1
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Cruz-Mireles N, Osés-Ruiz M, Derbyshire P, Jégousse C, Ryder LS, Bautista MJA, Eseola A, Sklenar J, Tang B, Yan X, Ma W, Findlay KC, Were V, MacLean D, Talbot NJ, Menke FLH. The phosphorylation landscape of infection-related development by the rice blast fungus. Cell 2024; 187:2557-2573.e18. [PMID: 38729111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Many of the world's most devastating crop diseases are caused by fungal pathogens that elaborate specialized infection structures to invade plant tissue. Here, we present a quantitative mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis of infection-related development by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which threatens global food security. We mapped 8,005 phosphosites on 2,062 fungal proteins following germination on a hydrophobic surface, revealing major re-wiring of phosphorylation-based signaling cascades during appressorium development. Comparing phosphosite conservation across 41 fungal species reveals phosphorylation signatures specifically associated with biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal infection. We then used parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) to identify phosphoproteins regulated by the fungal Pmk1 MAPK that controls plant infection by M. oryzae. We define 32 substrates of Pmk1 and show that Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of regulator Vts1 is required for rice blast disease. Defining the phosphorylation landscape of infection therefore identifies potential therapeutic interventions for the control of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Clara Jégousse
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark Jave A Bautista
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kim C Findlay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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2
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Goto Y, Maki N, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. The phagocytosis oxidase/Bem1p domain-containing protein PB1CP negatively regulates the NADPH oxidase RBOHD in plant immunity. New Phytol 2024; 241:1763-1779. [PMID: 37823353 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors activates RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RBOHD) through direct phosphorylation by BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) and induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RBOHD activity must be tightly controlled to avoid the detrimental effects of ROS, but little is known about RBOHD downregulation. To understand the regulation of RBOHD, we used co-immunoprecipitation of RBOHD with mass spectrometry analysis and identified PHAGOCYTOSIS OXIDASE/BEM1P (PB1) DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN (PB1CP). PB1CP negatively regulates RBOHD and the resistance against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. PB1CP competes with BIK1 for binding to RBOHD in vitro. Furthermore, PAMP treatment enhances the PB1CP-RBOHD interaction, thereby leading to the dissociation of phosphorylated BIK1 from RBOHD in vivo. PB1CP localizes at the cell periphery and PAMP treatment induces relocalization of PB1CP and RBOHD to the same small endomembrane compartments. Additionally, overexpression of PB1CP in Arabidopsis leads to a reduction in the abundance of RBOHD protein, suggesting the possible involvement of PB1CP in RBOHD endocytosis. We found PB1CP, a novel negative regulator of RBOHD, and revealed its possible regulatory mechanisms involving the removal of phosphorylated BIK1 from RBOHD and the promotion of RBOHD endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Goto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Noriko Maki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
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3
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Wanke A, van Boerdonk S, Mahdi LK, Wawra S, Neidert M, Chandrasekar B, Saake P, Saur IML, Derbyshire P, Holton N, Menke FLH, Brands M, Pauly M, Acosta IF, Zipfel C, Zuccaro A. A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein enhances colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5071-5084.e7. [PMID: 37977140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions, acting as robust physical and chemical barriers against invaders. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility. Furthermore, plants and fungi secrete glycan hydrolases acting on each other's cell walls. These enzymes release various sugar oligomers into the apoplast, some of which activate host immunity via surface receptors. Recent characterization of cell walls from plant-colonizing fungi has emphasized the abundance of β-glucans in different cell wall layers, which makes them suitable targets for recognition. To characterize host components involved in immunity against fungi, we performed a protein pull-down with the biotinylated β-glucan laminarin. Thereby, we identified a plant glycoside hydrolase family 81-type glucan-binding protein (GBP) as a β-glucan interactor. Mutation of GBP1 and its only paralog, GBP2, in barley led to decreased colonization by the beneficial root endophytes Serendipita indica and S. vermifera, as well as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The reduction of colonization was accompanied by enhanced responses at the host cell wall, including an extension of callose-containing cell wall appositions. Moreover, GBP mutation in barley also reduced fungal biomass in roots by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana and inhibited the penetration success of the obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria hordei. These results indicate that GBP1 is involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi-a role that has potentially been appropriated by barley-adapted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivan F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany.
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4
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Yang H, Kim X, Skłenar J, Aubourg S, Sancho-Andrés G, Stahl E, Guillou MC, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Tran Van Canh L, Bender KW, Stintzi A, Reymond P, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Testerink C, Renou JP, Menke FLH, Schaller A, Rhodes J, Zipfel C. Subtilase-mediated biogenesis of the expanded family of SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES. Nat Plants 2023; 9:2085-2094. [PMID: 38049516 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant signalling peptides are typically released from larger precursors by proteolytic cleavage to regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Recent studies reported the characterization of a divergent family of Brassicaceae-specific peptides, SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs), and their perception by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Here, we reveal that the SCOOP family is highly expanded, containing at least 50 members in the Columbia-0 reference Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Notably, perception of these peptides is strictly MIK2-dependent. How bioactive SCOOP peptides are produced, and to what extent their perception is responsible for the multiple physiological roles associated with MIK2 are currently unclear. Using N-terminomics, we validate the N-terminal cleavage site of representative PROSCOOPs. The cleavage sites are determined by conserved motifs upstream of the minimal SCOOP bioactive epitope. We identified subtilases necessary and sufficient to process PROSCOOP peptides at conserved cleavage motifs. Mutation of these subtilases, or their recognition motifs, suppressed PROSCOOP cleavage and associated overexpression phenotypes. Furthermore, we show that higher-order mutants of these subtilases show phenotypes reminiscent of mik2 null mutant plants, consistent with impaired PROSCOOP biogenesis, and demonstrating biological relevance of SCOOP perception by MIK2. Together, this work provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of the recently identified SCOOP peptides and their receptor MIK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xeniya Kim
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loup Tran Van Canh
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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5
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Li H, Wang J, Kuan TA, Tang B, Feng L, Wang J, Cheng Z, Skłenar J, Derbyshire P, Hulin M, Li Y, Zhai Y, Hou Y, Menke FLH, Wang Y, Ma W. Pathogen protein modularity enables elaborate mimicry of a host phosphatase. Cell 2023:S0092-8674(23)00640-2. [PMID: 37369204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens produce diverse effector proteins to manipulate host cellular processes. However, how functional diversity is generated in an effector repertoire is poorly understood. Many effectors in the devastating plant pathogen Phytophthora contain tandem repeats of the "(L)WY" motif, which are structurally conserved but variable in sequences. Here, we discovered a functional module formed by a specific (L)WY-LWY combination in multiple Phytophthora effectors, which efficiently recruits the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) core enzyme in plant hosts. Crystal structure of an effector-PP2A complex shows that the (L)WY-LWY module enables hijacking of the host PP2A core enzyme to form functional holoenzymes. While sharing the PP2A-interacting module at the amino terminus, these effectors possess divergent C-terminal LWY units and regulate distinct sets of phosphoproteins in the host. Our results highlight the appropriation of an essential host phosphatase through molecular mimicry by pathogens and diversification promoted by protein modularity in an effector repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jinlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tung Ariel Kuan
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Li Feng
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jiuyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michelle Hulin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yufei Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yi Zhai
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yingnan Hou
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yanli Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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6
