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Spasevska I, Sharma A, Steen CB, Josefsson SE, Blaker YN, Kolstad A, Rustad EH, Meyer S, Isaksen K, Chellappa S, Kushekhar K, Beiske K, Førsund MS, Spetalen S, Holte H, Østenstad B, Brodtkorb M, Kimby E, Olweus J, Taskén K, Newman AM, Lorenz S, Smeland EB, Alizadeh AA, Huse K, Myklebust JH. Diversity of intratumoral regulatory T cells in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:7216-7230. [PMID: 37695745 PMCID: PMC10698546 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Despite extensive studies, the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating Tregs in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) remains unclear. Emerging studies suggest substantial heterogeneity in the phenotypes and suppressive capacities of Tregs, emphasizing the importance of understanding Treg diversity and the need for additional markers to identify highly suppressive Tregs. Here, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing and T-cell receptor sequencing combined with high-dimensional cytometry to decipher the heterogeneity of intratumoral Tregs in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma (FL), compared with that in nonmalignant tonsillar tissue. We identified 3 distinct transcriptional states of Tregs: resting, activated, and unconventional LAG3+FOXP3- Tregs. Activated Tregs were enriched in B-NHL tumors, coexpressed several checkpoint receptors, and had stronger immunosuppressive activity compared with resting Tregs. In FL, activated Tregs were found in closer proximity to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than other cell types. Furthermore, we used a computational approach to develop unique gene signature matrices, which were used to enumerate each Treg subset in cohorts with bulk gene expression data. In 2 independent FL cohorts, activated Tregs was the major subset, and high abundance was associated with adverse outcome. This study demonstrates that Tregs infiltrating B-NHL tumors are transcriptionally and functionally diverse. Highly immunosuppressive activated Tregs were enriched in tumor tissue but absent in the peripheral blood. Our data suggest that a deeper understanding of Treg heterogeneity in B-NHL could open new paths for rational drug design, facilitating selective targeting to improve antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Spasevska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ankush Sharma
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chloé B. Steen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Sarah E. Josefsson
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild N. Blaker
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even H. Rustad
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saskia Meyer
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrine Isaksen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stalin Chellappa
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kushi Kushekhar
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette S. Førsund
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Signe Spetalen
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Østenstad
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Brodtkorb
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Kimby
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Aaron M. Newman
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Divisions of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Susanne Lorenz
- Department of Core Facilities, Geonomics Core Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ash A. Alizadeh
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Divisions of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H. Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Isaksen KT, Galleberg R, Mastroianni MA, Rinde M, Rusten LS, Barzenje D, Ramslien F, Fluge O, Slaaen M, Meyer P, Liestol K, Smeland EB, Lingjarde OC, Holte H, Brodtkorb M. The Geriatric Prognostic Index: a clinical prediction model for survival of older diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with standard immunochemotherapy. Haematologica 2023; 108:2454-2466. [PMID: 36861406 PMCID: PMC10483351 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.282289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The International prognostic Index (IPI) is the most widely used clinical prediction model for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP), but may be suboptimal in older patients. We aimed to develop and externally validate a clinical prediction model for older, RCHOP- treated DLBCL patients by examining geriatric assessment and lymphoma-related parameters in real-world cohorts. A population-based training set of 365 R-CHOP-treated DLBCL patients ≥70 years was identified through the Cancer Registry of Norway. The external test set consisted of a population-based cohort of 193 patients. Data on candidate predictors were retrieved from the Cancer Registry and through review of clinical records. Cox regression models for 2-year overall survival were used for model selection. Activities of daily living, the Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, sex, albumin, stage, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status and lactate dehydrogenase level were identified as independent predictors and combined into a Geriatric Prognostic Index (GPI). The GPI demonstrated good discrimination (optimismcorrected C-index 0.752), and identified low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups with significantly different survivals (2- year overall survival, 94%, 65%, and 25%, respectively). At external validation, the continuous and grouped GPI demonstrated good discrimination (C-index 0.727 and 0.710, respectively) and the GPI groups had significantly different survivals (2-year overall survival 95%, 65%, and 44%, respectively). Both the continuous and grouped GPI showed better discrimination than the IPI, revised-IPI and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)-IPI (C-index 0.621, 0.583, and 0.670, respectively). In conclusion, we have developed and externally validated a GPI for older DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP that outperformed the IPI, revised-IPI and NCCN-IPI. A web-based calculator is available at https://wide.shinyapps. io/GPIcalculator/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine T Isaksen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Renate Galleberg
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen
| | | | - Marit Rinde
- Department of Hematology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tonsberg
| | - Leiv Sindre Rusten
- Department of Surgery, Section of Oncology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen
| | | | - Frode Ramslien
- Department of Hematology, Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien
| | - Oystein Fluge
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen
| | - Marit Slaaen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; The Research Centre for Age Related Functional Decline and Diseases, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad
| | - Peter Meyer
- Stavanger University Hospital-Rogaland, Stavanger
| | - Knut Liestol
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Ole Christian Lingjarde
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - Harald Holte
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - Marianne Brodtkorb
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo.
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3
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Casey NP, Klee CH, Fåne A, Caulier B, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Krawczyk M, Fidyt K, Josefsson SE, Köksal H, Dillard P, Patkowska E, Firczuk M, Smeland EB, Winiarska M, Myklebust JH, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Efficient chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting of a central epitope of CD22. J Biol Chem 2023:104883. [PMID: 37269947 PMCID: PMC10331463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has had considerable success in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Targeting the B-lineage markerCD19 has brought great advances to treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and B cell lymphomas. However, relapse remains an issue in many cases. Such relapse can result from downregulation or loss of CD19 from the malignant cell population, or expression of alternate isoforms. Consequently, there remains a need to target alternative B-cell antigens and diversify the spectrum of epitopes targeted within the same antigen. CD22 has been identified as a substitute target in cases of CD19-negative relapse. One anti-CD22 antibody - clone m971 - targets a membrane-proximal epitope of CD22 and has been widely validated and used in the clinic. Here we have compared m971-CAR with a novel CAR derived from IS7, an antibody that targets a central epitope on CD22. The IS7-CAR has superior avidity, and is active and specific against CD22 positive targets, including B-ALL patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples. Side-by-side comparisons indicated that while IS7-CAR killed less rapidly than m971-CAR in vitro, it remains efficient in controlling lymphoma xenograft models in vivo. Thus, IS7-CAR presents a potential alternative candidate for treatment of refractory B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Paul Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Helena Klee
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Fåne
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Caulier
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sarah E Josefsson
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Huse K, Bai B, Hilden VI, Bollum LK, Våtsveen TK, Munthe LA, Smeland EB, Irish JM, Wälchli S, Myklebust JH. Mechanism of CD79A and CD79B Support for IgM+ B Cell Fitness through B Cell Receptor Surface Expression. J Immunol 2022; 209:2042-2053. [PMID: 36426942 PMCID: PMC9643646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The BCR consists of surface-bound Ig and a heterodimeric signaling unit comprised of CD79A and CD79B. Upon cognate Ag recognition, the receptor initiates important signals for B cell development and function. The receptor also conveys Ag-independent survival signals termed tonic signaling. Although the requirement of a CD79A/CD79B heterodimer for BCR complex assembly and surface expression is well established based on mice models, few studies have investigated this in human mature B cells. In this study, we found that human tonsillar B cells with high surface expression of IgM or IgG had potentiated BCR signaling compared with BCRlow cells, and high IgM expression in germinal center B cells was associated with reduced apoptosis. We explored the mechanism for IgM surface expression by CRISPR/Cas9-induced deletion of CD79A or CD79B in four B lymphoma cell lines. Deletion of either CD79 protein caused loss of surface IgM in all cell lines and reduced fitness in three. From two cell lines, we generated stable CD79A or CD79B knockout clones and demonstrated that loss of CD79A or CD79B caused a block in N-glycan maturation and accumulation of immature proteins, compatible with retention of BCR components in the endoplasmic reticulum. Rescue experiments with CD79B wild-type restored surface expression of CD79A and IgM with mature glycosylation, whereas a naturally occurring CD79B G137S mutant disrupting CD79A/CD79B heterodimerization did not. Our study highlights that CD79A and CD79B are required for surface IgM expression in human B cells and illuminates the importance of the IgM expression level for signaling and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Vera Irene Hilden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise K Bollum
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thea K Våtsveen
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Div. of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Div. of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Michael Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H. Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Ramis-Zaldivar JE, Gonzalez-Farre B, Nicolae A, Pack S, Clot G, Nadeu F, Mottok A, Horn H, Song JY, Fu K, Wright G, Gascoyne RD, Chan WC, Scott DW, Feldman AL, Valera A, Enjuanes A, Braziel RM, Smeland EB, Staudt LM, Rosenwald A, Rimsza LM, Ott G, Jaffe ES, Salaverria I, Campo E. MAP-kinase and JAK-STAT pathways dysregulation in plasmablastic lymphoma. Haematologica 2021; 106:2682-2693. [PMID: 33951889 PMCID: PMC8485662 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.271957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with an immunoblastic/large cell morphology and plasmacytic differentiation. The differential diagnosis with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), plasma cell myeloma (PCM) and some variants of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) may be challenging due to the overlapping morphological, genetic and immunophenotypic features. Furthermore, the genomic landscape in PBL is not well known. To characterize the genetic and molecular heterogeneity of these tumors, we investigated thirty-four PBL using an integrated approach, including fluorescence in situ hybridization, targeted sequencing of 94 B-cell lymphoma related genes, and copy-number arrays. PBL were characterized by high genetic complexity including MYC translocations (87%), gains of 1q21.1-q44, trisomy 7, 8q23.2-q24.21, 11p13-p11.2, 11q14.2-q25, 12p and 19p13.3-p13.13, losses of 1p33, 1p31.1-p22.3, 13q and 17p13.3-p11.2, and recurrent mutations of STAT3 (37%), NRAS and TP53 (33%), MYC and EP300 (19%) and CARD11, SOCS1 and TET2 (11%). Pathway enrichment analysis suggested a cooperative action between MYC alterations and MAPK (49%) and JAK-STAT (40%) signaling pathways. Of note, EBVnegative PBL cases had higher mutational and copy-number load and more frequent TP53, CARD11 and MYC mutations, whereas EBV-positive PBL tended to have more mutations affecting the JAK-STAT pathway. In conclusion, these findings further unravel the distinctive molecular heterogeneity of PBL identifying novel molecular targets and the different genetic profile of these tumors related to EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Enric Ramis-Zaldivar
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Blanca Gonzalez-Farre
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Alina Nicolae
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | - Svetlana Pack
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | - Guillem Clot
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Anja Mottok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Heike Horn
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen
| | - Joo Y Song
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - George Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alexandra Valera
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona
| | - Anna Enjuanes
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Rita M Braziel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Immunology and Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | | | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | - Itziar Salaverria
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Elias Campo
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid.
