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Wong FC, Chai TT. Bioactive Peptides and Protein Hydrolysates as Lipoxygenase Inhibitors. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:917. [PMID: 37508348 PMCID: PMC10376772 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases are non-heme iron-containing enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the production of lipid hydroperoxides, which are precursors of inflammatory lipid mediators. These enzymes are widely distributed in humans, other eukaryotes, and cyanobacteria. Lipoxygenases hold promise as therapeutic targets for several human diseases, including cancer and inflammation-related disorders. Inhibitors of lipoxygenase have potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. Bioactive peptides are short amino acid sequences embedded within parent proteins, which can be released by enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and gastrointestinal digestion. A wide variety of bioactivities have been documented for protein hydrolysates and peptides derived from different biological sources. Recent findings indicate that protein hydrolysates and peptides derived from both edible and non-edible bioresources can act as lipoxygenase inhibitors. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the production of anti-lipoxygenase protein hydrolysates and peptides from millet grains, chia seeds, insects, milk proteins, fish feed, velvet antler blood, fish scales, and feather keratins. The anti-lipoxygenase activities and modes of action of these protein hydrolysates and peptides are discussed. The strengths and shortcomings of previous research in this area are emphasized. Additionally, potential research directions and areas for improvement are suggested to accelerate the discovery of anti-lipoxygenase peptides in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
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Mohana Dass S, Chai TT, Cao H, Ooi AL, Wong FC. Application of enzyme-digested soy protein hydrolysate on hydroponic-planted lettuce: Effects on phytochemical contents, biochemical profiles and physical properties. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100132. [PMID: 34761199 PMCID: PMC8566758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates (PH) prepared from soy via enzymatic-digestion method. PH tested on hydroponic-planted lettuce. Increased phytochemical, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents detected in lettuce. Limited improvements in lettuce length and weight observed at 0.01 mg/mL PH. Potential PH application as agricultural nutrient supplement for hydroponic plants.
Plant-derived protein hydrolysates (PH) offer many promising benefits and applications. In this paper, PH was prepared from soy-based processing waste via enzymatic-digestion method and supplemented into hydroponic grow medium solution. The hydroponic-planted lettuces were then harvested and assessed for their selected phytochemical contents, biochemical parameters, antioxidative enzymes and mineral contents. Additionally, the lettuce’s physical properties were assessed. Based on our results, increases in three phytochemical contents were observed, in a PH concentration-dependent manner (0–0.01 mg/mL). Similar trends were also observed for chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Harvested lettuce length and fresh weight peaked at 0.01 mg/mL PH treatment group, but not in a PH concentration-dependent manner. Whereas, for other physical properties (lettuce leaf surface area, root length, root weight), no significant difference was detected. Through this study, we are hoping to contribute toward the potential PH application as agricultural nutrient supplement for hydroponic plants, with accompanied improvements in harvest yields and nutritional contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaila Mohana Dass
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ai Lin Ooi
- Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Corresponding author at: Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
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Ong JH, Wong WL, Wong FC, Chai TT. Targeting PirA vp and PirB vp Toxins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with Oilseed Peptides: An In Silico Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1211. [PMID: 34680792 PMCID: PMC8532646 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by PirAvp- and PirBvp-releasing Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, has resulted in massive mortality in shrimp aquaculture. Excessive use of antibiotics for AHPND management has led to antibiotic resistance, highlighting the urgency to search for alternatives. Using an in silico approach, we aimed to discover PirAvp/PirBvp-binding peptides from oilseed meals as alternatives to antibiotics. To search for peptides that remain intact in the shrimp digestive tract, and therefore would be available for toxin binding, we focused on peptides released from tryptic hydrolysis of 37 major proteins from seeds of hemp, pumpkin, rape, sesame, and sunflower. This yielded 809 peptides. Further screening led to 24 peptides predicted as being non-toxic to shrimp, fish, and humans, with thermal stability and low water solubility. Molecular docking on the 24 peptides revealed six dual-target peptides capable of binding to key regions responsible for complex formation on both PirAvp and PirBvp. The peptides (ISYVVQGMGISGR, LTFVVHGHALMGK, QSLGVPPQLGNACNLDNLDVLQPTETIK, ISTINSQTLPILSQLR, PQFLVGASSILR, and VQVVNHMGQK) are 1139-2977 Da in mass and 10-28 residues in length. Such peptides are potential candidates for the future development of peptide-based anti-AHPND agents which potentially mitigate V. parahaemolyticus pathogenesis by intercepting PirAvp/PirBvp complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe-Hui Ong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia; (J.-H.O.); (F.-C.W.)
| | - Wey-Lim Wong
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia;
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia; (J.-H.O.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia; (J.-H.O.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
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Chai TT, Ee KY, Kumar DT, Manan FA, Wong FC. Plant Bioactive Peptides: Current Status and Prospects Towards Use on Human Health. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:623-642. [PMID: 33319654 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527999201211195936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of bioactive peptides with potential applications in protecting against human diseases have been identified from plant sources. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the research of plant-derived bioactive peptides, encompassing their production, biological effects, and mechanisms. This review focuses on antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer peptides, giving special attention to evidence derived from cellular and animal models. Studies investigating peptides with known sequences and well-characterized peptidic fractions or protein hydrolysates will be discussed. The use of molecular docking tools to elucidate inter-molecular interactions between bioactive peptides and target proteins is highlighted. In conclusion, the accumulating evidence from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies to date supports the envisioned applications of plant peptides as natural antioxidants as well as health-promoting agents. Notwithstanding, much work is still required before the envisioned applications of plant peptides can be realized. To this end, future researches for addressing current gaps were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Yaw Ee
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - Fazilah Abd Manan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
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Wong FC, Ong JH, Kumar DT, Chai TT. In Silico Identification of Multi-target Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Peptides from Quinoa Seed Proteins. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:1837-1847. [PMID: 33867899 PMCID: PMC8034280 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are promising antagonists against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To expedite drug discovery, a computational approach is widely employed for the initial screening of anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates. This study aimed to investigate the potential of peptides from quinoa seed proteins as multi-target antagonists against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain, main protease, and papain-like protease. Five quinoa proteins were hydrolyzed in silico by papain and subtilisin. Among the 1465 peptides generated, seven could interact stably with the key binding residues and catalytic residues of the viral targets, mainly via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The seven peptides were comparable or superior to previously reported anti-SARS-CoV-2 peptides based on docking scores. Key residues in the seven peptides contributing to binding to viral targets were determined by computational alanine scanning. The seven peptides were predicted in silico to be non-toxic and non-allergenic. The peptides ranged between 546.66 and 3974.87 g/mol in molecular mass, besides exhibiting basic and cationic properties (isoelectric points: 8.26-12.10; net charges: 0.1-4.0). Among the seven peptides, VEDKGMMHQQRMMEKAMNIPRMCGTMQRKCRMS was found to bind the largest number of key residues on the targets. In conclusion, seven putative non-toxic, non-allergenic, multi-target anti-SARS-CoV-2 peptides were identified from quinoa seed proteins. The in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the seven peptides against SARS-CoV-2 deserve attention in future bench-top testing. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10989-021-10214-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Joe-Hui Ong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - D. Thirumal Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602 105 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
