadat Mousavi
- Nutrition and Food Service, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Ziaee Bashirzad
- Department of Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, Bojnourd 9417697796, Iran;
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Ramin Sadeghi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177949025, Iran; (R.S.); (V.R.D.)
| | - Vahid Reza Dabbagh
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177949025, Iran; (R.S.); (V.R.D.)
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Frederic Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Witty Fit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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Bagheri R, Kargarfard M, Sadeghi R, Scott D, Camera DM. Effects of 16 weeks of two different high-protein diets with either resistance or concurrent training on body composition, muscular strength and performance, and markers of liver and kidney function in resistance-trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2236053. [PMID: 37516903 PMCID: PMC10388821 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2236053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is unclear whether resistance (RT) and concurrent training (CT; resistance plus endurance training) combined with different protein intakes have differential effects on muscle hypertrophy, strength, and performance. Therefore, we compared the effects of two high-protein diets (1.6 or 3.2 g.kg-1.d-1) during 16 weeks of either CT or RT alone in resistance-trained males. METHODS Forty-eight resistance-trained males (age: 26 ± 6 yr, body mass index: 25.6 ± 2.9 kg.m-2) performed 16 weeks (four sessions·w-1) of CT or RT with either 1.6 g.kg-1.d-1 protein (CT1; n = 12; RT1; n = 12) or 3.2 g.kg-1.d-1 protein (CT2; n = 12; RT2; n = 12). Training adaptations were assessed pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. RESULTS All measures of performance (endurance, vertical jump, and pull-up), lean mass, muscle strength, and power significantly increased post-intervention in all groups, but peak power gains were greater in RT2 compared with RT1 and CT1 (p < .05). VO2max significantly increased in both CT groups (p < .001). Select biochemical markers of kidney and liver function significantly increased within the RT2 and CT2 groups (p < .05), however, no between-group differences were apparent (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS With the exception of peak power, intake of 1.6 g.kg-1.d-1 of protein appears sufficient to maximize gains in lean mass, muscle strength, performance, and aerobic capacity during both RT and CT without influencing markers of kidney and liver function, indicating this daily protein amount is effective and safely tolerated in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bagheri
- University of Isfahan, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- University of Isfahan, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ramin Sadeghi
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - David Scott
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
- Monash University, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Swinburne University, Department of Health and Biostatistics, Melbourne, Australia
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Gholizadeh M, Shakibaee A, Bagheri R, Camera DM, Shirvani H, Dutheil F. Isolate Whey Protein Promotes Fluid Balance and Endurance Capacity Better Than Isolate Casein and Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution in a Warm, Humid Environment. Nutrients 2023; 15:4374. [PMID: 37892449 PMCID: PMC10610234 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ingestion is known to enhance post-exercise hydration. Whether the type of protein (i.e., whey, casein) can alter this response is unknown. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the effects of the addition of milk-derived whey isolate or casein protein to carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) drinks on post-exercise rehydration and endurance capacity. Thirty male soldiers (age: 24 ± 2.1 y; VO2max: 49.3 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min) were recruited. Upon losing ~2.2% of body mass by running in warm and humid conditions (32.3 °C, 76% relative humidity [RH]), participants ingested either a CE solution (66 g/L carbohydrate [CHO]), or CE plus isolate whey protein (CEW, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate whey), or CE plus isolate casein protein (CEC, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate casein) beverage in a volume equal to 150% of body mass loss. At the end of the 3 h rehydration period, a positive fluid balance was higher with CEW (0.22 L) compared to CEC (0.19 L) and CE (0.12 L). Overall mean fluid retention was higher in CEW (80.35%) compared with the CE (76.67%) and CEC trials (78.65%). The time of the endurance capacity test [Cooper 2.4 km (1.5 miles) run test] was significantly higher in CEC (14.25 ± 1.58 min) and CE [(12.90 ± 1.01 min; (p = 0.035)] than in CEW [(11.40 ± 1.41 min); (p = 0.001)]. The findings of this study indicate that the inclusion of isolate whey protein in a CE solution yields superior outcomes in terms of rehydration and enhanced endurance capacity, as compared to consuming the CE solution alone or in conjunction with isolate casein protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Gholizadeh
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran; (M.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Abolfazl Shakibaee
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran; (M.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran;
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran; (M.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Frederic Dutheil
- Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CNRS UMR 6024, LaPSCo, University Clermont Auvergne, Witty Fit, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Bagheri R, Shakibaee A, Camera DM, Sobhani V, Ghobadi H, Nazar E, Fakhari H, Dutheil F. Effects of 8 weeks of resistance training in combination with a high protein diet on body composition, muscular performance, and markers of liver and kidney function in untrained older ex-military men. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1205310. [PMID: 37457969 PMCID: PMC10342203 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1205310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of a high protein diet in combination with chronic resistance training (RT) on skeletal muscle adaptation responses in untrained older ex-military men is unknown. Therefore, we compared the effects of 8 weeks of RT in combination with either a high (1.6 g/kg/d) or low protein diet (0.8 g/kg/d) on body composition [skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and body fat percentage (BFP)], muscular strength, power, and endurance (upper and lower body), markers of liver [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)] and kidney (creatinine and urea) function, and lipid profile low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and cholesterol levels in a cohort of healthy, untrained older ex-military males. Methods Forty healthy untrained older ex-military males (age: 61 ± 2 yr, body mass index: 23.2 ± 1.3 kg.m-2) performed 8 weeks (three sessions·w-1) of RT with either 1.6 g/kg/d (RHP; n = 20) or 0.8 g/kg/d of protein (RLP; n = 20). Body composition (assessed by Inbody 720), muscular strength (1-RM for chest and leg press), power (Wingate test), endurance (75% 1-RM for chest and leg press), and markers of liver and kidney function (biochemical kits) were assessed pre and post-intervention. Results SMM and muscular strength (upper and lower body) increased post-intervention in both groups and were significantly greater in RHP compared to RLP, while muscular power increased to the same extent in both groups (p < 0.05) with no between-group differences (p > 0.05). In contrast, there were no post-intervention changes in muscular endurance, HDL, and BFP remained in either group (p > 0.05). ALT and creatinine significantly increased in RHP compared to RLP while GGT, AST, and urea only increased in the RLP group (p < 0.05). LDL and cholesterol significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion A daily intake of 1.6 g/kg/d protein was superior to 0.8 g/kg/d (current recommended daily intake) for promoting greater improvements in SMM and muscle strength and thus may be a more suitable level of intake for promoting such adaptive responses. Notwithstanding observed between-group differences in ALT and creatinine and the fact that levels remained within normal ranges, it is feasible to conclude that this daily protein intake is efficacious and well tolerated by healthy, untrained older ex-military males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bagheri
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakibaee
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vahid Sobhani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghobadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Eisa Nazar
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadi Fakhari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fred Dutheil
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Khodadadi F, Bagheri R, Negaresh R, Moradi S, Nordvall M, Camera DM, Wong A, Suzuki K. The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Type on Body Fat Percentage, Fat and Fat-Free Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062291. [PMID: 36983289 PMCID: PMC10054577 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared body compositional changes, including fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BF%), and fat-free mass (FFM), between different types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (cycling vs. overground running vs. treadmill running) as well as to a control (i.e., no exercise) condition. Meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model. The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity of RCTs. Thirty-six RCTs lasting between 3 to 15 weeks were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis. RCTs that examined the effect of HIIT type on FM, BF%, and FFM were sourced from online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to 21 June 2022. HIIT (all modalities combined) induced a significant reduction in FM (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −1.86 kg, 95% CI: −2.55 to −1.18, p = 0.001) despite a medium between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 63.3, p = 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed cycling and overground running reduced FM (WMD: −1.72 kg, 95% CI: −2.41 to −1.30, p = 0.001 and WMD: −4.25 kg, 95% CI: −5.90 to −2.61, p = 0.001, respectively); however, there was no change with treadmill running (WMD: −1.10 kg, 95% CI: −2.82 to 0.62, p = 0.210). There was a significant reduction in BF% with HIIT (all modalities combined) compared to control (WMD: −1.53%, 95% CI: −2.13, −0.92, p = 0.001). All forms of HIIT also decreased BF%; however, overground running induced the largest overall effect (WMD: −2.80%, 95% CI: −3.89 to −1.71, p = 0.001). All types of HIIT combined also induced an overall significant improvement in FFM (WMD: 0.51 kg, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.95, p = 0.025); however, only cycling interventions resulted in a significant increase in FFM compared to other exercise modalities (WMD: 0.63 kg, 95% CI: 0.17 to 1.09, p = 0.007). Additional subgroup analyses suggest that training for more than 8 weeks, at least 3 sessions per week, with work intervals less than 60 s duration and separated by ≤90 s active recovery are more effective for eliciting favorable body composition changes. Results from this meta-analysis demonstrate favorable body composition outcomes following HIIT (all modalities combined) with overall reductions in BF% and FM and improved FFM observed. Overall, cycling-based HIIT may confer the greatest effects on body composition due to its ability to reduce BF% and FM while increasing FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Raoof Negaresh
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
| | - Michael Nordvall
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (K.S.)