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6
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Isaksen KT, Beiske K, Smeland EB, Jørgensen J, Brodtkorb M, Myklebust JH, Jerkeman M, Meriranta L, Karjalainen‐Lindsberg M, Leppä S, Scott DW, Holte H, Blaker YN. The DLBCL90 gene‐expression assay identifies double‐hit lymphomas with high sensitivity in patients from two phase II clinical trials with high‐risk diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. eJHaem 2021; 2:104-108. [PMID: 35846101 PMCID: PMC9175840 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine T. Isaksen
- Department of Cancer Immunology Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Pathology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Judit Jørgensen
- Department of Hematology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Marianne Brodtkorb
- Department of Cancer Immunology Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - June Helen Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Mats Jerkeman
- Department of Oncology Lund University and Skåne University Hospital Lund Sweden
| | - Leo Meriranta
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Centre and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Sirpa Leppä
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Centre and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship Helsinki Finland
| | - David W. Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer British Columbia Cancer Vancouver Canada
| | - Harald Holte
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Oncology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Yngvild Nuvin Blaker
- Department of Cancer Immunology Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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7
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Köksal H, Dillard P, Juzeniene A, Kvalheim G, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Combinatorial CAR design improves target restriction. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100116. [PMID: 33234592 PMCID: PMC7948400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR T cells targeting the B lymphocyte antigen CD19 have led to remarkable clinical results in B cell leukemia and lymphoma but eliminate all B lineage cells, leading to increased susceptibility to severe infections. As malignant B cells will express either immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain κ or λ, we designed a second-generation CAR targeting Igκ, IGK CAR. This construct demonstrated high target specificity but displayed reduced efficacy in the presence of serum IgG. Since CD19 CAR is insensitive to serum IgG, we designed various combinatorial CAR constructs in order to maintain the CD19 CAR T cell efficacy, but with IGK CAR target selectivity. The Kz-19BB design, combining CD19 CAR containing a 4-1BB costimulatory domain with an IGK CAR containing a CD3zeta stimulatory domain, maintained the target specificity of IgK CAR and was resistant to the presence of soluble IgG. Our results demonstrate that a combinatorial CAR approach can improve target selectivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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8
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Köksal H, Dillard P, Maggadóttir SM, Kvalheim G, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH, Inderberg EM, Walchli S. Abstract 2318: Combinatorial IGK-CD19 CAR primarily targets IgK+ malignant B-cells and is less prone to serum IgG inhibition. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The first Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have been approved for treatment of B-cell malignancies. This is mainly due to the success of CAR T cells targeting B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, which has led to astonishing results in clinical trials. Since CD19 is a general B-cell antigen, CAR-T cells eliminate all B-lineage cells, including non-malignant B cells. Therefore, the patients suffer from the impaired humoral immune response, increasing susceptibility to severe infections.Since B-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells have a clonally restricted expression of Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains, either Ig-kappa or Ig-lambda, Ig-kappa positive tumor cells can be targeted while sparing normal Ig-lambda positive B-cells. In this respect, we isolated the sequence encoding the antigen-binding parts of an anti-Ig kappa antibody and designed a second-generation CAR construct (IGK CAR). Expression of IGK CAR in expanded peripheral blood T cells and subsequent testing of the CAR T cells in various in vitro assay with target cells, demonstrated cytokine production and potent killing of Ig-kappa expressing B-cell lines such as BL-41, whereas no response was observed against Ig lambda positive B-cell lines such as Granta-519. We compared IGK CAR with a clinical CD19 CAR (fmc63) and observed similar potency in target cell killing. Previous reports have shown that the presence of free immunoglobulins present in human serum could inhibit IGK CAR T cells, and our tests confirmed this. To improve IGK CAR T cells in the presence of IgGs while maintaining the specificity, we utilized a combinatorial CAR system, where the signaling domains were split. Our design demonstrated efficient killing of Ig-kappa positive cells and was less sensitive to free IgG as compared to IGK CAR T cells. Additionally, we observed a trade-off between specificity and cytotoxic potential. Increasing one individual component of the combinatorial system made the cells less prone to serum IgG inhibition but demonstrated somewhat higher cytotoxic activity against Ig-kappa negative targets. Our fully adjustable design, therefore, brings another perspective to the field by regulating the individual expression levels according to the treatment needs. Hence, enabling T cells to be either more aggressive or specific depending on the treatment efficiency and on the on-target toxicity in patients. Taken together, our in vitro data demonstrate that IGK-CD19 CAR combination is as potent as IGK or CD19 CAR T cells, and provides an alternative by combining their benefits into one design and thus reduces on-target toxicity.
Citation Format: Hakan Köksal, Pierre Dillard, Sólrún M. Maggadóttir, Gunnar Kvalheim, Erlend B. Smeland, June H. Myklebust, Else Marit Inderberg, Sébastien Walchli. Combinatorial IGK-CD19 CAR primarily targets IgK+ malignant B-cells and is less prone to serum IgG inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2318.
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9
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Steen CB, Leich E, Myklebust JH, Lockmer S, Wise JF, Wahlin BE, Østenstad B, Liestøl K, Kimby E, Rosenwald A, Smeland EB, Holte H, Lingjærde OC, Brodtkorb M. A clinico-molecular predictor identifies follicular lymphoma patients at risk of early transformation after first-line immunotherapy. Haematologica 2019; 104:e460-e464. [PMID: 30846496 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.209080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé B Steen
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Leich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Germany
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandra Lockmer
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jillian F Wise
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn E Wahlin
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bjørn Østenstad
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Kimby
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Germany
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway .,KG Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Brodtkorb
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway .,KG Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Huse K, Wogsland CE, Polikowsky HG, Diggins KE, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH, Irish JM. Human Germinal Center B Cells Differ from Naïve and Memory B Cells in CD40 Expression and CD40L-Induced Signaling Response. Cytometry A 2019; 95:442-449. [PMID: 30838773 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD40 expression is required for germinal center (GC) formation and function, but the kinetics and magnitude of signaling following CD40 engagement remain poorly characterized in human B cells undergoing GC reactions. Here, differences in CD40 expression and signaling responses were compared across differentiation stages of mature human tonsillar B cells. A combination of mass cytometry and phospho-specific flow cytometry was used to quantify protein expression and CD40L-induced signaling in primary human naïve, GC, and memory B cells. Protein expression signatures of cell subsets were quantified using viSNE and Marker Enrichment Modeling (MEM). This approach revealed enriched expression of CD40 protein in GC B cells, compared to naïve and memory B cells. Despite this, GC B cells responded to CD40L engagement with lower phosphorylation of NFκB p65 during the first 30 min following CD40L activation. Before CD40L stimulation, GC B cells expressed higher levels of suppressor protein IκBα than naïve and memory B cells. Following CD40 activation, IκBα was rapidly degraded and reached equivalently low levels in naïve, GC, and memory B cells at 30 min following CD40L. Quantifying CD40 signaling responses as a function of bound ligand revealed a correlation between bound CD40L and degree of induced NFκB p65 phosphorylation, whereas comparable IκBα degradation occurred at all measured levels of CD40L binding. These results characterize cell-intrinsic signaling differences that exist in mature human B cells undergoing GC reactions. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cara E Wogsland
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hannah G Polikowsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kirsten E Diggins
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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11
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Josefsson SE, Beiske K, Blaker YN, Førsund MS, Holte H, Østenstad B, Kimby E, Köksal H, Wälchli S, Bai B, Smeland EB, Levy R, Kolstad A, Huse K, Myklebust JH. TIGIT and PD-1 Mark Intratumoral T Cells with Reduced Effector Function in B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:355-362. [PMID: 30659053 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade can reverse T-cell exhaustion and promote antitumor responses. Although blocking the PD-1 pathway has been successful in Hodgkin lymphoma, response rates have been modest in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Coblockade of checkpoint receptors may therefore be necessary to optimize antitumor T-cell responses. Here, characterization of coinhibitory receptor expression in intratumoral T cells from different NHL types identified TIGIT and PD-1 as frequently expressed coinhibitory receptors. Tumors from NHL patients were enriched in CD8+ and CD4+ T effector memory cells that displayed high coexpression of TIGIT and PD-1, and coexpression of these checkpoint receptors identified T cells with reduced production of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL2. The suppressed cytokine production could be improved upon in vitro culture in the absence of ligands. Whereas PD-L1 was expressed by macrophages, the TIGIT ligands CD155 and CD112 were expressed by lymphoma cells in 39% and 50% of DLBCL cases and in some mantle cell lymphoma cases, as well as by endothelium and follicular dendritic cells in all NHLs investigated. Collectively, our results show that TIGIT and PD-1 mark dysfunctional T cells and suggest that TIGIT and PD-1 coblockade should be further explored to elicit potent antitumor responses in patients with NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Josefsson
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild N Blaker
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette S Førsund
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Østenstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Kimby
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hakan Köksal
