1
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Busch FA, Ainsworth EA, Amtmann A, Cavanagh AP, Driever SM, Ferguson JN, Kromdijk J, Lawson T, Leakey ADB, Matthews JSA, Meacham-Hensold K, Vath RL, Vialet-Chabrand S, Walker BJ, Papanatsiou M. A guide to photosynthetic gas exchange measurements: Fundamental principles, best practice and potential pitfalls. Plant Cell Environ 2024. [PMID: 38321805 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Gas exchange measurements enable mechanistic insights into the processes that underpin carbon and water fluxes in plant leaves which in turn inform understanding of related processes at a range of scales from individual cells to entire ecosytems. Given the importance of photosynthesis for the global climate discussion it is important to (a) foster a basic understanding of the fundamental principles underpinning the experimental methods used by the broad community, and (b) ensure best practice and correct data interpretation within the research community. In this review, we outline the biochemical and biophysical parameters of photosynthesis that can be investigated with gas exchange measurements and we provide step-by-step guidance on how to reliably measure them. We advise on best practices for using gas exchange equipment and highlight potential pitfalls in experimental design and data interpretation. The Supporting Information contains exemplary data sets, experimental protocols and data-modelling routines. This review is a community effort to equip both the experimental researcher and the data modeller with a solid understanding of the theoretical basis of gas-exchange measurements, the rationale behind different experimental protocols and the approaches to data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Captial Territory, Australia
| | | | - Anna Amtmann
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amanda P Cavanagh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John N Ferguson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Richard L Vath
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- LI-COR Environmental, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Silvere Vialet-Chabrand
- Department of Plant Sciences, Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Papanatsiou
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Busch FA. Photosynthetic Gas Exchange in Land Plants at the Leaf Level. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:41-61. [PMID: 38649565 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Leaf-level gas exchange enables insights into the physiology and in vivo biochemical processes of plants. Advances in infrared gas analysis have resulted in user-friendly off-the-shelf gas exchange systems that allow researchers to collect physiological measurements with the push of a few buttons. Here, I describe how to set up the gas exchange equipment, what to pay attention to while making measurements, and provide some guidelines on how to analyze and interpret the data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Wingate L, Ogée J, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Using Carbon Stable Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:163-211. [PMID: 38649572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, laser absorption spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets at lower cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. More data and accompanying knowledge have permitted refinement of 13C discrimination model equations, but often at the expense of increased model complexity and difficult parametrization. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations available to researchers. We update our previous 2018 version of this chapter by including recently improved descriptions of (photo)respiratory processes and associated fractionations. We discuss the capabilities and limitations of the diverse 13C discrimination model equations and provide guidance for selecting the model complexity needed for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Meisha-Marika Holloway-Phillips
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Walker BJ, Driever SM, Kromdijk J, Lawson T, Busch FA. Tools for Measuring Photosynthesis at Different Scales. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:1-26. [PMID: 38649563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of in vivo photosynthesis are powerful tools that probe the largest fluxes of carbon and energy in an illuminated leaf, but often the specific techniques used are so varied and specialized that it is difficult for researchers outside the field to select and perform the most useful assays for their research questions. The goal of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the current tools available for the study of photosynthesis, both in vivo and in vitro, so as to provide a foundation for selecting appropriate techniques, many of which are presented in detail in subsequent chapters. This chapter will also organize current methods into a comparative framework and provide examples of how they have been applied to research questions of broad agronomical, ecological, or biological importance. This chapter closes with an argument that the future of in vivo measurements of photosynthesis lies in the ability to use multiple methods simultaneously and discusses the benefits of this approach to currently open physiological questions. This chapter, combined with the relevant methods chapters, could serve as a laboratory course in methods in photosynthesis research or as part of a more comprehensive laboratory course in general plant physiology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley J Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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5
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Wu A, Brider J, Busch FA, Chen M, Chenu K, Clarke VC, Collins B, Ermakova M, Evans JR, Farquhar GD, Forster B, Furbank RT, Groszmann M, Hernandez‐Prieto MA, Long BM, Mclean G, Potgieter A, Price GD, Sharwood RE, Stower M, van Oosterom E, von Caemmerer S, Whitney SM, Hammer GL. A cross-scale analysis to understand and quantify the effects of photosynthetic enhancement on crop growth and yield across environments. Plant Cell Environ 2023; 46:23-44. [PMID: 36200623 PMCID: PMC10091820 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic manipulation provides new opportunities for enhancing crop yield. However, understanding and quantifying the importance of individual and multiple manipulations on the seasonal biomass growth and yield performance of target crops across variable production environments is limited. Using a state-of-the-art cross-scale model in the APSIM platform we predicted the impact of altering photosynthesis on the enzyme-limited (Ac ) and electron transport-limited (Aj ) rates, seasonal dynamics in canopy photosynthesis, biomass growth, and yield formation via large multiyear-by-location crop growth simulations. A broad list of promising strategies to improve photosynthesis for C3 wheat and C4 sorghum were simulated. In the top decile of seasonal outcomes, yield gains were predicted to be modest, ranging between 0% and 8%, depending on the manipulation and crop type. We report how photosynthetic enhancement can affect the timing and severity of water and nitrogen stress on the growing crop, resulting in nonintuitive seasonal crop dynamics and yield outcomes. We predicted that strategies enhancing Ac alone generate more consistent but smaller yield gains across all water and nitrogen environments, Aj enhancement alone generates larger gains but is undesirable in more marginal environments. Large increases in both Ac and Aj generate the highest gains across all environments. Yield outcomes of the tested manipulation strategies were predicted and compared for realistic Australian wheat and sorghum production. This study uniquely unpacks complex cross-scale interactions between photosynthesis and seasonal crop dynamics and improves understanding and quantification of the potential impact of photosynthesis traits (or lack of it) for crop improvement research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jason Brider
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Florian A. Busch
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Min Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Karine Chenu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Victoria C. Clarke
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Brian Collins
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Maria Ermakova
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - John R. Evans
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Graham D. Farquhar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Britta Forster
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Robert T. Furbank
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Michael Groszmann
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Miguel A. Hernandez‐Prieto
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Benedict M. Long
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Greg Mclean
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andries Potgieter
