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Coppola ME, Petritz A, Irimia CV, Yumusak C, Mayr F, Bednorz M, Matkovic A, Aslam MA, Saller K, Schwarzinger C, Ionita MD, Schiek M, Smeds AI, Salinas Y, Brüggemann O, D'Orsi R, Mattonai M, Ribechini E, Operamolla A, Teichert C, Xu C, Stadlober B, Sariciftci NS, Irimia‐Vladu M. Pinaceae Pine Resins (Black Pine, Shore Pine, Rosin, and Baltic Amber) as Natural Dielectrics for Low Operating Voltage, Hysteresis-Free, Organic Field Effect Transistors. Glob Chall 2023; 7:2300062. [PMID: 37745829 PMCID: PMC10517313 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Four pinaceae pine resins analyzed in this study: black pine, shore pine, Baltic amber, and rosin demonstrate excellent dielectric properties, outstanding film forming, and ease of processability from ethyl alcohol solutions. Their trap-free nature allows fabrication of virtually hysteresis-free organic field effect transistors operating in a low voltage window with excellent stability under bias stress. Such green constituents represent an excellent choice of materials for applications targeting biocompatibility and biodegradability of electronics and sensors, within the overall effort of sustainable electronics development and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Petritz
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
| | - Cristian Vlad Irimia
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Cigdem Yumusak
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Felix Mayr
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Mateusz Bednorz
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Aleksandar Matkovic
- Chair of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsMechanics and Electrical EngineeringMontanuniversität LeobenFranz Josef Str. 18Leoben8700Austria
| | - Muhammad Awais Aslam
- Chair of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsMechanics and Electrical EngineeringMontanuniversität LeobenFranz Josef Str. 18Leoben8700Austria
| | - Klara Saller
- Institut for Chemical Technologies of Organic MaterialsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Institut for Chemical Technologies of Organic MaterialsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Maria Daniela Ionita
- National Institute for LaserPlasma and Radiation PhysicsPO Box Mg‐36, MagureleBucharest077125Romania
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
- Johannes Kepler University LinzCenter for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA) Altenberger Str. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Annika I. Smeds
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology/Wood and Paper ChemistryÅbo Akademi UniversityPorthansgatan 3‐5, ÅboTurku20500Finland
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Str. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Rosarita D'Orsi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Alessandra Operamolla
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Moruzzi 13Pisa56124Italy
| | - Christian Teichert
- Chair of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsMechanics and Electrical EngineeringMontanuniversität LeobenFranz Josef Str. 18Leoben8700Austria
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology/Wood and Paper ChemistryÅbo Akademi UniversityPorthansgatan 3‐5, ÅboTurku20500Finland
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
| | - Mihai Irimia‐Vladu
- Joanneum Research ForschungsgesellschaftMaterialsFranz‐Pichler Str. Nr. 30Weiz8169Austria
- Johannes Kepler University LinzDept. Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz4040Austria
- Present address:
Mihai Irimia‐VladuJohannes Kepler University LinzInstitute of Physical ChemistryLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)Altenberger Str. Nr. 69Linz40040Austria
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Nardella F, Prothmann J, Sandahl M, Spégel P, Ribechini E, Turner C. Native lignin extraction from soft- and hardwood by green and benign sub/supercritical fluid extraction methodologies. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21945-21953. [PMID: 37483673 PMCID: PMC10357412 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin constitutes an impressive resource of high-value low molecular weight compounds. However, robust methods for isolation of the extractable fraction from lignocellulose are yet to be established. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and CO2-expanded liquid extraction (CXLE) were employed to extract lignin from softwood and hardwood chips. Ethanol, acetone, and ethyl lactate were investigated as green organic co-solvents in the extractions. Additionally, the effects of temperature, CO2 percentage and the water content of the co-solvent were investigated using a design of experiment approach employing full factorial designs. Ethyl lactate and acetone provided the highest gravimetric yields. The water content in the extraction mixture had the main impact on the amount of extractable lignin monomers (LMs) and lignin oligomers (LOs) while the type of organic solvent was of minor importance. The most effective extraction was achieved by using a combination of liquid CO2/acetone/water (10/72/18, v/v/v) at 60 °C, 350 bar, 30 min and 2 mL min-1 flow rate. The optimized method provided detection of 13 LMs and 6 lignin dimers (LDs) from the hardwood chips. The results demonstrate the potential of supercritical fluids and green solvents in the field of mild and bening lignin extraction from wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Jens Prothmann
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis Lund Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis Lund Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis Lund Sweden
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis Lund Sweden
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Kudláček K, La Nasa J, Ribechini E, Colombini MP, Nesměrák K. Study of the molecular compositions of ointments from the 18th baroque pharmacy of the Capuchin monastery in Hradčany (Prague, Czech Republic). Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Guerrini C, Nardella F, Morganti A, La Nasa J, Degano I, Ribechini E. Focusing on Volatile Organic Compounds of Natural Resins by Selected-Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2022; 33:1465-1473. [PMID: 35762529 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of archeological artifacts, due to the high value of antique objects, is preferably performed by nondestructive, noninvasive, and in situ techniques. At present, the most common in situ protocols used for the analysis of organic materials are spectroscopic approaches. In this work, we tested selected-ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), a transportable mass spectrometry system for the characterization and discrimination of natural resins by the analysis of their volatile organic compounds profiles. We chose diterpenoid, triterpenoid, and aromatic resins as reference materials, focusing on the most identified in archeological artifacts. This work aims to create a SIFT-MS database of mass spectra suitable for characterizing archeological samples. The spectral data obtained by SIFT-MS were interpreted with the aid of chromatograms and mass spectra obtained by head space-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). Finally, principal components analysis (PCA) was used to further underline the differences among the different materials and to investigate the possibility of discriminating different classes of resins based on their SIFT spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Guerrini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa56124, Italy
| | - Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa56124, Italy
| | - Annachiara Morganti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa56124, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa56124, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Florence50121, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa56124, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa56124, Italy