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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Jalili C, Talebi S, Bagheri R, Ghanavati M, Camera DM, Amirian P, Zarpoosh M, Dizaji MK, Kermani MAH, Moradi S. The Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Aging Biomarkers/Conditions: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:378-390. [PMID: 37248762 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We performed a current study to examine the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) score and older age-related muscle conditions, including sarcopenia, low muscle mass, low muscle strength, frailty, and/or disability. DESIGN Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. SETTING A systematic literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and ISI Web of Science without limitation until October 04, 2022. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled by applying a random-effects model, while validated methods examined assess quality and publication bias via Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, Egger's regression asymmetry, and Begg's rank correlation tests respectively. A dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the RRs per 1-unit increment in DII scores. PARTICIPANTS Adults (≥18 years). MEASURES The risk of older age-related muscle conditions (sarcopenia, low muscle mass, low muscle strength, frailty, and/or disability). RESULTS Data were available from 19 studies with 68079 participants. Results revealed that a higher DII score was significantly related to an increased risk of sarcopenia (RR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.79; I2=53.3%; p<0.001; n=10; sample size =43097), low muscle strength (RR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.74; I2=6.6%; p<0.001; n=4; sample size =9339), frailty (RR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.41, 1.84; I2=0.0%; p<0.001; study=5; participant=3882) and disability (RR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.72; I2=58.4%; p=0.001; n=5; sample size =13760), but not low muscle mass (RR=1.24; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.56; I2=49.3%; p=0.069; n=4; sample size =11222). Additionally, results of the linear dose-response indicated that an increase of one point in the DII score was related to a 14% higher risk of sarcopenia, 6% higher risk of low muscle mass, 7% higher risk of low muscle strength, and a 7% higher risk of disability in adults. Non-linear dose-response relationships also revealed a positive linear association between the DII score and the risk of sarcopenia (Pnonlinearity = 0.097, Pdose-response<0.001), frailty (Pnonlinearity = 0.844, Pdose-response=0.010) and disability (Pnonlinearity = 0.596, Pdose-response=0.007). CONCLUSION Adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet was significantly associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia and other age-associated adverse effects such as low muscle strength, disability, and frailty. These results indicate a necessity to prioritize the reduction of pro-inflammatory diets to help promote overall older age-related muscle conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jalili
- Sajjad Moradi, Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;
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Tee CCL, Parr EB, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Rahmat N, Md Razali MR, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Combined effects of exercise and different levels of acute hypoxic severity: A randomized crossover study on glucose regulation in adults with overweight. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1174926. [PMID: 37123278 PMCID: PMC10133678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1174926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of manipulating hypoxic severity with low-intensity exercise on glucose regulation in healthy overweight adults. Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 14 males with overweight (age: 27 ± 5 years; body mass index (BMI) 27.1 ± 1.8 kg⋅m2) completed three exercise trials involving 60 min aerobic exercise cycling at 90% lactate threshold in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.5%) and high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.8%). A post-exercise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Venous blood samples were analyzed for incremental area under the curve (iAUC), plasma glucose and insulin, as well as exerkine concentrations (plasma apelin and fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF-21]) pre- and post-exercise. A 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to determine interstitial glucose concentrations. Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and perceptual measures were recorded during exercise. Results: Post-exercise OGTT iAUC for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in MH vs. control (p = 0.02). Post-exercise interstitial glucose iAUC, plasma apelin and FGF-21 were not different between conditions. Heart rate was higher in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001), while SpO2 was lower in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001). Overall perceived discomfort and leg discomfort were higher in HH vs. NM and MH (p < 0.05), while perceived breathing difficulty was higher in HH vs. NM only (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Compared to higher hypoxic conditions, performing acute aerobic-based exercise under moderate hypoxia provided a more effective stimulus for improving post-exercise glucose regulation while concomitantly preventing excessive physiological and perceptual stress in healthy overweight adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
- *Correspondence: Chris Chow Li Tee,
| | - Evelyn B. Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australia Catholic University, Melbourne, VI, Australia
| | - Matthew B. Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
| | - Nurhamizah Rahmat
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Md Razali
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
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Islam FMA, Bhowmik J, Camera DM, Maddison R, Lambert GW. Concordance between Different Criteria for Self-Reported Physical Activity Levels and Risk Factors in People with High Blood Pressure in a Rural District in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph181910487. [PMID: 34639787 PMCID: PMC8507968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-reported assessment of physical activity (PA) is commonly used in public health research. The present study investigated the concordance of self-reported PA assessed using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) and two different measurement approaches. Participants (n = 307, aged 30–75 years with hypertension) were recruited from a rural area in Bangladesh. We analyzed the difference between the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of more than 600 metabolic-equivalent time-minutes (MET-min) and the self-reported active hours, at least 2.5 h per week. Tests of sensitivity and specificity were conducted to determine concordance between the two measures. According to the WHO criteria, 255 (83%) participants were active more than 600 MET-min per week and 172 (56%) people were physically active 2.5 h or more per week, indicating a 27% difference in self-reported PA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and concordance between the two measures were 64%, 92%, 98%, 34% and 70%, respectively. Considering the WHO MET-min as the appropriate measure, 89 (35%) were false negative (FN). Older age, professionals and businesspersons were associated with a higher proportion of FN. There is a gap between self-reported PA, thus a better estimate of PA may result from combining two criteria to measure PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakir M. Amirul Islam
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.B.); (D.M.C.); (G.W.L.)
- Organization for Rural Community Development (ORCD), Dariapur, Narail 7500, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
| | - Jahar Bhowmik
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.B.); (D.M.C.); (G.W.L.)
| | - Donny M. Camera
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.B.); (D.M.C.); (G.W.L.)
| | - Ralph Maddison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Gavin W. Lambert
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.B.); (D.M.C.); (G.W.L.)
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
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10
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Shamim B, Camera DM, Whitfield J. Corrigendum: Myofibre Hypertrophy in the Absence of Changes to Satellite Cell Content Following Concurrent Exercise Training in Young Healthy Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:736848. [PMID: 34393834 PMCID: PMC8356794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.736848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baubak Shamim
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Shamim B, Camera DM, Whitfield J. Myofibre Hypertrophy in the Absence of Changes to Satellite Cell Content Following Concurrent Exercise Training in Young Healthy Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:625044. [PMID: 34149439 PMCID: PMC8213074 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.625044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent exercise training has been suggested to create an ‘interference effect,’ attenuating resistance training-based skeletal muscle adaptations, including myofibre hypertrophy. Satellite cells support myofibre hypertrophy and are influenced by exercise mode. To determine whether satellite cells contribute to the ‘interference effect’ changes in satellite cell and myonuclear content were assessed following a period of training in 32 recreationally active males (age: 25 ± 5 year; body mass index: 24 ± 3 kg⋅m–2; mean ± SD) who undertook 12-week of either isolated (3 d⋅w–1) resistance (RES; n = 10), endurance (END; n = 10), or alternate day (6 d⋅w–1) concurrent (CET, n = 12) training. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained pre-intervention and after 2, 8, and 12 weeks of training to determine fibre type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell content (Pax7+DAPI+), and myonuclei (DAPI+) using immunofluorescence microscopy. After 12 weeks, myofibre CSA increased in all training conditions in type II (P = 0.0149) and mixed fibres (P = 0.0102), with no difference between conditions. Satellite cell content remained unchanged after training in both type I and type II fibres. Significant correlations were observed between increases in fibre type-specific myonuclear content and CSA of Type I (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001), Type II (r = 0.69, P < 0.0001), and mixed fibres (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001). Resistance, endurance, and concurrent training induce similar myofibre hypertrophy in the absence of satellite cell and myonuclear pool expansion. These findings suggest that myonuclear accretion via satellite cell fusion is positively correlated with hypertrophy after 12 weeks of concurrent training, and that individuals with more myonuclear content displayed greater myofibre hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubak Shamim
