Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity modulation by 2-alkyl trihydroxypiperidines: Inhibition and pharmacological chaperoning

The enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) has become an important therapeutic target due to its involvement in pathological disorders consequent to enzyme deficiency, such as the lysosomal storage Gaucher disease (GD) and the neurological Parkinson disease (PD). Pharmacological chaperones (PCs) are small compounds able to stabilize enzymes when used at sub-inhibitory concentrations, thus rescuing enzyme activity. We report the stereodivergent synthesis of trihydroxypiperidines alkylated at C-2 with both configurations, by means of the stereoselective addition of Grignard reagents to a carbohydrate-derived nitrone in the presence or absence of Lewis acids. All the target compounds behave as good GCase inhibitors, with IC₅₀ in the micromolar range. Moreover, compound 11a behaves as a PC in fibroblasts derived from Gaucher patients bearing the N370/RecNcil mutation and the homozygous L444P mutation, rescuing the activity of the deficient enzyme by up to 1.9- and 1.8-fold, respectively. Rescues of 1.2-1.4-fold were also observed in wild-type fibroblasts, which is important for targeting sporadic forms of PD.

Optimal integration of intraneural somatosensory feedback with visual information: a single-case study

Providing somatosensory feedback to amputees is a long-standing objective in prosthesis research. Recently, implantable neural interfaces have yielded promising results in this direction. There is now considerable evidence that the nervous system integrates redundant signals optimally, weighting each signal according to its reliability. One question of interest is whether artificial sensory feedback is combined with other sensory information in a natural manner. In this single-case study, we show that an amputee with a bidirectional prosthesis integrated artificial somatosensory feedback and blurred visual information in a statistically optimal fashion when estimating the size of a hand-held object. The patient controlled the opening and closing of the prosthetic hand through surface electromyography, and received intraneural stimulation proportional to the object's size in the ulnar nerve when closing the robotic hand on the object. The intraneural stimulation elicited a vibration sensation in the phantom hand that substituted the missing haptic feedback. This result indicates that sensory substitution based on intraneural feedback can be integrated with visual feedback and make way for a promising method to investigate multimodal integration processes.

A Physical Model of the Human Systemic Arterial Tree

A physical model of the human arterial tree has been developed to be used in a computer controlled mock circulatory system (MCS). Its aim is to represent systemic arterial tree properties and extend the capacity of the MCS to intraortic balloon pump (IABP) testing. The main problem was to model the aorta simply and to accurately reproduce aortic impedance and related flow and pressure waveforms at different sections. The model is composed of eight segments; lumped parameter models are used for its peripheral loads.

After the numerical simulation, the physical model was reproduced as a silicon rubber tapered tube. This rubber was chosen for its stability over time and the acceptable behaviour of its Young's modulus (Ey =22.23 gf·mm–2) with different loads and in comparison with data from the literature (Ey ≈ 20.4 gf·mm–2). The properties of each segment of the aorta were defined in terms of compliance, resistance and inertance as a function of length, radius and thickness. The variable thickness was obtained using positive and negative molds. Total static compliance of the aorta model is about 1.125·10–3 g–1cm4·sec2 (1.5 cm3·mmHg–1). Measurements were performed both on numerical and physical models (in open and closed loop configuration). Data reported show pressure and flow waveforms along with input impedance modulus and phase. The results are in good agreement with data from the literature.

A Simple Method for Emax Trend Evaluation: In Vitro and in Vivo Results

The aim of this study is the evaluation of end systolic ventricular elastance trend (as a measure of heart contractility) by hemodynamic variables available in intensive care units or during heart surgery: heart rate, cardiac output, left atrial, mean and diastolic arterial pressure. Its basic assumption is the description of ejection as the interaction between variable left ventricular and arterial compliances (reciprocal of the corresponding elastances) connected in parallel. As pressure is the same in each compliance at systole beginning and ending, ventricular elastance can be estimated by assuming that energy variation is the same on both compliances. The algorithm has been tested on a numerical simulator of the circulatory system and on six sheep at basal conditions and during drug infusion. Correlation function in numerical simulation, between true and computed ventricular elastance (range 0.45÷5 mm Hg-cm-3), yields 0.985. In vivo comparison between computed ventricular elastance trend and ventricular dp/dt trend yields a correlation function ranging between 0.87 and 0.99.

The result of the algorithm cannot be assumed to be Emax value. However, it can be considered a contractility index as it closely follows any change in dp/dt. It can be computed by simple calculations and needs no variables other than those usually measured in intensive care. It allows the extrapolation of useful information for evaluating the trend in heart contractility and for setting up a control strategy for mechanical or pharmacological assistance during heart recovery.