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Mithoe SC, Menke FLH. Titanium Oxide-Based Phosphopeptide Enrichment from Arabidopsis Seedlings. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2581:255-265. [PMID: 36413323 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2784-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most widely studied posttranslational modifications, and its role in signal transduction has gained particular attention. The relatively low abundance of the phosphorylated form of proteins makes identification by mass spectrometry challenging in the absence of selective enrichment. Titanium oxide-based enrichment of phosphopeptides in the presence of acidic modifiers is highly selective and makes it technically possible to detect thousands of phosphopeptides in a single sample by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol for the selective enrichment of microsomal and cytosolic phosphopeptides from Arabidopsis seedlings. The resulting phosphopeptide fractions enable routine identification of several thousands of phosphopeptide spectra per sample by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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7
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Yu G, Derkacheva M, Rufian JS, Brillada C, Kowarschik K, Jiang S, Derbyshire P, Ma M, DeFalco TA, Morcillo RJL, Stransfeld L, Wei Y, Zhou J, Menke FLH, Trujillo M, Zipfel C, Macho AP. The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 regulates BIK1 and is targeted by a bacterial type-III effector. EMBO J 2022; 41:e107257. [PMID: 36314733 PMCID: PMC9713774 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity is tightly controlled by a complex and dynamic regulatory network, which ensures optimal activation upon detection of potential pathogens. Accordingly, each component of this network is a potential target for manipulation by pathogens. Here, we report that RipAC, a type III-secreted effector from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, targets the plant E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PUB4 plays a positive role in PTI by regulating the homeostasis of the central immune kinase BIK1. Before PAMP perception, PUB4 promotes the degradation of non-activated BIK1, while after PAMP perception, PUB4 contributes to the accumulation of activated BIK1. RipAC leads to BIK1 degradation, which correlates with its PTI-inhibitory activity. RipAC causes a reduction in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced PUB4 accumulation and phosphorylation. Our results shed light on the role played by PUB4 in immune regulation, and illustrate an indirect targeting of the immune signalling hub BIK1 by a bacterial effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Maria Derkacheva
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
The Earlham InstituteNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Jose S Rufian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rafael J L Morcillo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian‐Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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8
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Rhodes J, Roman AO, Bjornson M, Brandt B, Derbyshire P, Wyler M, Schmid MW, Menke FLH, Santiago J, Zipfel C. Perception of a conserved family of plant signalling peptides by the receptor kinase HSL3. eLife 2022; 11:74687. [PMID: 35617122 PMCID: PMC9191895 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes encode hundreds of secreted peptides; however, relatively few have been characterised. We report here an uncharacterised, stress-induced family of plant signalling peptides, which we call CTNIPs. Based on the role of the common co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) in CTNIP-induced responses, we identified in Arabidopsis thaliana the orphan receptor kinase HAESA-LIKE 3 (HSL3) as the CTNIP receptor via a proteomics approach. CTNIP binding, ligand-triggered complex formation with BAK1, and induced downstream responses all involve HSL3. Notably, the HSL3-CTNIP signalling module is evolutionarily conserved amongst most extant angiosperms. The identification of this novel signalling module will further shed light on the diverse functions played by plant signalling peptides and will provide insights into receptor-ligand co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andra-Octavia Roman
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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DeFalco TA, Anne P, James SR, Willoughby AC, Schwanke F, Johanndrees O, Genolet Y, Derbyshire P, Wang Q, Rana S, Pullen AM, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Hardtke CS, Nimchuk ZL. A conserved module regulates receptor kinase signalling in immunity and development. Nat Plants 2022; 8:356-365. [PMID: 35422079 PMCID: PMC9639402 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ligand recognition by cell-surface receptors underlies development and immunity in both animals and plants. Modulating receptor signalling is critical for appropriate cellular responses but the mechanisms ensuring this are poorly understood. Here, we show that signalling by plant receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in immunity and CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED peptides (CLEp) in development uses a similar regulatory module. In the absence of ligand, signalling is dampened through association with specific type-2C protein phosphatases. Upon activation, PAMP and CLEp receptors phosphorylate divergent cytosolic kinases, which, in turn, phosphorylate the phosphatases, thereby promoting receptor signalling. Our work reveals a regulatory circuit shared between immune and developmental receptor signalling, which may have broader important implications for plant receptor kinase-mediated signalling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Pauline Anne
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean R James
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C Willoughby
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Florian Schwanke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasmine Genolet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Surbhi Rana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Pullen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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DeFalco TA, Anne P, James SR, Willoughby AC, Schwanke F, Johanndrees O, Genolet Y, Derbyshire P, Wang Q, Rana S, Pullen AM, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Hardtke CS, Nimchuk ZL. A conserved module regulates receptor kinase signalling in immunity and development. Nat Plants 2022; 8:356-365. [PMID: 35422079 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.19.427293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ligand recognition by cell-surface receptors underlies development and immunity in both animals and plants. Modulating receptor signalling is critical for appropriate cellular responses but the mechanisms ensuring this are poorly understood. Here, we show that signalling by plant receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in immunity and CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED peptides (CLEp) in development uses a similar regulatory module. In the absence of ligand, signalling is dampened through association with specific type-2C protein phosphatases. Upon activation, PAMP and CLEp receptors phosphorylate divergent cytosolic kinases, which, in turn, phosphorylate the phosphatases, thereby promoting receptor signalling. Our work reveals a regulatory circuit shared between immune and developmental receptor signalling, which may have broader important implications for plant receptor kinase-mediated signalling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Pauline Anne
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean R James
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C Willoughby
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Florian Schwanke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasmine Genolet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Surbhi Rana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Pullen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Osés-Ruiz M, Cruz-Mireles N, Martin-Urdiroz M, Soanes DM, Eseola AB, Tang B, Derbyshire P, Nielsen M, Cheema J, Were V, Eisermann I, Kershaw MJ, Yan X, Valdovinos-Ponce G, Molinari C, Littlejohn GR, Valent B, Menke FLH, Talbot NJ. Appressorium-mediated plant infection by Magnaporthe oryzae is regulated by a Pmk1-dependent hierarchical transcriptional network. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1383-1397. [PMID: 34707224 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast is a devastating disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae that threatens rice production around the world. The fungus produces a specialized infection cell, called the appressorium, that enables penetration through the plant cell wall in response to surface signals from the rice leaf. The underlying biology of plant infection, including the regulation of appressorium formation, is not completely understood. Here we report the identification of a network of temporally coregulated transcription factors that act downstream of the Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to regulate gene expression during appressorium-mediated plant infection. We show that this tiered regulatory mechanism involves Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of the Hox7 homeobox transcription factor, which regulates genes associated with induction of major physiological changes required for appressorium development-including cell-cycle control, autophagic cell death, turgor generation and melanin biosynthesis-as well as controlling a additional set of virulence-associated transcription factor-encoding genes. Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of Mst12 then regulates gene functions involved in septin-dependent cytoskeletal re-organization, polarized exocytosis and effector gene expression, which are necessary for plant tissue invasion. Identification of this regulatory cascade provides new potential targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Vincent Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Guadalupe Valdovinos-Ponce
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Camilla Molinari
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - George R Littlejohn
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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12