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Holte H, Beiske K, Boyle M, Trøen G, Blaker YN, Myklebust J, Kvaløy S, Rosenwald A, Lingjaerde OC, Rimsza LM, Smeland EB, Scott DW, Kolstad A. The MCL35 gene expression proliferation assay predicts high-risk MCL patients in a Norwegian cohort of younger patients given intensive first line therapy. Br J Haematol 2018; 183:225-234. [PMID: 30080252 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) generally have a dismal prognosis. Intensified induction treatment with rituximab and high dose cytarabine (R_HDAC), and consolidation with high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell support has resulted in 10-year overall survival (OS) higher than 60%. However, the clinical course varies. Diagnostic tools capable of stratifying patients include the MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI), gene expression-based proliferation signature, Ki-67 proliferation index or tumour cell morphology. Here, we tested the performance of a newly developed Nanostring-based RNA expression-based proliferation assay (MCL35) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour tissue from younger patients recruited in or treated according to Nordic MCL protocols compared to the prognosticators listed above. Seventy-four patients were included and the assay performed well in all cases except four, which had inadequate RNA quality. The patients were evenly distributed in the MCL35 low-, intermediate- and high-risk categories. MCL35 low- and intermediate- risk groups had overlapping progression-free survival (PFS), while patients in the high-risk category had significantly inferior PFS. Combining MCL35 with MIPI or the MIPI-C (MIPI with the addition of binary Ki67 score +/-30%) showed a better discrimination than either assessment alone. In conclusion, the MCL35 assay alone or combined with MIPI or MIPI-C scores can identify patients who still have a dismal outcome despite intensified treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Holte
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merrill Boyle
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gunhild Trøen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild N Blaker
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - June Myklebust
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sunniva Kvaløy
- Department of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Centre (CCC) Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Våtsveen TK, Myhre MR, Steen CB, Wälchli S, Lingjærde OC, Bai B, Dillard P, Theodossiou TA, Holien T, Sundan A, Inderberg EM, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH, Oksvold MP. Artesunate shows potent anti-tumor activity in B-cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:23. [PMID: 29458389 PMCID: PMC5819282 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chemo-immunotherapy has led to an improved overall survival for most B-cell lymphoma types, relapsed and refractory disease remains a challenge. The malaria drug artesunate has previously been identified as a growth suppressor in some cancer types and was tested as a new treatment option in B-cell lymphoma. METHODS We included artesunate in a cancer sensitivity drug screen in B lymphoma cell lines. The preclinical properties of artesunate was tested as single agent in vitro in 18 B-cell lymphoma cell lines representing different histologies and in vivo in an aggressive B-cell lymphoma xenograft model, using NSG mice. Artesunate-treated B lymphoma cell lines were analyzed by functional assays, gene expression profiling, and protein expression to identify the mechanism of action. RESULTS Drug screening identified artesunate as a highly potent anti-lymphoma drug. Artesunate induced potent growth suppression in most B lymphoma cells with an IC50 comparable to concentrations measured in serum from artesunate-treated malaria patients, while leaving normal B-cells unaffected. Artesunate markedly inhibited highly aggressive tumor growth in a xenograft model. Gene expression analysis identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response as the most affected pathways and artesunate-induced expression of the ER stress markers ATF-4 and DDIT3 was specifically upregulated in malignant B-cells, but not in normal B-cells. In addition, artesunate significantly suppressed the overall cell metabolism, affecting both respiration and glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate demonstrated potent apoptosis-inducing effects across a broad range of B-cell lymphoma cell lines in vitro, and a prominent anti-lymphoma activity in vivo, suggesting it to be a relevant drug for treatment of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Kristin Våtsveen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Renée Myhre
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chloé Beate Steen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June Helen Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten P. Oksvold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Josefsson SE, Huse K, Kolstad A, Beiske K, Pende D, Steen CB, Inderberg EM, Lingjærde OC, Østenstad B, Smeland EB, Levy R, Irish JM, Myklebust JH. T Cells Expressing Checkpoint Receptor TIGIT Are Enriched in Follicular Lymphoma Tumors and Characterized by Reversible Suppression of T-cell Receptor Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:870-881. [PMID: 29217528 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: T cells infiltrating follicular lymphoma (FL) tumors are considered dysfunctional, yet the optimal target for immune checkpoint blockade is unknown. Characterizing coinhibitory receptor expression patterns and signaling responses in FL T-cell subsets might reveal new therapeutic targets.Experimental Design: Surface expression of 9 coinhibitory receptors governing T-cell function was characterized in T-cell subsets from FL lymph node tumors and from healthy donor tonsils and peripheral blood samples, using high-dimensional flow cytometry. The results were integrated with T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling and cytokine production. Expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) ligands was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results: TIGIT was a frequently expressed coinhibitory receptor in FL, expressed by the majority of CD8 T effector memory cells, which commonly coexpressed exhaustion markers such as PD-1 and CD244. CD8 FL T cells demonstrated highly reduced TCR-induced phosphorylation (p) of ERK and reduced production of IFNγ, while TCR proximal signaling (p-CD3ζ, p-SLP76) was not affected. The TIGIT ligands CD112 and CD155 were expressed by follicular dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment. Dysfunctional TCR signaling correlated with TIGIT expression in FL CD8 T cells and could be fully restored upon in vitro culture. The costimulatory receptor CD226 was downregulated in TIGIT+ compared with TIGIT- CD8 FL T cells, further skewing the balance toward immunosuppression.Conclusions: TIGIT blockade is a relevant strategy for improved immunotherapy in FL. A deeper understanding of the interplay between coinhibitory receptors and key T-cell signaling events can further assist in engineering immunotherapeutic regimens to improve clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 24(4); 870-81. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Josefsson
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela Pende
- Immunology Laboratory, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Chloé B Steen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Østenstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - June H Myklebust
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Bollum LK, Huse K, Oksvold MP, Bai B, Hilden VI, Forfang L, Yoon SO, Wälchli S, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH. BMP-7 induces apoptosis in human germinal center B cells and is influenced by TGF-β receptor type I ALK5. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177188. [PMID: 28489883 PMCID: PMC5425193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection and maturation of B cells into plasma cells producing high-affinity antibodies occur in germinal centers (GC). GCs form transiently in secondary lymphoid organs upon antigen challenge, and the GC reaction is a highly regulated process. TGF-β is a potent negative regulator, but the influence of other family members including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is less known. Studies of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes showed that BMP-6 suppressed plasmablast differentiation, whereas BMP-7 induced apoptosis. Here, we show that human naïve and GC B cells had a strikingly different receptor expression pattern. GC B cells expressed high levels of BMP type I receptor but low levels of type II receptors, whereas naïve B cells had the opposite pattern. Furthermore, GC B cells had elevated levels of downstream signaling components SMAD1 and SMAD5, but reduced levels of the inhibitory SMAD7. Functional assays of GC B cells revealed that BMP-7 suppressed the viability-promoting effect of CD40L and IL-21, but had no effect on CD40L- and IL-21-induced differentiation into plasmablasts. BMP-7-induced apoptosis was counteracted by a selective TGF-β type I receptor (ALK4/5/7) inhibitor, but not by a selective BMP receptor type I inhibitor. Furthermore, overexpression of truncated ALK5 in a B-cell line counteracted BMP-7-induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of truncated ALK4 had no effect. BMP-7 mRNA and protein was readily detected in tonsillar B cells, indicating a physiological relevance of the study. Altogether, we identified BMP-7 as a negative regulator of GC B-cell survival. The effect was counteracted by truncated ALK5, suggesting greater complexity in regulating BMP-7 signaling than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise K. Bollum
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten P. Oksvold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera I. Hilden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Forfang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sun Ok Yoon
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cellular Therapy, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H. Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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16
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Scott DW, Abrisqueta P, Wright GW, Slack GW, Mottok A, Villa D, Jares P, Rauert-Wunderlich H, Royo C, Clot G, Pinyol M, Boyle M, Chan FC, Braziel RM, Chan WC, Weisenburger DD, Cook JR, Greiner TC, Fu K, Ott G, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Holte H, Jaffe ES, Steidl C, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Rosenwald A, Staudt LM, Campo E, Rimsza LM. New Molecular Assay for the Proliferation Signature in Mantle Cell Lymphoma Applicable to Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Biopsies. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:1668-1677. [PMID: 28291392 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.70.7901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell neoplasm that displays heterogeneous outcomes after treatment. In 2003, the Lymphoma/Leukemia Molecular Profiling Project described a powerful biomarker-the proliferation signature-using gene expression in fresh frozen material. Herein, we describe the training and validation of a new assay that measures the proliferation signature in RNA derived from routinely available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies. Methods Forty-seven FFPE biopsies were used to train an assay on the NanoString platform, using microarray gene expression data of matched fresh frozen biopsies as a gold standard. The locked assay was applied to pretreatment FFPE lymph node biopsies from an independent cohort of 110 patients uniformly treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. Seventeen biopsies were tested across three laboratories to assess assay reproducibility. Results The MCL35 assay, which contained a 17-gene proliferation signature, yielded gene expression of sufficient quality to assign an assay score and risk group in 108 (98%) of 110 archival FFPE biopsies. The MCL35 assay assigned patients to high-risk (26%), standard-risk (29%), and low-risk (45%) groups, with different lengths of overall survival (OS): a median of 1.1, 2.6, and 8.6 years, respectively (log-rank for trend, P < .001). In multivariable analysis, these risk groups and the Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index were independently associated with OS ( P < .001 for both variables). Concordance of risk assignment across the three independent laboratories was 100%. Conclusion The newly developed and validated MCL35 assay for FFPE biopsies uses the proliferation signature to define groups of patients with significantly different OS independent of the Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index. Importantly, the analytic and clinical validity of this assay defines it as a reliable biomarker to support risk-adapted clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Scott
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Pau Abrisqueta
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - George W Wright
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Graham W Slack
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Anja Mottok
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Diego Villa
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Pedro Jares
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Cristina Royo
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Guillem Clot
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Magda Pinyol
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Merrill Boyle
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Fong Chun Chan
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Rita M Braziel
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Wing C Chan