IABP Assistance: A Test Bench for the Analysis of its Effects on Ventricular Energetics and Hemodynamics

IABP assistance is frequently used to support heart recovery, improving coronary circulation and re-establishing the balance between oxygen availability and consumption. Hemodynamic and energetic parameters (endocardial viability ratio, ventricular energetics) are used to evaluate its effectiveness which depends on internal (timing, balloon volume and position) and external factors (circulatory conditions). Considering short, medium and long-term effects of IABP, the first depends on its mechanical action, the latter on the changes induced in circulatory parameters. The analysis of the first is important because conditions for the onset of a virtuous cycle able to support ventricular recovery are created. Simulation systems could be helpful in this analysis for the implicit reliability and reproducibility of the experiments, provided that they are able to reproduce both hemodynamic phenomena and energetic relationships. The aim of this paper is to present a system originally developed to test mechanical heart assist devices and modified for IABP testing. Data reported here are obtained from in vitro experiments. A partial verification, obtained from the literature is presented.

A Hybrid (Numerical-physical) Model of the Left Ventricle

Hydraulic models of the circulation are used to test mechanical devices and for training and research purposes; when compared to numerical models, however, they are not flexible enough and rather expensive. The solution proposed here is to merge the characteristics and the flexibility of numerical models with the functions of physical models. The result is a hybrid model with numerical and physical sections connected by an electro-hydraulic interface - which is to some extent the main problem since the numerical model can be easily changed or modified.

The concept of hybrid model is applied to the representation of ventricular function by a variable elastance numerical model. This prototype is an open loop circuit and the physical section is built out of a reservoir (atrium) and a modified windkessel (arterial tree). The corresponding equations are solved numerically using the variables (atrial and arterial pressures) coming from the physical circuit. Ventricular output flow is the computed variable and is sent to a servo amplifier connected to a DC motor-gear pump system. The gear pump, behaving roughly as a flow source, is the interface to the physical circuit. Results obtained under different hemodynamic conditions demonstrate the behaviour of the ventricular model on the pressure-volume plane and the time course of output flow and arterial pressure.

Mono and Bi-ventricular Assistance: Their Effect on Ventricular Energetics

When mono- and bi-ventricular mechanical assistance is used for heart recovery, its control strategy and circulatory variables affect ventricular energetics (external work-EW, oxygen consumption-VO2, cardiac mechanical efficiency-CME). This study is based on the data obtained in vitro and presents an analysis of the effects of the mono- and bi-ventricular mechanical assistance on ventricular energetics. The assistance was conducted on the principle of counterpulsation with atrio-arterial connection. It includes the following stages: 1) the characterisation of the isolated ventricle model in terms of EW, VO2 and CME as a function of the filling pressure and peripheral resistance, 2) modelling of left ventricular and pulmonary dysfunction, followed by left ventricular and bi-ventricular assistance. Experimental data enable us to draw the following conclusions:

• in general, the greatest hemodynamic improvement does not correspond to the highest energetic improvement,

• LVAD assistance deteriorates left ventricular CME while its effect on right ventricular energetics depends on the value of right ventricular elastance (Emax). Right ventricular CME is deteriorated by BVAD assistance irrespective of right Emax,

• the energetics optimisation in bi-ventricular assistance is closely related to the right Emax, which could probably be a deciding factor in the choice of the assistance mode.

Computer Simulation of Hemodynamic Parameter Changes by Mechanical Ventilation and Biventricular Circulatory Support

When a Bi-Ventricular Assist Device (BVAD) is used in conjunction with mechanical ventilation (MV) of the lungs with positive intrathoracic pressure (Pt), the latter influences hemodynamics. The aim of our study was to assess the simultaneous influence of BVAD and MV on hemodynamics. We assumed ventricular pathological conditions as reduced elastances and increased rest volumes. Peripheral systemic arterial resistance was assumed to have different values. Data were obtained by computer simulation. Trends in main hemodynamic variables were compared with clinical data from literature. Simulation showed that systemic venous, pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures are very sensitive to Pt (-2 to 5 mmHg).

Software for computerised analysis of cardiotocographic traces

Despite the widespread use of cardiotocography in foetal monitoring, the evaluation of foetal status suffers from a considerable inter and intra-observer variability. In order to overcome the main limitations of visual cardiotocographic assessment, computerised methods to analyse cardiotocographic recordings have been recently developed. In this study, a new software for automated analysis of foetal heart rate is presented. It allows an automatic procedure for measuring the most relevant parameters derivable from cardiotocographic traces. Simulated and real cardiotocographic traces were analysed to test software reliability. In artificial traces, we simulated a set number of events (accelerations, decelerations and contractions) to be recognised. In the case of real signals, instead, results of the computerised analysis were compared with the visual assessment performed by 18 expert clinicians and three performance indexes were computed to gain information about performances of the proposed software. The software showed preliminary performance we judged satisfactory in that the results matched completely the requirements, as proved by tests on artificial signals in which all simulated events were detected from the software. Performance indexes computed in comparison with obstetricians' evaluations are, on the contrary, not so satisfactory; in fact they led to obtain the following values of the statistical parameters: sensitivity equal to 93%, positive predictive value equal to 82% and accuracy equal to 77%. Very probably this arises from the high variability of trace annotation carried out by clinicians.