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Derevnina L, Contreras MP, Adachi H, Upson J, Vergara Cruces A, Xie R, Skłenar J, Menke FLH, Mugford ST, MacLean D, Ma W, Hogenhout SA, Goverse A, Maqbool A, Wu CH, Kamoun S. Plant pathogens convergently evolved to counteract redundant nodes of an NLR immune receptor network. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001136. [PMID: 34424903 PMCID: PMC8412950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing proteins can form receptor networks to confer hypersensitive cell death and innate immunity. One class of NLRs, known as NLR required for cell death (NRCs), are central nodes in a complex network that protects against multiple pathogens and comprises up to half of the NLRome of solanaceous plants. Given the prevalence of this NLR network, we hypothesised that pathogens convergently evolved to secrete effectors that target NRC activities. To test this, we screened a library of 165 bacterial, oomycete, nematode, and aphid effectors for their capacity to suppress the cell death response triggered by the NRC-dependent disease resistance proteins Prf and Rpi-blb2. Among 5 of the identified suppressors, 1 cyst nematode protein and 1 oomycete protein suppress the activity of autoimmune mutants of NRC2 and NRC3, but not NRC4, indicating that they specifically counteract a subset of NRC proteins independently of their sensor NLR partners. Whereas the cyst nematode effector SPRYSEC15 binds the nucleotide-binding domain of NRC2 and NRC3, the oomycete effector AVRcap1b suppresses the response of these NRCs via the membrane trafficking-associated protein NbTOL9a (Target of Myb 1-like protein 9a). We conclude that plant pathogens have evolved to counteract central nodes of the NRC immune receptor network through different mechanisms. Coevolution with pathogen effectors may have driven NRC diversification into functionally redundant nodes in a massively expanded NLR network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Upson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Vergara Cruces
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rongrong Xie
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L. H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sam T. Mugford
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | | | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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13
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Petre B, Contreras MP, Bozkurt TO, Schattat MH, Sklenar J, Schornack S, Abd-El-Haliem A, Castells-Graells R, Lozano-Durán R, Dagdas YF, Menke FLH, Jones AME, Vossen JH, Robatzek S, Kamoun S, Win J. Host-interactor screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR proteins reveal vesicle trafficking as a major effector-targeted process. Plant Cell 2021. [PMID: 33677602 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.24.308585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens modulate plant cell structure and function by secreting effectors into host tissues. Effectors typically function by associating with host molecules and modulating their activities. This study aimed to identify the host processes targeted by the RXLR class of host-translocated effectors of the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. To this end, we performed an in planta protein-protein interaction screen by transiently expressing P. infestans RXLR effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves followed by coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This screen generated an effector-host protein interactome matrix of 59 P. infestans RXLR effectors x 586 N. benthamiana proteins. Classification of the host interactors into putative functional categories revealed over 35 biological processes possibly targeted by P. infestans. We further characterized the PexRD12/31 family of RXLR-WY effectors, which associate and colocalize with components of the vesicle trafficking machinery. One member of this family, PexRD31, increased the number of FYVE positive vesicles in N. benthamiana cells. FYVE positive vesicles also accumulated in leaf cells near P. infestans hyphae, indicating that the pathogen may enhance endosomal trafficking during infection. This interactome dataset will serve as a useful resource for functional studies of P. infestans effectors and of effector-targeted host processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin H Schattat
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Roger Castells-Graells
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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14
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Petre B, Contreras MP, Bozkurt TO, Schattat MH, Sklenar J, Schornack S, Abd-El-Haliem A, Castells-Graells R, Lozano-Durán R, Dagdas YF, Menke FLH, Jones AME, Vossen JH, Robatzek S, Kamoun S, Win J. Host-interactor screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR proteins reveal vesicle trafficking as a major effector-targeted process. Plant Cell 2021; 33:1447-1471. [PMID: 33677602 PMCID: PMC8254500 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens modulate plant cell structure and function by secreting effectors into host tissues. Effectors typically function by associating with host molecules and modulating their activities. This study aimed to identify the host processes targeted by the RXLR class of host-translocated effectors of the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. To this end, we performed an in planta protein-protein interaction screen by transiently expressing P. infestans RXLR effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves followed by coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This screen generated an effector-host protein interactome matrix of 59 P. infestans RXLR effectors x 586 N. benthamiana proteins. Classification of the host interactors into putative functional categories revealed over 35 biological processes possibly targeted by P. infestans. We further characterized the PexRD12/31 family of RXLR-WY effectors, which associate and colocalize with components of the vesicle trafficking machinery. One member of this family, PexRD31, increased the number of FYVE positive vesicles in N. benthamiana cells. FYVE positive vesicles also accumulated in leaf cells near P. infestans hyphae, indicating that the pathogen may enhance endosomal trafficking during infection. This interactome dataset will serve as a useful resource for functional studies of P. infestans effectors and of effector-targeted host processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin H Schattat
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Roger Castells-Graells
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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15
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Sun X, Lapin D, Feehan JM, Stolze SC, Kramer K, Dongus JA, Rzemieniewski J, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Harzen A, Bautor J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Jones JDG, Parker JE. Pathogen effector recognition-dependent association of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101 in TNL receptor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3335. [PMID: 34099661 PMCID: PMC8185089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants utilise intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to detect pathogen effectors and activate local and systemic defence. NRG1 and ADR1 "helper" NLRs (RNLs) cooperate with enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101) and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) lipase-like proteins to mediate signalling from TIR domain NLR receptors (TNLs). The mechanism of RNL/EDS1 family protein cooperation is not understood. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence for exclusive EDS1/SAG101/NRG1 and EDS1/PAD4/ADR1 co-functions in TNL immunity. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we show effector recognition-dependent interaction of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101, but not PAD4. An EDS1-SAG101 complex interacts with NRG1, and EDS1-PAD4 with ADR1, in an immune-activated state. NRG1 requires an intact nucleotide-binding P-loop motif, and EDS1 a functional EP domain and its partner SAG101, for induced association and immunity. Thus, two distinct modules (NRG1/EDS1/SAG101 and ADR1/EDS1/PAD4) mediate TNL receptor defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Feehan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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16
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Sun X, Lapin D, Feehan JM, Stolze SC, Kramer K, Dongus JA, Rzemieniewski J, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Harzen A, Bautor J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Jones JDG, Parker JE. Pathogen effector recognition-dependent association of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101 in TNL receptor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3335. [PMID: 34099661 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.21.423810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants utilise intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to detect pathogen effectors and activate local and systemic defence. NRG1 and ADR1 "helper" NLRs (RNLs) cooperate with enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101) and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) lipase-like proteins to mediate signalling from TIR domain NLR receptors (TNLs). The mechanism of RNL/EDS1 family protein cooperation is not understood. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence for exclusive EDS1/SAG101/NRG1 and EDS1/PAD4/ADR1 co-functions in TNL immunity. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we show effector recognition-dependent interaction of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101, but not PAD4. An EDS1-SAG101 complex interacts with NRG1, and EDS1-PAD4 with ADR1, in an immune-activated state. NRG1 requires an intact nucleotide-binding P-loop motif, and EDS1 a functional EP domain and its partner SAG101, for induced association and immunity. Thus, two distinct modules (NRG1/EDS1/SAG101 and ADR1/EDS1/PAD4) mediate TNL receptor defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Feehan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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17
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Grubb LE, Derbyshire P, Dunning KE, Zipfel C, Menke FLH, Monaghan J. Large-scale identification of ubiquitination sites on membrane-associated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant Physiol 2021; 185:1483-1488. [PMID: 33585938 PMCID: PMC8133621 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the identification of ubiquitination sites on proteins found at the cell periphery, including over 100 protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Grubb
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Present address: John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Author for communication: (J.M.)