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Exercise training in combination with optimal nutritional support is an effective strategy to maintain or increase skeletal muscle mass. A single bout of resistance exercise undertaken with adequate protein availability increases rates of muscle protein synthesis and, when repeated over weeks and months, leads to increased muscle fiber size. While resistance-based training is considered the 'gold standard' for promoting muscle hypertrophy, other modes of exercise may be able to promote gains in muscle mass. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) comprises short bouts of exercise at or above the power output/speed that elicits individual maximal aerobic capacity, placing high tensile stress on skeletal muscle, and somewhat resembling the demands of resistance exercise. While HIIT induces rapid increases in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, the anabolic potential of HIIT for promoting concurrent gains in muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness has received less scientific inquiry. In this review, we discuss studies that have determined muscle growth responses after HIIT, with a focus on molecular responses, that provide a rationale for HIIT to be implemented among populations who are susceptible to muscle loss (e.g. middle-aged or older adults) and/or in clinical settings (e.g. pre- or post-surgery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Callahan
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Donny M Camera
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Callahan MJ, Parr EB, Snijders T, Conceição MS, Radford BE, Timmins RG, Devlin BL, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Different Types of Short-Term Exercise Training and Detraining in Middle-Age Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2023-2036. [PMID: 33867497 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whether short-term, single-mode exercise training can improve physical fitness prior to a period of reduced physical activity (e.g. post-surgery recovery) is not well characterized in clinical populations nor middle-age adults. We investigated skeletal muscle adaptive responses following endurance exercise training (ENT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or resistance exercise training (RET), and a subsequent period of detraining, in sedentary, middle-age men. METHODS Thirty-five sedentary, males (39±3 yr) were randomized to parallel groups and undertook six weeks of either ENT (n=12), HIIT (n=12) or RET (n=11) followed by 2.5 weeks of detraining. Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics, body composition, muscle thickness, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis were assessed at baseline, and after exercise training and detraining. RESULTS Lean mass increased after RET and HIIT (+3.2±1.6% and +1.6±2.1%, P<0.05). Muscle strength (sum of leg press, leg extension and bench press 1RMs) increased after all training interventions (RET: +25±5%; HIIT: +10±5%; ENT: +7±7%, P<0.05). Aerobic capacity increased only after HIIT and ENT (+14±7% and +11±11%, P<0.05). Type I and II muscle fiber size increased for all groups post-training (main effect of time, P<0.05). Following a period of detraining, the gains in lean mass and maximal muscle strength were maintained in RET and HIIT groups, but maximal aerobic capacity declined below post-training levels in HIIT and ENT (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Six weeks of HIIT induced widespread adaptations prior to detraining in middle-age men. Exercise training-induced increases in aerobic capacity declined during 2.5 weeks of detraining but gains in lean mass and muscle strength were maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Callahan
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Australia Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Timmins RG, Shamim B, Tofari PJ, Hickey JT, Camera DM. Differences in Lower Limb Strength and Structure After 12 Weeks of Resistance, Endurance, and Concurrent Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1223-1230. [PMID: 32209722 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate strength and structural adaptations after 12 weeks of resistance, endurance cycling, and concurrent training. METHODS Thirty-two healthy males undertook 12 weeks of resistance-only (RT; n = 10), endurance-only (END; n = 10), or concurrent resistance and endurance training (CONC; n = 12). Biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture, strength (3-lift 1-repetition maximum), and body composition were assessed. RESULTS Fascicle length of the BFlh reduced 15% (6%) (P < .001) and 9% (6%) (P < .001) in the END and CONC groups postintervention, with no change in the RT group (-4% [11%], P = .476). All groups increased BFlh pennation angle (CONC: 18% [9%], RT: 14% [8%], and END: 18% [10%]). Thickness of the BFlh increased postintervention by 7% (6%) (P = .002) and 7% (7%) (P = .003) in the CONC and RT groups, respectively, but not in the END group (0% [3%], P = .994). Both the CONC and RT groups significantly increased by 27% (11%) (P < .001) and 33% (12%) (P < .001) in 3-lift totals following the intervention, with no changes in the END cohort (6% [6%], P = .166). No significant differences were found for total body (CONC: 4% [2%], RT: 4% [2%], and END: 3% [2%]) and leg (CONC: 5% [3%], RT: 6% [3%], and END: 5% [3%]) fat-free mass. CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks of RT, END, or CONC significantly modified BFlh architecture. This study suggests that conventional resistance training may dampen BFlh fascicle shortening from cycling training while increasing strength simultaneously in concurrent training. Furthermore, the inclusion of a cycle endurance training stimulus may result in alterations to hamstring architecture that increase the risk of future injury. Therefore, the incorporation of endurance cycling training within concurrent training paradigms should be reevaluated when trying to modulate injury risk.
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15
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Lionett S, Kiel IA, Camera DM, Vanky E, Parr EB, Lydersen S, Hawley JA, Moholdt T. Circulating and Adipose Tissue miRNAs in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training. Front Physiol 2020; 11:904. [PMID: 32848854 PMCID: PMC7406716 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), several miRNAs are differentially expressed compared to women without PCOS, suggesting a role for miRNAs in PCOS pathophysiology. Exercise training modulates miRNA abundance and is primary lifestyle intervention for women with PCOS. Accordingly, we measured the expression of eight circulating miRNAs selected a priori along with miRNA expression from gluteal and abdominal adipose tissue (AT) in 12 women with PCOS and 12 women matched for age and body mass index without PCOS. We also determined the miRNA expression “signatures” before and after high-intensity interval training (HIT) in 42 women with PCOS randomized to either: (1) low-volume HIT (LV-HIT, 10 × 1 min work bouts at maximal, sustainable intensity, n = 13); (2) high-volume HIT (HV-HIT, 4 × 4 min work bouts reaching 90–95% of maximal heart rate, n = 14); or (3) non-exercise control (Non-Ex, n = 15). Both HIT groups trained three times/week for 16 weeks. miRNAs were extracted from plasma, gluteal and abdominal AT, and quantified via a customized plate array containing eight miRNAs associated with PCOS and/or exercise training responses. Basal expression of circulating miRNA-27b (c-miR-27b), implicated in fatty acid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation and inflammation, was 1.8-fold higher in women with compared to without PCOS (P = 0.006) despite no difference in gluteal or abdominal AT miR-27b expression. Only the HV-HIT protocol increased peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak L/min; 9%, P = 0.008). There were no changes in body composition. In LV-HIT, but not HV-HIT, the expression of c-miR-27b decreased (0.5-fold, P = 0.007). None of the remaining seven circulating miRNAs changed in LV-HIT, nor was the expression of gluteal or abdominal AT miRNAs altered. Despite increased cardiorespiratory fitness, HV-HIT did not alter the expression of any circulating, gluteal or abdominal AT miRNAs. We conclude that women with PCOS have a higher basal expression of c-miR-27b compared to women without PCOS and that 16 weeks of LV-HIT reduces the expression of this miRNA in women with PCOS. Intense exercise training had little effect on the abundance of the selected miRNAs within subcutaneous AT depots in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lionett
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ida A Kiel
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Donny M Camera
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eszter Vanky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Trine Moholdt
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Lionett S, Kiel IA, Camera DM, Vanky E, Parr EB, Hawley JA, Moholdt T. Effects Of High-intensity Interval Training On The Expression Of Circulating Micro-RNAs In Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000687680.25550.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lacham-Kaplan O, Camera DM, Hawley JA. Divergent Regulation of Myotube Formation and Gene Expression by E2 and EPA during In-Vitro Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030745. [PMID: 31979341 PMCID: PMC7037418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen (E2) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) supplements independently support general wellbeing and enhance muscle regeneration in-vivo and myotube formation in-vitro. However, the combined effect of E2 and n-3PUFA on myoblast differentiation is not known. The purpose of the study was to identify whether E2 and n-3PUFA possess a synergistic effect on in-vitro myogenesis. Mouse C2C12 myoblasts, a reliable model to reiterate myogenic events in-vitro, were treated with 10nM E2 and 50μM eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) independently or combined, for 0–24 h or 0–120 h during differentiation. Immunofluorescence, targeted qPCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) were used to characterize morphological changes and differential expression of key genes involved in the regulation of myogenesis and muscle function pathways. E2 increased estrogen receptor α (Erα) and the expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (Mapk11) within 1 h of treatment and improved myoblast differentiation and myotube formation. A significant reduction (p < 0.001) in myotube formation and in the expression of myogenic regulatory factors Mrfs (MyoD, Myog and Myh1) and the myoblast fusion related gene, Tmem8c, was observed in the presence of EPA and the combined E2/EPA treatment. Additionally, EPA treatment at 48 h of differentiation inhibited the majority of genes associated with the myogenic and striated muscle contraction pathways. In conclusion, EPA and E2 had no synergistic effect on myotube formation in-vitro. Independently, EPA inhibited myoblast differentiation and overrides the stimulatory effect of E2 when used in combination with E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lacham-Kaplan
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne 3000, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia;
| | - John A. Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne 3000, Australia;
