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Pang MJ, Jiang S, Long GH, Ji Y, Han W, Wang B, Liu XL, Xi YL, Xu FZ, Wei GD. Mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanospheres with a high specific surface area as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ternary nickel cobaltite has attracted more and more attention as a promising electrode material for high performance supercapacitors (SCs) due to its high theoretical capacity, unique crystal structure and excellent electronic conductivity.
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Black JA, Long GH, Sharp SJ, Kuznetsov L, Boothby CE, Griffin SJ, Simmons RK. Change in cardio-protective medication and health-related quality of life after diagnosis of screen-detected diabetes: Results from the ADDITION-Cambridge cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:170-7. [PMID: 25937542 PMCID: PMC4504034 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Establishing a balance between the benefits and harms of treatment is important among individuals with screen-detected diabetes, for whom the burden of treatment might be higher than the burden of the disease. We described the association between cardio-protective medication and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among individuals with screen-detected diabetes. METHODS 867 participants with screen-detected diabetes underwent clinical measurements at diagnosis, one and five years. General HRQoL (EQ5D) was measured at baseline, one- and five-years, and diabetes-specific HRQoL (ADDQoL-AWI) and health status (SF-36) at one and five years. Multivariable linear regression was used to quantify the association between change in HRQoL and change in cardio-protective medication. RESULTS The median (IQR) number of prescribed cardio-protective agents was 2 (1 to 3) at diagnosis, 3 (2 to 4) at one year and 4 (3 to 5) at five years. Change in cardio-protective medication was not associated with change in HRQoL from diagnosis to one year. From one year to five years, change in cardio-protective agents was not associated with change in the SF-36 mental health score. One additional agent was associated with an increase in the SF-36 physical health score (2.1; 95%CI 0.4, 3.8) and an increase in the EQ-5D (0.05; 95%CI 0.02, 0.08). Conversely, one additional agent was associated with a decrease in the ADDQoL-AWI (-0.32; 95%CI -0.51, -0.13), compared to no change. CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence that increases in the number of cardio-protective medications impacted negatively on HRQoL among individuals with screen-detected diabetes over five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Black
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - G H Long
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - L Kuznetsov
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - C E Boothby
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S J Griffin
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Primary Care Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SR, United Kingdom
| | - R K Simmons
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Long GH, Johansson I, Rolandsson O, Wennberg P, Fhärm E, Weinehall L, Griffin SJ, Simmons RK, Norberg M. Healthy behaviours and 10-year incidence of diabetes: a population cohort study. Prev Med 2015; 71:121-7. [PMID: 25532678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between meeting behavioural goals and diabetes incidence over 10 years in a large, representative Swedish population. METHODS Population-based prospective cohort study of 32,120 individuals aged 35 to 55 years participating in a health promotion intervention in Västerbotten County, Sweden (1990 to 2013). Participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, clinical measures, and completed diet and activity questionnaires. Poisson regression quantified the association between achieving six behavioural goals at baseline - body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m(2), moderate physical activity, non-smoker, fat intake <30% of energy, fibre intake ≥15 g/4184 kJ and alcohol intake ≤20 g/day - and diabetes incidence over 10 years. RESULTS Median interquartile range (IQR) follow-up time was 9.9 (0.3) years; 2211 individuals (7%) developed diabetes. Only 4.4% of participants met all 6 goals (n=1245) and compared to these individuals, participants meeting 0/1 goals had a 3.74 times higher diabetes incidence (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.50 to 5.59), adjusting for sex, age, calendar period, education, family history of diabetes, history of myocardial infarction and long-term illness. If everyone achieved at least four behavioural goals, 14.1% (95% CI: 11.7 to 16.5%) of incident diabetes cases might be avoided. CONCLUSION Interventions promoting the achievement of behavioural goals in the general population could significantly reduce diabetes incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Long
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - I Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - O Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - E Fhärm
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Weinehall
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - S J Griffin
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge CB2 0SR, United Kingdom
| | - R K Simmons
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - M Norberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Centre for Population Studies, Ageing and Living Conditions Programme, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Kuznetsov L, Long GH, Griffin SJ, Simmons RK. Are changes in glycaemic control associated with diabetes-specific quality of life and health status in screen-detected type 2 diabetes patients? Four-year follow up of the ADDITION-Cambridge cohort. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:69-75. [PMID: 24817063 PMCID: PMC4509001 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions that improve HbA1c levels do not necessarily improve health-related quality of life (QoL). This issue may be particularly relevant in asymptomatic diabetes patients detected earlier in the course of the disease. METHODS HbA1c , diabetes-specific QoL (ADDQoL) and health status were measured in 510 screen-detected diabetes patients from the ADDITION-Cambridge trial at 1 and 5 years post diagnosis. Multivariable logistic/linear regression was used to quantify the longitudinal association between change in HbA1c from 1 to 5 years and ADDQoL and health status at 5 years, adjusting for age, sex, education and trial group; alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, plasma vitamin C, HbA1c , ADDQoL or health status at 1 year, and glucose-lowering medication at 5 years. RESULTS From 1 to 5 years, median HbA1c interquartile range increased from 6.3% (5.9-6.8) to 6.8% (6.4-7.4); the median ADDQoL score and mean health status physical health summary score decreased from -0.4 (-1 to -0.08) to -0.5 (-1.08 to -0.09) (suggesting an adverse impact of diabetes on QoL) and by -0.79 (8.94) points, respectively. Increases in HbA1c were independently associated with reporting a negative impact of diabetes on QoL (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.85) but not with the health status summary scores. CONCLUSIONS Increases in HbA1c from 1 to 5 years post-diagnosis were independently associated with increased odds of reporting a negative impact of diabetes on QoL. While our results suggest that efforts to reduce HbA1c do not adversely affect health-related QoL, large numbers of participants still report a negative impact of diabetes on their QoL 5 years post-diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuznetsov
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - G H Long