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Wong FC, Ong JH, Chai TT. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-, main protease- and papain-like-protease-targeting peptides from seed proteins following gastrointestinal digestion: An in silico study. Phytomed Plus 2021; 1:100016. [PMID: 35403082 PMCID: PMC7832997 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2020.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-COVID-19 potential of phytochemicals was investigated in numerous studies, but efficacy of peptides released by seed proteins upon gastrointestinal (GI) digestion is underexplored. PURPOSE This study investigated whether multi-target anti-COVID-19 peptides could be released from edible seeds following GI digestion, by using in silico and molecular docking approaches. METHODS Nineteen seed storage proteins from Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Sesamum indicum (sesame), Brassica napus (rape), Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) seeds were subjected to in silico GI digestion, in order to detect the released peptides with high GI absorption that concurrently target the spike protein, main protease and papain-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Molecular docking study revealed that 36 peptides with high GI absorption, out of the 1593 peptides released from seed proteins, could bind to the binding or catalytic sites of the spike protein, main protease and papain-like protease of SARS-CoV-2, after GI digestion. Among the five seeds, quinoa was predicted to release the largest number (27) of multi-target peptides. When compared with PIY (Pro-Ile-Tyr), a high-GI-absorption fragment released from a potential anti-COVID-19 peptide, pumpkin-derived peptide PW (Pro-Trp) could bind more strongly to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. PW was superior to some previously reported anti-SARS-CoV-2 phytochemicals when binding affinities towards the three viral targets were compared. CONCLUSION Edible seeds are a potential source of anti-COVID-19 peptides upon GI digestion, hence they should be considered as an alternative to assist in the treatment and management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Joe-Hui Ong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
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Chai TT, Xiao J, Mohana Dass S, Teoh JY, Ee KY, Ng WJ, Wong FC. Identification of antioxidant peptides derived from tropical jackfruit seed and investigation of the stability profiles. Food Chem 2020; 340:127876. [PMID: 32871354 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Jackfruit is a sweet tropical fruit with very pleasant aroma, and the ripe seeds are edible. In this study, jackfruit seed proteins were isolated and subjected to trypsin digestion. The resultant protein hydrolysate was then subjected to antioxidant assay-guided purification, using centrifugal filtration, C18 reverse-phase and strong cation exchange (SCX) fractionations. The purified SCX fraction was further analyzed by de novo peptide sequencing, and two peptide sequences were identified and synthesized. Peptide JFS-2 (VGPWQK) was detected with antioxidant potential, with EC50 value comparable to that of commercial GSH antioxidant peptide. Additionally, the identified peptides were tested with protein protection potential, in an albumin protein denaturation inhibitory assay. Concurrently, we also investigated the pH, temperature, and gastrointestinal-digestion stability profiles for the identified peptide. With further research efforts, the identified peptides could potentially be developed into preservative agent for protein-rich food systems or as health-promoting diet supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Thai Chai
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia; Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | | | - Jia-Yun Teoh
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Yaw Ee
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia; Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Wen-Jie Ng
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia; Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia; Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
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Chai TT, Ang SY, Goh K, Lee YH, Ngoo JM, Teh LK, Wong FC. Trypsin-hydrolyzed Corn Silk Proteins: Antioxidant Activities, in vitro Gastrointestinal and Thermal Stability, and Hematoprotective Effects. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200323.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Wong FC, Ong JH, Chai TT. Identification of Putative Cell-entry-inhibitory Peptides against SARS-CoV-2 from Edible Insects: An in silico Study. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200918.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Quah Y, Mohd Ismail NI, Ooi JLS, Affendi YA, Abd Manan F, Teh LK, Wong FC, Chai TT. Purification and identification of novel cytotoxic oligopeptides from soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:59-70. [PMID: 30614230 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Globally, peptide-based anticancer therapies have drawn much attention. Marine organisms are a reservoir of anticancer peptides that await discovery. In this study, we aimed to identify cytotoxic oligopeptides from Sarcophyton glaucum. Peptides were purified from among the S. glaucum hydrolysates produced by alcalase, chymotrypsin, papain, and trypsin, guided by a methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on the human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line for cytotoxicity evaluation. Purification techniques adopted were membrane ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, solid phase extraction (SPE), and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Purified peptides were identified by de novo peptide sequencing. From papain hydrolysate, three peptide sequences were identified: AGAPGG, AERQ, and RDTQ (428.45, 502.53, and 518.53 Da, respectively). Peptides synthesized from these sequences exhibited cytotoxicity on HeLa cells with median effect concentration (EC50) values of 8.6, 4.9, and 5.6 mmol/L, respectively, up to 5.8-fold stronger than the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. When tested at their respective EC50, AGAPGG, AERQ, and RDTQ showed only 16%, 25%, and 11% cytotoxicity to non-cancerous Hek293 cells, respectively. In conclusion, AERQ, AGAPGG, and RDTQ are promising candidates for future development as peptide-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Quah
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Nor Ismaliza Mohd Ismail
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.,Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Jillian Lean Sim Ooi
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yang Amri Affendi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fazilah Abd Manan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Lai-Kuan Teh
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.,Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.,Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
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Chai TT, Tan YN, Ee KY, Xiao J, Wong FC. Seeds, fermented foods, and agricultural by-products as sources of plant-derived antibacterial peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:S162-S177. [PMID: 30663883 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1561418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yen-Nee Tan
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Yaw Ee
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, SKL of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
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Vu TH, Schellingerhout D, Guha-Thakurta N, Sun J, Wei W, Kappadth SC, Perrier N, Kim EE, Rohren E, Chuang HH, Wong FC. Solitary Parathyroid Adenoma Localization in Technetium Tc99m Sestamibi SPECT and Multiphase Multidetector 4D CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 40:142-149. [PMID: 30523145 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery relies critically on image guidance, but data comparing the efficacy of various imaging modalities are scarce. Our aim was to perform a blinded comparison of the localizing capability of technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT, multiphase multidetector 4D CT, and the combination of these 2 modalities (technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT + multiphase multidetector 4D CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the records of 31 (6 men, 25 women; median age, 56 years) consecutive patients diagnosed with biochemically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism between November 2009 and March 2010 who underwent preoperative technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT and multiphase multidetector 4D CT performed on the same scanner with pathologic confirmation by resection of a single parathyroid adenoma. Accuracy was determined separately for localization to the correct side and quadrant using surgical localization as the standard of reference. RESULTS Surgical resection identified 14 left and 17 right parathyroid adenomas and 2 left inferior, 12 left superior, 11 right inferior, and 6 right superior parathyroid adenomas. For left/right localization, technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT achieved an accuracy of 93.5% (29 of 31), multiphase multidetector 4D CT achieved 96.8% accuracy (30 of 31), and technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT + multiphase multidetector 4D CT achieved 96.8% accuracy (30 of 31). For quadrant localization, technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT accuracy was 67.7% (21 of 31), multiphase multidetector 4D CT accuracy was 87.1% (27 of 31), and technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT + multiphase multidetector 4D CT accuracy was 93.5% (29 of 31). Reader diagnostic confidence was consistently ranked lowest for technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT and highest for technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT + multiphase multidetector 4D CT. CONCLUSIONS For left/right localization of parathyroid adenomas, all modalities performed equivalently. For quadrant localization, technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT + multiphase multidetector 4D CT is superior to technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Vu
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (T.H.V., D.S., N.G.-T.)