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Dennis D Weisenburger
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - James R Cook
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Timothy C Greiner
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kai Fu
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - German Ott
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jan Delabie
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Harald Holte
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Christian Steidl
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Joseph M Connors
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Louis M Staudt
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Elias Campo
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Lisa M Rimsza
- David W. Scott, Pau Abrisqueta, Graham W. Slack, Anja Mottok, Diego Villa, Merrill Boyle, Fong Chun Chan, Christian Steidl, Joseph M. Connors, and Randy D. Gascoyne, BC Cancer Agency; Anja Mottok, Christian Steidl, and Randy D. Gascoyne, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Jan Delabie, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pau Abrisqueta, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Pedro Jares, Cristina Royo, Guillem Clot, Magda Pinyol, and Elias Campo, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; George W. Wright, Elaine S. Jaffe, and Louis M. Staudt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich and Andreas Rosenwald, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; German Ott, Robert Bosch Hospital and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Rita M. Braziel, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Wing C. Chan and Dennis D. Weisenburger, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; James R. Cook, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Timothy C. Greiner and Kai Fu, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Erlend B. Smeland and Harald Holte, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and Lisa M. Rimsza, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
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Oksvold MP, Kullmann A, Forfang L, Kierulf B, Li M, Brech A, Vlassov AV, Smeland EB, Neurauter A, Pedersen KW. Expression of B-cell surface antigens in subpopulations of exosomes released from B-cell lymphoma cells. Clin Ther 2016; 36:847-862.e1. [PMID: 24952935 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exosomes are small (30- to 100-nm) vesicles secreted by all cell types in culture and found in most body fluids. A mean of 1 mL of blood serum, derived from healthy donors, contains approximately 10(12) exosomes. Depending on the disease, the number of exosomes can fluctuate. Concentration of exosomes in the bloodstream and all other body fluids is extremely high. Several B-cell surface antigens (CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD24, CD37, CD40, and HLA-DR) and the common leukocyte antigen CD45 are interesting in terms of immunotherapy of hematologic malignant neoplasms. The established standard for exosome isolation is ultracentrifugation. However, this method cannot discriminate between exosome subpopulations and other nanovesicles. The main purpose of this study was to characterize CD81(+) and CD63(+) subpopulations of exosomes in terms of these surface markers after release from various types of B-cell lymphoma cell lines using an easy and reliable method of immunomagnetic separation. METHODS Western blotting, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy were used to compare the total preenriched extracellular vesicle (EV) pool to each fraction of vesicles after specific isolation, using magnetic beads conjugated with antibodies raised against the exosome markers CD63 and CD81. FINDINGS Magnetic bead-based isolation is a convenient method to study and compare subpopulations of exosomes released from B-cell lymphoma cells. The data indicated that the specifically isolated vesicles differed from the total preenriched EV pool. CD19, CD20, CD24, CD37, and HLA-DR, but not CD22, CD23, CD40, and CD45, are expressed on exosomes from B-cell lymphoma cell lines with large heterogeneity among the different B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Interestingly, these B-cell lymphoma-derived EVs are able to rescue lymphoma cells from rituximab-induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity. IMPLICATIONS Distribution of exosomes that contain CD19, CD20, CD24, CD37, and HLA-DR may intercept immunotherapy directed against these antigens, which is important to be aware of for optimal treatment. The use of an immunomagnetic separation platform enables easy isolation and characterization of exosome subpopulations for further studies of the exosome biology to understand the potential for therapeutic and diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten P Oksvold
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lise Forfang
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Mu Li
- Life Technologies AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Oksvold MP, Duyvestyn JM, Dagger SA, Taylor SJ, Forfang L, Myklebust JH, Smeland EB, Langdon WY. The targeting of human and mouse B lymphocytes by dasatinib. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:352-363.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Blaker YN, Brodtkorb M, Maddison J, Hveem TS, Nesheim JA, Mohn HM, Kolstad A, Geisler CH, Liestøl K, Smeland EB, Holte H, Delabie J, Danielsen H. Computerized image analysis of the Ki-67 proliferation index in mantle cell lymphoma. Histopathology 2015; 67:62-9. [PMID: 25431344 DOI: 10.1111/his.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Manual counting of the fraction of Ki-67-positive cells (the Ki-67 index) in 1000 tumour cells is considered the 'gold standard' to predict prognosis in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). This time-consuming method is replaced by the faster, but less accurate, semiquantitative estimation in routine practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of computerized image analysis software for scoring of Ki-67 in MCL. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed an automated method for determining the Ki-67 index by computerized image analysis and tested it using a cohort of 62 MCL patients. The data were compared to Ki-67 scores obtained by semiquantitative estimation and image-based manual counting. When using the Ki-67 index as a continuous parameter, both image-based manual counting and computerized image analysis were related inversely to survival (P = 0.020 and P = 0.025, respectively). Ki-67 index obtained by semiquantitative estimation was not associated significantly with survival (P = 0.093). The results were validated in a second patient cohort with similar results. CONCLUSION Computerized image analysis of the Ki-67 index in MCL is an attractive alternative to semiquantitative estimation and can be introduced easily in a routine diagnostic setting for risk stratification in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yngvild N Blaker
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Brodtkorb
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Maddison
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tarjei S Hveem
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Arne Nesheim
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Martin Mohn
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Knut Liestøl
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Delabie
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Håvard Danielsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Nuffield Division of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Fiskvik I, Beiske K, Delabie J, Yri O, Spetalen S, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Leppä S, Liestøl K, Smeland EB, Holte H. Combining MYC, BCL2 and TP53 gene and protein expression alterations improves risk stratification in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1742-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.970550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Muppidi JR, Schmitz R, Green JA, Xiao W, Larsen AB, Braun SE, An J, Xu Y, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Vaidehi N, Staudt LM, Cyster JG. Loss of signalling via Gα13 in germinal centre B-cell-derived lymphoma. Nature 2014; 516:254-8. [PMID: 25274307 PMCID: PMC4267955 DOI: 10.1038/nature13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL) is a common malignancy yet the signaling pathways deregulated and the factors leading to its systemic dissemination are poorly defined1,2. Work in mice showed that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 (S1PR2), a Gα12 and Gα13 coupled receptor, promotes growth regulation and local confinement of GC B cells3,4. Recent GCB-DLBCL deep sequencing studies have revealed mutations in a large number of genes in this cancer, including in GNA13 (encoding Gα13) and S1PR25-7. Here we show using in vitro and in vivo assays that GCB-DLBCL associated mutations occurring in S1PR2 frequently disrupt the receptor's Akt and migration inhibitory functions. Gα13-deficient mouse GC B cells and human GCB-DLBCL cells were unable to suppress pAkt and migration in response to S1P, and Gα13-deficient mice developed GC B cell-derived lymphoma. GC B cells, unlike most lymphocytes, are tightly confined in lymphoid organs and do not recirculate. Remarkably, deficiency in Gα13, but not S1PR2, led to GC B cell dissemination into lymph and blood. GCB-DLBCL cell lines frequently carried mutations in the Gα13 effector ARHGEF1, and Arhgef1-deficiency also led to GC B cell dissemination. The incomplete phenocopy of Gα13- and S1PR2-deficiency led us to discover that P2RY8, an orphan receptor that is mutated in GCB-DLBCL and another GC B cell-derived malignancy, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), also represses GC B cell growth and promotes confinement via Gα13. These findings identify a Gα13-dependent pathway that exerts dual actions in suppressing growth and blocking dissemination of GC B cells that is frequently disrupted in GC B cell-derived lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan R Muppidi
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Roland Schmitz
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jesse A Green
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA [3] Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Wenming Xiao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Adrien B Larsen
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Sterling E Braun
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jinping An
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - German Ott
- 1] Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Auerbachstraße 110, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany [2] Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Elias Campo
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jan Delabie
- Pathology Clinic, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- 1] Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway [2] Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division of the Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rita M Braziel
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Raymond R Tubbs
- Cleveland Clinic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - J R Cook
- Cleveland Clinic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Dennis D Weisenburger
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Wing C Chan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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22
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Bethge N, Honne H, Andresen K, Hilden V, Trøen G, Liestøl K, Holte H, Delabie J, Lind GE, Smeland EB. A gene panel, including LRP12, is frequently hypermethylated in major types of B-cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104249. [PMID: 25226156 PMCID: PMC4165585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications and DNA methylation in particular, have been recognized as important mechanisms to alter gene expression in malignant cells. Here, we identified candidate genes which were upregulated after an epigenetic treatment of B-cell lymphoma cell lines (Burkitt's lymphoma, BL; Follicular lymphoma, FL; Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, DLBCL activated B-cell like, ABC; and germinal center like, GCB) and simultaneously expressed at low levels in samples from lymphoma patients. Qualitative methylation analysis of 24 candidate genes in cell lines revealed five methylated genes (BMP7, BMPER, CDH1, DUSP4 and LRP12), which were further subjected to quantitative methylation analysis in clinical samples from 59 lymphoma patients (BL, FL, DLBCL ABC and GCB; and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, PMBL). The genes LRP12 and CDH1 showed the highest methylation frequencies (94% and 92%, respectively). BMPER (58%), DUSP4 (32%) and BMP7 (22%), were also frequently methylated in patient samples. Importantly, all gene promoters were unmethylated in various control samples (CD19+ peripheral blood B cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tonsils) as well as in follicular hyperplasia samples, underscoring a high specificity. The combination of LRP12 and CDH1 methylation could successfully discriminate between the vast majority of the lymphoma and control samples, emphasized by receiver operating characteristic analysis with a c-statistic of 0.999. These two genes represent promising epigenetic markers which may be suitable for monitoring of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bethge