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - G. Dean Price
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Robert E. Sharwood
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael Stower
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Erik van Oosterom
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Spencer M. Whitney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Graeme L. Hammer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Márquez DA, Stuart-Williams H, Farquhar GD, Busch FA. Cuticular conductance of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces and its relation to minimum leaf surface conductance. New Phytol 2022; 233:156-168. [PMID: 34192346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular conductance to water (gcw ) is difficult to quantify for stomatous surfaces due to the complexity of separating cuticular and stomatal transpiration, and additional complications arise for determining adaxial and abaxial gcw . This has led to the neglect of gcw as a separate parameter in most common gas exchange measurements. Here, we describe a simple technique to simultaneously estimate adaxial and abaxial values of gcw , tested in two amphistomatous plant species. What we term the 'Red-Light method' is used to estimate gcw from gas exchange measurements and a known CO2 concentration inside the leaf during photosynthetic induction under red light. We provide an easy-to-use web application to assist with the calculation of gcw . While adaxial and abaxial gcw varies significantly between leaves of the same species we found that the ratio of adaxial/abaxial gcw (γn ) is stable within a plant species. This has implications for use of generic values of gcw when analysing gas exchange data. The Red-Light method can be used to estimate total cuticular conductance (gcw-T ) accurately with the most common setup of gas exchange instruments, i.e. a chamber mixing the adaxial and abaxial gases, allowing for a wide application of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Márquez
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hilary Stuart-Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Yin X, Busch FA, Struik PC, Sharkey TD. Evolution of a biochemical model of steady-state photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:2811-2837. [PMID: 33872407 PMCID: PMC8453732 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the publication of the landmark model by Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry on steady-state C3 photosynthesis (known as the "FvCB model"), we review three major further developments of the model. These include: (1) limitation by triose phosphate utilization, (2) alternative electron transport pathways, and (3) photorespiration-associated nitrogen and C1 metabolisms. We discussed the relation of the third extension with the two other extensions, and some equivalent extensions to model C4 photosynthesis. In addition, the FvCB model has been coupled with CO2 -diffusion models. We review how these extensions and integration have broadened the use of the FvCB model in understanding photosynthesis, especially with regard to bioenergetic stoichiometries associated with photosynthetic quantum yields. Based on the new insights, we present caveats in applying the FvCB model. Further research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Florian A. Busch
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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8
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Hotto AM, Salesse-Smith C, Lin M, Busch FA, Simpson I, Stern DB. Rubisco production in maize mesophyll cells through ectopic expression of subunits and chaperones. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:4930-4937. [PMID: 33928359 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants, such as maize, strictly compartmentalize Rubisco to bundle sheath chloroplasts. The molecular basis for the restriction of Rubisco from the more abundant mesophyll chloroplasts is not fully understood. Mesophyll chloroplasts transcribe the Rubisco large subunit gene and, when normally quiescent transcription of the nuclear Rubisco small subunit gene family is overcome by ectopic expression, mesophyll chloroplasts still do not accumulate measurable Rubisco. Here we show that a combination of five ubiquitin promoter-driven nuclear transgenes expressed in maize leads to mesophyll accumulation of assembled Rubisco. These encode the Rubisco large and small subunits, Rubisco assembly factors 1 and 2, and the assembly factor Bundle sheath defective 2. In these plants, Rubisco large subunit accumulates in mesophyll cells, and appears to be assembled into a holoenzyme capable of binding the substrate analog CABP (carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate). Isotope discrimination assays suggest, however, that mesophyll Rubisco is not participating in carbon assimilation in these plants, most probably due to a lack of the substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and/or Rubisco activase. Overall, this work defines a minimal set of Rubisco assembly factors in planta and may help lead to methods of regulating the C4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Myat Lin
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences, and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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9
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Ludwig M, Busch FA, Khoshravesh R, Covshoff S. Editorial: Understanding C 4 Evolution and Function. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:774818. [PMID: 34745197 PMCID: PMC8570096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.774818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Florian A. Busch
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, MN, United States
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Independent Researcher, Las Vegas, NV, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah Covshoff
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Deans RM, Brodribb TJ, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Optimization can provide the fundamental link between leaf photosynthesis, gas exchange and water relations. Nat Plants 2020; 6:1116-1125. [PMID: 32895529 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tight coordination in the photosynthetic, gas exchange and water supply capacities of leaves is a globally conserved trend across land plants. Strong selective constraints on leaf carbon gain create the opportunity to use quantitative optimization theory to understand the connected evolution of leaf photosynthesis and water relations. We developed an analytical optimization model that maximizes the long-term rate of leaf carbon gain, given the carbon costs in building and maintaining stomata, leaf hydraulics and osmotic pressure. Our model demonstrates that selection for optimal gain should drive coordination between key photosynthetic, gas exchange and water relations traits. It also provides predictions of adaptation to drought and the relative costs of key leaf functional traits. Our results show that optimization in terms of carbon gain, given the carbon costs of physiological traits, successfully unites leaf photosynthesis and water relations and provides a quantitative framework to consider leaf functional evolution and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Deans
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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11
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Salesse‐Smith CE, Sharwood RE, Busch FA, Stern DB. Increased Rubisco content in maize mitigates chilling stress and speeds recovery. Plant Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1409-1420. [PMID: 31793172 PMCID: PMC7207003 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many C4 plants, including maize, perform poorly under chilling conditions. This phenomenon has been linked in part to decreased Rubisco abundance at lower temperatures. An exception to this is chilling-tolerant Miscanthus, which is able to maintain Rubisco protein content under such conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate whether increasing Rubisco content in maize could improve performance during or following chilling stress. Here, we demonstrate that transgenic lines overexpressing Rubisco large and small subunits and the Rubisco assembly factor RAF1 (RAF1-LSSS), which have increased Rubisco content and growth under control conditions, maintain increased Rubisco content and growth during chilling stress. RAF1-LSSS plants exhibited 12% higher CO2 assimilation relative to nontransgenic controls under control growth conditions, and a 17% differential after 2 weeks of chilling stress, although assimilation rates of all genotypes were ~50% lower in chilling conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed RAF1-LSSS and WT plants had similar rates of photochemical quenching during chilling, suggesting Rubisco may not be the primary limiting factor that leads to poor performance in maize under chilling conditions. In contrast, RAF1-LSSS had improved photochemical quenching before and after chilling stress, suggesting that increased Rubisco may help plants recover faster from chilling conditions. Relatively increased leaf area, dry weight and plant height observed before chilling in RAF1-LSSS were also maintained during chilling. Together, these results demonstrate that an increase in Rubisco content allows maize plants to better cope with chilling stress and also improves their subsequent recovery, yet additional modifications are required to engineer chilling tolerance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie E. Salesse‐Smith