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18
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Thor K, Jiang S, Michard E, George J, Scherzer S, Huang S, Dindas J, Derbyshire P, Leitão N, DeFalco TA, Köster P, Hunter K, Kimura S, Gronnier J, Stransfeld L, Kadota Y, Bücherl CA, Charpentier M, Wrzaczek M, MacLean D, Oldroyd GED, Menke FLH, Roelfsema MRG, Hedrich R, Feijó J, Zipfel C. The calcium-permeable channel OSCA1.3 regulates plant stomatal immunity. Nature 2020; 585:569-573. [PMID: 32846426 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Perception of biotic and abiotic stresses often leads to stomatal closure in plants1,2. Rapid influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) across the plasma membrane has an important role in this response, but the identity of the Ca2+ channels involved has remained elusive3,4. Here we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana Ca2+-permeable channel OSCA1.3 controls stomatal closure during immune signalling. OSCA1.3 is rapidly phosphorylated upon perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Biochemical and quantitative phosphoproteomics analyses reveal that the immune receptor-associated cytosolic kinase BIK1 interacts with and phosphorylates the N-terminal cytosolic loop of OSCA1.3 within minutes of treatment with the peptidic PAMP flg22, which is derived from bacterial flagellin. Genetic and electrophysiological data reveal that OSCA1.3 is permeable to Ca2+, and that BIK1-mediated phosphorylation on its N terminus increases this channel activity. Notably, OSCA1.3 and its phosphorylation by BIK1 are critical for stomatal closure during immune signalling, and OSCA1.3 does not regulate stomatal closure upon perception of abscisic acid-a plant hormone associated with abiotic stresses. This study thus identifies a plant Ca2+ channel and its activation mechanisms underlying stomatal closure during immune signalling, and suggests specificity in Ca2+ influx mechanisms in response to different stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Thor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeoffrey George
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Dindas
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Nuno Leitão
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Synthace Ltd, London, UK
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Köster
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerri Hunter
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, VIPS, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sachie Kimura
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, VIPS, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Julien Gronnier
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Christoph A Bücherl
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Dr. Friedrich Eberth Arzneimittel GmbH, Ursensollen, Germany
| | - Myriam Charpentier
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Wrzaczek
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, VIPS, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - José Feijó
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. .,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Guo H, Ahn HK, Sklenar J, Huang J, Ma Y, Ding P, Menke FLH, Jones JDG. Phosphorylation-Regulated Activation of the Arabidopsis RRS1-R/RPS4 Immune Receptor Complex Reveals Two Distinct Effector Recognition Mechanisms. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:769-781.e6. [PMID: 32234500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis immune receptors RPS4 and RRS1 interact to co-confer responsiveness to bacterial effectors. The RRS1-R allele, with RPS4, responds to AvrRps4 and PopP2, whereas RRS1-S responds only to AvrRps4. Here, we show that the C terminus of RRS1-R but not RRS1-S is phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Thr1214 in the WRKY domain maintains RRS1-R in its inactive state and also inhibits acetylation of RRS1-R by PopP2. PopP2 in turn catalyzes O-acetylation at the same site, thereby preventing its phosphorylation. Phosphorylation at other sites is required for PopP2 but not AvrRps4 responsiveness and facilitates the interaction of RRS1's C terminus with its TIR domain. Derepression of RRS1-R or RRS1-S involves effector-triggered proximity between their TIR domain and C termini. This effector-promoted interaction between these domains relieves inhibition of TIRRPS4 by TIRRRS1. Our data reveal effector-triggered and phosphorylation-regulated conformational changes within RRS1 that results in distinct modes of derepression of the complex by PopP2 and AvrRps4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Guo
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hee-Kyung Ahn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jianhua Huang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yan Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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20
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Wong JEMM, Nadzieja M, Madsen LH, Bücherl CA, Dam S, Sandal NN, Couto D, Derbyshire P, Uldum-Berentsen M, Schroeder S, Schwämmle V, Nogueira FCS, Asmussen MH, Thirup S, Radutoiu S, Blaise M, Andersen KR, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Stougaard J. A Lotus japonicus cytoplasmic kinase connects Nod factor perception by the NFR5 LysM receptor to nodulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14339-14348. [PMID: 31239345 PMCID: PMC6628658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815425116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of nitrogen-fixing root nodules in legume-rhizobia symbiosis requires an intricate communication between the host plant and its symbiont. We are, however, limited in our understanding of the symbiosis signaling process. In particular, how membrane-localized receptors of legumes activate signal transduction following perception of rhizobial signaling molecules has mostly remained elusive. To address this, we performed a coimmunoprecipitation-based proteomics screen to identify proteins associated with Nod factor receptor 5 (NFR5) in Lotus japonicus. Out of 51 NFR5-associated proteins, we focused on a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK), which we named NFR5-interacting cytoplasmic kinase 4 (NiCK4). NiCK4 associates with heterologously expressed NFR5 in Nicotiana benthamiana, and directly binds and phosphorylates the cytoplasmic domains of NFR5 and NFR1 in vitro. At the cellular level, Nick4 is coexpressed with Nfr5 in root hairs and nodule cells, and the NiCK4 protein relocates to the nucleus in an NFR5/NFR1-dependent manner upon Nod factor treatment. Phenotyping of retrotransposon insertion mutants revealed that NiCK4 promotes nodule organogenesis. Together, these results suggest that the identified RLCK, NiCK4, acts as a component of the Nod factor signaling pathway downstream of NFR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaslyn E M M Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene H Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoph A Bücherl
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Svend Dam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels N Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Couto
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Uldum-Berentsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sina Schroeder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mette H Asmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Thirup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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21
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Zess EK, Jensen C, Cruz-Mireles N, De la Concepcion JC, Sklenar J, Stephani M, Imre R, Roitinger E, Hughes R, Belhaj K, Mechtler K, Menke FLH, Bozkurt T, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S, Maqbool A, Dagdas YF. N-terminal β-strand underpins biochemical specialization of an ATG8 isoform. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000373. [PMID: 31329577 PMCID: PMC6675122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) is a highly conserved ubiquitin-like protein that modulates autophagy pathways by binding autophagic membranes and a number of proteins, including cargo receptors and core autophagy components. Throughout plant evolution, ATG8 has expanded from a single protein in algae to multiple isoforms in higher plants. However, the degree to which ATG8 isoforms have functionally specialized to bind distinct proteins remains unclear. Here, we describe a comprehensive protein-protein interaction resource, obtained using in planta immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by mass spectrometry (MS), to define the potato ATG8 interactome. We discovered that ATG8 isoforms bind distinct sets of plant proteins with varying degrees of overlap. This prompted us to define the biochemical basis of ATG8 specialization by comparing two potato ATG8 isoforms using both in vivo protein interaction assays and in vitro quantitative binding affinity analyses. These experiments revealed that the N-terminal β-strand-and, in particular, a single amino acid polymorphism-underpins binding specificity to the substrate PexRD54 by shaping the hydrophobic pocket that accommodates this protein's ATG8-interacting motif (AIM). Additional proteomics experiments indicated that the N-terminal β-strand shapes the broader ATG8 interactor profiles, defining interaction specificity with about 80 plant proteins. Our findings are consistent with the view that ATG8 isoforms comprise a layer of specificity in the regulation of selective autophagy pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Zess