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Honne
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim Andresen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera Hilden
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Trøen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Delabie
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro E. Lind
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Yang Y, Schmitz R, Mitala J, Whiting A, Xiao W, Ceribelli M, Wright GW, Zhao H, Yang Y, Xu W, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Wiestner A, Kruhlak MJ, Iwai K, Bernal F, Staudt LM. Essential role of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex in lymphoma revealed by rare germline polymorphisms. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:480-93. [PMID: 24491438 PMCID: PMC3992927 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Constitutive activation of NF-κB is a hallmark of the activated B cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), owing to upstream signals from the B-cell receptor (BCR) and MYD88 pathways. The linear polyubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) attaches linear polyubiquitin chains to IκB kinase-γ, a necessary event in some pathways that engage NF-κB. Two germline polymorphisms affecting the LUBAC subunit RNF31 are rare among healthy individuals (∼1%) but enriched in ABC DLBCL (7.8%). These polymorphisms alter RNF31 α-helices that mediate binding to the LUBAC subunit RBCK1, thereby increasing RNF31-RBCK1 association, LUBAC enzymatic activity, and NF-κB engagement. In the BCR pathway, LUBAC associates with the CARD11-MALT1-BCL10 adapter complex and is required for ABC DLBCL viability. A stapled RNF31 α-helical peptide based on the ABC DLBCL-associated Q622L polymorphism inhibited RNF31-RBCK1 binding, decreased NF-κB activation, and killed ABC DLBCL cells, credentialing this protein-protein interface as a therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE We provide genetic, biochemical, and functional evidence that the LUBAC ubiquitin ligase is a therapeutic target in ABC DLBCL, the DLBCL subtype that is most refractory to current therapy. More generally, our findings highlight the role of rare germline-encoded protein variants in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Yang
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roland Schmitz
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Mitala
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Whiting
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenming Xiao
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michele Ceribelli
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George W. Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yandan Yang
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weihong Xu
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Lisa M. Rimsza
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Elias Campo
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine S. Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan Delabie
- Pathology Clinic, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet University Hospital and Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division of the Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Raymond R. Tubbs
- Cleveland Clinic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James. R. Cook
- Cleveland Clinic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Wing C. Chan
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Kruhlak
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Federico Bernal
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis M. Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Blaker YN, Eide MB, Liestøl K, Lauritzsen GF, Kolstad A, Fosså A, Smeland EB, Holte H. High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant for patients with transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the rituximab era. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2319-27. [PMID: 24432894 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.871632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant (HD-ASCT) is a recommended procedure for patients with transformed indolent B-cell lymphoma from the pre-rituximab era. In this retrospective single-center study, we present our experience with HD-ASCT in patients with histologically verified transformed indolent B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. Forty-two patients were included, of whom 28 with chemosensitive disease proceeded to HD-ASCT. Twenty patients (71%) achieved a complete response (CR) and five (18%) a partial response (PR) after HD-ASCT. With a median observation time of 49 months for the survivors, the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with HD-ASCT were 39 months and 57 months, respectively. Patients who were rituximab-naive at transformation had a significantly better OS compared to patients previously treated with rituximab, both in the whole patient cohort and among the HD-ASCT-treated patients (p = 0.036 and p = 0.039, respectively). Furthermore, male sex influenced survival negatively, whereas time from diagnosis to transformation was positively associated with survival, both with borderline significance, in HD-ASCT-treated patients. In conclusion, HD-ASCT remains an effective treatment for transformed indolent lymphomas in the rituximab era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yngvild N Blaker
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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25
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Bethge N, Lothe RA, Honne H, Andresen K, Trøen G, Eknæs M, Liestøl K, Holte H, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Lind GE. Colorectal cancer DNA methylation marker panel validated with high performance in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epigenetics 2013; 9:428-36. [PMID: 24362313 PMCID: PMC4053461 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes with altered DNA methylation can be used as biomarkers for cancer detection and assessment of prognosis. Here we analyzed the methylation status of a colorectal cancer biomarker panel (CNRIP1, FBN1, INA, MAL, SNCA, and SPG20) in 97 cancer cell lines, derived from 17 different cancer types. Interestingly, the genes were frequently methylated also in hematological cancer types and were therefore subjected to analyses in primary tumor samples from the major types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) and in healthy controls. In total, the genes CNRIP1, FBN1, INA, MAL, SNCA, and SPG20 were methylated in 53%, 23%, 52%, 69%, 97%, and 92% of the tumor samples, respectively, and were unmethylated in all healthy controls. With the exception of a single tumor sample, a correct prediction of lymphoma or normal sample was made in a blinded analysis of the validation series using a combination of SNCA and SPG20. The combined ROC-curve analysis of these genes resulted in an area under the curve of 0.999 (P = 4.2 × 10−18), and a sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 100%, respectively, across the test and validation series. Interestingly, the promoter methylation of CNRIP1 was associated with decreased overall survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (P = 0.03).
In conclusion, our results demonstrate that SNCA and SPG20 methylation might be suitable for early detection and monitoring of NHL. Furthermore, CNRIP1 could potentially be used as a prognostic factor in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bethge
- Department of Immunology; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Prevention; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Honne
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Prevention; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim Andresen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Prevention; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Trøen
- Department of Pathology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Eknæs
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Prevention; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology; The Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Delabie
- Department of Pathology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Immunology; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro E Lind
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Prevention; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
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26
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Bethge N, Honne H, Hilden V, Trøen G, Eknæs M, Liestøl K, Holte H, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Lind GE. Identification of highly methylated genes across various types of B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79602. [PMID: 24260260 PMCID: PMC3834187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations of gene expression are important in the development of cancer. In this study, we identified genes which are epigenetically altered in major lymphoma types. We used DNA microarray technology to assess changes in gene expression after treatment of 11 lymphoma cell lines with epigenetic drugs. We identified 233 genes with upregulated expression in treated cell lines and with downregulated expression in B-cell lymphoma patient samples (n = 480) when compared to normal B cells (n = 5). The top 30 genes were further analyzed by methylation specific PCR (MSP) in 18 lymphoma cell lines. Seven of the genes were methylated in more than 70% of the cell lines and were further subjected to quantitative MSP in 37 B-cell lymphoma patient samples (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (activated B-cell like and germinal center B-cell like subtypes), follicular lymphoma and Burkitt`s lymphoma) and normal B lymphocytes from 10 healthy donors. The promoters of DSP, FZD8, KCNH2, and PPP1R14A were methylated in 28%, 67%, 22%, and 78% of the 36 tumor samples, respectively, but not in control samples. Validation using a second series of healthy donor controls (n = 42; normal B cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, tonsils and follicular hyperplasia) and fresh-frozen lymphoma biopsies (n = 25), confirmed the results. The DNA methylation biomarker panel consisting of DSP, FZD8, KCNH2, and PPP1R14A was positive in 89% (54/61) of all lymphomas. Receiver operating characteristic analysis to determine the discriminative power between lymphoma and healthy control samples showed a c-statistic of 0.96, indicating a possible role for the biomarker panel in monitoring of lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bethge
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Honne
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera Hilden
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Trøen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Eknæs
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Delabie
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro E. Lind
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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27
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Bödör C, Grossmann V, Popov N, Okosun J, O'Riain C, Tan K, Marzec J, Araf S, Wang J, Lee AM, Clear A, Montoto S, Matthews J, Iqbal S, Rajnai H, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Campo E, Rimsza LM, Smeland EB, Chan WC, Braziel RM, Staudt LM, Wright G, Lister TA, Elemento O, Hills R, Gribben JG, Chelala C, Matolcsy A, Kohlmann A, Haferlach T, Gascoyne RD, Fitzgibbon J. EZH2 mutations are frequent and represent an early event in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2013; 122:3165-8. [PMID: 24052547 PMCID: PMC3814734 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-496893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain of function mutations in the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2 represent a promising therapeutic target in germinal center lymphomas. In this study, we assessed the frequency and distribution of EZH2 mutations in a large cohort of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) (n = 366) and performed a longitudinal analysis of mutation during the disease progression from FL to transformed FL (tFL) (n = 33). Mutations were detected at 3 recurrent mutation hot spots (Y646, A682, and A692) in 27% of FL cases with variant allele frequencies (VAF) ranging from 2% to 61%. By comparing VAF of EZH2 with other mutation targets (CREBBP, MLL2, TNFRSF14, and MEF2B), we were able to distinguish patients harboring clonal EZH2 mutation from rarer cases with subclonal mutations. Overall, the high incidence of EZH2 mutations in FL and their stability during disease progression makes FL an appropriate disease to evaluate EZH2 targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Bödör