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Robert E. Sharwood
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Florian A. Busch
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - David B. Stern
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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12
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Busch FA, Tominaga J, Muroya M, Shirakami N, Takahashi S, Yamori W, Kitaoka T, Milward SE, Nishimura K, Matsunami E, Toda Y, Higuchi C, Muranaka A, Takami T, Watanabe S, Kinoshita T, Sakamoto W, Sakamoto A, Shimada H. Overexpression of BUNDLE SHEATH DEFECTIVE 2 improves the efficiency of photosynthesis and growth in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2020; 102:129-137. [PMID: 31755157 PMCID: PMC7217058 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bundle Sheath Defective 2, BSD2, is a stroma-targeted protein initially identified as a factor required for the biogenesis of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) in maize. Plants and algae universally have a homologous gene for BSD2 and its deficiency causes a RuBisCO-less phenotype. As RuBisCO can be the rate-limiting step in CO2 assimilation, the overexpression of BSD2 might improve photosynthesis and productivity through the accumulation of RuBisCO. To examine this hypothesis, we produced BSD2 overexpression lines in Arabidopsis. Compared with wild type, the BSD2 overexpression lines BSD2ox-2 and BSD2ox-3 expressed 4.8-fold and 8.8-fold higher BSD2 mRNA, respectively, whereas the empty-vector (EV) harbouring plants had a comparable expression level. The overexpression lines showed a significantly higher CO2 assimilation rate per available CO2 and productivity than EV plants. The maximum carboxylation rate per total catalytic site was accelerated in the overexpression lines, while the number of total catalytic sites and RuBisCO content were unaffected. We then isolated recombinant BSD2 (rBSD2) from E. coli and found that rBSD2 reduces disulfide bonds using reductants present in vivo, for example glutathione, and that rBSD2 has the ability to reactivate RuBisCO that has been inactivated by oxidants. Furthermore, 15% of RuBisCO freshly isolated from leaves of EV was oxidatively inactivated, as compared with 0% in BSD2-overexpression lines, suggesting that the overexpression of BSD2 maintains RuBisCO to be in the reduced active form in vivo. Our results demonstrated that the overexpression of BSD2 improves photosynthetic efficiency in Arabidopsis and we conclude that it is involved in mediating RuBisCO activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Busch
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory2601Australia
| | - Jun Tominaga
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
| | - Masato Muroya
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
| | - Norihiko Shirakami
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
| | - Shunichi Takahashi
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory2601Australia
- Present address:
Division of Environmental PhotobiologyNational Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki444‐8585Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of ScienceUniversity of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8602Japan
| | - Sara E. Milward
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory2601Australia
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Functional GenomicsInterdisciplinary Center for Science ResearchOrganization of ResearchShimane UniversityNishikawatsu 1060Matsue690‐8504Japan
| | - Erika Matsunami
- Department of Molecular and Functional GenomicsInterdisciplinary Center for Science ResearchOrganization of ResearchShimane UniversityNishikawatsu 1060Matsue690‐8504Japan
| | - Yosuke Toda
- Graduate School of ScienceUniversity of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Chikako Higuchi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
| | - Atsuko Muranaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Takami
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiOkayama710‐0046Japan
| | - Shunsuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
- Present address:
RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceSuehiro‐cho, 1‐7‐22, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8602Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8602Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiOkayama710‐0046Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University1‐3‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐Hiroshima739‐8526Japan
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13
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Busch FA, Holloway-Phillips M, Stuart-Williams H, Farquhar GD. Revisiting carbon isotope discrimination in C 3 plants shows respiration rules when photosynthesis is low. Nat Plants 2020; 6:245-258. [PMID: 32170287 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes are commonly used to study the diffusion of CO2 within photosynthetic plant tissues. The standard method used to interpret the observed preference for the lighter carbon isotope in C3 photosynthesis involves the model of Farquhar et al., which relates carbon isotope discrimination to physical and biochemical processes within the leaf. However, under many conditions the model returns unreasonable results for mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion (gm), especially when rates of photosynthesis are low. Here, we re-derive the carbon isotope discrimination model using modified assumptions related to the isotope effect of mitochondrial respiration. In particular, we treat the carbon pool associated with respiration as separate from the pool of primary assimilates. We experimentally test the model by comparing gm values measured with different CO2 source gases varying in their isotopic composition, and show that our new model returns matching gm values that are much more reasonable than those obtained with the previous model. We use our results to discuss CO2 diffusion properties within the mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Meisha Holloway-Phillips
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilary Stuart-Williams
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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14
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Busch FA. Photorespiration in the context of Rubisco biochemistry, CO 2 diffusion and metabolism. Plant J 2020; 101:919-939. [PMID: 31910295 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiratory metabolism is essential for plants to maintain functional photosynthesis in an oxygen-containing environment. Because the oxygenation reaction of Rubisco is followed by the loss of previously fixed carbon, photorespiration is often considered a wasteful process and considerable efforts are aimed at minimizing the negative impact of photorespiration on the plant's carbon uptake. However, the photorespiratory pathway has also many positive aspects, as it is well integrated within other metabolic processes, such as nitrogen assimilation and C1 metabolism, and it is important for maintaining the redox balance of the plant. The overall effect of photorespiratory carbon loss on the net CO2 fixation of the plant is also strongly influenced by the physiology of the leaf related to CO2 diffusion. This review outlines the distinction between Rubisco oxygenation and photorespiratory CO2 release as a basis to evaluate the costs and benefits of photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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15
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Khoshravesh R, Stata M, Busch FA, Saladié M, Castelli JM, Dakin N, Hattersley PW, Macfarlane TD, Sage RF, Ludwig M, Sage TL. The Evolutionary Origin of C 4 Photosynthesis in the Grass Subtribe Neurachninae. Plant Physiol 2020; 182:566-583. [PMID: 31611421 PMCID: PMC6945869 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Australian grass subtribe Neurachninae contains closely related species that use C3, C4, and C2 photosynthesis. To gain insight into the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in grasses, we examined leaf gas exchange, anatomy and ultrastructure, and tissue localization of Gly decarboxylase subunit P (GLDP) in nine Neurachninae species. We identified previously unrecognized variation in leaf structure and physiology within Neurachne that represents varying degrees of C3-C4 intermediacy in the Neurachninae. These include inverse correlations between the apparent photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) compensation point in the absence of day respiration (C * ) and chloroplast and mitochondrial investment in the mestome sheath (MS), where CO2 is concentrated in C2 and C4 Neurachne species; width of the MS cells; frequency of plasmodesmata in the MS cell walls adjoining the parenchymatous bundle sheath; and the proportion of leaf GLDP invested in the MS tissue. Less than 12% of the leaf GLDP was allocated to the MS of completely C3 Neurachninae species with C * values of 56-61 μmol mol-1, whereas two-thirds of leaf GLDP was in the MS of Neurachne lanigera, which exhibits a newly-identified, partial C2 phenotype with C * of 44 μmol mol-1 Increased investment of GLDP in MS tissue of the C2 species was attributed to more MS mitochondria and less GLDP in mesophyll mitochondria. These results are consistent with a model where C4 evolution in Neurachninae initially occurred via an increase in organelle and GLDP content in MS cells, which generated a sink for photorespired CO2 in MS tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Montserrat Saladié