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - S J Griffin
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - R K Simmons
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
- * Correspondence to: R. K. Simmons, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK., E-mail:
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Cooper AJM, Schliemann D, Long GH, Griffin SJ, Simmons RK. Do improvements in dietary behaviour contribute to cardiovascular risk factor reduction over and above cardio-protective medication in newly diagnosed diabetes patients? Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1113-8. [PMID: 24801371 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES A healthy diet is an integral component of successful diabetes management. However, the comparative importance of adopting a healthy diet for cardiovascular risk factor reduction over and above medication use among newly diagnosed diabetes patients remains unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS We computed a dietary score consistent with American Diabetes Association and Diabetes UK recommendations in 574 newly diagnosed diabetes patients by summing standardised values for the intake of total energy, saturated fat, sodium, fibre and plasma vitamin C. In linear regression analyses, stratified by cardio-protective medication use (yes/no), we quantified the comparative longitudinal associations of baseline diet and change in diet over 1 year with change in blood pressure, HbA1c and lipids. RESULTS Baseline diet was generally not predictive of change in cardiovascular risk factor levels at 1 year. In contrast, dietary change over 1 year among patients prescribed and not prescribed cardio-protective medication after baseline was associated with comparative (p-interaction all ⩾0.95) reductions in diastolic blood pressure (-2.38 vs -2.93 mm Hg, respectively) and triglycerides (-0.31 vs -0.21 mmol/l, respectively), independent of potential confounding factors and change from baseline to follow-up in physical activity and smoking status. CONCLUSIONS Modest dietary change over the first year following diagnosis of diabetes was associated with reductions in blood pressure and triglycerides, over and above the effects of cardio-protective medication. Our findings support the notion that dietary change should be viewed as an integral component of successful diabetes self-management, irrespective of medication use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Cooper
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Schliemann
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - G H Long
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - S J Griffin
- 1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK [2] Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R K Simmons
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Metcalf CJE, Long GH, Mideo N, Forester JD, Bjørnstad ON, Graham AL. Revealing mechanisms underlying variation in malaria virulence: effective propagation and host control of uninfected red blood cell supply. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2804-13. [PMID: 22718989 PMCID: PMC3479917 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasite clones with the highest transmission rates to mosquitoes also tend to induce the most severe fitness consequences (or virulence) in mammals. This is in accord with expectations from the virulence–transmission trade-off hypothesis. However, the mechanisms underlying how different clones cause virulence are not well understood. Here, using data from eight murine malaria clones, we apply recently developed statistical methods to infer differences in clone characteristics, including induction of differing host-mediated changes in red blood cell (RBC) supply. Our results indicate that the within-host mechanisms underlying similar levels of virulence are variable and that killing of uninfected RBCs by immune effectors and/or retention of RBCs in the spleen may ultimately reduce virulence. Furthermore, the correlation between clone virulence and the degree of host-induced mortality of uninfected RBCs indicates that hosts increasingly restrict their RBC supply with increasing intrinsic virulence of the clone with which they are infected. Our results demonstrate a role for self-harm in self-defence for hosts and highlight the diversity and modes of virulence of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J E Metcalf
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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Metcalf CJE, Graham AL, Huijben S, Barclay VC, Long GH, Grenfell BT, Read AF, Bjørnstad ON. Partitioning regulatory mechanisms of within-host malaria dynamics using the effective propagation number. Science 2011; 333:984-8. [PMID: 21852493 PMCID: PMC3891600 DOI: 10.1126/science.1204588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immune clearance and resource limitation (via red blood cell depletion) shape the peaks and troughs of malaria parasitemia, which in turn affect disease severity and transmission. Quantitatively partitioning the relative roles of these effects through time is challenging. Using data from rodent malaria, we estimated the effective propagation number, which reflects the relative importance of contrasting within-host control mechanisms through time and is sensitive to the inoculating parasite dose. Our analysis showed that the capacity of innate responses to restrict initial parasite growth saturates with parasite dose and that experimentally enhanced innate immunity can affect parasite density indirectly via resource depletion. Such a statistical approach offers a tool to improve targeting of drugs or vaccines for human therapy by revealing the dynamics and interactions of within-host regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J E Metcalf
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
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Long GH, Chan BHK, Allen JE, Read AF, Graham AL. Parasite genetic diversity does not influence TNF-mediated effects on the virulence of primary rodent malaria infections. Parasitology 2006; 133:673-84. [PMID: 16978451 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200600117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is associated with malaria virulence (disease severity) in both rodents and humans. We are interested in whether parasite genetic diversity influences TNF-mediated effects on malaria virulence. Here, primary infections with genetically distinct Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (P.c.c.) clones varied in the virulence and cytokine responses induced in female C57BL/6 mice. Even when parasitaemia was controlled for, a greater day 7 TNF-alpha response was induced by infection with more virulent P.c.c. clones. Since many functions of TNF-alpha are exerted through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), a TNFR-1 fusion protein (TNFR-Ig) was used to investigate whether TNFR1 blockade eliminated clone virulence differences. We found that TNFR-1 blockade ameliorated the weight loss but not the anaemia induced by malaria infection, regardless of P.c.c. clone. We show that distinct P.c.c. infections induced significantly different plasma interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels. Our results demonstrate that regardless of P.c.c. genotype, blocking TNFR1 signalling protected against weight loss, but had negligible effects on both anaemia and asexual parasite kinetics. Thus, during P.c.c. infection, TNF-alpha is a key mediator of weight loss, independent of parasite load and across parasite genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Long
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland.
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