Evidence for complex selection on four-fold degenerate sites in Drosophila melanogaster

We considered genome-wide four-fold degenerate sites from an African Drosophila melanogaster population and compared them to short introns. To include divergence and to polarize the data, we used its close relatives Drosophila simulans, Drosophila sechellia, Drosophila erecta and Drosophila yakuba as outgroups. In D. melanogaster, the GC content at four-fold degenerate sites is higher than in short introns; compared to its relatives, more AT than GC is fixed. The former has been explained by codon usage bias (CUB) favouring GC; the latter by decreased intensity of directional selection or by increased mutation bias towards AT. With a biallelic equilibrium model, evidence for directional selection comes mostly from the GC-rich ancestral base composition. Together with a slight mutation bias, it leads to an asymmetry of the unpolarized allele frequency spectrum, from which directional selection is inferred. Using a quasi-equilibrium model and polarized spectra, however, only purifying and no directional selection is detected. Furthermore, polarized spectra are proportional to those of the presumably unselected short introns. As we have no evidence for a decrease in effective population size, relaxed CUB must be due to a reduction in the selection coefficient. Going beyond the biallelic model and considering all four bases, signs of directional selection are stronger. In contrast to short introns, complementary bases show strand specificity and allele frequency spectra depend on mutation directions. Hence, the traditional biallelic model to describe the evolution of four-fold degenerate sites should be replaced by more complex models assuming only quasi-equilibrium and accounting for all four bases.

Unconstrained evolution in short introns? - an analysis of genome-wide polymorphism and divergence data from Drosophila

An unconstrained reference sequence facilitates the detection of selection. In Drosophila, sequence variation in short introns seems to be least influenced by selection and dominated by mutation and drift. Here, we test this with genome-wide sequences using an African population (Malawi) of D. melanogaster and data from the related outgroup species D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. erecta and D. yakuba. The distribution of mutations deviates from equilibrium, and the content of A and T (AT) nucleotides shows an excess of variance among introns. We explain this by a complex mutational pattern: a shift in mutational bias towards AT, leading to a slight nonequilibrium in base composition and context-dependent mutation rates, with G or C (GC) sites mutating most frequently in AT-rich introns. By comparing the corresponding allele frequency spectra of AT-rich vs. GC-rich introns, we can rule out the influence of directional selection or biased gene conversion on the mutational pattern. Compared with neutral equilibrium expectations, polymorphism spectra show an excess of low frequency and a paucity of intermediate frequency variants, irrespective of the direction of mutation. Combining the information from different outgroups with the polymorphism data and using a generalized linear model, we find evidence for shared ancestral polymorphism between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, D. sechellia, arguing against a bottleneck in D. melanogaster. Generally, we find that short introns can be used as a neutral reference on a genome-wide level, if the spatially and temporally varying mutational pattern is accounted for.

A hybrid mock circulatory system: development and testing of an electro-hydraulic impedance simulator

Mock circulatory systems are used to test mechanical assist devices and for training and research purposes; when compared to numerical models, however, they are not flexible enough and rather expensive. The concept of merging numerical and physical models, resulting in a hybrid one, is applied here to represent the input impedance of the systemic arterial tree, by a conventional windkessel model built out of an electro-hydraulic (E-H) impedance simulator added to a hydraulic section. This model is inserted into an open loop circuit, completed by another hybrid model representing the ventricular function. The E-H impedance simulator is essentially an electrically controlled flow source (a gear pump). Referring to the windkessel model, it is used to simulate the peripheral resistance and the hydraulic compliance, creating the desired input impedance. The data reported describe the characterisation of the E-H impedance simulator and demonstrate its behaviour when it is connected to a hybrid ventricular model. Experiments were performed under different hemodynamic conditions, including the presence of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

Study of systolic pressure variation (SPV) in presence of mechanical ventilation

Systolic pressure variation (SPV) and its components (dUp and dDown) have been demonstrated to be of interest in assessing preload in mechanically ventilated patients. The aim of this paper is to analyse the sensitivity of these variables to preload and volemic changes during mechanical ventilation in different conditions of the cardiovascular system. Computer simulation experiments have been done using a modular lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system. The effect of mechanical ventilation has been reproduced operating on intrathoracic pressure. Experiments have been performed varying preload through filling pressure. Sensitivity of SVP dUp and dDown is described varying separately left ventricular elastance (Ev), systemic arterial resistance (Ras) and systemic arterial compliance (Cas). The sensitivity of SPV and dDown to preload and filling pressure is appreciable for high values of Ev and for a wide variation of Ras. Preliminary clinical data concerning the three parameters show good correlation with simulation results.

Energetic parameter changes with mechanical ventilation in conjunction with BVAD assistance

The aim was to assess the influence of a biventricular assist device (BVAD) on ventricular energetics parameters (external work, oxygen consumption, cardiac mechanical efficiency) for both ventricles, when mechanical ventilation was applied. The experiments were performed using a computer simulator of cardiovascular system (CARDIOSIM) after modelling a pathological state of the left ventricle (E(v)Left = 0. 9 mmHg cm(-3) and increasing pulmonary resistance (Rap = 0.3 mmHg cm(-3 s). The effect of mechanical ventilation was mean intrathoracic pressure changes from 0 to +5 mmHg. This simulation showed that application of BVAD for both ventricles reduces external work and that this effect is stressed by positive intrathoracic pressure, reduces cardiac mechanical efficiency that is quite insensitive to intrathoracic pressure and increases oxygen consumption, which is reduced by positive intrathoracic pressure. The increase of potential energy at the onset of BVAD evidences a rightwards shift of ventricular work cycle (unloading of the ventricles). In general, positive intrathoracic pressure during BVAD assistance adversely affects ventricular energetics.