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Joanne M Castelli
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nicole Dakin
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Paul W Hattersley
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Terry D Macfarlane
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
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16
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Deans RM, Farquhar GD, Busch FA. Estimating stomatal and biochemical limitations during photosynthetic induction. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:3227-3240. [PMID: 31329306 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding stomatal and biochemical components that limit photosynthesis under different conditions is important for both the targeted improvement of photosynthesis and the elucidation of how stomata and biochemistry affect plant performance in an ecological context. Limitation analyses have not yet been extensively applied to conditions of photosynthetic induction after an increase in irradiance. Moreover, few studies have systematically assessed how well various limitation analyses actually work. Here we build on two general ways of estimating limitations, one that sequentially removes the effect of a limitation (elimination) and one that uses a tangent plane approximation (differential), by including the ternary effect and boundary layer conductance so that they are consistent with gas exchange data. We apply them to the analysis of temporal and time-integrated limitations during photosynthetic induction, calculating limitations either independent of the time course (one-step) or make use of the entire time course (stepwise). We show that the stepwise differential method is the best method to use when time steps are small enough. We further show that the differential method predicts limitations near exact when the internal CO2 concentration stays constant. This last insight has important implications for the general use of limitation analyses beyond photosynthetic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Deans
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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17
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Ubierna N, Cernusak LA, Holloway-Phillips M, Busch FA, Cousins AB, Farquhar GD. Critical review: incorporating the arrangement of mitochondria and chloroplasts into models of photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination. Photosynth Res 2019; 141:5-31. [PMID: 30955143 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement of mitochondria and chloroplasts, together with the relative resistances of cell wall and chloroplast, determine the path of diffusion out of the leaf for (photo)respired CO2. Traditional photosynthesis models have assumed a tight arrangement of chloroplasts packed together against the cell wall with mitochondria located behind the chloroplasts, deep inside the cytosol. Accordingly, all (photo)respired CO2 must cross the chloroplast before diffusing out of the leaf. Different arrangements have recently been considered, where all or part of the (photo)respired CO2 diffuses through the cytosol without ever entering the chloroplast. Assumptions about the path for the (photo)respiratory flux are particularly relevant for the calculation of mesophyll conductance (gm). If (photo)respired CO2 can diffuse elsewhere besides the chloroplast, apparent gm is no longer a mere physical resistance but a flux-weighted variable sensitive to the ratio of (photo)respiration to net CO2 assimilation. We discuss existing photosynthesis models in conjunction with their treatment of the (photo)respiratory flux and present new equations applicable to the generalized case where (photo)respired CO2 can diffuse both into the chloroplast and through the cytosol. Additionally, we present a new generalized Δ13C model that incorporates this dual diffusion pathway. We assess how assumptions about the fate of (photo)respired CO2 affect the interpretation of photosynthetic data and the challenges it poses for the application of different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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18
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Deans RM, Brodribb TJ, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Plant water-use strategy mediates stomatal effects on the light induction of photosynthesis. New Phytol 2019; 222:382-395. [PMID: 30372523 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
More efficient gas exchange strategies under dynamic light environments have been hypothesised to contribute to the dominance of angiosperms in the vascular plant flora. However, we still lack a clear understanding of how stomatal dynamics affect photosynthetic dynamics and whether differences exist between lineages. Stomatal and photosynthetic dynamics following changes in irradiance were studied in 15 species, encompassing ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. We determined the effect of stomatal speed on dynamic photosynthesis and water loss. Moreover, we assessed whether dynamic behaviour followed evolutionary lineage divisions, or whether ecological adaptation to maximise light fleck use could describe dynamic behaviour. We found that species with fast stomatal opening, such as ferns, forgo less photosynthesis during photosynthetic induction. By contrast, there was no relationship between stomatal closure speed and the water wasted by transiently more-open stomata, because species with higher rates of gas exchange also showed faster stomatal closure. Shade-adapted species possessed fast-opening but slow-closing stomata, consistent with ecological adaptation to maximise light fleck use. Our results suggest dynamic behaviour follows adaptive ecological trends more strongly than evolutionary ones, but angiosperms may benefit from relatively faster photosynthetic induction by adopting a less conservative water-use strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Deans
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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19
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Earles JM, Buckley TN, Brodersen CR, Busch FA, Cano FJ, Choat B, Evans JR, Farquhar GD, Harwood R, Huynh M, John GP, Miller ML, Rockwell FE, Sack L, Scoffoni C, Struik PC, Wu A, Yin X, Barbour MM. Embracing 3D Complexity in Leaf Carbon-Water Exchange. Trends Plant Sci 2019; 24:15-24. [PMID: 30309727 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are a nexus for the exchange of water, carbon, and energy between terrestrial plants and the atmosphere. Research in recent decades has highlighted the critical importance of the underlying biophysical and anatomical determinants of CO2 and H2O transport, but a quantitative understanding of how detailed 3D leaf anatomy mediates within-leaf transport has been hindered by the lack of a consensus framework for analyzing or simulating transport and its spatial and temporal dynamics realistically, and by the difficulty of measuring within-leaf transport at the appropriate scales. We discuss how recent technological advancements now make a spatially explicit 3D leaf analysis possible, through new imaging and modeling tools that will allow us to address long-standing questions related to plant carbon-water exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mason Earles
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Equal contribution
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, CA 95916, USA; Equal contribution
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Action, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - F Javier Cano
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Action, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Action, ACT 0200, Australia
| | | | - Minh Huynh
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Megan L Miller
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Fulton E Rockwell
- Department of Organism and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Paul C Struik
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Wu
- Centre for Plant Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; www.sydney.edu.au/science/people/margaret.barbour.
