1
|
Xiong L, Forsythe C, Jung M, McLeod AS, Sunku SS, Shao YM, Ni GX, Sternbach AJ, Liu S, Edgar JH, Mele EJ, Fogler MM, Shvets G, Dean CR, Basov DN. Photonic crystal for graphene plasmons. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4780. [PMID: 31636265 PMCID: PMC6803641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic crystals are commonly implemented in media with periodically varying optical properties. Photonic crystals enable exquisite control of light propagation in integrated optical circuits, and also emulate advanced physical concepts. However, common photonic crystals are unfit for in-operando on/off controls. We overcome this limitation and demonstrate a broadly tunable two-dimensional photonic crystal for surface plasmon polaritons. Our platform consists of a continuous graphene monolayer integrated in a back-gated platform with nano-structured gate insulators. Infrared nano-imaging reveals the formation of a photonic bandgap and strong modulation of the local plasmonic density of states that can be turned on/off or gradually tuned by the applied gate voltage. We also implement an artificial domain wall which supports highly confined one-dimensional plasmonic modes. Our electrostatically-tunable photonic crystals are derived from standard metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor technology and pave a way for practical on-chip light manipulation. Traditional photonic crystals consist of periodic media with a pre-defined optical response. Here, the authors combine nanostructured back-gate insulators with a continuous layer of graphene to demonstrate an electrically tunable two-dimensional photonic crystal suitable for controlling the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - C Forsythe
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - M Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - A S McLeod
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - S S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Y M Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - G X Ni
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - A J Sternbach
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - S Liu
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - J H Edgar
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - E J Mele
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - G Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - C R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kelp G, Arju N, Lee A, Esquivel E, Delgado R, Yu Y, Dutta-Gupta S, Sokolov K, Shvets G. Application of metasurface-enhanced infra-red spectroscopy to distinguish between normal and cancerous cell types. Analyst 2019; 144:1115-1127. [PMID: 30702730 PMCID: PMC6437688 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of biological cells can reveal clinically important information about cells' composition, including their normal or cancerous status. The recently emerged diagnostic technique of spectral cytopathology (SCP) combines FTIR with multivariate statistical analysis to detect cell abnormalities, differentiate between cell types, and monitor disease progression. We demonstrate a new variant of SCP, a metasurface-enhanced infrared reflection spectroscopic cytopathology (MEIRSC) that utilises judiciously designed plasmonic metasurfaces to localize and enhance the evanescent field near the cell's membrane, and to carry out spectroscopic interrogations of the cells attached to the metasurface using reflected infrared light. Our findings indicate that the MEIRSC approach enables us to differentiate between normal and cancerous human colon cells. The sensitivity of MEIRSC is such that a very small (about 50 nm deep) portion of the cell can yield valuable diagnostic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kelp
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - N Arju
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A Lee
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - E Esquivel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Delgado
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Y Yu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - S Dutta-Gupta
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - K Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - G Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schnell M, Sarriugarte P, Neuman T, Khanikaev AB, Shvets G, Aizpurua J, Hillenbrand R. Real-Space Mapping of the Chiral Near-Field Distributions in Spiral Antennas and Planar Metasurfaces. Nano Lett 2016; 16:663-70. [PMID: 26666399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral antennas and metasurfaces can be designed to react differently to left- and right-handed circularly polarized light, which enables novel optical properties such as giant optical activity and negative refraction. Here, we demonstrate that the underlying chiral near-field distributions can be directly mapped with scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy employing circularly polarized illumination. We apply our technique to visualize, for the first time, the circular-polarization selective nanofocusing of infrared light in Archimedean spiral antennas, and explain this chiral optical effect by directional launching of traveling waves in analogy to antenna theory. Moreover, we near-field image single-layer rosette and asymmetric dipole-monopole metasurfaces and find negligible and strong chiral optical near-field contrast, respectively. Our technique paves the way for near-field characterization of optical chirality in metal nanostructures, which will be essential for the future development of chiral antennas and metasurfaces and their applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schnell
- CIC nanoGUNE , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - P Sarriugarte
- CIC nanoGUNE , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - T Neuman
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center DIPC , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - A B Khanikaev
- Department of Physics, Queens College and Graduate Center of The City University of New York , New York, NewYork, 11367, United States
| | - G Shvets
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - J Aizpurua