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Shamim B, Devlin BL, Timmins RG, Tofari P, Lee Dow C, Coffey VG, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Adaptations to Concurrent Training in Combination with High Protein Availability: A Comparative Trial in Healthy, Recreationally Active Men. Sports Med 2019; 48:2869-2883. [PMID: 30341593 PMCID: PMC6244626 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background We implemented a high-protein diet (2 g·kg−1·d−1) throughout 12 weeks of concurrent exercise training to determine whether interferences to adaptation in muscle hypertrophy, strength and power could be attenuated compared to resistance training alone. Methods Thirty-two recreationally active males (age: 25 ± 5 years, body mass index: 24 ± 3 kg·m−2; mean ± SD) performed 12 weeks of either isolated resistance (RES; n = 10) or endurance (END; n = 10) training (three sessions·w−1), or concurrent resistance and endurance (CET; n = 12) training (six sessions·w−1). Maximal strength (1RM), body composition and power were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results Leg press 1RM increased ~ 24 ± 13% and ~ 33 ± 16% in CET and RES from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Total lean mass increased ~ 4% in both CET and RES from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.001). Ultrasound estimated vastus lateralis volume increased ~ 15% in CET and ~ 11% in RES from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Wingate peak power relative to body mass displayed a trend (P = 0.053) to be greater in RES (12.5 ± 1.6 W·kg BM−1) than both CET (10.8 ± 1.7 W·kg BM−1) and END (10.9 ± 1.8 W·kg BM−1) at POST. Absolute VO2peak increased 6.9% in CET and 12% in END from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.05), with no difference between groups. Conclusion Despite high protein availability, select measures of anaerobic power-based adaptations, but not muscle strength or hypertrophy, appear susceptible to ‘interference effects’ with CET and should be closely monitored throughout training macro-cycles. Trials Registry: This trial was registered with the Australian-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617001229369). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-018-0999-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubak Shamim
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Tofari
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Connor Lee Dow
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Conceição MS, Junior EMM, Telles GD, Libardi CA, Castro A, Andrade ALL, Brum PC, Urias Ú, Kurauti MA, Júnior JMC, Boschero AC, Cavaglieri CR, Camera DM, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Augmented Anabolic Responses after 8-wk Cycling with Blood Flow Restriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:84-93. [PMID: 30113523 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low-intensity endurance training (ET) performed with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve muscle strength, cross-sectional area (CSA) and cardiorespiratory capacity. Whether muscle strength and CSA as well as cardiorespiratory capacity (i.e., V˙O2max) and underlying molecular processes regulating such respective muscle adaptations are comparable to resistance and ET is unknown. PURPOSE To determine the respective chronic (i.e., 8 wk) functional, morphological, and molecular responses of ET-BFR training compared with conventional, unrestricted resistance training (RT) and ET. METHODS Thirty healthy young men were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: ET-BFR (n = 10, 4 d·wk, 30-min cycling at 40% of V˙O2max), RT (n = 10, 4 d·wk, 4 sets of 10 repetitions leg press at 70% of one repetition maximum with 60 s rest) or ET (n = 10, 4 d·wk, 30-min cycling at 70% of V˙O2max) for 8 wk. Measures of quadriceps CSA, leg press one repetition maximum, and V˙O2max as well as muscle biopsies were obtained before and after intervention. RESULTS Both RT and ET-BFR increased muscle strength and hypertrophy responses. ET-BFR also increased V˙O2max, total cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 abundance and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA abundance despite the lower work load compared to ET. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of ET-BFR can increase muscle strength and induce similar muscle hypertrophy responses to RT while V˙O2max responses also increased postintervention even with a significantly lower work load compared with ET. Our findings provide new insight to some of the molecular mechanisms mediating adaptation responses with ET-BFR and the potential for this training protocol to improve muscle and cardiorespiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel S Conceição
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Edson M M Junior
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | | | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MuscuLab, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, BRAZIL
| | - Alex Castro
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | - André L L Andrade
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | - Patrícia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Úrsula Urias
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Mirian Ayumi Kurauti
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | - José Maria Costa Júnior
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | | | - Donny M Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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Parr EB, Callahan MJ, Waters JD, Devlin BL, Radford BE, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Effects of Exercise Modality on Glycemic Control After 6 Weeks of Training in Middle Aged Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561907.93056.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Smiles WJ, Churchward-Venne TA, van Loon LJC, Hawley JA, Camera DM. A single bout of strenuous exercise overcomes lipid-induced anabolic resistance to protein ingestion in overweight, middle-aged men. FASEB J 2019; 33:7009-7017. [PMID: 30840513 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801917r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High-circulating lipid availability attenuates protein feeding-induced muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Whether the combined effects of exercise and protein ingestion can rescue this inhibition is unknown. In a parallel-groups design, middle-aged sedentary males (n = 28) matched for fat-free mass and body mass index received a 5-h intravenous infusion of either saline/control (n = 9), 20% intralipid infusion (n = 9), or intralipid with concomitant exercise (n = 10). Two hours into each of these infusions, participants received a primed constant infusion of L-(ring-[13C]6)-phenylalanine. Muscle biopsies were taken immediately after control and lipid infusions, at which time, a 30-g protein beverage was ingested. Further biopsies were taken 2 and 4 h after protein ingestion. Intralipid increased plasma free fatty acid concentrations from ∼0.4-2 mM, resulting in an attenuated MPS response to protein ingestion, which was prevented by exercise. Intralipid resulted in a lower peak aminoacidemia following protein ingestion that was exacerbated by prior exercise, suggesting efficiency of the working skeletal muscle to utilize amino acid substrate to drive the postprandial anabolic response. We conclude that in the face of high-fat availability, exercise preserves the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to the anabolic properties of amino acids.-Smiles, W. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., van Loon, L. J. C., Hawley, J. A., Camera, D. M. A single bout of strenuous exercise overcomes lipid-induced anabolic resistance to protein ingestion in overweight, middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research (MMIHR), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research (MMIHR), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John A Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research (MMIHR), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Donny M Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research (MMIHR), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
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Hornberger TA, Carter HN, Hood DA, Figueiredo VC, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Peterson CA, McCarthy JJ, Camera DM, Hawley JA, Chaillou T, Cheng AJ, Nader GA, Wüst RCI, Houtkooper RH. Commentaries on Viewpoint: The rigorous study of exercise adaptations: Why mRNA might not be enough. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 121:597-600. [PMID: 27543661 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00509.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Hornberger
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Heather N Carter
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - David A Hood
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Vandré Casagrande Figueiredo
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - John J McCarthy
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Donny M Camera
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - John A Hawley
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonYork UniversityUniversity of KentuckyAustralian Catholic UniversityAustralian Catholic University, Liverpool John Moores UniversityKarolinska InstitutetPennsylvania State UniversityAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
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Abstract
It is now well established that resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis and promotes gains in muscle mass and strength. However, considerable variability exists following standardized resistance training programs in the magnitude of muscle cross-sectional area and strength responses from one individual to another. Several studies have recently posited that alterations in satellite cell population, myogenic gene expression and microRNAs may contribute to individual variability in anabolic adaptation. One emerging factor that may also explain the variability in responses to resistance exercise is circadian rhythms and underlying molecular clock signals. The molecular clock is found in most cells within the body, including skeletal muscle, and principally functions to optimize the timing of specific cellular events around a 24 h cycle. Accumulating evidence investigating the skeletal muscle molecular clock indicates that exercise-induced contraction and its timing may regulate gene expression and protein synthesis responses which, over time, can influence and modulate key physiological responses such as muscle hypertrophy and increased strength. Therefore, the circadian clock may play a key role in the heterogeneous anabolic responses with resistance exercise. The central aim of this Hypothesis and Theory is to discuss and propose the potential interplay between the circadian molecular clock and established molecular mechanisms mediating muscle anabolic responses with resistance training. This article begins with a current review of the mechanisms associated with the heterogeneity in muscle anabolism with resistance training before introducing the molecular pathways regulating circadian function in skeletal muscle. Recent work showing members of the core molecular clock system can regulate myogenic and translational signaling pathways is also discussed, forming the basis for a possible role of the circadian clock in the variable anabolic responses with resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubak Shamim
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miguel S Conceição
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus J Callahan