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20
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Salesse-Smith CE, Sharwood RE, Busch FA, Kromdijk J, Bardal V, Stern DB. Overexpression of Rubisco subunits with RAF1 increases Rubisco content in maize. Nat Plants 2018; 4:802-810. [PMID: 30287949 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses a rate-limiting step in photosynthesis and has long been a target for improvement due to its slow turnover rate. An alternative to modifying catalytic properties of Rubisco is to increase its abundance within C4 plant chloroplasts, which might increase activity and confer a higher carbon assimilation rate. Here, we overexpress the Rubisco large (LS) and small (SS) subunits with the Rubisco assembly chaperone RUBISCO ASSEMBLY FACTOR 1 (RAF1). While overexpression of LS and/or SS had no discernable impact on Rubisco content, addition of RAF1 overexpression resulted in a >30% increase in Rubisco content. Gas exchange showed a 15% increase in CO2 assimilation (ASAT) in UBI-LSSS-RAF1 transgenic plants, which correlated with increased fresh weight and in vitro Vcmax calculations. The divergence of Rubisco content and assimilation could be accounted for by the Rubisco activation state, which decreased up to 23%, suggesting that Rubisco activase may be limiting Vcmax, and impinging on the realization of photosynthetic potential from increased Rubisco content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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21
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Salesse-Smith CE, Sharwood RE, Busch FA, Kromdijk J, Bardal V, Stern DB. Overexpression of Rubisco subunits with RAF1 increases Rubisco content in maize. Nat Plants 2018. [PMID: 30287949 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0252-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses a rate-limiting step in photosynthesis and has long been a target for improvement due to its slow turnover rate. An alternative to modifying catalytic properties of Rubisco is to increase its abundance within C4 plant chloroplasts, which might increase activity and confer a higher carbon assimilation rate. Here, we overexpress the Rubisco large (LS) and small (SS) subunits with the Rubisco assembly chaperone RUBISCO ASSEMBLY FACTOR 1 (RAF1). While overexpression of LS and/or SS had no discernable impact on Rubisco content, addition of RAF1 overexpression resulted in a >30% increase in Rubisco content. Gas exchange showed a 15% increase in CO2 assimilation (ASAT) in UBI-LSSS-RAF1 transgenic plants, which correlated with increased fresh weight and in vitro Vcmax calculations. The divergence of Rubisco content and assimilation could be accounted for by the Rubisco activation state, which decreased up to 23%, suggesting that Rubisco activase may be limiting Vcmax, and impinging on the realization of photosynthetic potential from increased Rubisco content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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22
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Aspinwall MJ, Blackman CJ, de Dios VR, Busch FA, Rymer PD, Loik ME, Drake JE, Pfautsch S, Smith RA, Tjoelker MG, Tissue DT. Photosynthesis and carbon allocation are both important predictors of genotype productivity responses to elevated CO2 in Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:1286-1301. [PMID: 29741732 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in biomass production responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) could influence tree species' ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying genotypic variation in responsiveness to eCO2 remain poorly understood. In this study, we grew 17 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. subsp. camaldulensis genotypes (representing provenances from four different climates) under ambient atmospheric CO2 and eCO2. We tested whether genotype leaf-scale photosynthetic and whole-tree carbon (C) allocation responses to eCO2 were predictive of genotype biomass production responses to eCO2. Averaged across genotypes, growth at eCO2 increased in situ leaf net photosynthesis (Anet) (29%) and leaf starch concentrations (37%). Growth at eCO2 reduced the maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco (-4%) and leaf nitrogen per unit area (Narea, -6%), but Narea calculated on a total non-structural carbohydrate-free basis was similar between treatments. Growth at eCO2 also increased biomass production and altered C allocation by reducing leaf area ratio (-11%) and stem mass fraction (SMF, -9%), and increasing leaf mass area (18%) and leaf mass fraction (5%). Overall, we found few significant CO2 × provenance or CO2 × genotype (within provenance) interactions. However, genotypes that showed the largest increases in total dry mass at eCO2 had larger increases in root mass fraction (with larger decreases in SMF) and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) with CO2 enrichment. These results indicate that genetic differences in PNUE and carbon sink utilization (in roots) are both important predictors of tree productivity responsiveness to eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Florian A Busch
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
- Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Renee A Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
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Shimono H, Farquhar G, Brookhouse M, Busch FA, O Grady A, Tausz M, Pinkard EA. Prescreening in large populations as a tool for identifying elevated CO 2-responsive genotypes in plants. Funct Plant Biol 2018; 46:1-14. [PMID: 30939254 DOI: 10.1071/fp18087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) can stimulate the photosynthesis and productivity of C3 species including food and forest crops. Intraspecific variation in responsiveness to e[CO2] can be exploited to increase productivity under e[CO2]. However, active selection of genotypes to increase productivity under e[CO2] is rarely performed across a wide range of germplasm, because of constraints of space and the cost of CO2 fumigation facilities. If we are to capitalise on recent advances in whole genome sequencing, approaches are required to help overcome these issues of space and cost. Here, we discuss the advantage of applying prescreening as a tool in large genome×e[CO2] experiments, where a surrogate for e[CO2] was used to select cultivars for more detailed analysis under e[CO2] conditions. We discuss why phenotypic prescreening in population-wide screening for e[CO2] responsiveness is necessary, what approaches could be used for prescreening for e[CO2] responsiveness, and how the data can be used to improve genetic selection of high-performing cultivars. We do this within the framework of understanding the strengths and limitations of genotype-phenotype mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimono
- Crop Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 2032162, Japan
| | - Graham Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Matthew Brookhouse
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | | | - Michael Tausz
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 35203, UK
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Abstract
Leaf-level gas exchange enables insights into the physiology and in vivo biochemical processes of plants. Advances in infrared gas analysis have resulted in user-friendly off-the-shelf gas exchange systems that allow researchers to collect physiological measurements with the push of a few buttons. Here, I describe how to set up the gas exchange equipment and what to pay attention to while making measurements, and provide some guidelines on how to analyze and interpret the data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