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra Jensen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carlos De la Concepcion
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Madlen Stephani
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Imre
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Roitinger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L. H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga Bozkurt
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yasin F. Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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22
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Wirthmueller L, Asai S, Rallapalli G, Sklenar J, Fabro G, Kim DS, Lintermann R, Jaspers P, Wrzaczek M, Kangasjärvi J, MacLean D, Menke FLH, Banfield MJ, Jones JDG. Arabidopsis downy mildew effector HaRxL106 suppresses plant immunity by binding to RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1. New Phytol 2018; 220:232-248. [PMID: 30156022 PMCID: PMC6175486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) causes downy mildew disease on Arabidopsis. To colonize its host, Hpa translocates effector proteins that suppress plant immunity into infected host cells. Here, we investigate the relevance of the interaction between one of these effectors, HaRxL106, and Arabidopsis RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1). We use pathogen infection assays as well as molecular and biochemical analyses to test the hypothesis that HaRxL106 manipulates RCD1 to attenuate transcriptional activation of defense genes. We report that HaRxL106 suppresses transcriptional activation of salicylic acid (SA)-induced defense genes and alters plant growth responses to light. HaRxL106-mediated suppression of immunity is abolished in RCD1 loss-of-function mutants. We report that RCD1-type proteins are phosphorylated, and we identified Mut9-like kinases (MLKs), which function as phosphoregulatory nodes at the level of photoreceptors, as RCD1-interacting proteins. An mlk1,3,4 triple mutant exhibits stronger SA-induced defense marker gene expression compared with wild-type plants, suggesting that MLKs also affect transcriptional regulation of SA signaling. Based on the combined evidence, we hypothesize that nuclear RCD1/MLK complexes act as signaling nodes that integrate information from environmental cues and pathogen sensors, and that the Arabidopsis downy mildew pathogen targets RCD1 to prevent activation of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Wirthmueller
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Dahlem Centre of Plant SciencesDepartment of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin‐Luise‐Straße 12–1614195BerlinGermany
| | - Shuta Asai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Georgina Fabro
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Ruth Lintermann
- Dahlem Centre of Plant SciencesDepartment of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin‐Luise‐Straße 12–1614195BerlinGermany
| | - Pinja Jaspers
- Division of Plant BiologyDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiFIN‐00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Michael Wrzaczek
- Division of Plant BiologyDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiFIN‐00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant BiologyDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiFIN‐00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | - Mark J. Banfield
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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23
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Perraki A, DeFalco TA, Derbyshire P, Avila J, Séré D, Sklenar J, Qi X, Stransfeld L, Schwessinger B, Kadota Y, Macho AP, Jiang S, Couto D, Torii KU, Menke FLH, Zipfel C. Phosphocode-dependent functional dichotomy of a common co-receptor in plant signalling. Nature 2018; 561:248-252. [PMID: 30177827 PMCID: PMC6250601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms employ cell-surface receptor kinases (RKs) to sense and process extracellular signals. Many plant RKs form ligand-induced complexes with shape-complementary co-receptors for their activation1. The best-characterized co-receptor is BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), which associates with numerous leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RKs to control immunity, growth, and development2. Here, we report key regulatory events controlling the functionality of BAK1 and, more generally, LRR-RKs. Through a combination of phospho-proteomics and targeted mutagenesis, we identified conserved phosphosites that are required for BAK1 immune function in Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis). Strikingly, these phosphosites are not required for BAK1-dependent brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth. In addition to revealing a critical role for BAK1 C-terminal tail phosphorylation, we identified a conserved tyrosine phosphosite that may be required for functionality of the majority of Arabidopsis LRR-RKs, and separates them into two distinct functional classes. Our results suggest a phosphocode-based dichotomy of BAK1 functionality in plant signaling, and provide novel insights into receptor kinase activation, which have broad implications for our understanding of how plants respond to their changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Julian Avila
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Metabolomics Platform, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Séré
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes 'Claude Grignon', UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,The Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alberto P Macho
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Couto
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. .,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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24
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Bi G, Zhou Z, Wang W, Li L, Rao S, Wu Y, Zhang X, Menke FLH, Chen S, Zhou JM. Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases Directly Link Diverse Pattern Recognition Receptors to the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2018; 30:1543-1561. [PMID: 29871986 PMCID: PMC6096590 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy numerous cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive host- and microbe-derived molecular patterns that are specifically released during infection and activate defense responses. The activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 (MPK3/4/6) is a hallmark of immune system activation by all known PRRs and is crucial for establishing disease resistance. The MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) MEKK1 controls MPK4 activation, but the MAPKKKs responsible for MPK3/6 activation downstream of diverse PRRs and how the perception of diverse molecular patterns leads to the activation of MAPKKKs remain elusive. Here, we show that two highly related MAPKKKs, MAPKKK3 and MAPKKK5, mediate MPK3/6 activation by at least four PRRs and confer resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases VII (RLCK VII), which act downstream of PRRs, directly phosphorylate MAPKKK5 Ser-599, which is required for pattern-triggered MPK3/6 activation, defense gene expression, and disease resistance. Surprisingly, MPK6 further phosphorylates MAPKKK5 Ser-682 and Ser-692 to enhance MPK3/6 activation and disease resistance, pointing to a positive feedback mechanism. Finally, MEKK1 Ser-603 is phosphorylated by both RLCK VII and MPK4, which is required for pattern-triggered MPK4 activation. These findings illustrate central mechanisms by which multiple PRRs activate MAPK cascades and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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25