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Nardella F, Bellavia S, Mattonai M, Ribechini E. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic: Synergistic effects and estimation of elemental composition of pyrolysis oil by analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Bioresour Technol 2022; 354:127170. [PMID: 35436539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the pyrolytic behavior of mixtures of lignocellulosic biomass with hydrocarbon plastics using analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS. Semi-quantitative analysis using chromatographic peak areas was used to investigate the composition of the pyrolysis oils and to highlight the occurrence of synergistic effects. A new method is also proposed to estimate the elemental composition of the pyrolysis oil based on the peak areas and brute formulas of the pyrolysis products. The results indicate that synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis favor secondary pyrolysis of holocellulose and polystyrene oligomers, and hinder radical chain-scission of polyethylene chains. H/C and O/C values of the pyrolysis oils were improved by the addition of plastic, indicating a decrease in the content of oxygenated pyrolysis products. The best performances were observed for the mixture containing 70% fir wood and 30% polyethylene, in which synergistic effects led to both an increase of H/C and a decrease of O/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Bellavia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Prüfer K, Posth C, Yu H, Stoessel A, Spyrou MA, Deviese T, Mattonai M, Ribechini E, Higham T, Velemínský P, Brůžek J, Krause J. A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:820-825. [PMID: 33828249 PMCID: PMC8175239 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Modern humans expanded into Eurasia more than 40,000 years ago following their dispersal out of Africa. These Eurasians carried ~2–3% Neanderthal ancestry in their genomes, originating from admixture with Neanderthals that took place sometime between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, probably in the Middle East. In Europe, the modern human expansion preceded the disappearance of Neanderthals from the fossil record by 3,000–5,000 years. The genetic makeup of the first Europeans who colonized the continent more than 40,000 years ago remains poorly understood since few specimens have been studied. Here, we analyse a genome generated from the skull of a female individual from Zlatý kůň, Czechia. We found that she belonged to a population that appears to have contributed genetically neither to later Europeans nor to Asians. Her genome carries ~3% Neanderthal ancestry, similar to those of other Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. However, the lengths of the Neanderthal segments are longer than those observed in the currently oldest modern human genome of the ~45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim individual from Siberia, suggesting that this individual from Zlatý kůň is one of the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following the expansion out of Africa. The authors present the genome sequence of a >45,000-year-old female Homo sapiens individual from the site of Zlatý kůň, Czechia. Although radiometric dating of the human remains was inconclusive, the authors were able to use molecular methods to demonstrate that she was probably among the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following expansion out of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Prüfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - He Yu
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Stoessel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thibaut Deviese
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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Mattonai M, Watanabe A, Ribechini E. Characterization of volatile and non-volatile fractions of spices using evolved gas analysis and multi-shot analytical pyrolysis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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La Nasa J, Nardella F, Andrei L, Giani M, Degano I, Colombini MP, Ribechini E. Profiling of high molecular weight esters by flow injection analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry for the characterization of raw and archaeological beeswax and resinous substances. Talanta 2020; 212:120800. [PMID: 32113562 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a method to characterize high molecular esters in beeswax and resinous substances based on the use of microwave-assisted extraction and flow injection analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry that combines the high efficiency of the extraction procedure with the advantages of high resolution mass spectrometry. This approach allows us to identify archaeological beeswax and plant resinous substances by the characterization of the survived intact high molecular weight components. By this way, several raw materials (beeswax, pine resin and pitch, and resin extracted from Euphorbia tirucalli) were studied and used as reference substances. The procedure was then tested on an adhesive dated 44-42 ka BP recovered from Border Cave (KwaZulu-Natal, Africa), allowing us to detect the high molecular weight species even after almost 50,000 years, and then used to chemically investigate unknown archaeological adhesives from Antinoopolis (Egypt), dated to the 4th-5th century AD. The results allowed us to extend our knowledge on the long-term behavior of beeswax and resinous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Andrei
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Giani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Riesmeier M, Mattonai M, Wong SS, Veall MA, Betts J, Johnston M, Ribechini E, Devièse T. Molecular profiling of Peru Balsam reveals active ingredients responsible for its pharmaceutical properties. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5311-5316. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1753056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marabel Riesmeier
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Szu Shen Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Margaret-Ashley Veall
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Betts
- Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London, UK
| | | | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Thibaut Devièse
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Devièse T, Ribechini E, Querci D, Higham T. Assessing the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction for the decontamination of archaeological bones prior to radiocarbon dating. Analyst 2020; 144:6128-6135. [PMID: 31535118 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00859d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the main sample types used for building chronologies in archaeology. It is also used in other research areas such as palaeodiet and palaeoenvironmental studies. However, for results to be accurate, samples must be free of exogenous carbon. Contamination can originate from a wide range of sources in the post-depositional environment but may also occur during excavation and post excavation activities (i.e. with the application of conservation materials) or during laboratory handling. Efficient procedures to remove contamination are therefore crucial prior to radiocarbon or stable isotope measurements. This work describes the development of an innovative sample pretreatment for bones, based on using supercritical CO2, which shows unique solvation properties. The effectiveness of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to remove conservation materials was compared with that obtained when applying a routine extraction based on the use of organic solvents (methanol, acetone and chloroform). The chemical composition of the bone samples before and after the two pre-treatments was then investigated using analytical pyrolysis-based techniques: EGA-MS (Evolved Gas Analysis-Mass Spectrometry) and Py-GC/MS (Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry). Collagen samples extracted from the same bones, prepared with the two cleaning protocols, were also radiocarbon dated by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The results of this study show that SFE is an efficient alternative method because it was as effective as the established treatment protocol. It removes contaminants such as conservation materials from bone samples with a minimum of handling and can be used routinely in radiocarbon dating laboratories. This work also demonstrates that analytical pyrolysis is not only a very efficient method to identify contaminants in bones but also to assess the effectiveness of the pretreatment prior to the radiocarbon measurement of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Devièse
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK.