[Tectal tumours in paediatrics. A review of eight patients]

INTRODUCTION

Tumours of the tectal region form, within the group of gliomas of the brain stem, a sub group with better prognosis which require a different therapeutic strategy.

OBJECTIVES

A retrospective review of tectal tumours in children to find the most suitable therapeutic approach and the prognosis to be expected.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We reviewed 8 paediatric patients who, during the past 11 years, had developed tectal tumours diagnosed by means of neuro imaging techniques. We evaluated their clinical features and especially their clinico radiological progress.

RESULTS

The average age at the time of diagnosis was 10 years. All cases presented with the clinical features of raised intracranial pressure secondary to obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius. MR was the key to visualization of the tectal lesion in all cases but one, which had already been shown on CT. The initial and only treatment given was a ventricular shunt. The average clinico radiological follow up in our series was 4 years, with good progress in all cases so that no other therapeutic measures were required. MR follow up showed that the tumours were stable in all cases but one, which had increased slightly in size but without parallel clinical signs.

CONCLUSION

In most cases tectal tumours in children follow a benign course. A ventricular shunt is usually the only treatment necessary. However, close clinical and radiological follow up should be carried out to rule out growth of the tumour which make other treatment also necessary. MR is the method of choice for initial evaluation and follow up of these tumours.

Effect of GLP-1 treatment on GLUT2 and GLUT4 expression in type 1 and type 2 rat diabetic models

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (G LP-1) is an incretin with glucose-dependent insulinotropic and insulin-independent antidiabetic properties that exerts insulin-like effects on glucose metabolism in rat liver, skeletal muscle, and fat. This study aimed to search for the effect of a prolonged treatment, 3 ds, with GLP-1 on glucotransporter GLUT2 expression in liver, and on that of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle and fat, in rats. Normal rats and streptozotocin-induced type 1 and type 2 diabetic models were used; diabetic rats were also treated with insulin for comparison. In normal rats, GLP-1 treatment reduced in the three tissues the corresponding glucotransporter protein level, without modifying their mRNA. In the type 2 diabetic model, GLP-1, like insulin, stimulated in liver and fat only the glucotransporter translational process, while in the muscle an effect at the GLUT4 transcriptional level was also observed. In the type 1 diabetic model, GLP-1 apparently exerted in the liver only a posttranslational effect on GLUT2 expression; in muscle and fat, while insulin was shown to have an action on GLUT4 at both transcriptional and translational levels, the effect of GLP-1 was restricted to glucotransporter translation. In normal and diabetic rats, exogenous GLP-1 controlled the glucotransporter expression in extrapancreatic tissues participating in the overall glucose homeostasis-liver, muscle, and fat-where the effect of the peptide seems to be exerted only at the translational and/or posttranslational level; in muscle and fat, the presence of insulin seems to be required for GLP-1 to activate the transcriptional process. The stimulating action of GLP-1 on GLUT2 and GLUT4 expression, mRNA or protein, could be a mechanism by which, at least in part, the peptide exerts its lowering effect on blood glucose.

A hybrid (numerical-physical) model of the left ventricle

Hydraulic models of the circulation are used to test mechanical devices and for training and research purposes; when compared to numerical models, however, they are not flexible enough and rather expensive. The solution proposed here is to merge the characteristics and the flexibility of numerical models with the functions of physical models. The result is a hybrid model with numerical and physical sections connected by an electro-hydraulic interface - which is to some extent the main problem since the numerical model can be easily changed or modified. The concept of hybrid model is applied to the representation of ventricular function by a variable elastance numerical model. This prototype is an open loop circuit and the physical section is built out of a reservoir (atrium) and a modified windkessel (arterial tree). The corresponding equations are solved numerically using the variables (atrial and arterial pressures) coming from the physical circuit. Ventricular output flow is the computed variable and is sent to a servo amplifier connected to a DC motor-gear pump system. The gear pump, behaving roughly as a flow source, is the interface to the physical circuit. Results obtained under different hemodynamic conditions demonstrate the behaviour of the ventricular model on the pressure-volume plane and the time course of output flow and arterial pressure.

Mono and bi-ventricular assistance: their effect on ventricular energetics

When mono- and bi-ventricular mechanical assistance is used for heart recovery, its control strategy and circulatory variables affect ventricular energetics (external work-EW, oxygen consumption-VO2, cardiac mechanical efficiency-CME). This study is based on the data obtained in vitro and presents an analysis of the effects of the mono- and bi-ventricular mechanical assistance on ventricular energetics. The assistance was conducted on the principle of counterpulsation with atrio-arterial connection. It includes the following stages: 1) the characterisation of the isolated ventricle model in terms of EW, VO2 and CME as a function of the filling pressure and peripheral resistance, 2) modelling of left ventricular and pulmonary dysfunction, followed by left ventricular and bi-ventricular assistance. Experimental data enable us to draw the following conclusions: * in general, the greatest hemodynamic improvement does not correspond to the highest energetic improvement, * LVAD assistance deteriorates left ventricular CME while its effect on right ventricular energetics depends on the value of right ventricular elastance (Emax). Right ventricular CME is deteriorated by BVAD assistance irrespective of right Emax, * the energetics optimisation in bi-ventricular assistance is closely related to the right Emax, which could probably be a deciding factor in the choice of the assistance mode.