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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Fiskvik I, Aamot HV, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Stokke T, Heim S, Holte H. Karyotyping of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: loss of 17p is associated with poor patient outcome. Eur J Haematol 2013; 91:332-8. [PMID: 23859481 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytogenetic studies of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have revealed a large spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities, some of which may be clinically relevant. We wanted to evaluate possible associations between commonly acquired chromosome aberrations and prognosis in a large cohort of patients. METHODS All patients with DLBCL treated at our center during 1999-2010 with an abnormal G-banding karyotype determined on cells short-term cultured from diagnostic biopsies were included. Detailed information on staging, treatment, and outcome was available for all patients. RESULTS Of the 110 patients available for analysis, there were 48 deaths and 27 relapses after a median follow-up of 4.5 yr. Eleven different chromosomal abnormalities were detected in more than ten percent of patients. Of those, only loss of 17p, including the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, was significantly associated with inferior long-term prognosis. Five year overall and progression-free survival frequencies were 32% and 27% for patients with loss of 17p and 67% and 59% in patients without this abnormality. CONCLUSION In a relatively large cohort of patients with DLBCL analyzed by chromosome banding, loss of 17p was the only chromosomal abnormality associated with inferior survival in uni- and multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idun Fiskvik
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Yri OE, Ekstrøm PO, Hilden V, Gaudernack G, Liestøl K, Smeland EB, Holte H. Influence of polymorphisms in genes encoding immunoregulatory proteins and metabolizing enzymes on susceptibility and outcome in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2205-14. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.774392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Schmitz R, Young RM, Ceribelli M, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Zhang M, Wright G, Shaffer AL, Hodson DJ, Buras E, Liu X, Powell J, Yang Y, Xu W, Zhao H, Kohlhammer H, Rosenwald A, Kluin P, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Ogwang MD, Reynolds SJ, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Pittaluga S, Wilson W, Waldmann TA, Rowe M, Mbulaiteye SM, Rickinson AB, Staudt LM. Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis and therapeutic targets from structural and functional genomics. Nature 2012; 490:116-20. [PMID: 22885699 DOI: 10.1038/nature11378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) can often be cured by intensive chemotherapy, but the toxicity of such therapy precludes its use in the elderly and in patients with endemic BL in developing countries, necessitating new strategies. The normal germinal centre B cell is the presumed cell of origin for both BL and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), yet gene expression analysis suggests that these malignancies may use different oncogenic pathways. BL is subdivided into a sporadic subtype that is diagnosed in developed countries, the Epstein-Barr-virus-associated endemic subtype, and an HIV-associated subtype, but it is unclear whether these subtypes use similar or divergent oncogenic mechanisms. Here we used high-throughput RNA sequencing and RNA interference screening to discover essential regulatory pathways in BL that cooperate with MYC, the defining oncogene of this cancer. In 70% of sporadic BL cases, mutations affecting the transcription factor TCF3 (E2A) or its negative regulator ID3 fostered TCF3 dependency. TCF3 activated the pro-survival phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathway in BL, in part by augmenting tonic B-cell receptor signalling. In 38% of sporadic BL cases, oncogenic CCND3 mutations produced highly stable cyclin D3 isoforms that drive cell cycle progression. These findings suggest opportunities to improve therapy for patients with BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schmitz
- Metabolism Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Bakkebø M, Huse K, Hilden VI, Forfang L, Myklebust JH, Smeland EB, Oksvold MP. SARA is dispensable for functional TGF-β signaling. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3367-72. [PMID: 22819827 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA or ZFYVE9) has been proposed to mediate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling by direct interaction with the non-activated Smad proteins and the TGF-β receptors; however, these findings are controversial. We demonstrate no correlation between SARA expression and the levels of TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smads in various B-cell lymphomas. Moreover, knockdown of SARA in HeLa cells did not interfere with TGF-β-induced Smad activation, Smad nuclear translocation, or induction of TGF-β target genes. Various R-Smads and TGF-β receptors did not co-immunoprecipitate with SARA. Collectively, our results demonstrate that SARA is dispensable for functional TGF-β-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Bakkebø
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Yri OE, Ekstrøm PO, Hilden V, Gaudernack G, Liestøl K, Smeland EB, Holte H. Polymorphisms in genes encoding interleukin-10 and drug metabolizing enzymes GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTA1 and UGT1A1 influence risk and outcome in Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1934-44. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.682307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wahlin BE, Yri OE, Kimby E, Holte H, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Sundström C, Christensson B, Sander B. Clinical significance of the WHO grades of follicular lymphoma in a population-based cohort of 505 patients with long follow-up times. Br J Haematol 2011; 156:225-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Huse K, Bakkebø M, Oksvold MP, Forfang L, Hilden VI, Stokke T, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH. Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit CD40L/IL-21-induced Ig production in human Bcells: Differential effects of BMP-6 and BMP-7. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3135-45. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Josefsen D, Forfang L, Dyrhaug M, Blystad AK, Stokke T, Smeland EB, Kvalheim G. Side population cells in highly enriched CD34-positive cells from peripheral blood progenitor cells identify an immature subtype of hematopoietic progenitor cells but do not predict time to engraftment in patients treated with high-dose therapy. Eur J Haematol 2011; 87:494-502. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Malumbres R, Fresquet V, Roman-Gomez J, Bobadilla M, Robles EF, Altobelli GG, Calasanz MJ, Smeland EB, Aznar MA, Agirre X, Martin-Palanco V, Prosper F, Lossos IS, Martinez-Climent JA. LMO2 expression reflects the different stages of blast maturation and genetic features in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and predicts clinical outcome. Haematologica 2011; 96:980-6. [PMID: 21459790 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LMO2 is highly expressed at the most immature stages of lymphopoiesis. In T-lymphocytes, aberrant LMO2 expression beyond those stages leads to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, while in B cells LMO2 is also expressed in germinal center lymphocytes and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, where it predicts better clinical outcome. The implication of LMO2 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia must still be explored. DESIGN AND METHODS We measured LMO2 expression by real time RT-PCR in 247 acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient samples with cytogenetic data (144 of them also with survival and immunophenotypical data) and in normal hematopoietic and lymphoid cells. RESULTS B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases expressed variable levels of LMO2 depending on immunophenotypical and cytogenetic features. Thus, the most immature subtype, pro-B cells, displayed three-fold higher LMO2 expression than pre-B cells, common-CD10+ or mature subtypes. Additionally, cases with TEL-AML1 or MLL rearrangements exhibited two-fold higher LMO2 expression compared to cases with BCR-ABL rearrangements or hyperdyploid karyotype. Clinically, high LMO2 expression correlated with better overall survival in adult patients (5-year survival rate 64.8% (42.5%-87.1%) vs. 25.8% (10.9%-40.7%), P= 0.001) and constituted a favorable independent prognostic factor in B-ALL with normal karyotype: 5-year survival rate 80.3% (66.4%-94.2%) vs. 63.0% (46.1%-79.9%) (P= 0.043). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that LMO2 expression depends on the molecular features and the differentiation stage of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Furthermore, assessment of LMO2 expression in adult patients with a normal karyotype, a group which lacks molecular prognostic factors, could be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Malumbres
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Rui L, Tolga Emre NC, Kruhlak MJ, Chung HJ, Steidl C, Slack G, Wright GW, Lenz G, Ngo VN, Shaffer AL, Xu W, Zhao H, Yang Y, Lamy L, Davis RE, Xiao W, Powell J, Maloney D, Thomas CJ, Möller P, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Savage K, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Gascoyne RD, Levens D, Staudt LM. Cooperative epigenetic modulation by cancer amplicon genes. Cancer Cell 2010; 18:590-605. [PMID: 21156283 PMCID: PMC3049192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome band 9p24 is frequently amplified in primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). To identify oncogenes in this amplicon, we screened an RNA interference library targeting amplicon genes and thereby identified JAK2 and the histone demethylase JMJD2C as essential genes in these lymphomas. Inhibition of JAK2 and JMJD2C cooperated in killing these lymphomas by decreasing tyrosine 41 phosphorylation and increasing lysine 9 trimethylation of histone H3, promoting heterochromatin formation. MYC, a major target of JAK2-mediated histone phosphorylation, was silenced after JAK2 and JMJD2C inhibition, with a corresponding increase in repressive chromatin. Hence, JAK2 and JMJD2C cooperatively remodel the PMBL and HL epigenome, offering a mechanistic rationale for the development of JAK2 and JMJD2C inhibitors in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Rui
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - N. C. Tolga Emre
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael J. Kruhlak
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hye-Jung Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christian Steidl
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4E6
| | - Graham Slack
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4E6
| | - George W. Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Georg Lenz
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vu N. Ngo
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arthur L. Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Weihong Xu
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hong Zhao
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yandan Yang
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Laurence Lamy
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - R. Eric Davis
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wenming Xiao
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis Section, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - John Powell
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis Section, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - David Maloney
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Peter Möller
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Kerry Savage
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4E6
| | - Joseph M. Connors
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4E6
| | - Lisa M. Rimsza
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
- Southwest Oncology Group, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106
| | - Elias Campo
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine S. Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jan Delabie
- Pathology Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Wing C. Chan
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Randy D. Gascoyne