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Tomcik KA, Camera DM, Bone JL, Ross ML, Jeacocke NA, Tachtsis B, Senden J, VAN Loon LJC, Hawley JA, Burke LM. Effects of Creatine and Carbohydrate Loading on Cycling Time Trial Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:141-150. [PMID: 28806275 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Creatine (Cr) and carbohydrate loadings are dietary strategies used to enhance exercise capacity. This study examined the metabolic and performance effects of a combined CR and CHO loading regiment on time trial (TT) cycling bouts. METHODS Eighteen well-trained (~65 mL·kg·min V˙O2peak) men completed three performance trials (PT) that comprised a 120-km cycling TT interspersed with alternating 1- and 4-km sprints (six sprints each) performed every 10 km followed by an inclined ride to fatigue (~90% V˙O2peak). Subjects were pair matched into either CR-loaded (20 g·d for 5 d + 3 g·d for 9 d) or placebo (PLA) groups (n = 9) after the completion of PT1. All subjects undertook a crossover application of the carbohydrate interventions, consuming either moderate (6 g·kg body mass (BM) per day; MOD) or CHO-loaded (12 g·kg BM·d; LOAD) diets before PT2 and PT3. Muscle biopsies were taken before PT1, 18 h after PT1, and before both PT2 and PT3. RESULTS No significant differences in overall TT or inclined ride times were observed between intervention groups. PLA + LOAD improved power above baseline (P < 0.05) during the final 1-km sprint, whereas CR + MOD and CR + LOAD improved power (P < 0.05) during the final 4-km sprint. Greater power was achieved with MOD and LOAD compared with baseline with PLA (P < 0.05). CR increased pre-PT BM compared with PLA (+1.54% vs +0.99% from baseline). CR + LOAD facilitated greater [total CR] (P < 0.05 vs baseline) and muscle [glycogen] (P < 0.01 vs baseline and MOD) compared with PLA + LOAD. Mechanistic target of rapamycin decreased from baseline after glycogen depletion (~30%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Power output in the closing sprints of exhaustive TT cycling increased with CR ingestion despite a CR-mediated increase in weight. CR cosupplemented with carbohydrates may therefore be beneficial strategy for late-stage breakaway moments in endurance events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyen A Tomcik
- 1Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA; 2Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, AUSTRALIA; 3NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS; and 4Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
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Laker RC, Garde C, Camera DM, Smiles WJ, Zierath JR, Hawley JA, Barrès R. Author Correction: Transcriptomic and epigenetic responses to short-term nutrient-exercise stress in humans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5008. [PMID: 29556043 PMCID: PMC5859018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Laker
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Garde
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D M Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - W J Smiles
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J A Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - R Barrès
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Conceição MS, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Telles GD, Libardi CA, Júnior EMM, Vechin FC, DE Andrade ALL, Gáspari AF, Brum PC, Cavaglieri CR, Serag S, Spiegelman BM, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Attenuated PGC-1α Isoforms following Endurance Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1699-707. [PMID: 27128665 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise performed with blood flow restriction simultaneously enhances the acute responses to both myogenic and mitochondrial pathways with roles in training adaptation. We investigated isoform-specific gene expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 and selected target genes and proteins regulating skeletal muscle training adaptation. METHODS Nine healthy, untrained males participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design in which each subject completed a bout of low-intensity endurance exercise performed with blood flow restriction (15 min cycling at 40% of V˙O2peak, BFR-EE), endurance exercise (30 min cycling at 70% of V˙O2peak, EE), or resistance exercise (4 × 10 repetitions of leg press at 70% of one-repetition maximum) separated by at least 1 wk of recovery. A single resting muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) was obtained 2 wk before the first exercise trial (rest) and 3 h after each bout. RESULTS Total PGC-1α mRNA abundance, along with all four isoforms, increased above rest with EE only (P < 0.05) being higher than BFR-EE (P < 0.05). PGC-1α1, 2, and 4 were higher after EE compared with resistance exercise (P < 0.05). EE also increased vascular endothelial growth factor, Hif-1α, and MuRF-1 mRNA abundance above rest (P < 0.05), whereas COXIV mRNA expression increased with EE compared with BFR-EE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The attenuated expression of all four PGC-1α isoforms when EE is performed with blood flow restriction suggests this type of exercise provides an insufficient stimulus to activate the signaling pathways governing mitochondrial and angiogenesis responses observed with moderate- to high-intensity EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Soares Conceição
- 1Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL; 2Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, BRAZIL; 3School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 4Department of Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; 5Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA; and 6Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UNITED KINGDOM
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Pinto SK, Lamon S, Stephenson EJ, Kalanon M, Mikovic J, Koch LG, Britton SL, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Expression of microRNAs and target proteins in skeletal muscle of rats selectively bred for high and low running capacity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E335-E343. [PMID: 28465283 PMCID: PMC6189633 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism are implicated in the etiology of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can degrade mRNA or repress protein translation and have been implicated in the development of such disorders. We used a contrasting rat model system of selectively bred high- (HCR) or low- (LCR) intrinsic running capacity with established differences in metabolic health to investigate the molecular mechanisms through which miRNAs regulate target proteins mediating mitochondrial function and substrate oxidation processes. Quantification of select miRNAs using the rat miFinder miRNA PCR array revealed differential expression of 15 skeletal muscles (musculus tibialis anterior) miRNAs between HCR and LCR rats (14 with higher expression in LCR; P < 0.05). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted these altered miRNAs to collectively target multiple proteins implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction and energy substrate metabolism. Total protein abundance of citrate synthase (CS; miR-19 target) and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (miR-7a target) were higher in HCR compared with LCR cohorts (~57 and ~26%, respectively; P < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed for miR-19a-3p and CS (r = 0.32, P = 0.015) protein expression. To determine whether miR-19a-3p can regulate CS in vitro, we performed luciferase reporter and transfection assays in C2C12 myotubes. MiR-19a-3p binding to the CS untranslated region did not change luciferase reporter activity; however, miR-19a-3p transfection decreased CS protein expression (∼70%; P < 0.05). The differential miRNA expression targeting proteins implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction and energy substrate metabolism may contribute to the molecular basis, mediating the divergent metabolic health profiles of LCR and HCR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Pinto
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin J Stephenson
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ming Kalanon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jasmine Mikovic
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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Camera DM, Burniston JG, Pogson MA, Smiles WJ, Hawley JA. Dynamic proteome profiling of individual proteins in human skeletal muscle after a high-fat diet and resistance exercise. FASEB J 2017; 31:5478-5494. [PMID: 28855275 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that muscle adaptation to resistance exercise (REX) training is underpinned by contraction-induced, increased rates of protein synthesis and dietary protein availability. By using dynamic proteome profiling (DPP), we investigated the contribution of both synthesis and breakdown to changes in abundance on a protein-by-protein basis in human skeletal muscle. Age-matched, overweight males consumed 9 d of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet during which time they either undertook 3 sessions of REX or performed no exercise. Precursor enrichment and the rate of incorporation of deuterium oxide into newly synthesized muscle proteins were determined by mass spectrometry. Ninety proteins were included in the DPP, with 28 proteins exhibiting significant responses to REX. The most common pattern of response was an increase in turnover, followed by an increase in abundance with no detectable increase in protein synthesis. Here, we provide novel evidence that demonstrates that the contribution of synthesis and breakdown to changes in protein abundance induced by REX differ on a protein-by-protein basis. We also highlight the importance of the degradation of individual muscle proteins after exercise in human skeletal muscle.-Camera, D. M., Burniston, J. G., Pogson, M. A., Smiles, W. J., Hawley, J. A. Dynamic proteome profiling of individual proteins in human skeletal muscle after a high-fat diet and resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Pogson
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William J Smiles
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia; .,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Smiles WJ, Parr EB, Coffey VG, Lacham-Kaplan O, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Protein coingestion with alcohol following strenuous exercise attenuates alcohol-induced intramyocellular apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E836-E849. [PMID: 27677502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00303.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol ingestion decreases postexercise rates of muscle protein synthesis, but the mechanism(s) (e.g., increased protein breakdown) underlying this observation is unknown. Autophagy is an intracellular "recycling" system required for homeostatic substrate and organelle turnover; its dysregulation may provoke apoptosis and lead to muscle atrophy. We investigated the acute effects of alcohol ingestion on autophagic cell signaling responses to a bout of concurrent (combined resistance- and endurance-based) exercise. In a randomized crossover design, eight physically active males completed three experimental trials of concurrent exercise with either postexercise ingestion of alcohol and carbohydrate (12 ± 2 standard drinks; ALC-CHO), energy-matched alcohol and protein (ALC-PRO), or protein (PRO) only. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest and 2 and 8 h postexercise. Select autophagy-related gene (Atg) proteins decreased compared with rest with ALC-CHO (P < 0.05) but not ALC-PRO. There were parallel increases (P < 0.05) in p62 and PINK1 commensurate with a reduction in BNIP3 content, indicating a diminished capacity for mitochondria-specific autophagy (mitophagy) when alcohol and carbohydrate were coingested. DNA fragmentation increased in both alcohol conditions (P < 0.05); however, nuclear AIF accumulation preceded this apoptotic response with ALC-CHO only (P < 0.05). In contrast, increases in the nuclear content of p53, TFEB, and PGC-1α in ALC-PRO were accompanied by markers of mitochondrial biogenesis at the transcriptional (Tfam, SCO2, and NRF-1) and translational (COX-IV, ATPAF1, and VDAC1) level (P < 0.05). We conclude that alcohol ingestion following exercise triggers apoptosis, whereas the anabolic properties of protein coingestion may stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis to protect cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Orly Lacham-Kaplan