| | - D Schellingerhout
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (T.H.V., D.S., N.G.-T.)
| | - N Guha-Thakurta
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (T.H.V., D.S., N.G.-T.)
| | - J Sun
- Biostatistics (J.S., W.W.)
| | - W Wei
- Biostatistics (J.S., W.W.)
| | | | | | - E E Kim
- Department of Radiological Sciences (E.E.K.), University of California at Irvine, Orange, California
| | - E Rohren
- Baylor College of Medicine (E.R.), Houston, Texas
| | - H H Chuang
- Nuclear Medicine (H.H.C., F.C.W.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - F C Wong
- Nuclear Medicine (H.H.C., F.C.W.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Wong FC, Xiao J, Ong MGL, Pang MJ, Wong SJ, Teh LK, Chai TT. Identification and characterization of antioxidant peptides from hydrolysate of blue-spotted stingray and their stability against thermal, pH and simulated gastrointestinal digestion treatments. Food Chem 2018; 271:614-622. [PMID: 30236723 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify and characterize antioxidant peptides from the alcalase hydrolysate of the blue-spotted stingray. Purification steps guided by ABTS cation radical (ABTS+) scavenging assay and de novo peptide sequencing produced two peptides, WAFAPA (661.3224 Da) and MYPGLA (650.3098 Da). WAFAPA (EC50 = 12.6 µM) had stronger antioxidant activity than glutathione (EC50 = 13.7 µM) and MYPGLA (EC50 = 19.8 µM). Synergism between WAFAPA and MYPGLA was detected. WAFAPA and MYPGLA surpassed carnosine in their ability to suppress H2O2-induced lipid oxidation. The peptides protected plasmid DNA and proteins from Fenton's reagent-induced oxidative damage. Thermal (25-100 °C) and pH 3-11 treatments did not alter antioxidant activity of the peptides. MYPGLA maintained its antioxidant activity after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, whereas WAFAPA showed a partial loss. The two peptides may have potential applications as functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals, whether used singly or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia; Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, SKL of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Michelle G-Ling Ong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Mei-Jing Pang
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Shao-Jun Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Lai-Kuan Teh
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia; Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
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Wong FC, Chai TT, Xiao J. The influences of thermal processing on phytochemicals and possible routes to the discovery of new phytochemical conjugates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:947-952. [PMID: 29787299 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1479681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, SKL of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
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Tan ST, Ong HC, Chai TT, Wong FC. Identification of Potential Anticancer Protein Targets in Cytotoxicity Mediated by Tropical Medicinal Fern Extracts. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14:227-230. [PMID: 29720836 PMCID: PMC5909320 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_282_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Medicinal fern species represent a potentially important source for both food and medicinal applications. Previously, two underutilized tropical fern species (Blechnum orientale and Phymatopteris triloba) were reported with cytotoxic activities against selected cancer cell lines. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive. Objective: In this paper, we reported the identification of six differentially expressed proteins isolated from cancer cells, following exposure to the cytotoxic fern extracts. Materials and Methods: The identities of these cancer proteins were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight protein sequencing. Results: The cancer proteins were identified as follows: elongation factor 1-γ, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock protein 90-β, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-A2/B1, truncated nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, and tubulin-β chain. To the best of our knowledge, this paper represents the first time these cancer proteins are being reported, following exposure to the aforementioned cytotoxic fern extracts. Conclusion: It is hoped that further efforts in this direction could lead to the identification and development of target-specific chemotherapeutic agents. SUMMARY Cytotoxic fern extracts were tested in anti-cancer proteomic works. Six differentially-expressed cancer proteins were identified. Potential anti-cancer protein targets were reported.
Abbreviations used: EF: Elongation factor; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; HSP: Heat shock protein; MALDI: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok-Thing Tan
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hean-Chooi Ong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.,Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.,Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
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Quah Y, Mohd Ismail NI, Ooi JLS, Affendi YA, Abd Manan F, Wong FC, Chai TT. Identification of Novel Cytotoxic Peptide KENPVLSLVNGMF from Marine Sponge Xestospongia testudinaria, with Characterization of Stability in Human Serum. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chai TT, Law YC, Wong FC, Kim SK. Enzyme-Assisted Discovery of Antioxidant Peptides from Edible Marine Invertebrates: A Review. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E42. [PMID: 28212329 PMCID: PMC5334622 DOI: 10.3390/md15020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates, such as oysters, mussels, clams, scallop, jellyfishes, squids, prawns, sea cucumbers and sea squirts, are consumed as foods. These edible marine invertebrates are sources of potent bioactive peptides. The last two decades have seen a surge of interest in the discovery of antioxidant peptides from edible marine invertebrates. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an efficient strategy commonly used for releasing antioxidant peptides from food proteins. A growing number of antioxidant peptide sequences have been identified from the enzymatic hydrolysates of edible marine invertebrates. Antioxidant peptides have potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In this review, we first give a brief overview of the current state of progress of antioxidant peptide research, with special attention to marine antioxidant peptides. We then focus on 22 investigations which identified 32 antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of edible marine invertebrates. Strategies adopted by various research groups in the purification and identification of the antioxidant peptides will be summarized. Structural characteristic of the peptide sequences in relation to their antioxidant activities will be reviewed. Potential applications of the peptide sequences and future research prospects will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
- Centre for Bio-diversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
| | - Yew-Chye Law
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
- Centre for Bio-diversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia.
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Bio-Convergence Science, Pukyong National University, 48513 Busan, Korea.
- Institute for Life Science of Seogo (ILSS), Kolmar Korea Co, 137-876 Seoul, Korea.
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Cao H, Chai TT, Wang X, Morais-Braga MFB, Yang JH, Wong FC, Wang R, Yao H, Cao J, Cornara L, Burlando B, Wang Y, Xiao J, Coutinho HDM. Phytochemicals from fern species: potential for medicine applications. Phytochem Rev 2017; 16:379-440. [PMID: 32214919 PMCID: PMC7089528 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-016-9488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferns are an important phytogenetic bridge between lower and higher plants. Historically they have been used in many ways by humans, including as ornamental plants, domestic utensils, foods, and in handicrafts. In addition, they have found uses as medicinal herbs. Ferns produce a wide array of secondary metabolites endowed with different bioactivities that could potentially be useful in the treatment of many diseases. However, there is currently relatively little information in the literature on the phytochemicals present in ferns and their pharmacological applications, and the most recent review of the literature on the occurrence, chemotaxonomy and physiological activity of fern secondary metabolites was published over 20 years ago, by Soeder (Bot Rev 51:442-536, 1985). Here, we provide an updated review of this field, covering recent findings concerning the bioactive phytochemicals and pharmacology of fern species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | | | - Jing-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Ruibing Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Huankai Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221004 China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Laura Cornara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Polo Botanico, Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Dogali 1M, 16136 Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Regional University of Cariri–URCA, Crato, CE Brazil
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Chai TT, Chiam MJ, Lau CH, Ismail NIM, Ong HC, Manan FA, Wong FC. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of Solvent Extracts and Fractions of Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) Fruit. TROP J PHARM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v14i11.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chai TT, Kwek MT, Ong HC, Wong FC. Water fraction of edible medicinal fern Stenochlaena palustris is a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor with concurrent antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2015; 186:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yong AL, Ooh KF, Ong HC, Chai TT, Wong FC. Investigation of antibacterial mechanism and identification of bacterial protein targets mediated by antibacterial medicinal plant extracts. Food Chem 2015; 186:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ooh KF, Ong HC, Wong FC, Chai TT. HPLC PROFILING OF PHENOLIC ACIDS AND FLAVONOIDS AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-LIPOXYGENASE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF AQUATIC VEGETABLE LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA. Acta Pol Pharm 2015; 72:973-979. [PMID: 26665405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Limnocharis flava is an edible wetland plant, whose phenolic acid and flavonoid compositions as well as bioactivities were underexplored. This study analyzed the profiles of selected hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids in the aqueous extracts of L. flava leaf, rhizome and root by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Anti-lipoxygenase and antioxidant (iron chelating, 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging) activities of the extracts were also evaluated. Leaf extract had the highest phenolic contents, being most abundant in p-hydroxybenzoic acid (3861.2 nmol/g dry matter), ferulic acid (648.8 nmol/g dry matter), and rutin (4110.7 nmol/g dry matter). Leaf extract exhibited the strongest anti-lipoxygenase (EC50 6.47 mg/mL), iron chelating (EC50 6.65 mg/mL), DPPH scavenging (EC50 15.82 mg/mL) and NO scavenging (EC50 3.80 mg/mL) activities. Leaf extract also had the highest ferric reducing ability. This is the most extensive HPLC profiling of phenolic acids and flavonoids in L.flava to date. In conclusion, L. flava leaf is a source of health-promoting phenolics, anti-lipoxygenase agents and antioxidants.