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4E6
| | - David Levens
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Louis M. Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Bakkebø M, Huse K, Hilden VI, Smeland EB, Oksvold MP. TGF-β-induced growth inhibition in B-cell lymphoma correlates with Smad1/5 signalling and constitutively active p38 MAPK. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:57. [PMID: 21092277 PMCID: PMC3006362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily exert effects on proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in various cell types. Cancer cells frequently acquire resistance to the anti-proliferative signals of TGF-β, which can be due to mutations in proteins of the signalling cascade. We compared the TGF-β-related signalling properties in B-cell lymphoma cell lines that were sensitive or resistant to TGF-β-induced anti-proliferative effects. Results TGF-β sensitive cell lines expressed higher cell surface levels of the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (Alk-5), a TGF-β receptor type 1. The expression levels of the other TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein receptors were comparable in the different cell lines. TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 was similar in TGF-β sensitive and resistant cell lines. In contrast, activation of Smad1/5 was restricted to cells that were sensitive to growth inhibition by TGF-β. Moreover, with activin A we detected limited anti-proliferative effects, strong phosphorylation of Smad2, but no Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Up-regulation of the TGF-β target genes Id1 and Pai-1 was identified in the TGF-β sensitive cell lines. Constitutive phosphorylation of MAPK p38 was restricted to the TGF-β sensitive cell lines. Inhibition of p38 MAPK led to reduced sensitivity to TGF-β. Conclusions We suggest that phosphorylation of Smad1/5 is important for the anti-proliferative effects of TGF-β in B-cell lymphoma. Alk-5 was highly expressed in the sensitive cell lines, and might be important for signalling through Smad1/5. Our results indicate a role for p38 MAPK in the regulation of TGF-β-induced anti-proliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Bakkebø
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Davis RE, Ngo VN, Lenz G, Tolar P, Young RM, Romesser PB, Kohlhammer H, Lamy L, Zhao H, Yang Y, Xu W, Shaffer AL, Wright G, Xiao W, Powell J, Jiang JK, Thomas CJ, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Johnson NA, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Wilson WH, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Pierce SK, Staudt LM. Chronic active B-cell-receptor signalling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Nature 2010; 463:88-92. [PMID: 20054396 DOI: 10.1038/nature08638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1205] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A role for B-cell-receptor (BCR) signalling in lymphomagenesis has been inferred by studying immunoglobulin genes in human lymphomas and by engineering mouse models, but genetic and functional evidence for its oncogenic role in human lymphomas is needed. Here we describe a form of 'chronic active' BCR signalling that is required for cell survival in the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The signalling adaptor CARD11 is required for constitutive NF-kappaB pathway activity and survival in ABC DLBCL. Roughly 10% of ABC DLBCLs have mutant CARD11 isoforms that activate NF-kappaB, but the mechanism that engages wild-type CARD11 in other ABC DLBCLs was unknown. An RNA interference genetic screen revealed that a BCR signalling component, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, is essential for the survival of ABC DLBCLs with wild-type CARD11. In addition, knockdown of proximal BCR subunits (IgM, Ig-kappa, CD79A and CD79B) killed ABC DLBCLs with wild-type CARD11 but not other lymphomas. The BCRs in these ABC DLBCLs formed prominent clusters in the plasma membrane with low diffusion, similarly to BCRs in antigen-stimulated normal B cells. Somatic mutations affecting the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signalling modules of CD79B and CD79A were detected frequently in ABC DLBCL biopsy samples but rarely in other DLBCLs and never in Burkitt's lymphoma or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In 18% of ABC DLBCLs, one functionally critical residue of CD79B, the first ITAM tyrosine, was mutated. These mutations increased surface BCR expression and attenuated Lyn kinase, a feedback inhibitor of BCR signalling. These findings establish chronic active BCR signalling as a new pathogenetic mechanism in ABC DLBCL, suggesting several therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eric Davis
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Holte H, Kvaløy S, Delabie J, Trøen G, Smeland EB. [Molecular diagnosis of malignant lymphomas]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2009; 129:2352-6. [PMID: 19935935 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of non-solid tumors originating in lymphocytes at different maturation stages. The diagnosis is based on a traditional histopathological diagnostic procedure supplemented with immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, molecular genetic analyses and clinical information. This article describes experimental molecular diagnostics, mainly based on microarray-based gene expression technology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Results achieved through an international multicentre project (headed by the National Cancer Institute in the USA), in which the Norwegian Radium Hospital has taken part as the only Nordic institution, are summarized. The findings are discussed in light of other relevant studies identified through a non-systematic search in PubMed. RESULTS New clinically relevant subgroups of malignant B-cell lymphomas have been characterized. Retrospective survival analyses have shown correlations between gene expression profiles and patient outcome and have provided important biological knowledge, which has led to new targeted treatments (currently being tested in clinical studies). INTERPRETATION As a supplement to today's diagnostics, molecular diagnostics yields an improved diagnostic precision and opens up for new treatment possibilities for patients with malignant lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Holte
- Kreftklinikken, Oslo universitetssykehus, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Lenz G, Wright G, Dave SS, Xiao W, Powell J, Zhao H, Xu W, Tan B, Goldschmidt N, Iqbal J, Vose J, Bast M, Fu K, Weisenburger DD, Greiner TC, Armitage JO, Kyle A, May L, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Troen G, Holte H, Kvaloy S, Dierickx D, Verhoef G, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Jares P, Martinez A, Lopez-Guillermo A, Montserrat E, Campo E, Braziel RM, Miller TP, Rimsza LM, Cook JR, Pohlman B, Sweetenham J, Tubbs RR, Fisher RI, Hartmann E, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Wrench D, Lister TA, Jaffe ES, Wilson WH, Chan WC, Staudt LM. Stromal gene signatures in large-B-cell lymphomas. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2313-23. [PMID: 19038878 PMCID: PMC9103713 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0802885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1316] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The addition of rituximab to combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP), or R-CHOP, has significantly improved the survival of patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. Whether gene-expression signatures correlate with survival after treatment of diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma is unclear. METHODS We profiled gene expression in pretreatment biopsy specimens from 181 patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma who received CHOP and 233 patients with this disease who received R-CHOP. A multivariate gene-expression-based survival-predictor model derived from a training group was tested in a validation group. RESULTS A multivariate model created from three gene-expression signatures--termed "germinal-center B-cell," "stromal-1," and "stromal-2"--predicted survival both in patients who received CHOP and patients who received R-CHOP. The prognostically favorable stromal-1 signature reflected extracellular-matrix deposition and histiocytic infiltration. By contrast, the prognostically unfavorable stromal-2 signature reflected tumor blood-vessel density. CONCLUSIONS Survival after treatment of diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma is influenced by differences in immune cells, fibrosis, and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Cyclophosphamide
- Disease Progression
- Doxorubicin
- Extracellular Matrix/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, MHC Class II
- Germinal Center
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Prednisone
- Prognosis
- Rituximab
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Vincristine
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lenz
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lenz G, Davis RE, Ngo VN, Lam L, George TC, Wright GW, Dave SS, Zhao H, Xu W, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Chan WC, Staudt LM. Oncogenic CARD11 mutations in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Science 2008; 319:1676-9. [PMID: 18323416 DOI: 10.1126/science.1153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In the least curable (ABC) subtype of DLBCL, survival of the malignant cells is dependent on constitutive activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway. In normal B cells, antigen receptor-induced NF-kappaB activation requires CARD11, a cytoplasmic scaffolding protein. To determine whether CARD11 contributes to tumorigenesis, we sequenced the CARD11 gene in human DLBCL tumors. We detected missense mutations in 7 of 73 ABC DLBCL biopsies (9.6%), all within exons encoding the coiled-coil domain. Experimental introduction of CARD11 coiled-coil domain mutants into lymphoma cell lines resulted in constitutive NF-kappaB activation and enhanced NF-kappaB activity upon antigen receptor stimulation. These results demonstrate that CARD11 is a bona fide oncogenein DLBCL, providing a genetic rationale for the development of pharmacological inhibitors of the CARD11 pathway for DLBCL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lenz
- Metabolism Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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43
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Sivertsen EA, Huse K, Hystad ME, Kersten C, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH. Inhibitory effects and target genes of bone morphogenetic protein 6 in Jurkat TAg cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2937-48. [PMID: 17899540 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are multifunctional cytokines that belong to the TGF-beta superfamily. BMP have been shown to regulate haematopoietic stem cells, B lymphopoiesis and early thymocyte differentiation. In the present study we explored the role of BMP-6 in Jurkat TAg cells. BMP-6 rapidly induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, p38 and ERK1/2, followed by a potent up-regulation of ID1, ID2 and ID3. ID1 and ID3 were also induced at the protein level. Genome-wide expression profiling of cells treated with BMP-6 compared to medium confirmed that ID1-ID3 were target genes of BMP-6 together with Noggin and Smad6. Furthermore, several genes involved in transcriptional regulation were also identified, including NFKBIA, HEY1, DLX2, KLF10 and early growth response 1. Stimulation with BMP-6 exerted an antiproliferative effect that was counteracted by inhibitor of DNA binding (Id)1 siRNA, indicating that Id1 is an important downstream mediator in Jurkat TAg cells. A subset of CD4(+) T cells were found to express the BMP receptors Alk-2 and Alk-3 (type I), in addition to BMPRII (type II). BMP-6 also induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, followed by transcriptional increase in ID1-ID3 mRNA expression. However, we did not observe significant changes in Id protein expression in CD4(+) T cells. Altogether, the data indicate a role for BMP-6 in human T lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar A Sivertsen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway
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44