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Busch FA, Sage RF, Farquhar GD. Plants increase CO 2 uptake by assimilating nitrogen via the photorespiratory pathway. Nat Plants 2018; 4:46-54. [PMID: 29229957 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is a major bioengineering target for increasing crop yields as it is often considered a wasteful process. Photorespiratory metabolism is integrated into leaf metabolism and thus may have certain benefits. Here, we show that plants can increase their rate of photosynthetic CO2 uptake when assimilating nitrogen de novo via the photorespiratory pathway by fixing carbon as amino acids in addition to carbohydrates. Plants fed NO3- had higher rates of CO2 assimilation under photorespiratory than low-photorespiratory conditions, while plants lacking NO3- nutrition exhibited lower stimulation of CO2 uptake. We modified the widely used Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry photosynthesis model to include the carbon and electron requirements for nitrogen assimilation via the photorespiratory pathway. Our modified model improves predictions of photosynthetic CO2 uptake and of rates of photosynthetic electron transport. The results highlight how photorespiration can improve photosynthetic performance despite reducing the efficiency of Rubisco carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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26
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Tcherkez G, Gauthier P, Buckley TN, Busch FA, Barbour MM, Bruhn D, Heskel MA, Gong XY, Crous KY, Griffin K, Way D, Turnbull M, Adams MA, Atkin OK, Farquhar GD, Cornic G. Leaf day respiration: low CO 2 flux but high significance for metabolism and carbon balance. New Phytol 2017; 216:986-1001. [PMID: 28967668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Contents 986 I. 987 II. 987 III. 988 IV. 991 V. 992 VI. 995 VII. 997 VIII. 998 References 998 SUMMARY: It has been 75 yr since leaf respiratory metabolism in the light (day respiration) was identified as a low-flux metabolic pathway that accompanies photosynthesis. In principle, it provides carbon backbones for nitrogen assimilation and evolves CO2 and thus impacts on plant carbon and nitrogen balances. However, for a long time, uncertainties have remained as to whether techniques used to measure day respiratory efflux were valid and whether day respiration responded to environmental gaseous conditions. In the past few years, significant advances have been made using carbon isotopes, 'omics' analyses and surveys of respiration rates in mesocosms or ecosystems. There is substantial evidence that day respiration should be viewed as a highly dynamic metabolic pathway that interacts with photosynthesis and photorespiration and responds to atmospheric CO2 mole fraction. The view of leaf day respiration as a constant and/or negligible parameter of net carbon exchange is now outdated and it should now be regarded as a central actor of plant carbon-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, and ARC Center of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Gauthier
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- IA Watson Grains Research Centre, University of Sydney, 12656 Newell Hwy, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, and ARC Center of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Rd, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Dan Bruhn
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Mary A Heskel
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Kevin Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology (E3B), Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Danielle Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark A Adams
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Rd, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, and ARC Center of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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28
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Tcherkez G, Gauthier P, Buckley TN, Busch FA, Barbour MM, Bruhn D, Heskel MA, Gong XY, Crous K, Griffin KL, Way DA, Turnbull MH, Adams MA, Atkin OK, Bender M, Farquhar GD, Cornic G. Tracking the origins of the Kok effect, 70 years after its discovery. New Phytol 2017; 214:506-510. [PMID: 28318034 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Gauthier
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- IA Watson Grains Research Centre, University of Sydney, 12656 Newell Hwy, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Rd, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Dan Bruhn
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Mary A Heskel
- The Ecosystems Centre, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristine Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology (E3B), Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, Palisades, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark A Adams
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Rd, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Science, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael Bender
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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Farquhar GD, Busch FA. Changes in the chloroplastic CO 2 concentration explain much of the observed Kok effect: a model. New Phytol 2017; 214:570-584. [PMID: 28318033 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration often appears to be inhibited in the light when compared with measurements in the dark. This inhibition is inferred from the response of the net CO2 assimilation rate (A) to absorbed irradiance (I), changing slope around the light compensation point (Ic ). We suggest a model that provides a plausible mechanistic explanation of this 'Kok effect'. The model uses the mathematical description of photosynthesis developed by Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry; it involves no inhibition of respiration rate in the light. We also describe a fitting technique for quantifying the Kok effect at low I. Changes in the chloroplastic CO2 partial pressure (Cc ) can explain curvature of A vs I, its diminution in C4 plants and at low oxygen concentrations or high carbon dioxide concentrations in C3 plants, and effects of dark respiration rate and of temperature. It also explains the apparent inhibition of respiration in the light as inferred by the Laisk approach. While there are probably other sources of curvature in A vs I, variation in Cc can largely explain the curvature at low irradiance, and suggests that interpretation of day respiration compared with dark respiration of leaves on the basis of the Kok effect needs reassessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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30
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Busch FA, Sage RF. The sensitivity of photosynthesis to O 2 and CO 2 concentration identifies strong Rubisco control above the thermal optimum. New Phytol 2017; 213:1036-1051. [PMID: 27768823 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical model of C3 photosynthesis by Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) assumes that photosynthetic CO2 assimilation is limited by one of three biochemical processes that are not always easily discerned. This leads to improper assessments of biochemical limitations that limit the accuracy of the model predictions. We use the sensitivity of rates of CO2 assimilation and photosynthetic electron transport to changes in O2 and CO2 concentration in the chloroplast to evaluate photosynthetic limitations. Assessing the sensitivities to O2 and CO2 concentrations reduces the impact of uncertainties in the fixed parameters to a minimum and simultaneously entirely eliminates the need to determine the variable parameters of the model, such as Vcmax , J, or TP . Our analyses demonstrate that Rubisco limits carbon assimilation at high temperatures, while it is limited by triose phosphate utilization at lower temperatures and at higher CO2 concentrations. Measurements can be assigned a priori to one of the three functions of the FvCB model, allowing testing for the suitability of the selected fixed parameters of the model. This approach can improve the reliability of photosynthesis models on scales from the leaf level to estimating the global carbon budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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31
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Abstract