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Wong FC, Tan ST, Chai TT. Phytochemical-mediated Protein Expression Profiling and the Potential Applications in Therapeutic Drug Target Identifications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56 Suppl 1:S162-70. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1045967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ooh KF, Ong HC, Wong FC, Sit NW, Chai TT. High performance liquid chromatography profiling of health-promoting phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase, iron chelating and anti-glucosidase activities of wetland macrophytes. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S443-55. [PMID: 25298659 PMCID: PMC4189257 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.139767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytochemistry and bioactivity of wetland macrophytes are underexplored. Plants are known as the natural sources of phytochemical beneficial to health. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to analyze the phytochemical profiles and bioactivities of 10 extracts prepared from different plant parts of wetland macrophytes Hanguana malayana, Ludwigia adscendens and Monochoria hastata. MATERIALS AND METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the phytochemical profile of the extracts. Antioxidant assay such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power were performed. Bioactivity assays carried out were anti-lipoxygenase, anti-glucosidase, and iron chelating. RESULTS Leaf extract of L. adscendens had the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (half of maximal effective concentration [EC50] =0.97 mg/mL) and NO (EC50 = 0.31 mg/mL) scavenging activities. The extract also exhibited the highest iron chelating (EC50 = 3.24 mg/mL) and anti-glucosidase (EC50 = 27.5 μg/mL) activities. The anti-glucosidase activity of L. adscendens leaf extract was comparable or superior to those of acarbose, myricetin and quercetin. Correlation between iron chelating and radical scavenging activities among the extracts implies the presence of dual-function phytoconstituents with concurrent iron chelating and radical scavenging activities. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), gallic acid (GA) and myricetin in all or most extracts. M. hastata fruit and leaf extracts had the highest p-hydroxybenzoic acid content. Antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities of the extracts were correlated with p-CA, GA, and myricetin contents. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that wetland macrophytes H. malayana, L. adscendens and M. hastata are potential sources of health-promoting phytochemicals with potent therapeutically-relevant bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Fei Ooh
- Department of Chemical Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Hean-Chooi Ong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia ; Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Nam-Weng Sit
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia ; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia ; Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
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Wong FC, Chai TT, Tan SL, Yong AL. Evaluation of Bioactivities and Phenolic Content of Selected Edible Mushrooms in Malaysia. TROP J PHARM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v12i6.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Wong FC, Yong AL, Ting EPS, Khoo SC, Ong HC, Chai TT. Antioxidant, Metal Chelating, Anti-glucosidase Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Tropical Medicinal Plants. Iran J Pharm Res 2014; 13:1409-1415. [PMID: 25587331 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2014.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the antioxidant potentials and anti-glucosidase activities of six tropical medicinal plants. The levels of phenolic constituents in these medicinal plants were also quantified and compared. Antioxidation potentials were determined colorimetrically for scavenging activities against DPPH and NO radicals. Metal chelating assay was based on the measurement of iron-ferrozine absorbance at 562 nm. Anti-diabetic potentials were measured by using α-glucosidase as target enzyme. Medicinal plants' total phenolic, total flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods, by comparison to standard plots prepared using gallic acid, quercetin and caffeic acid standards, respectively. Radical scavenging and metal chelating activities were detected in all medicinal plants, in concentration-dependent manners. Among the six plants tested, C. nutans, C. formosana and H. diffusa were found to possess α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Spectrophotometric analysis indicated that the total phenolic, total flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents ranged from 12.13-21.39 mg GAE per g of dry sample, 1.83-9.86 mg QE per g of dry sample, and 0.91-2.74 mg CAE per g of dry sample, respectively. Our results suggested that C. nutans and C. formosana could potentially be used for the isolation of potent antioxidants and anti-diabetic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first time that C. nutans (Acanthaceae family) was reported in literature with glucosidase inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia. ; Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Ann-Li Yong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Evon Peir-Shan Ting
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Sim-Chyi Khoo
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Hean-Chooi Ong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia. ; Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
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Chai TT, Ooh KF, Ooi PW, Chue PS, Wong FC. Leucaena leucocephala leachate compromised membrane integrity, respiration and antioxidative defence of water hyacinth leaf tissues. Bot Stud 2013; 54:8. [PMID: 28510853 PMCID: PMC5430313 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic weed in many regions of the world. In this study, the bioherbicidal potential of allelopathic plant Leucaena leucocephala against water hyacinth was investigated using a leaf disc assay. RESULTS L. leucocephala leachate enhanced electrolyte leakage from water hyacinth leaf discs in a concentration-dependent manner. Control experiments eliminated the possibilities that increased membrane permeability in the leachate-treated leaf discs was due to pH or osmotic effects of the leachate. Thus, the loss of membrane stability in the leachate-treated leaf discs was likely due to phytotoxins detected in the leachate, namely mimosine and phenolic constituents. Decline in tissue respiration was detected in leachate-treated water hyacinth leaf discs. This suggests that the L. leucocephala leachate may contain compounds which acted as respiratory inhibitors. Enhanced reactive oxygen species production coincided with inhibition of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities in the leachate-treated water hyacinth leaf tissues. The injurious effects of L. leucocephala leachate on water hyacinth leaf discs probably involved direct inhibition of antioxidant enzymes in addition to direct involvement of some allelochemicals in reactive oxygen species formation. CONCLUSION In summary, the toxic effects of L. leucocephala leachate on water hyacinth leaf discs likely lay in its ability to effectively compromise the membrane integrity, tissue respiration and antioxidant defence of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900 Malaysia
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900 Malaysia
| | - Keng-Fei Ooh
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900 Malaysia
| | - Pei-Wan Ooi
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900 Malaysia
| | - Pei-Sing Chue
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900 Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900 Malaysia
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900 Malaysia