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Bender KW, Blackburn RK, Monaghan J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Goshe MB, Zielinski RE, Huber SC. Autophosphorylation-based Calcium (Ca 2+) Sensitivity Priming and Ca 2+/Calmodulin Inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana Ca 2+-dependent Protein Kinase 28 (CPK28). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3988-4002. [PMID: 28154194 PMCID: PMC5354511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) represent the primary Ca2+-dependent protein kinase activities in plant systems. CPKs are composed of a dual specificity (Ser/Thr and Tyr) kinase domain tethered to a calmodulin-like domain (CLD) via an autoinhibitory junction (J). Although regulation of CPKs by Ca2+ has been extensively studied, the contribution of autophosphorylation in controlling CPK activity is less well understood. Furthermore, whether calmodulin (CaM) contributes to CPK regulation, as is the case for Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases outside the plant lineage, remains an open question. We therefore screened a subset of plant CPKs for CaM binding and found that CPK28 is a high affinity Ca2+/CaM-binding protein. Using synthetic peptides and native gel electrophoresis, we coarsely mapped the CaM-binding domain to a site within the CPK28 J domain that overlaps with the known site of intramolecular interaction between the J domain and the CLD. Peptide kinase activity of fully dephosphorylated CPK28 was Ca2+-responsive and was inhibited by Ca2+/CaM. Using in situ autophosphorylated protein, we expand on the known set of CPK28 autophosphorylation sites, and we demonstrate that, unexpectedly, autophosphorylated CPK28 had enhanced kinase activity at physiological concentrations of Ca2+ compared with the dephosphorylated protein, suggesting that autophosphorylation functions to prime CPK28 for Ca2+ activation and might also allow CPK28 to remain active when Ca2+ levels are low. Furthermore, CPK28 autophosphorylation substantially reduced sensitivity of the kinase to Ca2+/CaM inhibition. Overall, our analyses uncover new complexities in the control of CPK28 and provide mechanistic support for Ca2+ signaling specificity through Ca2+ sensor priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Bender
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
| | - R Kevin Blackburn
- the Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | | | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michael B Goshe
- the Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Raymond E Zielinski
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
| | - Steven C Huber
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801.,the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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26
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Abstract
Plant parasites secrete proteins known as effectors into host tissues to manipulate host cell structures and functions. One of the major goals in effector biology is to determine the host cell compartments and the protein complexes in which effectors accumulate. Here, we describe a five-step pipeline that we routinely use in our lab to achieve this goal, which consists of (1) Golden Gate assembly of pathogen effector-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions into binary vectors, (2) Agrobacterium-mediated heterologous protein expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells, (3) laser-scanning confocal microscopy assay, (4) anti-GFP coimmunoprecipitation-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (coIP/MS) assay, and (5) anti-GFP western blotting. This pipeline is suitable for rapid, cost-effective, and medium-throughput screening of pathogen effectors in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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27
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Mithoe SC, Ludwig C, Pel MJC, Cucinotta M, Casartelli A, Mbengue M, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Robatzek S, Pieterse CMJ, Aebersold R, Menke FLH. Attenuation of pattern recognition receptor signaling is mediated by a MAP kinase kinase kinase. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:441-54. [PMID: 26769563 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a key role in plant and animal innate immunity. PRR binding of their cognate ligand triggers a signaling network and activates an immune response. Activation of PRR signaling must be controlled prior to ligand binding to prevent spurious signaling and immune activation. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis through FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) induces the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and immunity. However, the precise molecular mechanism that connects activated FLS2 to downstream MAPK cascades remains unknown. Here, we report the identification of a differentially phosphorylated MAP kinase kinase kinase that also interacts with FLS2. Using targeted proteomics and functional analysis, we show that MKKK7 negatively regulates flagellin-triggered signaling and basal immunity and this requires phosphorylation of MKKK7 on specific serine residues. MKKK7 attenuates MPK6 activity and defense gene expression. Moreover, MKKK7 suppresses the reactive oxygen species burst downstream of FLS2, suggesting that MKKK7-mediated attenuation of FLS2 signaling occurs through direct modulation of the FLS2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C Mithoe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michiel J C Pel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Cucinotta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Casartelli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Faculty of Science, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank L H Menke
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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28
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Sarris PF, Duxbury Z, Huh SU, Ma Y, Segonzac C, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Cevik V, Rallapalli G, Saucet SB, Wirthmueller L, Menke FLH, Sohn KH, Jones JDG. A Plant Immune Receptor Detects Pathogen Effectors that Target WRKY Transcription Factors. Cell 2015; 161:1089-1100. [PMID: 26000484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Defense against pathogens in multicellular eukaryotes depends on intracellular immune receptors, yet surveillance by these receptors is poorly understood. Several plant nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors carry fusions with other protein domains. The Arabidopsis RRS1-R NB-LRR protein carries a C-terminal WRKY DNA binding domain and forms a receptor complex with RPS4, another NB-LRR protein. This complex detects the bacterial effectors AvrRps4 or PopP2 and then activates defense. Both bacterial proteins interact with the RRS1 WRKY domain, and PopP2 acetylates lysines to block DNA binding. PopP2 and AvrRps4 interact with other WRKY domain-containing proteins, suggesting these effectors interfere with WRKY transcription factor-dependent defense, and RPS4/RRS1 has integrated a "decoy" domain that enables detection of effectors that target WRKY proteins. We propose that NB-LRR receptor pairs, one member of which carries an additional protein domain, enable perception of pathogen effectors whose function is to target that domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zane Duxbury
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sung Un Huh
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yan Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Bio-protection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Simon B Saucet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Bio-protection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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29
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Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation plays an essential role in signaling in animal systems, but the relative contribution of Tyr phosphorylation to plant signal transduction has, until recently, remained an open question. One of the major issues hampering the analysis is the low abundance of Tyr phosphorylation and therefore underrepresentation in most mass spec-based proteomic studies. Here, we describe a working approach to selectively enrich Tyr-phosphorylated peptides from complex plant tissue samples. We describe a detailed protocol that is based on immuno-affinity enrichment step using an anti-phospho-tyrosine (pTyr)-specific antibody. This single enrichment strategy effectively enriches pTyr-containing peptides from complex total plant cell extracts, which can be measured by LC-MS/MS without further fractionation or enrichment.