A critical comment to a recent paper claiming to have evidence for C4 photosynthesis in the wheat grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Walker BJ, Skabelund DC, Busch FA, Ort DR. An improved approach for measuring the impact of multiple CO2 conductances on the apparent photorespiratory CO2 compensation point through slope-intercept regression. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:1198-203. [PMID: 27103099 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis, which are essential for understanding the impact of photosynthesis to changing environments, depend on accurate parameterizations. One such parameter, the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point can be measured from the intersection of several CO2 response curves measured under sub-saturating illumination. However, determining the actual intersection while accounting for experimental noise can be challenging. Additionally, leaf photosynthesis model outcomes are sensitive to the diffusion paths of CO2 released from the mitochondria. This diffusion path of CO2 includes both chloroplastic as well as cell wall resistances to CO2 , which are not readily measurable. Both the difficulties of determining the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point and the impact of multiple intercellular resistances to CO2 can be addressed through application of slope-intercept regression. This technical report summarizes an improved framework for implementing slope-intercept regression to evaluate measurements of the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point. This approach extends past work to include the cases of both Rubisco and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)-limited photosynthesis. This report further presents two interactive graphical applications and a spreadsheet-based tool to allow users to apply slope-intercept theory to their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley J Walker
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dane C Skabelund
- Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Donald R Ort
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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33
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Betti M, Bauwe H, Busch FA, Fernie AR, Keech O, Levey M, Ort DR, Parry MAJ, Sage R, Timm S, Walker B, Weber APM. Manipulating photorespiration to increase plant productivity: recent advances and perspectives for crop improvement. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2977-88. [PMID: 26951371 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of the 2-phosphoglycolate generated by the oxygenase reaction of Rubisco requires a complex and energy-consuming set of reactions collectively known as the photorespiratory cycle. Several approaches aimed at reducing the rates of photorespiratory energy or carbon loss have been proposed, based either on screening for natural variation or by means of genetic engineering. Recent work indicates that plant yield can be substantially improved by the alteration of photorespiratory fluxes or by engineering artificial bypasses to photorespiration. However, there is also evidence indicating that, under certain environmental and/or nutritional conditions, reduced photorespiratory capacity may be detrimental to plant performance. Here we summarize recent advances obtained in photorespiratory engineering and discuss prospects for these advances to be transferred to major crops to help address the globally increasing demand for food and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Myles Levey
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Donald R Ort
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin A J Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Rowan Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Stefan Timm
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Berkley Walker
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Khoshravesh R, Stinson CR, Stata M, Busch FA, Sage RF, Ludwig M, Sage TL. C3-C4 intermediacy in grasses: organelle enrichment and distribution, glycine decarboxylase expression, and the rise of C2 photosynthesis. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:3065-78. [PMID: 27073202 PMCID: PMC4867898 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiratory glycine shuttling and decarboxylation in bundle sheath (BS) cells exhibited by C2 species is proposed to be the evolutionary bridge to C4 photosynthesis in eudicots. To evaluate this in grasses, we compare anatomy, cellular localization of glycine decarboxylase (GDC), and photosynthetic physiology of a suspected C2 grass, Homolepis aturensis, with these traits in known C2 grasses, Neurachne minor and Steinchisma hians, and C3 S laxum that is sister to S hians We also use publicly available genome and RNA-sequencing data to examine the evolution of GDC subunits and enhance our understanding of the evolution of BS-specific GDC expression in C2 and C4 grasses. Our results confirm the identity of H aturensis as a C2 species; GDC is confined predominantly to the organelle-enriched BS cells in H aturensis and S hians and to mestome sheath cells of N minor Phylogenetic analyses and data obtained from immunodetection of the P-subunit of GDC are consistent with the hypothesis that the BS dominant levels of GDC in C2 and C4 species are due to changes in expression of a single GLDP gene in M and BS cells. All BS mitochondria and peroxisomes and most chloroplasts in H aturensis and S hians are situated centripetally in a pattern identical to C2 eudicots. In S laxum, which has C3-like gas exchange patterns, mitochondria and peroxisomes are positioned centripetally as they are in S hians This subcellular phenotype, also present in eudicots, is posited to initiate a facilitation cascade leading to C2 and C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Corey R Stinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Martha Ludwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Betti M, Bauwe H, Busch FA, Fernie AR, Keech O, Levey M, Ort DR, Parry MAJ, Sage R, Timm S, Walker B, Weber APM. Manipulating photorespiration to increase plant productivity: recent advances and perspectives for crop improvement. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2977-2988. [PMID: 26951371 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw076pmid:26951371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of the 2-phosphoglycolate generated by the oxygenase reaction of Rubisco requires a complex and energy-consuming set of reactions collectively known as the photorespiratory cycle. Several approaches aimed at reducing the rates of photorespiratory energy or carbon loss have been proposed, based either on screening for natural variation or by means of genetic engineering. Recent work indicates that plant yield can be substantially improved by the alteration of photorespiratory fluxes or by engineering artificial bypasses to photorespiration. However, there is also evidence indicating that, under certain environmental and/or nutritional conditions, reduced photorespiratory capacity may be detrimental to plant performance. Here we summarize recent advances obtained in photorespiratory engineering and discuss prospects for these advances to be transferred to major crops to help address the globally increasing demand for food and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Myles Levey
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Donald R Ort
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin A J Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Rowan Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Stefan Timm
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Berkley Walker