IABP assistance: a test bench for the analysis of its effects on ventricular energetics and hemodynamics

IABP assistance is frequently used to support heart recovery, improving coronary circulation and re-establishing the balance between oxygen availability and consumption. Hemodynamic and energetic parameters (endocardial viability ratio, ventricular energetics) are used to evaluate its effectiveness which depends on internal (timing, balloon volume and position) and external factors (circulatory conditions). Considering short, medium and long-term effects of IABP, the first depends on its mechanical action, the latter on the changes induced in circulatory parameters. The analysis of the first is important because conditions for the onset of a virtuous cycle able to support ventricular recovery are created. Simulation systems could be helpful in this analysis for the implicit reliability and reproducibility of the experiments, provided that they are able to reproduce both hemodynamic phenomena and energetic relationships. The aim of this paper is to present a system originally developed to test mechanical heart assist devices and modified for IABP testing. Data reported here are obtained from in vitro experiments. A partial verification, obtained from the literature is presented.

Ventricular energetics during mechanical ventilation and intraaortic balloon pumping--computer simulation

Computer simulation of a cardiovascular system enabled us to predict the effects of simultaneous application of mechanical ventilation (MV) and intraaortic ballon pumping (IABP) on ventricular energetics. External work (EW), pressure-volume area (PVA), potential energy (PE) and cardiac mechanical efficiency (CME) were calculated. Nummerical simulation showed that changes of positive intrathoracic pressure have a considerable effect on left and right ventricular EW, PE, PVA and CME, whether IABP is used or not. The right ventricular energetics was much less influenced by systemic resistance (Ras) changes than the left ventricular one. Simultaneous application of IABP and MV showed a remarkable effect on left ventricular EW. The net result was reversed sensitivity to pulmonary resistance (Rap) and reduced sensitivity to Ras. PVA was generally reduced, while CME is increased by simultaneous presence of IABP and MV. The sensitivity of CME to Rap and Ras variation was diminished in this situation.

[Acquired oculomotor paralysis in the adolescent]

INTRODUCTION

Acquired oculomotor palsy in juvenile age are most commonly due to head trauma, tumors, migraine, vasculopathies and demyelinating diseases.

CLINICAL CASES

We document three cases of paroxysmal oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood, illustrating the main clinical symptoms, neurological examination, MR images, diagnosis, treatment and evolution. Final diagnosis were: multiple sclerosis, pineoblastoma, and craniopharyngioma.

CONCLUSIONS

Sudden oculomotor nerve palsy occurring in youth in the absence of head trauma, viral infection or migraine access, firmly suggests a serious intracranial disease, and neuroimage studies should be quickly obtained to have an early diagnosis.

Expression of the high molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2 isoform of 210 amino acids is associated with modulation of protein kinases C delta and epsilon and ERK activation

The high molecular weight (HMW) fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 isoform of 210 amino acids initiated at a CUG start codon possesses a nuclear localization sequence and is not secreted. In contrast, the low molecular weight (LMW) isoform of 155 amino acids initiated at the AUG start codon can be secreted and activates the cell surface FGF receptors. The two isoforms possess different biological properties; however, little is known about the intracrine regulatory mechanisms involved in the biological effects of the HMW FGF-2 isoform. Using pancreatic cells stably transfected with cDNAs leading to the expression of either the HMW FGF-2 (A3 cells) or the LMW form (A5 cells), we provide evidence that the two FGF-2 isoforms differentially modulate PKC levels. The LMW FGF-2 up-regulated the PKC epsilon levels by 1.6-fold; by contrast the HMW isoform down-regulated the level of this PKC isotype by about 3-fold and increased the amount of PKC delta by 1.7-fold. PKC mRNAs were also modified, suggesting that PKC expression was regulated at a pretranslational level. Additionally, expression of different levels of the HMW FGF-2 with an inducible expression system confirmed the role of this isoform on PKC delta and epsilon expressions. Increased activation of ERK-1 and -2 was also observed in cells expressing the HMW FGF-2. By using different PKC inhibitors and a dominant negative PKC delta, it was found that ERK activation was PKC delta-dependent. These data indicate that expression of HMW FGF-2 can modify PKC levels by acting at the intracellular level and that the overexpression of PKC delta induces ERK-1/2 activation. The expression of a dominant negative FGFR1 did not reduce ERK-1/2 activation by the HMW FGF-2, suggesting that ERK activation does not require FGFR activity. The signaling cascade downstream of ERK might be involved in the known mitogenic effect exerted by this FGF-2 isoform.