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Donny M Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training is a consequence of repeated contraction-induced increases in gene expression that lead to the accumulation of functional proteins whose role is to blunt the homeostatic perturbations generated by escalations in energetic demand and substrate turnover. The development of a specific 'exercise phenotype' is the result of new, augmented steady-state mRNA and protein levels that stem from the training stimulus (i.e. endurance or resistance based). Maintaining appropriate skeletal muscle integrity to meet the demands of training (i.e. increases in myofibrillar and/or mitochondrial protein) is regulated by cyclic phases of synthesis and breakdown, the rate and turnover largely determined by the protein's half-life. Cross-talk among several intracellular systems regulating protein synthesis, breakdown and folding is required to ensure protein equilibrium is maintained. These pathways include both proteasomal and lysosomal degradation systems (ubiquitin-mediated and autophagy, respectively) and the protein translational and folding machinery. The activities of these cellular pathways are bioenergetically expensive and are modified by intracellular energy availability (i.e. macronutrient intake) and the 'training impulse' (i.e. summation of the volume, intensity and frequency). As such, exercise-nutrient interactions can modulate signal transduction cascades that converge on these protein regulatory systems, especially in the early post-exercise recovery period. This review focuses on the regulation of muscle protein synthetic response-adaptation processes to divergent exercise stimuli and how intracellular energy availability interacts with contractile activity to impact on muscle remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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Camera DM, Smiles WJ, Hawley JA. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle signaling pathways and human athletic performance. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:131-143. [PMID: 26876650 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue capable of altering its phenotype in response to external stimuli including exercise. This response is determined by the mode, (endurance- versus resistance-based), volume, intensity and frequency of exercise performed with the magnitude of this response-adaptation the basis for enhanced physical work capacity. However, training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle are variable and unpredictable between individuals. With the recent application of molecular techniques to exercise biology, there has been a greater understanding of the multiplicity and complexity of cellular networks involved in exercise responses. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular events mediating adaptation processes in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. We discuss established and novel cell signaling proteins mediating key physiological responses associated with enhanced exercise performance and the capacity for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to modulate training adaptation responses. We also examine the molecular bases underpinning heterogeneous responses to resistance and endurance exercise and the dissociation between molecular 'markers' of training adaptation and subsequent exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
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Tachtsis B, Smiles WJ, Lane SC, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Acute Endurance Exercise Induces Nuclear p53 Abundance in Human Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2016; 7:144. [PMID: 27199762 PMCID: PMC4845512 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The tumor suppressor protein p53 may have regulatory roles in exercise response-adaptation processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy, although its cellular location largely governs its biological role. We investigated the subcellular localization of p53 and selected signaling targets in human skeletal muscle following a single bout of endurance exercise. Methods: Sixteen, untrained individuals were pair-matched for aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and allocated to either an exercise (EX, n = 8) or control (CON, n = 8) group. After a resting muscle biopsy, EX performed 60 min continuous cycling at ~70% of VO2peak during which time CON subjects rested. A further biopsy was obtained from both groups 3 h post-exercise (EX) or 4 h after the first biopsy (CON). Results: Nuclear p53 increased after 3 h recovery with EX only (~48%, p < 0.05) but was unchanged in the mitochondrial or cytoplasmic fractions in either group. Autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) decreased in the mitochondrial protein fraction 3 h post-EX (~69%, P < 0.05) but remained unchanged in CON. There was an increase in cytoplasmic levels of the mitophagy marker PINK1 following 3 h of rest in CON only (~23%, P < 0.05). There were no changes in mitochondrial, nuclear, or cytoplasmic levels of PGC-1α post-exercise in either group. Conclusions: The selective increase in nuclear p53 abundance following endurance exercise suggests a potential pro-autophagy response to remove damaged proteins and organelles prior to initiating mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling responses in untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Tachtsis
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven C Lane
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool, UK
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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Parr EB, Camera DM, Burke LM, Phillips SM, Coffey VG, Hawley JA. Circulating MicroRNA Responses between 'High' and 'Low' Responders to a 16-Wk Diet and Exercise Weight Loss Intervention. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152545. [PMID: 27101373 PMCID: PMC4839646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between diet, physical activity and genetic predisposition contribute to variable body mass changes observed in response to weight loss interventions. Circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) may act as ‘biomarkers’ that are associated with the rate of change in weight loss, and/or play a role in regulating the biological variation, in response to energy restriction. Objective To quantify targeted c-miRNAs with putative roles in energy metabolism and exercise adaptations following a 16 wk diet and exercise intervention in individuals with large (high responders; HiRes) versus small (low responders; LoRes) losses in body mass. Methods From 89 male and female overweight/obese participants who completed the intervention (energy restriction from diet, 250 kcal/d, and exercise, 250 kcal/d), subgroups of HiRes (>10% body mass loss, n = 22) and LoRes (<5% body mass loss, n = 18) were identified. From resting plasma samples collected after an overnight fast pre and post intervention, RNA was extracted, quantified and reverse transcribed. Thirteen c-miRNA selected a priori were analysed using a customised 96-well miScript miRNA PCR Array. Results Loss of body mass (-11.0 ± 2.3 kg vs. -3.0 ± 1.3 kg; P<0.01) and fat mass (-11.1 ± 2.6 kg vs. -3.9 ± 1.6 kg; P<0.01) was greater for HiRes than LoRes (P<0.001). Expression of c-miR-935 was higher in LoRes compared to HiRes pre- (~47%; P = 0.025) and post- (~100%; P<0.01) intervention and was the only c-miRNA differentially expressed at baseline between groups. The abundance of c-miR-221-3p and -223-3p increased pre- to post-intervention in both groups (~57–69% and ~25–90%, P<0.05). There was a post-intervention increase in c-miR-140 only in LoRes compared to HiRes (~23%, P = 0.016). Conclusion The differential expression and responses of selected c-miRNAs in overweight/obese individuals to an exercise and diet intervention suggests a putative role for these ‘biomarkers’ in the prediction or detection of individual variability to weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn B. Parr
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Vernon G. Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - John A. Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Smiles WJ, Camera DM. More than mitochondrial biogenesis: alternative roles of PGC-1α in exercise adaptation. J Physiol 2016; 593:2115-7. [PMID: 25931405 DOI: 10.1113/jp270177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Camera DM, Ong JN, Coffey VG, Hawley JA. Selective Modulation of MicroRNA Expression with Protein Ingestion Following Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Exercise in Human Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2016; 7:87. [PMID: 27014087 PMCID: PMC4779983 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined changes in the expression of 13 selected skeletal muscle microRNAs (miRNAs) implicated in exercise adaptation responses following a single bout of concurrent exercise. In a randomized cross-over design, seven healthy males undertook a single trial consisting of resistance exercise (8 × 5 leg extension, 80% 1 Repetition Maximum) followed by cycling (30 min at ~70% VO2peak) with either post-exercise protein (PRO: 25 g whey protein) or placebo (PLA) ingestion. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained at rest and 4 h post-exercise. Detection of miRNA via quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) revealed post-exercise increases in miR-23a-3p (~90%), miR-23b-3p (~39%), miR-133b (~80%), miR-181-5p (~50%), and miR-378-5p (~41%) at 4 h post-exercise with PRO that also resulted in higher abundance compared to PLA (P < 0.05). There was a post-exercise decrease in miR-494-3p abundance in PLA only (~88%, P < 0.05). There were no changes in the total abundance of target proteins post-exercise or between conditions. Protein ingestion following concurrent exercise can modulate the expression of miRNAs implicated in exercise adaptations compared to placebo. The selective modulation of miRNAs with target proteins that may prioritize myogenic compared to oxidative/metabolic adaptive responses indicate that miRNAs can play a regulatory role in the molecular machinery enhancing muscle protein synthesis responses with protein ingestion following concurrent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of TechnologyMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jun N Ong
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool, UK