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30
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Zhang H, Zhou H, Berke L, Heck AJR, Mohammed S, Scheres B, Menke FLH. Quantitative phosphoproteomics after auxin-stimulated lateral root induction identifies an SNX1 protein phosphorylation site required for growth. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1158-69. [PMID: 23328941 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.021220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is instrumental to early signaling events. Studying system-wide phosphorylation in relation to processes under investigation requires a quantitative proteomics approach. In Arabidopsis, auxin application can induce pericycle cell divisions and lateral root formation. Initiation of lateral root formation requires transcriptional reprogramming following auxin-mediated degradation of transcriptional repressors. The immediate early signaling events prior to this derepression are virtually uncharacterized. To identify the signal molecules responding to auxin application, we used a lateral root-inducible system that was previously developed to trigger synchronous division of pericycle cells. To identify and quantify the early signaling events following this induction, we combined (15)N-based metabolic labeling and phosphopeptide enrichment and applied a mass spectrometry-based approach. In total, 3068 phosphopeptides were identified from auxin-treated root tissue. This root proteome dataset contains largely phosphopeptides not previously reported and represents one of the largest quantitative phosphoprotein datasets from Arabidopsis to date. Key proteins responding to auxin treatment included the multidrug resistance-like and PIN2 auxin carriers, auxin response factor2 (ARF2), suppressor of auxin resistance 3 (SAR3), and sorting nexin1 (SNX1). Mutational analysis of serine 16 of SNX1 showed that overexpression of the mutated forms of SNX1 led to retarded growth and reduction of lateral root formation due to the reduced outgrowth of the primordium, showing proof of principle for our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Mithoe SC, Boersema PJ, Berke L, Snel B, Heck AJR, Menke FLH. Targeted quantitative phosphoproteomics approach for the detection of phospho-tyrosine signaling in plants. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:438-48. [PMID: 22074104 DOI: 10.1021/pr200893k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation plays an essential role in signaling in animal systems. However, a few studies have also reported Tyr phosphorylation in plants, but the relative contribution of tyrosine phosphorylation to plant signal transduction has remained an open question. We present an approach to selectively measure and quantify Tyr phosphorylation in plant cells, which can also be applied to whole plants. We combined a (15)N stable isotope metabolic labeling strategy with an immuno-affinity purification using phospho-tyrosine (pY) specific antibodies. This single enrichment strategy was sufficient to reproducibly identify and quantify pY containing peptides from total plant cell extract in a single LC-MS/MS run. We succeeded in identifying 149 unique pY peptides originating from 135 proteins, including a large set of different protein kinases and several receptor-like kinases. We used flagellin perception by Arabidopsis cells, a model system for pathogen triggered immune (PTI) signaling, to test our approach. We reproducibly quantified 23 pY peptides in 2 inversely labeled biological replicates identifying 11 differentially phosphorylated proteins. These include a set of 3 well-characterized flagellin responsive MAP kinases and 4 novel MAP kinases. With this targeted approach, we elucidate a new level of complexity in flagellin-induced MAP kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C Mithoe
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Mithoe SC, Menke FLH. Phosphoproteomics perspective on plant signal transduction and tyrosine phosphorylation. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:997-1006. [PMID: 21315387 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animal cells use intricate signaling pathways to respond to a diverse array of stimuli. These stimuli include signals from environment, such as biotic and abiotic stress signals, as well as cell-to-cell signaling required for pattern formation during development. The transduction of the signal often relies on the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. Protein phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is considered to be a central mechanism for regulation and cellular signaling. The classic view is that phosphorylation of serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues is more abundant, whereas tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation is less frequent. This review provides an overview of the progress in the plant phosphoproteomics field and how this progress has lead to a re-evaluation of the relative contribution of tyrosine phosphorylation to the plant phosphoproteome. In relation to this appreciated contribution of tyrosine phosphorylation we also discuss some of the recent progress on the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in plant signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C Mithoe
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Abstract
Although little is known about how asymmetric cell division in plants is regulated, recent discoveries provide a starting point for exploring the mechanisms underlying this process. These studies reveal parallels with asymmetric division in yeast and animals, but also point to regulated cell expansion as a new mechanism of asymmetric division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L H Menke
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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34
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Benhamed M, Martin-Magniette ML, Taconnat L, Bitton F, Servet C, De Clercq R, De Meyer B, Buysschaert C, Rombauts S, Villarroel R, Aubourg S, Beynon J, Bhalerao RP, Coupland G, Gruissem W, Menke FLH, Weisshaar B, Renou JP, Zhou DX, Hilson P. Genome-scale Arabidopsis promoter array identifies targets of the histone acetyltransferase GCN5. Plant J 2008; 56:493-504. [PMID: 18644002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We have assembled approximately 20 000 Arabidopsis thaliana promoter regions, compatible with functional studies that require cloning and with microarray applications. The promoter fragments can be captured as modular entry clones (MultiSite Gateway format) via site-specific recombinational cloning, and transferred into vectors of choice to investigate transcriptional networks. The fragments can also be amplified by PCR and printed on glass arrays. In combination with immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes (ChIP-chip), these arrays enable characterization of binding sites for chromatin-associated proteins or the extent of chromatin modifications at genome scale. The Arabidopsis histone acetyltransferase GCN5 associated with 40% of the tested promoters. At most sites, binding did not depend on the integrity of the GCN5 bromodomain. However, the presence of the bromodomain was necessary for binding to 11% of the promoter regions, and correlated with acetylation of lysine 14 of histone H3 in these promoters. Combined analysis of ChIP-chip and transcriptomic data indicated that binding of GCN5 does not strictly correlate with gene activation. GCN5 has previously been shown to be required for light-regulated gene expression and growth, and we found that GCN5 targets were enriched in early light-responsive genes. Thus, in addition to its transcriptional activation function, GCN5 may play an important role in priming activation of inducible genes under non-induced conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Benhamed
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris Sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France
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35