Computer simulation of hemodynamic parameter changes by mechanical ventilation and biventricular circulatory support

When a Bi-Ventricular Assist Device (BVAD) is used in conjunction with mechanical ventilation (MV) of the lungs with positive intrathoracic pressure (Pt), the latter influences hemodynamics. The aim of our study was to assess the simultaneous influence of BVAD and MV on hemodynamics. We assumed ventricular pathological conditions as reduced elastances and increased rest volumes. Peripheral systemic arterial resistance was assumed to have different values. Data were obtained by computer simulation. Trends in main hemodynamic variables were compared with clinical data from literature. Simulation showed that systemic venous, pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures are very sensitive to Pt (-2 to 5 mmHg).

A physical model of the human systemic arterial tree

A physical model of the human arterial tree has been developed to be used in a computer controlled mock circulatory system (MCS). Its aim is to represent systemic arterial tree properties and extend the capacity of the MCS to intraortic balloon pump (IABP) testing. The main problem was to model the aorta simply and to accurately reproduce aortic impedance and related flow and pressure waveforms at different sections. The model is composed of eight segments; lumped parameter models are used for its peripheral loads. After the numerical simulation, the physical model was reproduced as a silicon rubber tapered tube. This rubber was chosen for its stability over time and the acceptable behaviour of its Young's modulus (Ey = 22.23 gf x mm(-2)) with different loads and in comparison with data from the literature (Ey approximately 20.4 gf x mm(-2)). The properties of each segment of the aorta were defined in terms of compliance, resistance and inertance as a function of length, radius and thickness. The variable thickness was obtained using positive and negative molds. Total static compliance of the aorta model is about 1.125 x 10(-3) g(-1) x cm4 x sec2 (1.5 cm3 x mmHg(-1)). Measurements were performed both on numerical and physical models (in open and closed loop configuration). Data reported show pressure and flow waveforms along with input impedance modulus and phase. The results are in good agreement with data from the literature.

Increased HLA-DR homozygosity associated with pre-eclampsia

It is generally accepted that maternal recognition of paternally derived fetal antigens occurs during normal pregnancy and may be beneficial for implantation and maintenance of gestation. Thus, we have investigated the human leukocyte class II DR antigens (HLA-DR), whose role in self and non-self recognition is well known, in women with pre-eclampsia, their partners and in control couples. The HLA-DR antigens were tested in 70 pre-eclamptic primigravidae women and their partners and 70 healthy control couples using the serological Terasaki technique. Our results did not show any particular HLA-DR antigen to be correlated with pre-eclampsia, but a statistically significant increase of only one identifiable HLA-DR antigen, which was presumed to express homozygosity at the HLA-DR locus, in the pre-eclamptic women and their partners: 67.1 versus 7. 9% in the control couples (P < 0.000001). The analysis of HLA-DR compatibility between pre-eclamptic women and their partners showed a statistically highly significant increase of the female-to-male compatibility (P = 0.0003) and a lower but significant male-to-female compatibility in comparison with controls (P = 0.014). From our results, it emerges that HLA-DR homozygosity and reduced antigenic disparity seem to be associated to a major risk for pre-eclampsia, which consequently appears to be a 'couple's disease'.

A virtual instrument (VI) for haemodynamic management in ICU and during surgery

Systolic pressure variations (SPV) during mechanical ventilation and its single components, related to short apnea, reflect changes of the volemic condition of the patient. To introduce their determination during clinical monitoring for different fluid states and for different tidal volumes, they must be computed on-line without introducing interference with standard activities. A system computing on-line systolic pressure variation during mechanical ventilation, connected to standard monitoring devices, has been proposed. It is based on a notebook PC implemented with graphical software comprising a user panel in the form of a virtual instrument and is able to acquire, process and present signals from different instruments utilized in ICU and during surgery. It can be used as a base to assess the ability of computed parameters helpful in clinical decision. The use of a notebook PC and open software allows operators, even if non-expert in computer science, to test and implement this, as well as other innovative tools in clinical practice.

Computer simulation of haemodynamic parameters changes with left ventricle assist device and mechanical ventilation

Left Ventricular Assist Device is used for recovery in patients with heart failure and is supposed to increase total cardiac output, systemic arterial pressure and to decrease left atrial pressure. Aim of our computer simulation was to assess the influence of Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) on chosen haemodynamic parameters in the presence of ventilatory support. The software package used for this simulation reproduces, in stationary conditions, the heart and the circulatory system in terms of pressure and volume relationships. Different circulatory sections (left and right heart, systemic and pulmonary arterial circulation, systemic and pulmonary venous circulation) are described by lumped parameter models. Mechanical properties of each section are modelled by RLC elements. The model chosen for the representation of the Starling's law of the heart for each ventricle is based on the variable elastance model. The LVAD model is inserted between the left atrium and the aorta. The contractility of the heart and systemic arterial resistance were adjusted to model pathological states. Our simulation showed that positive thoracic pressure generated by mechanical ventilation of the lungs dramatically changes left atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures and should be considered when assessing LVAD effectiveness. Pathological changes of systemic arterial resistance may have a considerable effect on these parameters, especially when LVAD is applied simultaneously with mechanical ventilation. Cardiac output, systemic arterial and right atrial pressures are less affected by changes of thoracic pressure in cases of heart pathology.