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Tomcik KA, Smiles WJ, Camera DM, Hügel HM, Hawley JA, Watts R. Fenugreek increases insulin-stimulated creatine content in L6C11 muscle myotubes. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:973-979. [PMID: 26732502 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Creatine uptake by muscle cells is increased in the presence of insulin. Accordingly, compounds with insulin-like actions may also augment creatine uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), an insulin mimetic, increases total intracellular creatine levels in vitro. METHODS Total cellular creatine content was measured fluorometrically in L6C11 muscle myotubes treated for 1, 4, and 24 h with 0.5 mM creatine (CR), CR and 20 μg/mL fenugreek seed extract (CR + FEN), CR and 100 nM insulin (CR + INS), and CR + INS + FEN (n = 6 per treatment group). Alterations in the expression of the sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter, SLC6A8, and key signaling proteins in the PI3-K/Akt pathway were determined. RESULTS Compared to control (CON), CR + INS + FEN increased total creatine content after 4 h (P < 0.05), whereas all conditions increased SLC6A8 protein expression above CON at this time (P < 0.05). Changes in insulin signaling were demonstrated via increases in AktThr308 phosphorylation, with CR + INS > CON and CR at 1 h (P < 0.05) and with CR + INS + FEN > CON, CR, and CR + INS at 4 h (P < 0.05). In contrast, no changes in PKCζ/λ or GLUT4 phosphorylation were detected. CONCLUSION Fenugreek, when combined with insulin, modulates creatine content via a mechanism which is independent of the activity of SLC6A8, suggesting that an alternative mechanism is responsible for the regulation and facilitation of insulin-mediated creatine uptake in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyen A Tomcik
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Helmut M Hügel
- School of Applied Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Rani Watts
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
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Smiles WJ, Areta JL, Coffey VG, Phillips SM, Moore DR, Stellingwerff T, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Modulation of autophagy signaling with resistance exercise and protein ingestion following short-term energy deficit. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R603-12. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00413.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy contributes to remodeling of skeletal muscle and is sensitive to contractile activity and prevailing energy availability. We investigated changes in targeted genes and proteins with roles in autophagy following 5 days of energy balance (EB), energy deficit (ED), and resistance exercise (REX) after ED. Muscle biopsies from 15 subjects (8 males, 7 females) were taken at rest following 5 days of EB [45 kcal·kg fat free mass (FFM)−1·day−1] and 5 days of ED (30 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1). After ED, subjects completed a bout of REX and consumed either placebo (PLA) or 30 g whey protein (PRO) immediately postexercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained at 1 and 4 h into recovery in each trial. Resting protein levels of autophagy-related gene protein 5 (Atg5) decreased after ED compared with EB (∼23%, P < 0.001) and remained below EB from 1 to 4 h postexercise in PLA (∼17%) and at 1 h in PRO (∼18%, P < 0.05). In addition, conjugated Atg5 (cAtg12) decreased below EB in PLA at 4 h (∼20, P < 0.05); however, its values were increased above this time point in PRO at 4 h alongside increases in FOXO1 above EB (∼22–26%, P < 0.05). Notably, these changes were subsequent to increases in unc-51-like kinase 1Ser757 phosphorylation (∼60%) 1 h postexercise in PRO. No significant changes in gene expression of selected autophagy markers were found, but EGR-1 increased above ED and EB in PLA (∼417–864%) and PRO (∼1,417–2,731%) trials 1 h postexercise ( P < 0.001). Postexercise protein availability, compared with placebo, can selectively promote autophagic responses to REX in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Smiles
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - José L. Areta
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vernon G. Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Louise M. Burke
- Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - John A. Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lane SC, Camera DM, Lassiter DG, Areta JL, Bird SR, Yeo WK, Jeacocke NA, Krook A, Zierath JR, Burke LM, Hawley JA. Effects of sleeping with reduced carbohydrate availability on acute training responses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:643-55. [PMID: 26112242 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00857.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the effects of "periodized nutrition" on skeletal muscle and whole body responses to a bout of prolonged exercise the following morning. Seven cyclists completed two trials receiving isoenergetic diets differing in the timing of ingestion: they consumed either 8 g/kg body mass (BM) of carbohydrate (CHO) before undertaking an evening session of high-intensity training (HIT) and slept without eating (FASTED), or consumed 4 g/kg BM of CHO before HIT, then 4 g/kg BM of CHO before sleeping (FED). The next morning subjects completed 2 h of cycling (120SS) while overnight fasted. Muscle biopsies were taken on day 1 (D1) before and 2 h after HIT and on day 2 (D2) pre-, post-, and 4 h after 120SS. Muscle [glycogen] was higher in FED at all times post-HIT (P < 0.001). The cycling bouts increased PGC1α mRNA and PDK4 mRNA (P < 0.01) in both trials, with PDK4 mRNA being elevated to a greater extent in FASTED (P < 0.05). Resting phosphorylation of AMPK(Thr172), p38MAPK(Thr180/Tyr182), and p-ACC(Ser79) (D2) was greater in FASTED (P < 0.05). Fat oxidation during 120SS was higher in FASTED (P = 0.01), coinciding with increases in ACC(Ser79) and CPT1 as well as mRNA expression of CD36 and FABP3 (P < 0.05). Methylation on the gene promoter for COX4I1 and FABP3 increased 4 h after 120SS in both trials, whereas methylation of the PPARδ promoter increased only in FASTED. We provide evidence for shifts in DNA methylation that correspond with inverse changes in transcription for metabolically adaptive genes, although delaying postexercise feeding failed to augment markers of mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Lane
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Health Research Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - José L Areta
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stephen R Bird
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nikki A Jeacocke
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia
| | - Anna Krook
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Louise M Burke
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Health Research Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Areta JL, Burke LM, Camera DM, West DWD, Crawshay S, Moore DR, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM, Hawley JA, Coffey VG. Reduced resting skeletal muscle protein synthesis is rescued by resistance exercise and protein ingestion following short-term energy deficit. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E989-97. [PMID: 24595305 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) response to resistance exercise (REX) and protein ingestion during energy deficit (ED) is unknown. In young men (n = 8) and women (n = 7), we determined protein signaling and resting postabsorptive MPS during energy balance [EB; 45 kcal·kg fat-free mass (FFM)(-1)·day(-1)] and after 5 days of ED (30 kcal·kg FFM(-1)·day(-1)) as well as MPS while in ED after acute REX in the fasted state and with the ingestion of whey protein (15 and 30 g). Postabsorptive rates of MPS were 27% lower in ED than EB (P < 0.001), but REX stimulated MPS to rates equal to EB. Ingestion of 15 and 30 g of protein after REX in ED increased MPS ~16 and ~34% above resting EB (P < 0.02). p70 S6K Thr(389) phosphorylation increased above EB only with combined exercise and protein intake (~2-7 fold, P < 0.05). In conclusion, short-term ED reduces postabsorptive MPS; however, a bout of REX in ED restores MPS to values observed at rest in EB. The ingestion of protein after REX further increases MPS above resting EB in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that combining REX with increased protein availability after exercise enhances rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis during short-term ED and could in the long term preserve muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Areta
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Parr EB, Camera DM, Areta JL, Burke LM, Phillips SM, Hawley JA, Coffey VG. Alcohol ingestion impairs maximal post-exercise rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis following a single bout of concurrent training. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88384. [PMID: 24533082 PMCID: PMC3922864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The culture in many team sports involves consumption of large amounts of alcohol after training/competition. The effect of such a practice on recovery processes underlying protein turnover in human skeletal muscle are unknown. We determined the effect of alcohol intake on rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) following strenuous exercise with carbohydrate (CHO) or protein ingestion. Methods In a randomized cross-over design, 8 physically active males completed three experimental trials comprising resistance exercise (8×5 reps leg extension, 80% 1 repetition maximum) followed by continuous (30 min, 63% peak power output (PPO)) and high intensity interval (10×30 s, 110% PPO) cycling. Immediately, and 4 h post-exercise, subjects consumed either 500 mL of whey protein (25 g; PRO), alcohol (1.5 g·kg body mass−1, 12±2 standard drinks) co-ingested with protein (ALC-PRO), or an energy-matched quantity of carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g maltodextrin; ALC-CHO). Subjects also consumed a CHO meal (1.5 g CHO·kg body mass−1) 2 h post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, 2 and 8 h post-exercise. Results Blood alcohol concentration was elevated above baseline with ALC-CHO and ALC-PRO throughout recovery (P<0.05). Phosphorylation of mTORSer2448 2 h after exercise was higher with PRO compared to ALC-PRO and ALC-CHO (P<0.05), while p70S6K phosphorylation was higher 2 h post-exercise with ALC-PRO and PRO compared to ALC-CHO (P<0.05). Rates of MPS increased above rest for all conditions (∼29–109%, P<0.05). However, compared to PRO, there was a hierarchical reduction in MPS with ALC-PRO (24%, P<0.05) and with ALC-CHO (37%, P<0.05). Conclusion We provide novel data demonstrating that alcohol consumption reduces rates of MPS following a bout of concurrent exercise, even when co-ingested with protein. We conclude that alcohol ingestion suppresses the anabolic response in skeletal muscle and may therefore impair recovery and adaptation to training and/or subsequent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn B. Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - José L. Areta