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Busch FA. Reducing the gaps in our understanding of the global terrestrial carbon cycle. New Phytol 2015; 206:886-888. [PMID: 25865164 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Friesen PC, Peixoto MM, Busch FA, Johnson DC, Sage RF. Chilling and frost tolerance in Miscanthus and Saccharum genotypes bred for cool temperate climates. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:3749-58. [PMID: 24642848 PMCID: PMC4085960 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus hybrids are leading candidates for bioenergy feedstocks in mid to high latitudes of North America and Eurasia, due to high productivity associated with the C4 photosynthetic pathway and their tolerance of cooler conditions. However, as C4 plants, they may lack tolerance of chilling conditions (0-10 °C) and frost, particularly when compared with candidate C3 crops at high latitudes. In higher latitudes, cold tolerance is particularly important if the feedstock is to utilize fully the long, early-season days of May and June. Here, leaf gas exchange and fluorescence are used to assess chilling tolerance of photosynthesis in five Miscanthus hybrids bred for cold tolerance, a complex Saccharum hybrid (energycane), and an upland sugarcane variety with some chilling tolerance. The chilling treatment consisted of transferring warm-grown plants (25/20 °C day/night growth temperatures) to chilling (12/5 °C) conditions for 1 week, followed by assessing recovery after return to warm temperatures. Chilling tolerance was also evaluated in outdoor, spring-grown Miscanthus genotypes before and after a cold front that was punctuated by a frost event. Miscanthus×giganteus was found to be the most chilling-tolerant genotype based on its ability to maintain a high net CO2 assimilation rate (A) during chilling, and recover A to a greater degree following a return to warm conditions. This was associated with increasing its capacity for short-term dark-reversible photoprotective processes (ΦREG) and the proportion of open photosystem II reaction centres (qL) while minimizing photoinactivation (ΦNF). Similarly, in the field, M.×giganteus exhibited a significantly greater A and pre-dawn F v/F m after the cold front compared with the other chilling-sensitive Miscanthus hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Friesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Murilo M Peixoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Florian A Busch
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200 Australia
| | - Daniel C Johnson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G5
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
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Busch FA. Opinion: the red-light response of stomatal movement is sensed by the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Photosynth Res 2014; 119:131-40. [PMID: 23483292 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells regulate CO2 uptake and water loss of a leaf by controlling stomatal movement in response to environmental factors such as CO2, humidity, and light. The mechanisms by which stomata respond to red light are actively debated in the literature, and even after decades of research it is still controversial whether stomatal movement is related to photosynthesis or not. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the red-light response of stomata. A comparison of published evidence suggests that stomatal movement is controlled by the redox state of photosynthetic electron transport chain components, in particular the redox state of plastoquinone. Potential consequences for the modeling of stomatal conductance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Linnaeus Building (Bldg 134) Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia,
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Sage TL, Busch FA, Johnson DC, Friesen PC, Stinson CR, Stata M, Sultmanis S, Rahman BA, Rawsthorne S, Sage RF. Initial events during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in C3 species of Flaveria. Plant Physiol 2013; 163:1266-76. [PMID: 24064930 PMCID: PMC3813649 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of C4 photosynthesis in many taxa involves the establishment of a two-celled photorespiratory CO2 pump, termed C2 photosynthesis. How C3 species evolved C2 metabolism is critical to understanding the initial phases of C4 plant evolution. To evaluate early events in C4 evolution, we compared leaf anatomy, ultrastructure, and gas-exchange responses of closely related C3 and C2 species of Flaveria, a model genus for C4 evolution. We hypothesized that Flaveria pringlei and Flaveria robusta, two C3 species that are most closely related to the C2 Flaveria species, would show rudimentary characteristics of C2 physiology. Compared with less-related C3 species, bundle sheath (BS) cells of F. pringlei and F. robusta had more mitochondria and chloroplasts, larger mitochondria, and proportionally more of these organelles located along the inner cell periphery. These patterns were similar, although generally less in magnitude, than those observed in the C2 species Flaveria angustifolia and Flaveria sonorensis. In F. pringlei and F. robusta, the CO2 compensation point of photosynthesis was slightly lower than in the less-related C3 species, indicating an increase in photosynthetic efficiency. This could occur because of enhanced refixation of photorespired CO2 by the centripetally positioned organelles in the BS cells. If the phylogenetic positions of F. pringlei and F. robusta reflect ancestral states, these results support a hypothesis that increased numbers of centripetally located organelles initiated a metabolic scavenging of photorespired CO2 within the BS. This could have facilitated the formation of a glycine shuttle between mesophyll and BS cells that characterizes C2 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel C. Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Patrick C. Friesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Corey R. Stinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Stefanie Sultmanis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Beshar A. Rahman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Stephen Rawsthorne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Rowan F. Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada (T.L.S., F.A.B., D.C.J., P.C.F., C.R.S., M.S., S.S., B.A.R., R.F.S.); and
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (S.R.)
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Abstract
Photorespiration is a process that competes with photosynthesis, in which Rubisco oxygenates, instead of carboxylates, its substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. The photorespiratory metabolism associated with the recovery of 3-phosphoglycerate is energetically costly and results in the release of previously fixed CO2. The ability to quantify photorespiration is gaining importance as a tool to help improve plant productivity in order to meet the increasing global food demand. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the methods used to measure photorespiration. Current techniques are able to measure multiple aspects of photorespiration at different points along the photorespiratory C2 cycle. Six different methods used to estimate photorespiration are reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Busch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon gain in plants using the C(3) photosynthetic pathway is substantially inhibited by photorespiration in warm environments, particularly in atmospheres with low CO(2) concentrations. Unlike C(4) plants, C(3) plants are thought to lack any mechanism to compensate for the loss of photosynthetic productivity caused by photorespiration. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that the C(3) plants rice and wheat employ a specific mechanism to trap and reassimilate photorespired CO(2) . A continuous layer of chloroplasts covering the portion of the mesophyll cell periphery that is exposed to the intercellular air space creates a diffusion barrier for CO(2) exiting the cell. This facilitates the capture and reassimilation of photorespired CO(2) in the chloroplast stroma. In both species, 24-38% of photorespired and respired CO(2) were reassimilated within the cell, thereby boosting photosynthesis by 8-11% at ambient atmospheric CO(2) concentration and 17-33% at a CO(2) concentration of 200 µmol mol(-1) . Widespread use of this mechanism in tropical and subtropical C(3) plants could explain why the diversity of the world's C(3) flora, and dominance of terrestrial net primary productivity, was maintained during the Pleistocene, when atmospheric CO(2) concentrations fell below 200 µmol mol(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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