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La Nasa J, Nardella F, Modugno F, Colombini MP, Ribechini E, Degano I. SIFT-ing archaeological artifacts: Selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry as a new tool in archaeometry. Talanta 2019; 207:120323. [PMID: 31594618 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A fast non-destructive approach based on the use of portable selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) was used for the first time to characterize organic materials in archaeological artifacts. The high sensitivity, specificity and selectivity SIFT soft chemical ionization mass spectrometry enabled us to investigate the composition of organic residues collected from ancient Egyptian findings in order to demonstrate the robustness of the techniques with different matrices. In addition, we tested SIFT-MS directly on an archaeological Egyptian amphora to prove its suitability as a completely non-invasive technique. Parallel investigations on all the samples were performed by GC/MS analysis to correlate and confirm the data obtained by SIFT-MS. The possibility of using a portable mass spectrometer on an excavation site or in a museum would be a significant step forward in the non-invasive analysis of organic archaeological materials, enabling archeologists and conservators to obtain real-time information on the molecular composition of organic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy
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12
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Devièse T, Massilani D, Yi S, Comeskey D, Nagel S, Nickel B, Ribechini E, Lee J, Tseveendorj D, Gunchinsuren B, Meyer M, Pääbo S, Higham T. Compound-specific radiocarbon dating and mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Pleistocene hominin from Salkhit Mongolia. Nat Commun 2019; 10:274. [PMID: 30700710 PMCID: PMC6353915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A skullcap found in the Salkhit Valley in northeast Mongolia is, to our knowledge, the only Pleistocene hominin fossil found in the country. It was initially described as an individual with possible archaic affinities, but its ancestry has been debated since the discovery. Here, we determine the age of the Salkhit skull by compound-specific radiocarbon dating of hydroxyproline to 34,950-33,900 Cal. BP (at 95% probability), placing the Salkhit individual in the Early Upper Paleolithic period. We reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of the specimen. It falls within a group of modern human mtDNAs (haplogroup N) that is widespread in Eurasia today. The results now place the specimen into its proper chronometric and biological context and allow us to begin integrating it with other evidence for the human occupation of this region during the Paleolithic, as well as wider Pleistocene sequences across Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Devièse
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
| | - Diyendo Massilani
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Seonbok Yi
- Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Daniel Comeskey
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Sarah Nagel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birgit Nickel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Damdinsuren Tseveendorj
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jucov St 77, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia
| | - Byambaa Gunchinsuren
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jucov St 77, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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13
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Mattonai M, Pawcenis D, Del Seppia S, Łojewska J, Ribechini E. Effect of ball-milling on crystallinity index, degree of polymerization and thermal stability of cellulose. Bioresour Technol 2018; 270:270-277. [PMID: 30223158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A combined study of crystallinity index (CI), degree of polymerisation (DP) and thermal stability of cellulose was carried out for monitoring the effect of ball-milling. DP and CI are two fundamental quantities that describe the physico-chemical behaviour of cellulose. Milling is a common strategy to reduce cellulose crystallinity. In this work, four different commercially available celluloses were milled at 30, 60 and 120 min, and the changes in DP and CI were monitored using spectroscopic, diffraction and chromatographic techniques. Evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) was also used to evaluate the changes in apparent activation energy (Ea) of the pyrolysis reaction upon different milling times by using model-free isoconversional methods. The results showed substantial decrease in CI values and moderate changes in DP after two-hours of ball-milling. Ea were found in the range 110-140 kJ/mol, and were reduced by 10% on average after two hours of ball-milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dominika Pawcenis
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Serena Del Seppia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Joanna Łojewska
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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14
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Mattonai M, Vinci A, Degano I, Ribechini E, Franceschi M, Modugno F. Olive mill wastewaters: quantitation of the phenolic content and profiling of elenolic acid derivatives using HPLC-DAD and HPLC/MS 2 with an embedded polar group stationary phase. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:3171-3175. [PMID: 30303396 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1522632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewaters (OMWs) are important by-products of olive oil production. The wide availability and the forbidding economic costs of OMWs disposal have generated interest in their possible exploitation as a sustainable source of polyphenols. The development and optimisation of improved analytical methods for the detailed characterisation of polyphenol molecular profiles after production and during storage conditions are thus required. A new analytical method based on reverse-phase HPLC separation of polyphenols in OMWs on an embedded-polar group (EPG) stationary phase is proposed as an alternative to conventional C18 columns. The procedure was used for the quantitation of 11 polyphenols, using diode-array detection (DAD), and achieving quantitation limits equal to or lower than 0.1 µg g-1. The same chromatographic set-up, coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-Q-ToF), allowed us to identify hydroxytyrosyl esters of elenolic acid, whose relative abundance is proposed for monitoring the ageing of OMWs during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Andrea Vinci
- Laboratori ARCHA srl Unipersonale , Pisa , Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | | | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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15
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La Nasa J, Lucejko JJ, Humpf HU, Ribechini E. Advancements in the chemical structures of Ergot acyl glycerides by high performances liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Mattonai M, Ribechini E. A comparison of fast and reactive pyrolysis with in situ derivatisation of fructose, inulin and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus). Anal Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Anwendung der analytischen Pyrolyse zur Untersuchung organischer Materialien in Kulturgütern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