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Benschop JJ, Mohammed S, O'Flaherty M, Heck AJR, Slijper M, Menke FLH. Quantitative Phosphoproteomics of Early Elicitor Signaling in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1198-214. [PMID: 17317660 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600429-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of general elicitors by plant cells initiates signal transduction cascades that are regulated by protein phosphorylation. The earliest signaling events occur within minutes and include ion fluxes across the plasma membrane, activation of MAPKs, and the formation of reactive oxygen species. The phosphorylation events that regulate these signaling cascades are largely unknown. Here we present a mass spectrometry-based quantitative phosphoproteomics approach that identified differentially phosphorylated sites in signaling and response proteins from Arabidopsis cells treated with either flg22 or xylanase. Our approach was sensitive enough to quantitate phosphorylation on low abundance signaling proteins such as calcium-dependent protein kinases and receptor-like kinase family members. With this approach we identified one or more differentially phosphorylated sites in 76 membrane-associated proteins including a number of defense-related proteins. Our data on phosphorylation indicate a high degree of complexity at the level of post-translational modification as exemplified by the complex modification patterns of respiratory burst oxidase protein D. Furthermore the data also suggest that protein translocation and vesicle traffic are important aspects of early signaling and defense in response to general elicitors. Our study presents the largest quantitative Arabidopsis phosphoproteomics data set to date and provides a new resource that can be used to gain novel insight into plant defense signal transduction and early defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J Benschop
- Molecular Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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de Jong M, van Breukelen B, Wittink FR, Menke FLH, Weisbeek PJ, Van den Ackerveken G. Membrane-associated transcripts in Arabidopsis; their isolation and characterization by DNA microarray analysis and bioinformatics. Plant J 2006; 46:708-21. [PMID: 16640606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-associated, integral membrane and secreted proteins are of key importance in many cellular processes. For most of the 28,952 predicted proteins in Arabidopsis, the actual subcellular localization has not been demonstrated experimentally. So far, their potential membrane-association has been deduced from algorithms that predict transmembrane domains and signal peptides. However, the comprehensiveness and accuracy of these algorithms is still limited. The majority of membrane-associated and secreted proteins is synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes. Therefore, the isolation and characterization of mRNA associated with membrane-bound polysomes offers an experimental tool for the genome-wide identification of these proteins. Here we describe an efficient method to isolate mRNA from membrane-bound polysomes and report on the validation of the method to enrich for transcripts encoding membrane-associated and secreted proteins. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the isolation method was investigated by DNA microarray analysis. Pearson correlations between transcript levels obtained from three replicate isolations showed that the method is highly reproducible. A significant enrichment for mRNAs encoding proteins containing predicted transmembrane domains and signal peptides was observed in the membrane-bound polysomal fraction. In this fraction, 301 transcripts were classified by gene ontologies as 'cellular component unknown', and potentially encode previously unrecognized secreted or membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark de Jong
- Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Menke FLH, Kang HG, Chen Z, Park JM, Kumar D, Klessig DF. Tobacco transcription factor WRKY1 is phosphorylated by the MAP kinase SIPK and mediates HR-like cell death in tobacco. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2005; 18:1027-34. [PMID: 16255241 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) of tobacco, which is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), is activated by various biotic and abiotic treatments. Overexpression of SIPK has been shown to trigger cell death. In this study, a targeted yeast two-hybrid approach identified the tobacco transcription factor WRKY1 as a potential substrate. SIPK phosphorylated WRKY1, which resulted in enhanced DNA-binding activity of WRKY1 to its cognate binding site, a W box sequence from the tobacco chitinase gene CHN50. SIPK-mediated enhancement of WRKY1 DNA-binding activity was inhibited by staurosporine, a general kinase inhibitor. Co-expression of SIPK and WRKY1 in Nicotiana benthamiana led to more rapid cell death than expression of SIPK alone, suggesting that WRKY1 is involved in the formation of hypersensitive response-like cell death and may be a component of the signaling cascade downstream of SIPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L H Menke
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Zhou F, Menke FLH, Yoshioka K, Moder W, Shirano Y, Klessig DF. High humidity suppresses ssi4-mediated cell death and disease resistance upstream of MAP kinase activation, H2O2 production and defense gene expression. Plant J 2004; 39:920-32. [PMID: 15341634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ssi4 mutant, which exhibits spontaneous lesion formation, constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and enhanced resistance to virulent bacterial and oomycete pathogens, contains a gain-of-function mutation in a TIR-NBS-LRR type R gene. Epistatic analyses revealed that both PR gene expression and disease resistance are activated via a salicylic acid (SA)- and EDS1-dependent, but NPR1- and NDR1-independent signaling pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that in moderate relative humidity (RH; 60%), the ssi4 mutant accumulates H(2)O(2) and SA prior to lesion formation and displays constitutive activation of the MAP kinases AtMPK6 and AtMPK3. It also constitutively expresses a variety of defense-associated genes, including those encoding the WRKY transcription factors AtWRKY29 and AtWRKY6, the MAP kinases AtMPK6 and AtMPK3, the powdery mildew R proteins RPW8.1 and RPW8.2, EDS1 and PR proteins. All of these ssi4-induced responses, as well as the chlorotic, stunted morphology and enhanced disease resistance phenotype, are suppressed by high RH (95%) growth conditions. Thus, a humidity sensitive factor (HSF) appears to function at an early point in the ssi4 signaling pathway. All ssi4 phenotypes, except for MAP kinase activation, also were suppressed by the eds1-1 mutation. Thus, ssi4-induced MAP kinase activation occurs downstream of the HSF but either upstream of EDS1 or on a separate branch of the ssi4 signaling pathway. SA is a critical signaling component in ssi4-mediated defense responses. However, exogenously supplied SA failed to restore lesion formation in high RH-grown ssi4 plants, although it induced defense gene expression. Thus, additional signals also are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasong Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Menke FLH, van Pelt JA, Pieterse CMJ, Klessig DF. Silencing of the mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK6 compromises disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2004; 16:897-907. [PMID: 15020743 PMCID: PMC412864 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we use a loss-of-function approach to demonstrate that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MPK6 plays a role in resistance to certain pathogens. MPK6-silenced Arabidopsis showed no apparent morphological phenotype or reduced fertility, indicating MPK6 is not required for development. However, resistances to an avirulent strain of Peronospora parasitica and avirulent and virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae were compromised, suggesting that MPK6 plays a role in both resistance gene-mediated and basal resistance. Furthermore, this result demonstrates that MPK6's function cannot be fully complemented by other endogenous MAPKs. Although MPK6-silenced plants exhibited enhanced disease susceptibility, their ability to develop systemic acquired resistance or induced systemic resistance was unaffected. Expression of the pathogen-inducible gene VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN1 (VSP1) in MPK6-silenced plants was severalfold lower than in control plants, but the expression of other defense genes was comparable to the level observed in control plants. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that a specific MAPK positively regulates VSP1 expression and resistance to a primary infection by certain pathogens, whereas systemic resistance and expression of several other defense genes appears to be mediated either by a functionally redundant MAPK(s) or independently from MPK6-dependent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L H Menke
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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