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A. Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Vernon G. Coffey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Recovery from the demands of daily training is an essential element of a scientifically based periodized program whose twin goals are to maximize training adaptation and enhance performance. Prolonged endurance training sessions induce substantial metabolic perturbations in skeletal muscle, including the depletion of endogenous fuels and damage/disruption to muscle and body proteins. Therefore, increasing nutrient availability (i.e., carbohydrate and protein) in the post-training recovery period is important to replenish substrate stores and facilitate repair and remodelling of skeletal muscle. It is well accepted that protein ingestion following resistance-based exercise increases rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and potentiates gains in muscle mass and strength. To date, however, little attention has focused on the ability of dietary protein to enhance skeletal muscle remodelling and stimulate adaptations that promote an endurance phenotype. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss the results of recent studies that have examined the role of dietary protein for the endurance athlete. Our primary aim is to consider the results from contemporary investigations that have advanced our knowledge of how the manipulation of dietary protein (i.e., amount, type, and timing of ingestion) can facilitate muscle remodelling by promoting muscle protein synthesis. We focus on the role of protein in facilitating optimal recovery from, and promoting adaptations to strenuous endurance-based training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- a Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 2W6, Canada
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Kosari S, Camera DM, Hawley JA, Stebbing M, Badoer E. ERK1/2 in the brain mediates the effects of central resistin on reducing thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2013; 5:184-189. [PMID: 24044038 PMCID: PMC3773078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of ERK1/2 in the brain on the effects of centrally administered resistin on thermogenesis. Resistin (7 μg) into anaesthetized rats significantly decreased brown adipose tissue temperature by 1.0 ± 0.4 °C (P < 0.005). This response was significantly attenuated by over 60% when ERK1/2 was inhibited by U0126 (7 μg) (P < 0.05). Resistin reduced uncoupling protein-1 mRNA expression (0.11 ± 0.01 vs 1.24 ± 0.85 resistin vs control respectively) and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-α, but the effects were not statistically significant. The results suggest that ERK1/2 in the brain contributes to resistin's effects on thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Kosari
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, Australia
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Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, Camera DM, West DWD, Broad EM, Jeacocke NA, Moore DR, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM, Hawley JA, Coffey VG. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol 2013; 591:2319-31. [PMID: 23459753 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantity and timing of protein ingestion are major factors regulating myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS). However, the effect of specific ingestion patterns on MPS throughout a 12 h period is unknown. We determined how different distributions of protein feeding during 12 h recovery after resistance exercise affects anabolic responses in skeletal muscle. Twenty-four healthy trained males were assigned to three groups (n = 8/group) and undertook a bout of resistance exercise followed by ingestion of 80 g of whey protein throughout 12 h recovery in one of the following protocols: 8 × 10 g every 1.5 h (PULSE); 4 × 20 g every 3 h (intermediate: INT); or 2 × 40 g every 6 h (BOLUS). Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and after 1, 4, 6, 7 and 12 h post exercise. Resting and post-exercise MPS (l-[ring-(13)C6] phenylalanine), and muscle mRNA abundance and cell signalling were assessed. All ingestion protocols increased MPS above rest throughout 1-12 h recovery (88-148%, P < 0.02), but INT elicited greater MPS than PULSE and BOLUS (31-48%, P < 0.02). In general signalling showed a BOLUS>INT>PULSE hierarchy in magnitude of phosphorylation. MuRF-1 and SLC38A2 mRNA were differentially expressed with BOLUS. In conclusion, 20 g of whey protein consumed every 3 h was superior to either PULSE or BOLUS feeding patterns for stimulating MPS throughout the day. This study provides novel information on the effect of modulating the distribution of protein intake on anabolic responses in skeletal muscle and has the potential to maximize outcomes of resistance training for attaining peak muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Areta
- Exercise Metabolism Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Stephenson EJ, Camera DM, Jenkins TA, Kosari S, Lee JS, Hawley JA, Stepto NK. Skeletal muscle respiratory capacity is enhanced in rats consuming an obesogenic Western diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1541-9. [PMID: 22496344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced lipid oversupply promotes skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Previous investigations have utilized extreme high-fat diets (HFD) to induce such mitochondrial perturbations despite their disparity from human obesogenic diets. Here, we evaluate the effects of Western diet (WD)-induced obesity on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Long-Evans rats were given ad libitum access to either a WD [40% energy (E) from fat, 17% protein, and 43% carbohydrate (30% sucrose); n = 12] or a control diet (CON; 16% of E from fat, 21% protein, and 63% carbohydrate; n = 12) for 12 wk. Rats fed the WD consumed 23% more E than CON (P = 0.0001), which was associated with greater increases in body mass (23%, P = 0.0002) and adiposity (17%, P = 0.03). There were no differences in fasting blood glucose concentration or glucose tolerance between diets, although fasting insulin was increased by 40% (P = 0.007). Fasting serum triglycerides were also elevated in WD (86%, P = 0.001). The maximal capacity of the electron transfer system was greater following WD (37%, P = 0.02), as were the maximal activities of several mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase). Protein expression of citrate synthase, UCP3, and individual respiratory complexes was greater after WD (P < 0.05) despite no differences in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARδ, or PPARγ coactivator-1 mRNA or protein abundance. We conclude that the respiratory capacity of skeletal muscle is enhanced in response to the excess energy supplied by a WD. This is likely due to an increase in mitochondrial density, which at least in the short term, and in the absence of increased energy demand, may protect the tissue from lipid-induced impairments in glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Stephenson
- School of Medical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Australia
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West DWD, Burd NA, Churchward-Venne TA, Camera DM, Mitchell CJ, Baker SK, Hawley JA, Coffey VG, Phillips SM. Sex-based comparisons of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise in the fed state. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1805-13. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We made sex-based comparisons of rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and anabolic signaling after a single bout of high-intensity resistance exercise. Eight men (20 ± 10 yr, BMI = 24.3 ± 2.4) and eight women (22 ± 1.8 yr, BMI = 23.0 ± 1.9) underwent primed constant infusions of l-[ ring-13C6]phenylalanine on consecutive days with serial muscle biopsies. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest and 1, 3, 5, 24, 26, and 28 h after exercise. Twenty-five grams of whey protein was ingested immediately and 26 h after exercise. We also measured exercise-induced serum testosterone because it is purported to contribute to increases in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) postexercise and its absence has been hypothesized to attenuate adaptative responses to resistance exercise in women. The exercise-induced area under the testosterone curve was 45-fold greater in men than women in the early (1 h) recovery period following exercise ( P < 0.001). MPS was elevated similarly in men and women (2.3- and 2.7-fold, respectively) 1–5 h postexercise and after protein ingestion following 24 h recovery. Phosphorylation of mTORSer2448 was elevated to a greater extent in men than women acutely after exercise ( P = 0.003), whereas increased phosphorylation of p70S6K1Thr389 was not different between sexes. Androgen receptor content was greater in men (main effect for sex, P = 0.049). Atrogin-1 mRNA abundance was decreased after 5 h recovery in both men and women ( P < 0.001), and MuRF-1 expression was elevated in men after protein ingestion following 24 h recovery ( P = 0.003). These results demonstrate minor sex-based differences in signaling responses and no difference in the MPS response to resistance exercise in the fed state. Interestingly, our data demonstrate that exercise-induced increases in MPS are dissociated from postexercise testosteronemia and that stimulation of MPS occurs effectively with low systemic testosterone concentrations in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. D. West
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Donny M. Camera
- Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; and
| | | | - Steven K. Baker
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A. Hawley
- Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Vernon G. Coffey
- Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Camera DM, West DWD, Burd NA, Phillips SM, Garnham AP, Hawley JA, Coffey VG. Low muscle glycogen concentration does not suppress the anabolic response to resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:206-14. [PMID: 22628371 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00395.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the effect of muscle glycogen concentration and postexercise nutrition on anabolic signaling and rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise (REX). Sixteen young, healthy men matched for age, body mass, peak oxygen uptake (Vo(2peak)) and strength (one repetition maximum; 1RM) were randomly assigned to either a nutrient or placebo group. After 48 h diet and exercise control, subjects undertook a glycogen-depletion protocol consisting of one-leg cycling to fatigue (LOW), whereas the other leg rested (NORM). The next morning following an overnight fast, a primed, constant infusion of l-[ring-(13)C(6)] phenylalanine was commenced and subjects completed 8 sets of 5 unilateral leg press repetitions at 80% 1RM. Immediately after REX and 2 h later, subjects consumed a 500 ml bolus of a protein/CHO (20 g whey + 40 g maltodextrin) or placebo beverage. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of both legs were taken at rest and 1 and 4 h after REX. Muscle glycogen concentration was higher in the NORM than LOW at all time points in both nutrient and placebo groups (P < 0.05). Postexercise Akt-p70S6K-rpS6 phosphorylation increased in both groups with no differences between legs (P < 0.05). mTOR(Ser2448) phosphorylation in placebo increased 1 h after exercise in NORM (P < 0.05), whereas mTOR increased ~4-fold in LOW (P < 0.01) and ~11 fold in NORM with nutrient (P < 0.01; different between legs P < 0.05). Post-exercise rates of MPS were not different between NORM and LOW in nutrient (0.070 ± 0.022 vs. 0.068 ± 0.018 %/h) or placebo (0.045 ± 0.021 vs. 0.049 ± 0.017 %/h). We conclude that commencing high-intensity REX with low muscle glycogen availability does not compromise the anabolic signal and subsequent rates of MPS, at least during the early (4 h) postexercise recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Burd
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
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Camera DM, Burd NA, Phillips SM, Hawley JA, Coffey VG. Effect Of Muscle Glycogen Status And Nutrition On Cell Signaling Following Resistance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000401607.17766.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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