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Putzeys E, Cokic SM, Chong H, Smet M, Vanoirbeek J, Godderis L, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL, Duca RC. Simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A based compounds and other monomers leaching from resin-based dental materials by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 40:1063-1075. [PMID: 28054450 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Resin-based dental materials have raised debates concerning their safety and biocompatibility, resulting in a growing necessity of profound knowledge on the quantity of released compounds into the oral cavity. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive and reliable procedure based on liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of various leached compounds (including bisphenol A based compounds) in samples from in vitro experiments. Different experiments were performed to determine the optimal analytical parameters, comprising mass spectrometry parameters, chromatographic separation conditions, and sample preparation. Four internal standards were used as follows: deuterated diethyl phthalate and bisphenol A (commercially available), and deuterated analogues of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and urethane dimethacrylate (custom-made). The optimized method was validated for linearity of the calibration curves and the associated correlation coefficient, lower limit of quantification, higher limit of quantification, and intra- and interassay accuracy and precision. Additionally, the developed liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was applied to the analysis of leaching compounds from four resin-based dental materials. The results indicated that this method is suitable for the analysis of different target compounds leaching from dental materials. This method might serve as a valuable basis for quick and accurate quantification of leached compounds from resin-based dental materials in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Putzeys
- BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stevan M Cokic
- BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hui Chong
- Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Smet
- Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsten L Van Landuyt
- BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Pedano MS, Li X, Li S, Sun Z, Cokic SM, Putzeys E, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Chen Z, Van Landuyt K, Van Meerbeek B. Freshly-mixed and setting calcium-silicate cements stimulate human dental pulp cells. Dent Mater 2018. [PMID: 29525357 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the eluates from 3 freshly-mixed and setting hydraulic calcium-silicate cements (hCSCs) on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and to examine the effect of a newly developed hCSC containing phosphopullulan (PPL) on HDPCs. METHODS Human dental pulp cells, previously characterized as mesenchymal stem cells, were used. To collect the eluates, disks occupying the whole surface of a 12-well plate were prepared using an experimental hCSC containing phosphopullulan (GC), Nex-Cem MTA (GC), Biodentine (Septodont) or a zinc-oxide (ZnO) eugenol cement (material-related negative control). Immediately after preparing the disks (non-set), 3ml of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were added. The medium was left in contact with the disks for 24h before being collected. Four different dilutions were prepared (100%, 50%, 25% and 10%) and cell-cytotoxicity, cell-proliferation, cell-migration and odontogenic differentiation were tested. The cell-cytotoxicity and cell-proliferation assays were performed by XTT-colorimetric assay at different time points. The cell-migration ability was tested with the wound-healing assay and the odontogenic differentiation capacity of hCSCs on HDPCs was tested with RT-PCR. RESULTS Considering all experimental data together, the eluates from 3 freshly-mixed and setting hCSCs appeared not cytotoxic toward HDPCs. Moreover, all three cements stimulated proliferation, migration and odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs. SIGNIFICANCE The use of freshly-mixed and setting hCSCs is an appropriate approach to test the effect of the materials on human dental pulp cells. The experimental material containing PPL is non-cytotoxic and positively stimulates HDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano S Pedano
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xin Li
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuchen Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zeyi Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Stevan M Cokic
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Putzeys
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kumiko Yoshihara
- Okayama University Hospital, Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yashuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Zhi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Kirsten Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Öner D, Ghosh M, Bové H, Moisse M, Boeckx B, Duca RC, Poels K, Luyts K, Putzeys E, Van Landuydt K, Vanoirbeek JA, Ameloot M, Lambrechts D, Godderis L, Hoet PH. Differences in MWCNT- and SWCNT-induced DNA methylation alterations in association with the nuclear deposition. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:11. [PMID: 29426343 PMCID: PMC5807760 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtle DNA methylation alterations mediated by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exposure might contribute to pathogenesis and disease susceptibility. It is known that both multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) interact with nucleus. Such, nuclear-CNT interaction may affect the DNA methylation effects. In order to understand the epigenetic toxicity, in particular DNA methylation alterations, of SWCNTs and short MWCNTs, we performed global/genome-wide, gene-specific DNA methylation and RNA-expression analyses after exposing human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o- cell line). In addition, the presence of CNTs on/in the cell nucleus was evaluated in a label-free way using femtosecond pulsed laser microscopy. RESULTS Generally, a higher number of SWCNTs, compared to MWCNTs, was deposited at both the cellular and nuclear level after exposure. Nonetheless, both CNT types were in physical contact with the nuclei. While particle type dependency was noticed for the identified genome-wide and gene-specific alterations, no global DNA methylation alteration on 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) sites was observed for both CNTs. After exposure to MWCNTs, 2398 genes were hypomethylated (at gene promoters), and after exposure to SWCNTs, 589 CpG sites (located on 501 genes) were either hypo- (N = 493 CpG sites) or hypermethylated (N = 96 CpG sites). Cells exposed to MWCNTs exhibited a better correlation between gene promoter methylation and gene expression alterations. Differentially methylated and expressed genes induced changes (MWCNTs > SWCNTs) at different cellular pathways, such as p53 signalling, DNA damage repair and cell cycle. On the other hand, SWCNT exposure showed hypermethylation on functionally important genes, such as SKI proto-oncogene (SKI), glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GTSP1) and shroom family member 2 (SHROOM2) and neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), which the latter is both hypermethylated and downregulated. CONCLUSION After exposure to both types of CNTs, epigenetic alterations may contribute to toxic or repair response. Moreover, our results suggest that the observed differences in the epigenetic response depend on particle type and differential CNT-nucleus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Öner