FGF-2 isoforms of 18 and 22.5 kDa differentially modulate t-PA and PAI-1 expressions on the pancreatic carcinoma cells AR4-2J: consequences on cell spreading and invasion

Pancreatic tumors overexpress FGF-2 and t-PA, but the implication of the growth factor in t-PA synthesis and t-PA-dependent tumor invasion remains unknown. FGF-2 is present in different isoforms: The 18 kDa FGF-2 is secreted, while the 22.5 kDa one is nuclearized and exerts intracrine regulations bypassing cell-surface FGF receptors. Rat pancreatic carcinoma AR4-2J cells producing either the 18 or the 22.5 kDa FGF-2 after transfection with FGF-2 cDNAs have been used to analyze the role of FGF-2 in t-PA expression and t-PA-related cell spreading. The 22.5 kDa FGF-2 reduced t-PA and PAI-1 synthesis 2-fold. Addition of recombinant 18 kDa FGF-2 (rFGF-2) to cell cultures resulted in increased t-PA and decreased PAI-1 expression. By contrast, rFGF-2 did not significantly modify t-PA synthesis in cells producing the 22.5 kDa FGF-2. Cell spreading was t-PA-dependent. Furthermore, cells producing the 22.5 kDa FGF-2 migrated less than control cells and cells producing the 18 kDa FGF-2. Overall, our data show that secretory FGF-2 is involved in t-PA synthesis by pancreatic cancer cells and facilitates cell spreading. The 22.5 kDa FGF-2 exerts opposite effects by decreasing t-PA expression in basal conditions and during rFGF-2 stimulation. Since the expression of the 22.5 kDa FGF-2 is under specific controls, its up-regulation might have the potential to reduce spreading of pancreatic cancer cells.

The CCKB/gastrin receptor is coupled to the regulation of enzyme secretion, protein synthesis and p70 S6 kinase activity in acinar cells from ElasCCKB transgenic mice

In order to determine which physiological functions can be regulated by the pancreatic CCKB/gastrin receptor, studies were carried out on pancreatic acini from mice expressing transgenic CCKB/gastrin receptors in the exocrine pancreas (ElasCCKB mice). Acini were stimulated by sulfated gastrin in the presence of SR 27897 (1.8 microM), blocking endogenous CCKA receptors. After 30 min incubation with gastrin, the secretion of chymotrypsinogen and amylase showed superimposable monophasic dose-response curves. Enzyme secretion was detectable and maximal at 100 pM and 1 nM of gastrin, respectively. No increase in chymotrypsinogen and amylase mRNAs was detected for doses of gastrin which specifically occupy the CCKB/gastrin receptor. In contrast, gastrin stimulated total protein synthesis in isolated acini from ElasCCKB mice. [35S]Methionine incorporation into total proteins was increased dose-dependently to a maximum for 30 pM gastrin and inhibited with higher doses (> 300 pM). Gastrin stimulated p70 S6 kinase activity for concentrations ranging from 10 pM to 1 nM. Gastrin-stimulated p70 S6 kinase activity and protein synthesis were blocked by rapamycin and wortmannin. Therefore, in ElasCCKB mice acinar cells, the CCKB/gastrin receptor mediates enzyme release and protein synthesis. However, a more efficient coupling of the CCKB/gastrin receptor to protein synthesis than to enzyme secretion was demonstrated. CCKB/gastrin receptor-stimulated protein synthesis likely results from an enhancement of mRNA translation and involves phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and p70 S6 kinase.

A simple method for Emax trend evaluation: in vitro and in vivo results

The aim of this study is the evaluation of end systolic ventricular elastance trend (as a measure of heart contractility) by hemodynamic variables available in intensive care units or during heart surgery: heart rate, cardiac output, left atrial, mean and diastolic arterial pressure. Its basic assumption is the description of ejection as the interaction between variable left ventricular and arterial compliances (reciprocal of the corresponding elastances) connected in parallel. As pressure is the same in each compliance at systole beginning and ending, ventricular elastance can be estimated by assuming that energy variation is the same on both compliances. The algorithm has been tested on a numerical simulator of the circulatory system and on six sheep at basal conditions and during drug infusion. Correlation function in numerical simulation, between true and computed ventricular elastance (range 0.45 divided by 5 mm Hg-cm(-3)), yields 0.985. In vivo comparison between computed ventricular elastance trend and ventricular dp/dt trend yields a correlation function ranging between 0.87 and 0.99. The result of the algorithm cannot be assumed to be Emax value. However, it can be considered a contractility index as it closely follows any change in dp/dt. It can be computed by simple calculations and needs no variables other than those usually measured in intensive care . It allows the extrapolation of useful information for evaluating the trend in heart contractility and for setting up a control strategy for mechanical or pharmacological assistance during heart recovery.