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18
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Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Recent Advances in Analytical Pyrolysis to Investigate Organic Materials in Heritage Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
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19
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Łucejko JJ, Mattonai M, Zborowska M, Tamburini D, Cofta G, Cantisani E, Kúdela J, Cartwright C, Colombini MP, Ribechini E, Modugno F. Deterioration effects of wet environments and brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana on pine wood in the archaeological site of Biskupin (Poland). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Tacherfiout M, Petrov PD, Mattonai M, Ribechini E, Ribot J, Bonet ML, Khettal B. Antihyperlipidemic effect of a Rhamnus alaternus leaf extract in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats and human HepG2 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:501-509. [PMID: 29501772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean buckthorn, Rhamnus alaternus L., is a plant used in traditional medicine in Mediterranean countries. We aimed at characterizing its phenolic compounds and explore potential antihyperlipidemic activity of this plant. The profile of phenolic compounds in R. alaternus leaf crude methanolic extract (CME) and its liquid-liquid extraction-derived fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS2). Effects of CME on: circulating lipids in rats with Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia, intracellular lipid accumulation and expression of genes of fatty acid metabolism in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, and adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 murine adipocyte cell model were assessed. The HPLC/ESI-MS2 analytical profile revealed a total of fifteen compounds, of which eleven were identified. Oral CME administration decreased blood levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in hyperlipidemic rats (by 60% and 70%, respectively, at 200 mg CME/kg). In HepG2 cells, CME exposure dose-dependently decreased intracellular lipids and up-regulated gene expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 involved in fatty acid oxidation. In the 3T3-L1 model, CME favored preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenesis, pointing to positive effects on adipose tissue expandability. These results suggest novel uses of R. alaternus by showing that its leaves are rich in flavonoids and flavonoid derivatives with an antihyperlipidemic effect in vivo and in hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Tacherfiout
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Petar D Petrov
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Joan Ribot
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
| | - Bachra Khettal
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
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21
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Lucejko JJ, La Nasa J, Porta F, Vanzetti A, Tanda G, Mangiaracina CF, Corretti A, Colombini MP, Ribechini E. Long-lasting ergot lipids as new biomarkers for assessing the presence of cereals and cereal products in archaeological vessels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3935. [PMID: 29500428 PMCID: PMC5834523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals were very important in ancient diets, however evidence from archaeological sites of the vessels used for processing or storing cereals is comparatively rare. Micro-organisms, as well as chemical-physical effects can easily degrade cereals during the burial period. This can lead to a complete cereal decay and to serious difficulties in estimating the intensity of use of the cereals by ancient populations. Here, we present a novel biomarker approach entailing the detection of secondary lipid metabolites produced by ergot fungi (genus Claviceps), which are common cereal pests. The aim was to identify the original presence of Gramineae and to indirectly establish if vessels were used for cereal storage/processing. The fatty acid and TAG-estolide profiles of the remains from more than 30 archaeological vessels were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-Q-ToF). The detection of lipids derived from ergot in archaeological and historic contexts rests on its complex chemistry, providing a unique and relatively recalcitrant chemical signature for cereals. This research demonstrated that the combination of our innovative biomarker approach along with environmental and archaeological evidence can provide unprecedented insights into the incidence of cereals and related processing activities in ancient societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette J Lucejko
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Porta
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Tanda
- Dipartimento di Storia, Beni Culturali e Territorio, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Piazza Arsenale 1, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Corretti
- Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia, Tradizione dell'antico, Scuola Normale Superione, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Fulignati S, Vitolo S, Puccini M, Ribechini E, Bernazzani L, Raspolli Galletti AM. In-depth characterization of valuable char obtained from hydrothermal conversion of hazelnut shells to levulinic acid. Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:880-888. [PMID: 28847076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the exploitation of hazelnut shells for the combined production of levulinic acid (LA) and hydrochar was investigated. The optimization of the catalytic hydrothermal treatment was performed both in autoclave and microwave reactor, approaching a maximum LA yield of ∼9-12wt%. Hydrochars recovered with high yield (∼43-47wt%) were characterized by different techniques, including elemental and proximate analysis, heating value, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, SEM-EDX, and SAA. Their "lignite-like" energetic properties make them suitable for the energy recovery within the same biorefinery plant for LA production, thus partially offsetting the cost of the entire process. Alternatively, since the synthesized hydrochars maintain high levels of oxygenated groups, they could be smartly exploited as natural sorbents for environmental applications. The proposed integrated approach makes possible to fully exploit this waste, smartly closing its biorefinery cycle in a sustainable development perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vitolo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Puccini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Bernazzani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Devièse T, Ribechini E, Castex D, Stuart B, Regert M, Colombini MP. A multi-analytical approach using FTIR, GC/MS and Py-GC/MS revealed early evidence of embalming practices in Roman catacombs. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Analytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects. Topics in Current Chemistry Collections 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52804-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Mattonai M, Tamburini D, Colombini MP, Ribechini E. Timing in Analytical Pyrolysis: Py(HMDS)-GC/MS of Glucose and Cellulose Using Online Micro Reaction Sampler. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9318-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego Tamburini