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Chai TT, Elamparuthi S, Yong AL, Quah Y, Ong HC, Wong FC. Antibacterial, anti-glucosidase, and antioxidant activities of selected highland ferns of Malaysia. Bot Stud 2013; 54:55. [PMID: 28510890 PMCID: PMC5430384 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferns contain natural products with potential therapeutic applications. Current knowledge of the pharmacological properties of ferns, specifically those growing at high altitudes, is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical contents as well as antibacterial, anti-glucosidase, and antioxidant activities of four highland ferns in Malaysia. RESULTS Aqueous extracts of the leaves and rhizomes of Cyathea latebrosa, Dicranopteris curranii, Gleichenia truncata, and Phymatopteris triloba were analysed. P. triloba leaf extract had the highest contents of total flavonoids (118.6 mg/g dry matter), hydroxycinnamic acids (69.7 mg/g dry matter), and proanthocyanidins (29.4 mg/g dry matter). P. triloba leaf and rhizome extracts as well as G. truncata leaf extract inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. P. triloba leaf extract produced a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.78 mg dry matter/mL when tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is 2.5-fold higher than that of ampicillin. Among all extracts, P. triloba leaf extract had the highest anti-glucosidase activity (EC50 = 56 μg dry matter/mL) and also the highest antioxidant potential based on DPPH radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays. Antioxidant activities of both the leaf and rhizome extracts correlated positively with total flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents (R2 = 0.80-0.95). On the other hand, anti-glucosidase activity correlated with total proanthocyanidin contents in both the leaf and rhizome extracts (R2 = 0.62-0.84). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, highland ferns are potential sources of antibacterial agents, glucosidase inhibitors, and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Thai Chai
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Sanmugapriya Elamparuthi
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Ann-Li Yong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yixian Quah
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Hean-Chooi Ong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
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Chai TT, Quah Y, Ooh KF, Ismail NIM, Ang YV, Elamparuthi S, Yeoh LY, Ong HC, Wong FC. Anti-Proliferative, Antioxidant and Iron-Chelating Properties of the Tropical Highland Fern, Phymatopteris triloba (Houtt) Pichi Serm (Family Polypodiaceae). TROP J PHARM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v12i5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Wong FC, Yong AL, Ong HC, Chai TT. Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of selected medicinal plants and determination of their phenolic constituents. ScienceAsia 2013. [DOI: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2013.39.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hati S, Ziervogel B, Sternjohn J, Wong FC, Nagan MC, Rosen AE, Siliciano PG, Chihade JW, Musier-Forsyth K. Pre-transfer editing by class II prolyl-tRNA synthetase: role of aminoacylation active site in "selective release" of noncognate amino acids. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27862-72. [PMID: 16864571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605856200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the attachment of cognate amino acids to specific tRNA molecules. To prevent potential errors in protein synthesis caused by misactivation of noncognate amino acids, some synthetases have evolved editing mechanisms to hydrolyze misactivated amino acids (pre-transfer editing) or misacylated tRNAs (post-transfer editing). In the case of post-transfer editing, synthetases employ a separate editing domain that is distinct from the site of amino acid activation, and the mechanism is believed to involve shuttling of the flexible CCA-3' end of the tRNA from the synthetic active site to the site of hydrolysis. The mechanism of pre-transfer editing is less well understood, and in most cases, the exact site of pre-transfer editing has not been conclusively identified. Here, we probe the pre-transfer editing activity of class II prolyl-tRNA synthetases from five species representing all three kingdoms of life. To locate the site of pre-transfer editing, truncation mutants were constructed by deleting the insertion domain characteristic of bacterial prolyl-tRNA synthetase species, which is the site of post-transfer editing, or the N- or C-terminal extension domains of eukaryotic and archaeal enzymes. In addition, the pre-transfer editing mechanism of Escherichia coli prolyl-tRNA synthetase was probed in detail. These studies show that a separate editing domain is not required for pre-transfer editing by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The aminoacylation active site plays a significant role in preserving the fidelity of translation by acting as a filter that selectively releases non-cognate adenylates into solution, while protecting the cognate adenylate from hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Hati
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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Tse GMK, Wong FC, Tsang AKH, Lee CS, Lui PCW, Lo AWI, Law BKB, Scolyer RA, Karim RZ, Putti TC. Stromal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression correlates with the grade of mammary phyllodes tumour. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:600-4. [PMID: 15917410 PMCID: PMC1770683 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), particularly endothelial and inducible forms (e/i-NOS), are expressed in various cancers, including breast cancer. In mammary fibroepithelial lesions, NOS expression in stromal cells has been reported to be lower in fibroadenomas than in phyllodes tumours. AIMS To investigate NOS expression in phyllodes tumours of varying degrees of malignancy. METHODS One hundred and sixty seven mammary phyllodes tumours (97 benign, 47 borderline malignant, and 23 frankly malignant) were evaluated for e-NOS and i-NOS expression by immunohistochemistry. Correlations with previously reported expression of stromal vascular growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density were also performed. RESULTS Stromal expression of e-NOS was absent, weak, moderate, and strong in 43%, 31%, 13%, and 13% of benign tumours; 17%, 26%, 13%, and 44% of borderline malignant tumours; and 17%, 35%, 13%, and 35% of frankly malignant tumours, respectively. Stromal expression of i-NOS was 77%, 18%, 4%, and 1% in benign tumours; 42%, 28%, 19%, and 11% in borderline malignant tumours; and 43%, 13%, 26%, and 18% in frankly malignant tumours, respectively. Stromal expression of both i-NOS and e-NOS was significantly different between the benign and malignant (borderline and frank) groups of phyllodes tumours (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the expression of i-NOS correlated with stromal VEGF expression and microvessel density. The expression of NOS in the epithelial cells was strong, and showed no differences between the different groups of tumours. CONCLUSIONS Higher stromal expression of NOS in phyllodes tumours is associated with malignancy, suggesting a possible role in malignant progression, particularly metastasising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Wong FC, Beuning PJ, Silvers C, Musier-Forsyth K. An Isolated Class II Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Insertion Domain Is Functional in Amino Acid Editing. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52857-64. [PMID: 14530268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309627200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are responsible for activating specific amino acids and transferring them onto cognate tRNA molecules. Due to the similarity in many amino acid side chains, certain synthetases misactivate non-cognate amino acids to an extent that would be detrimental to protein synthesis if left uncorrected. To ensure accurate translation of the genetic code, some synthetases therefore utilize editing mechanisms to hydrolyze non-cognate products. Previously class II Escherichia coli proline-tRNA synthetase (ProRS) was shown to exhibit pre- and post-transfer editing activity, hydrolyzing a misactivated alanine-adenylate (Ala-AMP) and a mischarged Ala-tRNAPro variant, respectively. Residues critical for the editing activity (Asp-350 and Lys-279) are found in a novel insertion domain (INS) positioned between motifs 2 and 3 of the class defining aminoacylation active site. In this work, we present further evidence that INS is responsible for editing in ProRS. We deleted the INS from wild-type E. coli ProRS to yield DeltaINS-ProRS. While DeltaINS-ProRS was still capable of misactivating alanine, the truncated construct was defective in hydrolyzing non-cognate Ala-AMP. When the INS domain was cloned and expressed as an independent protein, it was capable of deacylating a mischarged Ala-microhelixPro variant. Similar to full-length ProRS, post-transfer editing was abolished in a K279A mutant INS. We also show that YbaK, a protein of unknown function from Haemophilus influenzae with high sequence homology to the prokaryotic INS domain, was capable of deacylating Ala-tRNAPro and Ala-microhelixPro variants but not cognate Pro-tRNAPro. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that an independently folded class II synthetase editing domain and a previously identified homolog can catalyze a hydrolytic editing reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Chan C, Ho SC, Chan SG, Yip YB, Wong FC, Cheng F. Factors affecting uptake of cervical and breast cancer screening among perimenopausal women in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2002; 8:334-41. [PMID: 12376710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors affecting cervical and breast cancer screening attendance among women aged 44 to 55 years by comparing self-reported uptake of cervical smear and clinical breast examination between patients and a population sample. DESIGN AND SETTING Telephone survey and audit of clinic records to confirm patients' self-report. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand and sixty-seven women identified through random telephone dialling from the residence directory and 319 patients ever-registered at a family practice teaching clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Uptake of cervical smear and clinical breast examination. RESULTS The proportion of women undergoing cervical smear tests and clinical breast examination in the previous 12 months were 35.4% and 22.6%, respectively, for randomly selected women, while the figures were 47.2% and 50.6%, respectively, for patients. Record audit confirmed high rates of screening for patients according to evidence-based protocols (85.1% had had a cervical smear within 3 years). For women in the random sample (mean age, 48.9 years; standard deviation, 3.3 years), those who were older, postmenopausal, not receiving hormone therapy, educated to primary level, and with no chronic diseases were least likely to have had screening. For clinic patients (mean age, 47.9 years; standard deviation, 2.8 years), lower education level was the only variable associated with no recent smears. CONCLUSIONS Healthy perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in the community with lower educational level and not receiving hormone therapy were more likely to be underscreened. Attendance of 44- to 55-year-old women at a family medicine clinic that actively promotes preventive medicine was associated with high screening uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chan
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Wong FC, Beuning PJ, Nagan M, Shiba K, Musier-Forsyth K. Functional role of the prokaryotic proline-tRNA synthetase insertion domain in amino acid editing. Biochemistry 2002; 41:7108-15. [PMID: 12033945 DOI: 10.1021/bi012178j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the attachment of specific amino acids to cognate tRNAs in a two-step process that is critical for the faithful translation of genetic information. During the first chemical step of tRNA aminoacylation, noncognate amino acids that are smaller than or isosteric with the cognate substrate can be misactivated. Thus, to maintain high accuracy during protein translation, some synthetases have evolved an editing mechanism. Previously, we showed that class II Escherichia coli proline-tRNA synthetase (ProRS) is capable of (1) weakly misactivating Ala, (2) hydrolyzing the misactivated Ala-AMP in a reaction known as pretransfer editing, and (3) deacylating a mischarged Ala-tRNA(Pro) variant via a post-transfer editing pathway. In contrast to most systems where an editing function has been established, pretransfer editing by E. coli ProRS occurs in a tRNA-independent fashion. However, neither the pre- nor the post-transfer editing active site(s) has been identified. Sequence analyses revealed that most prokaryotic ProRSs possess a large insertion domain (INS) between class II conserved motifs 2 and 3. The function of the approximately 180-amino acid INS in E. coli ProRS is the subject of this investigation. Alignment-guided Ala scanning mutagenesis was carried out to test conserved amino acid residues present in the INS for their role in pre- and post-transfer editing. Our biochemical data and modeling studies suggest that the prokaryotic INS plays a critical role in editing and that this activity resides in a domain that is functionally and structurally distinct from the aminoacylation active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Wong FC, Meeks JC. The hetF gene product is essential to heterocyst differentiation and affects HetR function in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:2654-61. [PMID: 11274126 PMCID: PMC95183 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.8.2654-2661.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel gene, hetF, was identified as essential for heterocyst development in the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme strain ATCC 29133. In the absence of combined nitrogen, hetF mutants were unable to differentiate heterocysts, whereas extra copies of hetF in trans induced the formation of clusters of heterocysts. Sequences hybridizing to a hetF probe were detected only in heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. The inactivation and multicopy effects of hetF were similar to those of hetR, which encodes a self-degrading serine protease thought to be a central regulator of heterocyst development. Increased transcription of hetR begins in developing cells 3 to 6 h after deprivation for combined nitrogen (N step-down), and the HetR protein specifically accumulates in heterocysts. In the hetF mutant, this increase in hetR transcription was delayed, and a hetR promoter::green fluorescent protein (GFP) transcriptional reporter indicated that increased transcription of hetR occurred in all cells rather than only in developing heterocysts. When a fully functional HetR-GFP fusion protein was expressed in the hetF mutant from a multicopy plasmid, HetR-GFP accumulated nonspecifically in all cells under nitrogen-replete conditions; when expressed in the wild type, HetR-GFP was observed only in heterocysts after N step-down. HetF therefore appears to cooperate with HetR in a positive regulatory pathway and may be required for the increased transcription of hetR and localization of the HetR protein in differentiating heterocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Wong
- Section of Microbiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Abstract
We report the results of treatment in a 26-year old patient with stage IB2 small cell carcinoma of the cervix complicated by pregnancy. A pathological complete remission was achieved following sandwich chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient remains in clinical remission 14 months after presentation.