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Hystad ME, Myklebust JH, Bø TH, Sivertsen EA, Rian E, Forfang L, Munthe E, Rosenwald A, Chiorazzi M, Jonassen I, Staudt LM, Smeland EB. Characterization of early stages of human B cell development by gene expression profiling. J Immunol 2007; 179:3662-71. [PMID: 17785802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized several stages of normal human B cell development in adult bone marrow by gene expression profiling of hemopoietic stem cells, early B (E-B), pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells, using RNA amplification and Lymphochip cDNA microarrays (n = 6). Hierarchical clustering of 758 differentially expressed genes clearly separated the five populations. We used gene sets to investigate the functional assignment of the differentially expressed genes. Genes involved in VDJ recombination as well as B lineage-associated transcription factors (TCF3 (E2A), EBF, BCL11A, and PAX5) were turned on in E-B cells, before acquisition of CD19. Several transcription factors with unknown roles in B lymphoid cells demonstrated interesting expression patterns, including ZCCHC7 and ZHX2. Compared with hemopoietic stem cells and pro-B cells, E-B cells had increased expression of 18 genes, and these included IGJ, IL1RAP, BCL2, and CD62L. In addition, E-B cells expressed T/NK lineage and myeloid-associated genes including CD2, NOTCH1, CD99, PECAM1, TNFSF13B, and MPO. Expression of key genes was confirmed at the protein level by FACS analysis. Several of these Ags were heterogeneously expressed, providing a basis for further subdivision of E-B cells. Altogether, these results provide new information regarding expression of genes in early stages of human B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit E Hystad
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway
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45
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Wiestner A, Tehrani M, Chiorazzi M, Wright G, Gibellini F, Nakayama K, Liu H, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Chan WC, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Vose J, Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Campo E, Montserrat E, Bosch F, Smeland EB, Kvaloy S, Holte H, Delabie J, Fisher RI, Grogan TM, Miller TP, Wilson WH, Jaffe ES, Staudt LM. Point mutations and genomic deletions in CCND1 create stable truncated cyclin D1 mRNAs that are associated with increased proliferation rate and shorter survival. Blood 2007; 109:4599-606. [PMID: 17299095 PMCID: PMC1885523 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-039859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A gene expression signature of tumor proliferation rate in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an overriding molecular predictor of the length of survival following diagnosis. Many strongly proliferative MCL tumors have exceptionally high cyclin D1 mRNA levels and preferentially express short cyclin D1 mRNA isoforms. We demonstrate here that these short mRNAs are cyclin D1a isoforms with truncated 3'UTRs, not alternatively spliced cyclin D1b mRNA isoforms. Among 15 MCL tumors with truncated cyclin D1 mRNAs, 7 had genomic deletions in the CCND1 3'UTR region. In 3 others, CCND1 contained point mutations that created premature polyadenylation signals, giving rise to 1.5-kb mRNAs lacking most of the 3'UTR. Both types of genomic alteration created transcripts lacking mRNA destabilization elements present in the wild-type cyclin D1a mRNA. Premature polyadenylation due to a 3'UTR mutation also was present in the Z-138 MCL cell line, which expressed both truncated and full-length cyclin D1a mRNAs. In these cells, the half-life of the short cyclin D1a mRNA was much longer than that of the full-length mRNA. We conclude that alterations of CCND1 3'UTR structure can significantly increase its oncogenic effect and worsen the clinical course of MCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Wiestner
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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46
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Lenz G, Nagel I, Siebert R, Roschke AV, Sanger W, Wright GW, Dave SS, Tan B, Zhao H, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Gascoyne RD, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Kuehl WM, Chan WC, Staudt LM. Aberrant immunoglobulin class switch recombination and switch translocations in activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:633-43. [PMID: 17353367 PMCID: PMC2137913 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying chromosomal translocations in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we investigated the nature and extent of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) in these tumors. We used Southern blotting to detect legitimate and illegitimate CSR events in tumor samples of the activated B cell-like (ABC), germinal center B cell-like (GCB), and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL) subgroups of DLBCL. The frequency of legitimate CSR was lower in ABC DLBCL than in GCB DLBCL and PMBL. In contrast, ABC DLBCL had a higher frequency of internal deletions within the switch mu (Smu) region compared with GCB DLBCL and PMBL. ABC DLBCLs also had frequent deletions within Sgamma and other illegitimate switch recombinations. Sequence analysis revealed ongoing Smu deletions within ABC DLBCL tumor clones, which were accompanied by ongoing duplications and activation-induced cytidine deaminase-dependent somatic mutations. Unexpectedly, short fragments derived from multiple chromosomes were interspersed within Smu in one case. These findings suggest that ABC DLBCLs have abnormalities in the regulation of CSR that could predispose to chromosomal translocations. Accordingly, aberrant switch recombination was responsible for translocations in ABC DLBCLs involving BCL6, MYC, and a novel translocation partner, SPIB.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lenz
- Metabolism Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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47
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Dave SS, Fu K, Wright GW, Lam LT, Kluin P, Boerma EJ, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Müller-Hermelink HK, Gascoyne RD, Delabie J, Rimsza LM, Braziel RM, Grogan TM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Dave BJ, Sanger W, Bast M, Vose JM, Armitage JO, Connors JM, Smeland EB, Kvaloy S, Holte H, Fisher RI, Miller TP, Montserrat E, Wilson WH, Bahl M, Zhao H, Yang L, Powell J, Simon R, Chan WC, Staudt LM. Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2431-42. [PMID: 16760443 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa055759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distinction between Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma is crucial because these two types of lymphoma require different treatments. We examined whether gene-expression profiling could reliably distinguish Burkitt's lymphoma from diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. METHODS Tumor-biopsy specimens from 303 patients with aggressive lymphomas were profiled for gene expression and were also classified according to morphology, immunohistochemistry, and detection of the t(8;14) c-myc translocation. RESULTS A classifier based on gene expression correctly identified all 25 pathologically verified cases of classic Burkitt's lymphoma. Burkitt's lymphoma was readily distinguished from diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma by the high level of expression of c-myc target genes, the expression of a subgroup of germinal-center B-cell genes, and the low level of expression of major-histocompatibility-complex class I genes and nuclear factor-kappaB target genes. Eight specimens with a pathological diagnosis of diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma had the typical gene-expression profile of Burkitt's lymphoma, suggesting they represent cases of Burkitt's lymphoma that are difficult to diagnose by current methods. Among 28 of the patients with a molecular diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma, the overall survival was superior among those who had received intensive chemotherapy regimens instead of lower-dose regimens. CONCLUSIONS Gene-expression profiling is an accurate, quantitative method for distinguishing Burkitt's lymphoma from diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bayes Theorem
- Burkitt Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/mortality
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Survival Analysis
- Transcription, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Dave
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA
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48
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Sivertsen EA, Galteland E, Mu D, Holte H, Meza-Zepeda L, Myklebost O, Patzke S, Smeland EB, Stokke T. Gain of chromosome 6p is an infrequent cause of increased PIM1 expression in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Leukemia 2006; 20:539-42. [PMID: 16437153 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Kersten C, Dosen G, Myklebust JH, Sivertsen EA, Hystad ME, Smeland EB, Rian E. BMP-6 inhibits human bone marrow B lymphopoiesis—Upregulation of Id1 and Id3. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:72-81. [PMID: 16413393 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In mammals, factors produced by bone marrow (BM) stromal cells are instrumental in orchestrating the developmental process of B lymphocytes. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional cytokines previously found to regulate hematopoietic stem cells. In the present study, we have explored the role of BMP-6 in human B progenitor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro B lymphopoiesis of CD10(+) B progenitor cells from human BM was evaluated in the presence or absence of BMP-6 in short- or long-term coculture on MS-5 stromal cells, by tracking CFSE-labeled CD10(+) B progenitor cells or by quantification of CD19(+) cells. DNA synthesis in the pre-B cell line Nalm-6 was measured by (3)H-thymidine incorporation. BMP-6-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 was determined by Western blot analysis, whereas elevation of Id1-Id4 mRNA levels and basal BMP-6 mRNA levels were measured by real-time and conventional RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS By in vitro coculture of CD10(+) B progenitor cells or monoculture of Nalm-6 cells, we found that BMP-6 inhibited B lymphopoiesis by impeding cell proliferation. Furthermore, in CD10(+) B progenitors as well as in Nalm-6 cells, BMP-6 rapidly induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, followed by an upregulation of Id1 and Id3 mRNA levels. Finally, we demonstrated that human bone marrow stromal cells express BMP-6 mRNA whereas B progenitor cells did not. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that BMP-6, produced by the BM, may participate to fine-tune the balance between proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation in human B progenitor cells during BM B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kersten
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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50
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Bea S, Zettl A, Wright G, Salaverria I, Jehn P, Moreno V, Burek C, Ott G, Puig X, Yang L, Lopez-Guillermo A, Chan WC, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Grogan TM, Braziel R, Fisher RI, Smeland EB, Kvaloy S, Holte H, Delabie J, Simon R, Powell J, Wilson WH, Jaffe ES, Montserrat E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Staudt LM, Campo E, Rosenwald A. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subgroups have distinct genetic profiles that influence tumor biology and improve gene-expression-based survival prediction. Blood 2005; 106:3183-90. [PMID: 16046532 PMCID: PMC1895326 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-expression profiling has identified 3 major subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): germinal center B-cell-like (GCB), activated B-cell-like (ABC), and primary mediastinal DLBCL (PMBCL). Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), we investigated the genetic alterations of 224 cases of untreated DLBCL (87 GCB-DLBCL, 77 ABC-DLBCL, 19 PMBCL, and 41 unclassified DLBCL) previously characterized by gene-expression profiling. The DLBCL subgroups differed significantly in the frequency of particular chromosomal aberrations. ABC-DLBCL had frequent trisomy 3, gains of 3q and 18q21-q22, and losses of 6q21-q22, whereas GCB-DLBCL had frequent gains of 12q12, and PMBCL had gains of 9p21-pter and 2p14-p16. Parallel analysis of CGH alterations, locus-specific gene-expression profiles, and global gene-expression signatures revealed that DNA amplifications and gains had a substantial impact on the expression of genes in the involved chromosomal regions, and some genes were overexpressed in a DLBCL subgroup-specific fashion. Unexpectedly, specific chromosomal alterations were associated with significant changes in gene-expression signatures that reflect various aspects of lymphoma cell biology as well as the host response to the lymphoma. In addition, gains involving the chromosomal region 3p11-p12 provided prognostic information that was statistically independent of the previously defined gene-expression-based survival model, thereby improving its predictive power.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bea
- Department of Pathology and Hematology Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain
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