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria P. Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
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26
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Mattonai M, Parri E, Querci D, Degano I, Ribechini E. Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD and HPLC/ESI-MS2 method for the determination of polyphenols in monofloral honeys from Tuscany (Italy). Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Martinelli M, Ribechini E, Zanaboni M, Raspolli Galletti AM. Monitoring/characterization of stickies contaminants coming from a papermaking plant--Toward an innovative exploitation of the screen rejects to levulinic acid. Waste Manag 2016; 49:469-482. [PMID: 26838609 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recycled paper needs a lot of mechanical/chemical treatments for its re-use in the papermaking process. Some of these ones produce considerable rejected waste fractions, such as "screen rejects", which include both cellulose fibers and non-fibrous organic contaminants, or "stickies", these last representing a shortcoming both for the papermaking process and for the quality of the final product. Instead, the accepted fractions coming from these unit operations become progressively poorer in contaminants and richer in cellulose. Here, input and output streams coming from mechanical screening systems of a papermaking plant using recycled paper for cardboard production were sampled and analyzed directly and after solvent extraction, thus confirming the abundant presence of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers in the output rejected stream and cellulose in the output accepted one. Despite some significant drawbacks, the "screen reject" fraction could be traditionally used as fuel for energy recovery within the paper mill, in agreement with the integrated recycled paper mill approach. The waste, which still contains a cellulose fraction, can be also exploited by means of the hydrothermal route to give levulinic acid, a platform chemical of very high value added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Zanaboni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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28
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Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Analytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:6. [PMID: 27572989 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-015-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after appropriate wet chemical sample pre-treatments or pyrolysis, is one of the most commonly adopted analytical techniques in the study of organic materials from cultural heritage objects. Organic materials in archaeological contexts, in classical art objects, or in modern and contemporary works of art may be the same or belong to the same classes, but can also vary considerably, often presenting different ageing pathways and chemical environments. This paper provides an overview of the literature published in the last 10 years on the research based on the use of GC/MS for the analysis of organic materials in artworks and archaeological objects. The latest progresses in advancing analytical approaches, characterising materials and understanding their degradation, and developing methods for monitoring their stability are discussed. Case studies from the literature are presented to examine how the choice of the working conditions and the analytical approaches is driven by the analytical and technical question to be answered, as well as the nature of the object from which the samples are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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29
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Tamburini D, Łucejko JJ, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Snapshots of lignin oxidation and depolymerization in archaeological wood: an EGA-MS study. J Mass Spectrom 2015; 50:1103-1113. [PMID: 26456777 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) was used for the first time to study archaeological wood, in order to investigate its chemical degradation. The archaeological wood was from an oak pile from a stilt house found in the Neolithic 'La Marmotta' village (Lake Bracciano, Rome, Italy). The sampling was performed from the external to the internal part of the pile, following the annual growth rings in groups of five. In addition, sound oak wood and isolated wood components (holocellulose and cellulose) were also analyzed, and the results were used to highlight differences because of degradation. Our study demonstrated that EGA-MS provides information on the thermo-chemistry of archaeological wood along with in-depth compositional data thanks to the use of MS. Our investigations not only highlighted wood degradation in terms of differences between carbohydrates and lignin content, but also showed that lignin oxidation and depolymerization took place in the archaeological wood. Mass spectral data revealed differences among the archaeological samples from the internal to the external part of the pile. An increase in the formation of wood pyrolysis products bearing a carbonyl group at the benzylic position and a decrease in the amount of lignin dimers were observed. These were related to oxidation and depolymerization reactions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tamburini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Jeannette Jacqueline Łucejko
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (ICVBC), National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (ICVBC), National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
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Dilillo M, Restivo A, Degano I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. GC/MS investigations of the total lipid fraction of wool: A new approach for modelling the ageing processes induced by iron-gallic dyestuffs on historical and archaeological textiles. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Restivo A, Degano I, Ribechini E, Pérez-Arantegui J, Colombini MP. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis to understand the role of tannin-based dyes in the degradation of historical wool textiles. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:1534-1543. [PMID: 24983911 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614012793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach, combining field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, is presented to investigate the degradation mechanisms affecting tannin-dyed wool. In fact, tannin-dyed textiles are more sensitive to degradation then those dyed with other dyestuffs, even in the same conservation conditions. FESEM-EDX was first used to study a set of 48 wool specimens (artificially aged) dyed with several raw materials and mordants, and prepared according to historical dyeing recipes. EDX analysis was performed on the surface of wool threads and on their cross-sections. In addition, in order to validate the model formulated by the analysis of reference materials, several samples collected from historical and archaeological textiles were subjected to FESEM-EDX analysis. FESEM-EDX investigations enabled us to reveal the correlation between elemental composition and morphological changes. In addition, aging processes were clarified by studying changes in the elemental composition of wool from the protective cuticle to the fiber core in cross-sections. Morphological and elemental analysis of wool specimens and of archaeological and historical textiles showed that the presence of tannins increases wool damage, primarily by causing a sulfur decrease and fiber oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Restivo