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Milas M, Feig B, Yu D, Oriuchi N, Cromeens D, Ge T, Wong FC, Kim EE, Pollock R. Isolated limb perfusion in the sarcoma-bearing rat: a novel preclinical gene delivery system. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:2197-203. [PMID: 9815615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Reliable site-specific delivery of genetic constructs remains a challenging component of gene-based therapy of solid tumors. Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) continues to be evaluated for treatment of locally advanced soft tissue sarcomas because this approach uniquely directs therapeutic agents into the tumor-bearing extremity without significant systemic leak. In light of these considerations, we tested the hypothesis that ILP could be used to deliver genes carried in viral vectors to the sarcoma-bearing rat extremity, resulting in demonstrable gene transfer into the tumor. ILP was performed in rats by cannulating the femoral artery and vein, isolating the hind limb from systemic circulation by tourniquet, and cycling perfusate for 15 min at a rate of 2.4 ml/min. Leakage into the systemic circulation was 7.5% of the total perfusate concentrated in the isolated limb, as determined by perfusion with technetium 99m-tagged RBCs. We used the ILP technique to perfuse rat hind limbs bearing syngeneic fibrosarcoma tumor nodules with the replication-defective adenovirus Ad5LacZ, which expresses the bacterial beta-galactosidase. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside staining of the perfused limb tissues confirmed gene transfer to the tumor and peritumoral tissue, demonstrating that the tumor was part of the perfusion circuit and that gene therapy delivered via this method was feasible. These results suggest that adaptation of this preclinical gene delivery model to administer genetic constructs aimed at controlling tumor growth may prove beneficial to patients with extremity sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milas
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Inoue T, Kim EE, Wallace S, Yang DJ, Wong FC, Bassa P, Buzdar AU, Podoloff DA. Preliminary study of cardiac accumulation of F-18 fluorotamoxifen in patients with breast cancer. Clin Imaging 1997; 21:332-6. [PMID: 9316752 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-7071(96)00084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinical meaning of cardiac uptake of [18F]fluorotamoxifen was assessed. Tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogenic drug for treatment and prevention of breast cancer, has a cardioprotective, estrogen-like effect in postmenopausal women. We conducted a pilot study of [18F]fluorotamoxifen to evaluate its clinical usefulness in patients with breast cancer. Significant cardiac uptake of [18F]fluorotamoxifen in five patients was found in the pilot study. We performed positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluorotamoxifen. The intracardiac distribution of [18F]fluorotamoxifen was observed and compared with the patients' clinical symptoms, past history, and results of the electrocardiogram (ECG). None of the patients had a prior history of ischemic heart disease. Various patterns of [18F]fluorotamoxifen distribution were seen in the heart: one patient showed homogeneous distribution; two had defects in the lateral wall; one had patchy distribution; and in one the uptake was questionable. Non-uniform cardiac uptake may be related to myocardial damage. Cardiac uptake of tamoxifen suggests that its cardioprotective benefits may be related not only to serum cholesterol reduction but also to a direct cardioprotective action. Further experimental studies are required to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism of cardiac uptake of [18F]fluorotamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inoue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Kim CG, Kim EE, Kim HJ, Choe JG, Hong SC, Wong FC, Theriault RL, Nicolson GL, Podoloff DA. Correlation between bone scan findings and collagenase activities in patients with breast cancer. Invest Radiol 1997; 32:302-5. [PMID: 9140751 DOI: 10.1097/00004424-199705000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES This study correlates nuclear bone scan findings and measurements of type IV collagenases for the evaluation of bony metastasis in patients with proven breast cancer. METHODS The authors retrospectively evaluated the final diagnosis of a bone scan and the results of an immunohistochemical staining for 92 kDa and 72 kDa type IV collagenases in, respectively, 30 and 30 patients with metastatic breast cancer, and, respectively, 27 and 26 patients with primary breast cancer. The immunohistochemical staining was performed with tissue specimens obtained from a primary or metastatic breast tumor lesion. The amounts of the enzyme were graded from 0 to 4 and scored by multiplication with the percentage of tumor cells. The confidence of bone scan interpretation also was scored from 1 to 5 with increasing probability. RESULTS There was a significant difference in enzyme scores between patients with and without metastases. Patients with < 170 92 kDa (26 of 27), 72 kDa (26 of 26) type IV collagenase, showed no active bony, lung, or liver metastases. However, there were variable bone scan findings in patients with a > 200 enzyme score. CONCLUSIONS Bone scan provides no additional benefit in breast cancer patients with a type IV collagenase score of < 170. A bone scan is necessary to confirm, localize, or followup bony metastases in patients with an enzyme score of > 200.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Garcia R, Kim EE, Wong FC, Korkmaz M, Wong WH, Yang DJ, Podoloff DA. Comparison of fluorine-18-FDG PET and technetium-99m-MIBI SPECT in evaluation of musculoskeletal sarcomas. J Nucl Med 1996; 37:1476-9. [PMID: 8790197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We compared the diagnostic accuracy of [18F]FDG PET and 99mTc-MIBI SPECT in musculoskeletal sarcomas. METHODS Forty-eight patients with clinically suspected recurrent or residual musculoskeletal sarcomas were examined with both FDG-PET and MIBI-SPECT within 2 wk of each study (one follow-up study in nine patients and we follow-up studies in one patient). Imaging findings were visually inspected with grading scales in conjunction with CT and/or MRI, and count-density ratios of lesion-to-contralateral area and standard uptake values (SUVs) of FDG and MIBI in lesions were also generated. The results were correlated with histologic findings (in 51 studies) and/or long-term follow-up evaluations. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivities and specificities were 98% and 90% using FDG, and 81.6% and 80% using MIBI, respectively, with statistical significance in the sensitivity. The tumors were demonstrated better in FDG studies, which produced higher visual grades (2.1 versus 1.6), and the tumors showed increasing SUVs with time (from 6.3 to 7.3). Four of nine patients with positive FDG but negative MIBI scans failed to respond to multidrug therapy. CONCLUSION FDG-PET and MIBI-SPECT are useful in differentiating active sarcomas from post-treatment changes and in evaluating therapeutic response. MIBI-SPECT and FDG-PET findings should be interpreted in con junction with CT and/or MRI. FDG-PET shows statistically significant higher sensitivity than MIBI-SPECT. A positive FDG but negative MIBI scan might suggest a multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garcia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Inoue T, Kim EE, Wong FC, Yang DJ, Bassa P, Wong WH, Korkmaz M, Tansey W, Hicks K, Podoloff DA. Comparison of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine PET in detection of malignant tumors. J Nucl Med 1996; 37:1472-6. [PMID: 8790196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two commonly used tumor-seeking agents for PET are 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) and L-methyl-11C-methionine (Met). This study compared FDG and Met in detecting residual or recurrent malignant tumors in the same patients. METHODS Thirty-four lesions in 24 patients with clinically suspected recurrent or residual tumors were studied with PET using Met as well as FDG. FDG scans were conducted 1 hr after the completion of PET with Met. The color-coded superimposed images of standardized uptake values (SUVs) and transmission data were produced, and the peak SUVs in the lesions were then evaluated. Lesions above 2.5 SUV were interpreted as positive results for active tumor. RESULTS The sensitivity of FDG-PET and Met-PET were 64.5% (20/31 lesions) and 61.3% (19/31 lesions), respectively. The mean SUV of FDG in residual or recurrent malignant tumors (n = 31) was significantly higher than that of Met but there was a significant correlation (r = 0.788, p < 0.01) between FDG and Met SUVs in all lesions (n = 34). CONCLUSION PET using FDG and Met appear equally effective in detecting residual or recurrent malignant tumors although FDG uptakes were slightly higher than Met uptakes. Both showed a limited diagnostic sensitivity for small (< 1.5 cm) tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inoue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Korkmaz M, Kim EE, Wong FC, Podoloff DA. Vascular metastatic lesion in the pelvis mimicking gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Nucl Med 1996; 21:644-5. [PMID: 8853920 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-199608000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Korkmaz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Inoue T, Kim EE, Wallace S, Yang DJ, Wong FC, Bassa P, Cherif A, Delpassand E, Buzdar A, Podoloff DA. Positron emission tomography using [18F]fluorotamoxifen to evaluate therapeutic responses in patients with breast cancer: preliminary study. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 1996; 11:235-45. [PMID: 10851543 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.1996.11.