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Bové
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan Building C, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, VIB Centre for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, VIB Centre for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu C Duca
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Poels
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Luyts
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Putzeys
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Unit of Biomaterials (BIOMAT), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Van Landuydt
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Unit of Biomaterials (BIOMAT), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Aj Vanoirbeek
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan Building C, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, VIB Centre for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, IDEWE, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hm Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Öner D, Moisse M, Ghosh M, Duca RC, Poels K, Luyts K, Putzeys E, Cokic SM, Van Landuyt K, Vanoirbeek J, Lambrechts D, Godderis L, Hoet PHM. Epigenetic effects of carbon nanotubes in human monocytic cells. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:181-191. [PMID: 28011750 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are fibrous carbon-based nanomaterials with a potential to cause carcinogenesis in humans. Alterations in DNA methylation on cytosine-phosphate-guanidine (CpG) sites are potential markers of exposure-induced carcinogenesis. This study examined cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and DNA methylation alterations on human monocytic cells (THP-1) after incubation with single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs). Higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were observed after incubation with SWCNTs than incubation with MWCNTs. At the selected concentrations (25 and 100 µg/ml), DNA methylation alterations were studied. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to assess global DNA methylation, and Illumina 450K microarrays were used to assess methylation of single CpG sites. Next, we assessed gene promoter-specific methylation levels. We observed no global methylation or hydroxymethylation alterations, but on gene-specific level, distinct clustering of CNT-treated samples were noted. Collectively, CNTs induced gene promoter-specific altered methylation and those 1127 different genes were identified to be hypomethylated. Differentially methylated genes were involved in several signalling cascade pathways, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet activation pathways. Moreover, possible contribution of the epigenetic alterations to monocyte differentiation and mixed M1/M2 macrophage polarisation were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Öner
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, O & N IV Herestraat 49 bus 912, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Vesalius Research Center, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 912, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu C Duca
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d bus 7001, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Poels
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d bus 7001, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Luyts
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Putzeys
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Unit of Biomaterials (BIOMAT), Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Sint-Raphael, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Block A-box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Stevan M Cokic
- Unit of Biomaterials (BIOMAT), Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Sint-Raphael, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Block A-box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Kirsten Van Landuyt
- Unit of Biomaterials (BIOMAT), Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Sint-Raphael, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Block A-box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d bus 7001, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, O & N IV Herestraat 49 bus 912, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Vesalius Research Center, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 912, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Lode Godderis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, IDEWE, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, O & N I Herestraat 49 bus 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,
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Li X, Yoshihara K, De Munck J, Cokic S, Pongprueksa P, Putzeys E, Pedano M, Chen Z, Van Landuyt K, Van Meerbeek B. Modified tricalcium silicate cement formulations with added zirconium oxide. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:895-905. [PMID: 27153848 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the effect of modifying tricalcium silicate (TCS) cements on three key properties by adding ZrO2. MATERIALS AND METHODS TCS powders were prepared by adding ZrO2 at six different concentrations. The powders were mixed with 1 M CaCl2 solution at a 3:1 weight ratio. Biodentine (contains 5 wt.% ZrO2) served as control. To evaluate the potential effect on mechanical properties, the mini-fracture toughness (mini-FT) was measured. Regarding bioactivity, Ca release was assessed using ICP-AES. The component distribution within the cement matrix was evaluated by Feg-SEM/EPMA. Cytotoxicity was assessed using an XTT assay. RESULTS Adding ZrO2 to TCS did not alter the mini-FT (p = 0.52), which remained in range of that of Biodentine (p = 0.31). Ca release from TSC cements was slightly lower than that from Biodentine at 1 day (p > 0.05). After 1 week, Ca release from TCS 30 and TCS 50 increased to a level that was significantly higher than that from Biodentine (p < 0.05). After 1 month, Ca release all decreased (p < 0.05), yet TCS 0 and TCS 50 released comparable amounts of Ca as at 1 day (p > 0.05). EPMA revealed a more even distribution of ZrO2 within the TCS cements. Particles with an un-reacted core were surrounded by a hydration zone. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h extracts of TCS 50 were the least cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS ZrO2 can be added to TCS without affecting the mini-FT; Ca release was reduced initially, to reach a prolonged release thereafter; adding ZrO2 made TCS cements more biocompatible. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TCS 50 is a promising cement formulation to serve as a biocompatible hydraulic calcium silicate cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Wuhan University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kumiko Yoshihara
- Okayama University Hospital, Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jan De Munck
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stevan Cokic
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pong Pongprueksa
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Putzeys
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mariano Pedano
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhi Chen
- Wuhan University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kirsten Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A-box 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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