- 1Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale,Università di Pisa,via Risorgimento 35,56126 Pisa,Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- 1Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale,Università di Pisa,via Risorgimento 35,56126 Pisa,Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- 1Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale,Università di Pisa,via Risorgimento 35,56126 Pisa,Italy
| | - Josefina Pérez-Arantegui
- 2Instituto Universitario de investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA),Universidad de Zaragoza,Pedro Cerbuna 12,50009 Zaragoza,Spain
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- 1Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale,Università di Pisa,via Risorgimento 35,56126 Pisa,Italy
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Restivo A, Degano I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Development and optimisation of an HPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-ToF method for the determination of phenolic acids and derivatives. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88762. [PMID: 24551158 PMCID: PMC3925170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the HPLC-MS/MS analysis of phenols, including phenolic acids and naphtoquinones, using an amide-embedded phase column was developed and compared to the literature methods based on classical C18 stationary phase columns. RP-Amide is a recently developed polar embedded stationary phase, whose wetting properties mean that up to 100% water can be used as an eluent. The increased retention and selectivity for polar compounds and the possibility of working in 100% water conditions make this column particularly interesting for the HPLC analysis of phenolic acids and derivatives. In this study, the chromatographic separation was optimised on an HPLC-DAD, and was used to separate 13 standard phenolic acids and derivatives. The method was validated on an HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF. The acquisition was performed in negative polarity and MS/MS target mode. Ionisation conditions and acquisition parameters for the Q-ToF detector were investigated by working on collision energies and fragmentor potentials. The performance of the method was fully evaluated on standards. Moreover, several raw materials containing phenols were analysed: walnut, gall, wine, malbec grape, French oak, red henna and propolis. Our method allowed us to characterize the phenolic composition in a wide range of matrices and to highlight possible matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Restivo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ribechini E, Pérez-Arantegui J, Colombini MP. Positive and negative-mode laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) for the detection of indigoids in archaeological purple. J Mass Spectrom 2013; 48:384-391. [PMID: 23494796 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Laser-based ionization techniques have demonstrated to be a valuable analytical tool to study organic pigments by mass spectrometric analyses. Though laser-based ionization techniques have identified several natural and synthetic organic dyes and pigments, they have never been used in the characterization of purple. In this work, positive and negative-mode laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) was used for the first time to detect indigoids in shellfish purple. The method was used to study organic residues collected from archaeological ceramic fragments that were known to contain purple, as determined by a classical high-performance liquid chromatography-based procedure. LDI-MS provides a mass spectral fingerprint of shellfish purple, and it was found to be a rapid and successful tool for the identification of purple. In addition, a comparison between positive and negative mode ionization highlighted the complementarity of the two ionization modes. On the one hand, the negative-ion mode LDI-MS showed a better selectivity and sensitivity to brominated molecules, such as 6,6'-dibromoindigo, 6-monobromoindigo, 6,6'-dibromoindirubin, 6- and 6'-monobromoindirubin, thanks to their electronegativity, and produced simpler mass spectra. On the other hand, negative-ion mode LDI-MS was found to have a lower sensitivity to non-brominated compounds, such as indigo and indirubin, whose presence can be established in any case by collecting the complementary positive-ion LDI mass spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ribechini
- Department Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Legnaioli S, Garcia FA, Andreotti A, Bramanti E, Pace DD, Formola S, Lorenzetti G, Martini M, Pardini L, Ribechini E, Sibilia E, Spiniello R, Palleschi V. Multi-technique study of a ceramic archaeological artifact and its content. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 100:144-148. [PMID: 22658500 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report the results of a study performed with different physical and chemical methods on a ceramic vase originally attributed to the I century CE. The joint use of infrared spectroscopic analysis and laser techniques, as well as pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and thermoluminescence, allowed us to characterize the vase material and its content. The chemical data were combined with morphological and stylistic examinations of the object and helped in defining its actual geographical and chronological pertinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Legnaioli
- ICCOM-CNR, Research Area of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Bonaduce I, Carlyle L, Colombini MP, Duce C, Ferrari C, Ribechini E, Selleri P, Tiné MR. New insights into the ageing of linseed oil paint binder: a qualitative and quantitative analytical study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49333. [PMID: 23166642 PMCID: PMC3498153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an analytical investigation of paint reconstructions prepared with linseed oil that have undergone typical 19th century treatments in preparation for painting. The oil was mechanically extracted from the same seed lot, which was then processed by various methods: water washing, heat treatments, and the addition of driers, with and without heat. A modern process lead white (Dutch source, Schoonhoven) and a commercially available vine black were used as pigments. The reconstructions were prepared in 1999, and naturally aged from then onwards. We compared thermogravimetric analysis (TG), which yields macromolecular information, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and direct exposure mass spectrometry (DEMS), which both provide molecular information. The study enabled us to quantitatively demonstrate, for the first time, that the parameters used to identify drying oils are deeply influenced by the history of the paint. In particular, here we show that the ratio between the relative amounts of palmitic and stearic acid (P/S), which is used as an index for differentiating between drying oils, is extremely dependent on the pigments present and the age of the paint. Moreover the study revealed that neither the P/S parameter nor the ratios between the relative amounts of the various dicarboxylic acids (azelaic over suberic and azelaic over sebacic) can be used to trace the sorts of pre-treatment undergone by the oil investigated in this study. The final results represent an important milestone for the scientific community working in the field, highlighting that further research is still necessary to solve the identification of drying oils in works of art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Ind., Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Łucejko JJ, Lluveras-Tenorio A, Modugno F, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. An analytical approach based on X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to characterize Egyptian embalming materials. Microchem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Devièse T, Ribechini E, Baraldi P, Farago-Szekeres B, Duday H, Regert M, Colombini MP. First chemical evidence of royal purple as a material used for funeral treatment discovered in a Gallo–Roman burial (Naintré, France, third century AD). Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1739-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ribechini E, Pérez-Arantegui J, Colombini MP. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the chemical characterisation of modern and archaeological figs (Ficus carica). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3915-22. [PMID: 21570079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after alkaline hydrolysis, solvent extraction and trimethylsilylation, and analytical pyrolysis using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) for in situ derivatisation followed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis (Pyrolysis-silylation-GC/MS) were used to investigate the hydrolysable and soluble constituents, and the polymerised macromolecules of an archaeological fig (Ficus carica) recovered in Zaragoza (Spain), as well as of modern figs. The main aim was to study the compositional alterations undergone by the fig tissues in a particular archaeological environment: the fig was in a vessel and covered by a layer of a mixture of orpiment and gypsum. A comparison between the GC/MS results from modern and archaeological figs revealed that degradative reactions took place, leading to the disappearance/depletion of reactive (unsaturated fatty acids) and sensitive compounds (phytosterols and triterpenes). Py-silylation-GC/MS data provided evidence of a significant degradation of the saccharide and lipid components of the fig tissue, which left a residue enriched in polyphenols and polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Colombini MP, Andreotti A, Bonaduce I, Modugno F, Ribechini E. Analytical strategies for characterizing organic paint media using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:715-27. [PMID: 20180544 DOI: 10.1021/ar900185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Throughout history, artists have experimented with a variety of organic-based natural materials, using them as paint binders, varnishes, and ingredients for mordants in gildings. Artists often use many layers of paint to produce particular effects. How we see a painting is thus the final result of how this complex, highly heterogeneous, multimaterial, and multilayered structure interacts with light. The chemical characterization of the organic substances in paint materials is of great importance for artwork conservation because the organic components of the paint layers are particularly subject to degradation. In addition, understanding the organic content and makeup of paint materials allows us to differentiate between the painting techniques that have been used over history. Applying gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis to microsamples of paint layers is widely recognized as the best approach for identifying organic materials, such as proteins, drying oils, waxes, terpenic resins, and polysaccharide gums. The method provides essential information for reconstructing artistic techniques, assessing the best conditions for long-term preservation, and planning restoration. In this Account, we summarize the more common approaches adopted in the study of the organic components of paint materials. Our progress in developing GC/MS analytical procedures in the field of cultural heritage is presented, focusing on problems that arise from (i) the presence of mixtures of many chemically complex and degraded materials, (ii) the interference of inorganic species, (iii) the small size of the samples, and (iv) the risk of contamination. We outline some critical aspects of the analytical strategy, such as the need to optimize specific wet-chemical sample pretreatments in order to separate the various components, hydrolyze macromolecular analytes, clean-up inorganic ions, and derivatize polar molecules for subsequent GC/MS separation and identification. We also discuss how to interpret the chromatographic data so as to be able to identify the materials. This identification is based on the presence of specific biomarkers (chemotaxonomy), on the evaluation of the overall chromatographic profile, or on the quantitative analysis of significant compounds. GC/MS-based analytical procedures have for 20 years provided important contributions to conservation science, but challenges and opportunities still coexist in the field of organic-based paint materials. We give selected examples and provide case studies showing how a better understanding of the chemical composition of organic paint materials and of their degradation pathways contribute to a better knowledge our cultural heritage, and to its preservation for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Perla Colombini
- Chemical Science for the Safeguard of the Cultural Heritage Group, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Andreotti
- Chemical Science for the Safeguard of the Cultural Heritage Group, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Chemical Science for the Safeguard of the Cultural Heritage Group, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Chemical Science for the Safeguard of the Cultural Heritage Group, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Chemical Science for the Safeguard of the Cultural Heritage Group, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Łucejko JJ, Modugno F, Ribechini E, del Río JC. Characterisation of archaeological waterlogged wood by pyrolytic and mass spectrometric techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 654:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pérez-Arantegui J, Cepriá G, Ribechini E, Degano I, Colombini MP, Paz-Peralta J, Ortiz-Palomar E. Colorants and oils in Roman make-ups–an eye witness account. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ribechini E, Orsini S, Silvano F, Colombini MP. Py-GC/MS, GC/MS and FTIR investigations on Late Roman-Egyptian adhesives from opus sectile: new insights into ancient recipes and technologies. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 638:79-87. [PMID: 19298883 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An analytical protocol based on optical microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), analytical pyrolysis in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane followed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis (Py-GC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after alkaline hydrolysis, solvent extraction and trimethylsilylation (GC/MS) was used in the chemical characterisation of the original adhesives used to fix monochrome and mosaic glass and stone plaques coming from the Late Roman archaeological site of Antinoopolis (Egypt). FTIR analysis demonstrated the presence of calcite fragments, and Py-GC/MS and GC/MS analyses provided detailed molecular compositions, highlighting the presence of a wide range of compound classes including diterpenoid acids, tricyclic abietanes with a high degree of aromatisation, mid- and long-chain monocarboxylic fatty acids, mono- and di-hydroxy acids, alpha,omega-dicaboxylic fatty acids, n-alkanols, and n-alkanes. Characteristic biomarkers and their distribution patterns indicated the presence of pine pitch in all the adhesives, which in some cases was admixed with beeswax and brassicaceae seed oil. The results provided new insights into the complex recipes used by artisans in ancient Egypt in the production of adhesives and in the sophisticated manufacture of opus sectile decorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ribechini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Modugno F, Ribechini E, Calderisi M, Giachi G, Colombini M. Analysis of lignin from archaeological waterlogged wood by direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE-MS) and PCA evaluation of mass spectral data. Microchem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP, Evershed RP. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric investigations of organic residues from Roman glass unguentaria. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:158-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Direct exposure-(chemical ionisation)mass spectrometry for a rapid characterization of raw and archaeological diterpenoid resinous materials. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ribechini E, Modugno F, Baraldi C, Baraldi P, Colombini MP. An integrated analytical approach for characterizing an organic residue from an archaeological glass bottle recovered in Pompeii (Naples, Italy). Talanta 2008; 74:555-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bonaduce I, Brecoulaki H, Colombini MP, Lluveras A, Restivo V, Ribechini E. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric characterisation of plant gums in samples from painted works of art. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1175:275-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Modugno F, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Aromatic resin characterisation by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:298-304. [PMID: 17034804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure based on alkaline hydrolysis, solvent extraction and trimethyl-silylation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to study the chemical composition of benzoe and storax resins, water-insoluble exudates of trees of the Styrax and Liquidambar genus. They are chemically characterised by having aromatic acids, alcohols and esters as their main components and are thus known as aromatic and/or balsamic resins. This analytical procedure allowed us to characterise the main components of the two resins and, even though cinnamic acid is the main component of both the resins, the presence of other characteristic aromatic compounds and triterpenes permitted us to distinguish between the two materials. All the compounds identified in benzoe resin were detected in an archaeological organic residue from an Egyptian ceramic censer (fifth to seventh centuries a.d.), thus proving that this resin was used as one of the components of the mixture of organic materials burned as incense. These results provide the first chemical evidence of the presence of benzoe resin in an archaeological material from Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Modugno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Andreotti A, Bonaduce I, Colombini MP, Gautier G, Modugno F, Ribechini E. Combined GC/MS Analytical Procedure for the Characterization of Glycerolipid, Waxy, Resinous, and Proteinaceous Materials in a Unique Paint Microsample. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4490-500. [PMID: 16808458 DOI: 10.1021/ac0519615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel GC/MS analytical procedure for the identification of lipids, waxes, proteins, and resinous materials in the same microsample from painted works of art has been optimized. It is based on a sample multistep chemical pretreatment (solvent extractions and microwave-assisted chemolysis) that is able to separate the various organic components into different fractions, which are suitably treated and derivatized before analysis. In particular, the procedure allows the complete saponification of wax esters and the completeness of the Cannizzaro type reaction of shellac acids in conditions that are suitable also for glycerides saponification. The method was tested on reference materials for the identification of proteinaceous binders (egg, collagen, casein) on the basis of the quantitative determination of the amino acid profile and the identification of glycerolipids (linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and egg), plant resins (Pinaceae resins, sandarac, mastic, and dammar), animal resins (shellac), tars or pitches, and natural waxes (beeswax, carnauba wax) on the basis of the determination of fatty acid, alcohol, and hydrocarbon profiles and of significant terpenic molecular markers. The procedure was applied to the characterization of three old paint microsamples. Animal glue, egg, linseed oil, beeswax, Pinaceae resin, dammar, and shellac were the identified materials found in mixtures and recognized as original and/or restoration substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Andreotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Modugno F, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Chemical study of triterpenoid resinous materials in archaeological findings by means of direct exposure electron ionisation mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:1787-800. [PMID: 16676320 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of standard triterpenes (alpha-amyrine, oleanolic acid, betulin, lupeol, betulinic acid and lupenone) and of raw resinous materials (frankincense resin, mastic resin and birch bark pitch) was performed using direct exposure electron ionisation mass spectrometry (DE-MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). DE-MS provides a mass spectral fingerprint of organic materials in a few minutes which highlights the compounds that are the main components in the sample. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) on DE-MS data in the mass ranges m/z 181-260 and m/z 331-500, corresponding to the fragmentation of triterpenoid molecules, enabled us to distinguish between different triterpenoid materials such as mastic resin, frankincense resin and birch bark pitch, and to graphically plot the resinous substances in three separate clusters, retaining 89% of the total variance. GC/MS analysis of the same materials has permitted us to elucidate in detail the molecular composition and to identify minor components and species that act as markers of the degradation undergone by the materials. The paper also reports the results for the organic residues contained in an Egyptian censer (5th-7th century AD) which was recovered in the excavation of the Necropolis of Antinoe (Egypt), and for the hafting material found on a Palaeolithic tool recovered at the site of Campitello (Arezzo, Tuscany), dating back to the Mid-Pleistocene period. Although DE-MS was found to be a fast analytical tool, it failed to give any information on the presence of less abundant compounds when applied to mixtures of different materials: only mastic resin was found in the residues from the Roman censer, whereas GC/MS analysis identified the presence of a vegetable oil from Brassicaceae seeds and Pinaceae resin. Birch bark pitch as a pure material was identified in the sample from the Palaeolithic flint flake using both procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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