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to assess the biodistribution and clinical usefulness of [18F]fluorotamoxifen (FTX) in 10 patients with estrogen-receptor(ER)-positive breast tumors. Ten patients with ER-positive breast cancer were prospectively studied, and the consecutive PET imagings (each takes 15 or 20 min) were obtained for 60 or 80 min after the injection of 88.8-392.2 MBq (2.4-10.6 mCi) of [18F]FTX. Twenty three suspected primary or metastatic lesions in 10 patients were evaluated and the tumor uptakes of [18F]FTX in nineteen tumor lesions were correlated to the response of tamoxifen therapy. Three lesions in three patients were considered to be truly negative for breast cancer on the bases of biopsy specimens and/or clinical course. Five (71.4%) of seven patients and 16 (80.0%) of 20 lesions were interpreted to be truly positive for breast cancer. The mean standardized uptake value (SUV) of the radiotracer in tumor was 3.0 on delayed images. There was no significant correlation between the standardized uptake values of [18F]FTX and the ER concentrations in primary lesions. Nineteen tumor lesions in six patients were evaluable to compare the [18F]FTX uptake with responses to tamoxifen therapy after the PET study. Three patients who had a good response to tamoxifen therapy showed positive lesions on PET images, whereas two of three patients who had a poor response showed negative lesions and one showed mixed results. There was no significant difference of [18F]FTX uptake in bone lesions between good and poor responders. However, when bone lesions were excluded, [18F]FTX uptakes in tumors with good responses were significantly higher than those with poor responses (mean and standard deviation of SUV: 2.46 +/- 0.62 vs 1.37 +/- 0.59, P < 0.05). PET imaging using [18F]FTX provides useful information in predicting the effect of tamoxifen therapy in patients with ER-positive breast cancer. Further study is warranted to confirm the clinical utility of PET using [18F]FTX in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inoue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- M Korkmaz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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47
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Bassa P, Kim EE, Inoue T, Wong FC, Korkmaz M, Yang DJ, Wong WH, Hicks KW, Buzdar AU, Podoloff DA. Evaluation of preoperative chemotherapy using PET with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in breast cancer. J Nucl Med 1996; 37:931-8. [PMID: 8683314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We retrospectively investigated the value of PET with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for preoperative chemotherapy response in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. METHODS FDG-PET studies were performed on 16 consecutive patients. All patients had PET studies before chemotherapy, 13 patients between the end of the first cycle and at the midpoint of chemotherapy, and 14 patients before surgery. Visual diagnoses and the standardized uptake values (SUV) of PET scans were compared with pathology findings at surgery and with the results of mammography, ultrasonography (US) or both, which were performed before chemotherapy and before local surgery for residual disease. Each patient's clinical course was monitored for up to 3 yr. RESULTS Sensitivity for detection of pathologically proven primary lesions was 100%, 62.5% and 87.5% with FDG-PET, mammography and US, respectively; and sensitivity for detection of initial nodal involvement was 77%, 70% and 87.5%, respectively. Sensitivity for detection of residual primary tumor was 75%, 71.4% and 87.5%, respectively; and sensitivity for detection of residual nodal involvement was 41.6%, 71.4% and 66.6%, respectively. The mean SUV value of primary lesions was 9.4 (range 2.0-20.7, n = 16), with only two lesions showing an SUV below 3. Clinical improvement of primary lesions was seen in all patients; improvement with smaller size and less FDG uptake was visible as early as the second study in 11 patients (69%). Mean SUV values obtained at the second and third studies decreased significantly from those obtained in the first study. In four patients, the disease recurred after breast surgery with high SUV values. The mammograms and sonograms obtained before surgery showed a decrease in the diameter of 6 and 12 primary lesions of the 13 and 14 patients examined, respectively. CONCLUSION FDG-PET is valuable for monitoring the effects of preoperative chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer with better sensitivity for primary tumor and better specificity for nodal metastasis in comparison with ultrasonography.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Deoxyglucose/analogs & derivatives
- Female
- Fluorine Radioisotopes
- Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnosis
- Mammography
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm, Residual/diagnostic imaging
- Retrospective Studies
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tomography, Emission-Computed
- Ultrasonography, Mammary
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bassa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Anderlini P, Benjamin RS, Wong FC, Kantarjian HM, Andreeff M, Kornblau SM, O'Brien S, Mackay B, Ewer MS, Pierce SA. Idarubicin cardiotoxicity: a retrospective study in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13:2827-34. [PMID: 7595745 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1995.13.11.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the incidence of idarubicin (IDA)-related cardiomyopathy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplasia (MDS). PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed a group of 127 AML/MDS patients who received IDA-based induction and postremission or salvage therapy and achieved a complete remission (CR) that lasted > or = 12 weeks for the development of IDA-related congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF was defined as definite if a resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of < or = 45% measured by radionuclide ventriculogram (RV) accompanied the clinical diagnosis of CHF, which had to be made during or within 6 months of receiving IDA and for which no other cause was apparent; without RV confirmation, the diagnosis was considered probable. Patients who had RVs performed were evaluated for decreasing LVEF. Older age (> or = 70 years), prior/sequential anthracycline/mitoxantrone (anthraquinone) therapy, and cardiac disease/hypertension were evaluated as risk factors for the development of CHF. RESULTS One hundred fifteen patients were assessable (median age, 40 years; median dose, 96 mg/m2). Sixty-five had RVs performed during therapy; 43 had risk factors. The probability of IDA-related cardiomyopathy was 5% at a cumulative IDA dose of 150 to 290 mg/m2, with 18 patients receiving doses greater than 150 mg/m2. At a cumulative IDA dose of 150 mg/m2, the probability of a mild or greater asymptomatic decrease probability of a mild or greater asymptomatic decrease in LVEF (> or = 10% to a level < or = 50%) was 18%, whereas the probability of a moderate or greater asymptomatic decrease in LVEF (> or = 15% to a level < or = 45%) was 7%. No patient with asymptomatic LVEF decreases developed CHF. CHF was more frequent in patients with prior/sequential exposure to anthracyclines/mitoxantrone (P = .01). CONCLUSION In this patient group, IDA-related cardiomyopathy was uncommon with cumulative IDA doses of up to 290 mg/m2. Asymptomatic LVEF decreases were more frequent, but their predictive value for the development of CHF is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anderlini
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain dysfunction is common in patients with advanced liver disease; it is often manifested as hepatic encephalopathy, but its cause is not clearly understood. METHODOLOGY Intracranial blood flow velocity parameters, including peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and mean velocity of both middle cerebral arteries were measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in 37 patients with cirrhosis without encephalopathy (16 Child's A, 10 Child's B and 11 Child's C) and 12 normal controls. The cause was alcohol-related in 24 and non-alcohol-related in 13. RESULTS No significant differences in any of the Doppler parameters were detected in Child's group A when compared with controls. However, a statistically significant decrease in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was evident when Child's B and C patients without clinically apparent encephalopathy were compared with controls irrespective of the cause. Our results demonstrate that intracranial blood flow is abnormal in patients with advanced liver disease without clinically apparent encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
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50
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography measures the metabolic activity of tissue. Because metabolism rates are higher in tumors than in normal tissue, positron emission tomography can be used to identify abnormal tissue. Positron emission tomography has proved useful in detecting residual or recurrent tumor in the brain and gastrointestinal tract after definitive treatment. We selectively used positron emission tomography in a preliminary trial to examine patients with laryngeal cancer who had previously been treated with organ-preservation therapy with radiation therapy alone or in combination with induction chemotherapy. These patients are often difficult to examine both clinically and radiographically because of posttreatment edema and fibrosis. From 1991 to 1993 patients at our institution who were treated with either radiation therapy or a combination of induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma were evaluated after treatment. If clinical examination was suspicious for residual tumor or recurrence, a computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan was obtained. In 10 patients neither clinical examination nor conventional imaging could absolutely rule out residual/recurrent carcinoma. In these patients positron emission tomography with 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose was used to detect disease. The results from positron emission tomography were compared with the results from subsequent biopsy (five patients) or clinical follow-up. Positron emission tomography had a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 57%. The positive predictive value of positron emission tomography was 67%. The negative predictive value of positron emission tomography was 80%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Austin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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