The influence of simultaneous intra-aortic balloon pumping and mechanical ventilation on hemodynamic parameters--numerical simulation

Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) is one of the methods to assist circulation. Its application is supposed to increase coronary blood flow (Qcor) and myocardial oxygen supply. Mechanical ventilation of the lungs causes some side effects that influence mainly hemodynamics, i.e. it decreases cardiac output (CO) and systemic aortic pressure (Pas) but increases systemic venous pressure (Pvs). The aim of this study was to assess the influence of IABC on hemodynamic parameters when mechanical ventilation of the lungs is used as well. We assumed pathological conditions of the heart as reduced left ventricle elastance (Ev = 0.77 mmHg/cm3) and increased left ventricle rest volume (V0 = 10 cm3). Also peripheral systemic arterial resistance (Ras) took three different values. CARDIOSIM, a computer simulator of the human cardiovascular system, was used to assess the changes of hemodynamic parameters [CO, Pas, Pvs, and pulmonary arterial pressure (Pap)] when IABC and mechanical ventilation of the lungs were applied simultaneously. Computer simulation showed that application of IABC increased such variables as CO (by approximately equal to 17%), maximum value of Pas (by approximately equal to 20%), while left atrial pressure (Pla) was diminished (by approximately equal to 30%). On the other hand, Pvs and Pap were not strongly affected by IABC, but they were dramatically dependent on intrathoracic pressure. This means that Pvs, Pap, and Pla should be carefully monitored during IABC and artificial ventilation.

Somatostatin in the prevention of recurrent bleeding after endoscopic haemostasis of peptic ulcer haemorrhage: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE

Although endoscopic injection therapy provides excellent initial haemostasis in actively bleeding ulcers, the incidence of recurrent haemorrhage is not negligible. The aim of this study was to compare somatostatin, omeprazole and ranitidine in preventing further haemorrhage after endoscopic injection haemostasis.

METHODS

Seventy-three patients with major stigmata of ulcer haemorrhage at endoscopy were treated with epinephrine injection and randomly assigned to receive either omeprazole (n = 24) or ranitidine (n = 24) or somatostatin (n = 25). The three groups were similar in all background variables including mean age, clinical and endoscopic features, severity of bleeding and timing of the haemostatic procedure. All patients underwent a second endoscopic look at 48 h. Failures of treatment or retreatment underwent emergency surgery.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of initial haemostasis, need for emergency surgery, transfusion requirements, length of hospital stay or mortality. Early recurrent haemorrhage was 5/22 (22.7%) in the ranitidine group, 5/23 (21.7%) in the omeprazole group and 2/23 (8.7%) in the somatostatin group. No major side-effect was noted with drug therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The preliminary results suggest that somatostatin might be more effective than ranitidine and omeprazole in the prevention of recurrent haemorrhage following endoscopic injection therapy of bleeding peptic ulcers.

The influence of left ventricle assist device and ventilatory support on energy-related cardiovascular variables

One of the main purposes in using Left Ventricle Assist Devices (LVAD) to assist recovery in patients with heart failure, is to reduce the external work (EW) of the left natural ventricle. The simultaneous presence of mechanical ventilatory support can affect the value of this variable. The aim of our computer simulation was to trace the influence of LVAD on EW, cardiac mechanical efficiency (CME) and pressure volume area (PVA) in the presence of ventilatory support. Pathological conditions of the heart were reproduced. Peripheral systemic arterial resistance (Ras) was also changed to model physiological and pathological states. The influence of mechanical ventilation was introduced by changing levels of mean thoracic pressure. In this way we were able to predict changes of EW, CME and PVA in both ventricles, during ventilatory (mechanical) and cardiovascular (LVAD) support. Our simulation showed that positive thoracic pressure seems to affect the energy-related cardiovascular variables and should be taken into account during the assessment of LVAD effectiveness. Pathological changes of systemic peripheral resistance have a considerable effect on EW, CME and PVA of left ventricle. On the other hand energy-related parameters of the right ventricle are not especially affected by changes in systemic peripheral resistance.

Pancreatic cancer cell regulation by lipids and by basic fibroblast growth factor expression

High fat intake is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Lipids may act either directly or in cooperation with growth-promoting polypeptides. In this study, the role of serum lipids, and mainly the often expressed intracellular basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) isoforms in cancer cells, was analyzed in pancreatic tumor cell proliferation. Serum lipids alone induced a 1.9-fold increase of human pancreatic cancer cell growth (p < 0.001). Treatment with bFGF had a weak mitogenic effect (1.2- to 1.3-fold increase) compared with those of insulin and transferrin (1.7- to 1.6-fold increase, respectively). The bFGF expression by a rat pancreatic cancer cell line that was transfected with bFGF cDNAs modified cell lipid contents and induced a higher proliferation rate than that found with the exogenous bFGF. Combined extra- and intracellular bFGFs increased cell growth by two to three times (p < 0.001), regardless the presence of extracellular lipids. The results obtained reflect the direct mitogenic effect of serum lipids and suggest that the endogenous bFGF of high molecular weight may be implicated in pancreatic cancer cell growth. By modifying cell lipids, bFGFs may interfere with other cell functions, like signal transduction.