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center DIPC , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - R Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE and EHU/UPV , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Tsai HE, Zhang X, Pai CH, Chang YY, Zgadzaj R, Wang X, Khudik V, Shvets G, Downer MC. Single-shot visualization of evolving laser wakefields using an all-optical streak camera. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:085001. [PMID: 25192102 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We visualize ps-time-scale evolution of an electron density bubble--a wake structure created in atmospheric density plasma by an intense ultrashort laser pulse--from the phase "streak" that the bubble imprints onto a probe pulse that crosses its path obliquely. Phase streaks, recovered in one shot using frequency-domain interferometric techniques, reveal the formation, propagation, and coalescence of the bubble within a 3 mm long ionized helium gas target. 3D particle-in-cell simulations validate the observed density-dependent bubble evolution, and correlate it with the generation of a quasimonoenergetic ∼ 100 MeV electron beam. The results provide a basis for understanding optimized electron acceleration at a plasma density n(e) ≈ 2 × 10(19) cm(-3), inefficient acceleration at lower density, and dephasing limits at higher density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Li
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - Hai-En Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Pai
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Chang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - Rafal Zgadzaj
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - V Khudik
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - G Shvets
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | - M C Downer
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Zgadzaj R, Fazel N, Li Z, Yi SA, Zhang X, Henderson W, Chang YY, Korzekwa R, Tsai HE, Pai CH, Quevedo H, Dyer G, Gaul E, Martinez M, Bernstein AC, Borger T, Spinks M, Donovan M, Khudik V, Shvets G, Ditmire T, Downer MC. Quasi-monoenergetic laser-plasma acceleration of electrons to 2 GeV. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1988. [PMID: 23756359 PMCID: PMC3709475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-plasma accelerators of only a centimetre’s length have produced nearly monoenergetic electron bunches with energy as high as 1 GeV. Scaling these compact accelerators to multi-gigaelectronvolt energy would open the prospect of building X-ray free-electron lasers and linear colliders hundreds of times smaller than conventional facilities, but the 1 GeV barrier has so far proven insurmountable. Here, by applying new petawatt laser technology, we produce electron bunches with a spectrum prominently peaked at 2 GeV with only a few per cent energy spread and unprecedented sub-milliradian divergence. Petawatt pulses inject ambient plasma electrons into the laser-driven accelerator at much lower density than was previously possible, thereby overcoming the principal physical barriers to multi-gigaelectronvolt acceleration: dephasing between laser-driven wake and accelerating electrons and laser pulse erosion. Simulations indicate that with improvements in the laser-pulse focus quality, acceleration to nearly 10 GeV should be possible with the available pulse energy. Laser-plasma accelerators can produce high-energy electron bunches over just a few centimetres of distance, offering possible table-top accelerator capabilities. Wang et al. break the current 1 GeV barrier by applying a petawatt laser to accelerate electrons nearly monoenergetically up to 2 GeV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Physics, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pukhov A, Kumar N, Tückmantel T, Upadhyay A, Lotov K, Muggli P, Khudik V, Siemon C, Shvets G. Phase velocity and particle injection in a self-modulated proton-driven plasma wakefield accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:145003. [PMID: 22107203 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.145003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the performance of the self-modulated proton driver plasma wakefield accelerator is strongly affected by the reduced phase velocity of the plasma wave. Using analytical theory and particle-in-cell simulations, we show that the reduction is largest during the linear stage of self-modulation. As the instability nonlinearly saturates, the phase velocity approaches that of the driver. The deleterious effects of the wake's dynamics on the maximum energy gain of accelerated electrons can be avoided using side-injections of electrons, or by controlling the wake's phase velocity by smooth plasma density gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pukhov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kolb PW, Corrigan TD, Drew HD, Sushkov AB, Phaneuf RJ, Khanikaev A, Mousavi SH, Shvets G. Bianisotropy and spatial dispersion in highly anisotropic near-infrared resonator arrays. Opt Express 2010; 18:24025-24036. [PMID: 21164750 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.024025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We measure, simulate, and analyze the optical transmission through arrays of Ag nanorod pairs and U-shaped nanostructures as a function of polarization and angle of incidence. The bianisotropic nature of the metamaterials is exhibited in data and in simulations, and we argue that the electric field rather than the magnetic field excites the low frequency "magnetic" mode. We also observe spatial dispersion in the form of frequency shifts as a function of incident angle which we attribute to coupling effects between neighboring structures. A simple model based upon coupled electromagnetic dipoles is found to provide a qualitative description for the main features observed in the spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Kolb
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan JA, Wu C, Bao K, Bao J, Bardhan R, Halas NJ, Manoharan VN, Nordlander P, Shvets G, Capasso F. Self-Assembled Plasmonic Nanoparticle Clusters. Science 2010; 328:1135-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1187949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1258] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
9
|
Dong P, Reed SA, Yi SA, Kalmykov S, Shvets G, Downer MC, Matlis NH, Leemans WP, McGuffey C, Bulanov SS, Chvykov V, Kalintchenko G, Krushelnick K, Maksimchuk A, Matsuoka T, Thomas AGR, Yanovsky V. Formation of optical bullets in laser-driven plasma bubble accelerators. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:134801. [PMID: 20481887 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electron density bubbles--wake structures generated in plasma of density n(e) approximately 10(19) cm(-3) by the light pressure of intense ultrashort laser pulses--are shown to reshape weak copropagating probe pulses into optical "bullets." The bullets are reconstructed using frequency-domain interferometric techniques in order to visualize bubble formation. Bullets are confined in three dimensions to plasma-wavelength size, and exhibit higher intensity, broader spectrum and flatter temporal phase than surrounding probe light, evidence of their compression by the bubble. Bullets observed at 0.8 approximately < n(e) approximately < 1.2x10(19) cm(-3) provide the first observation of bubble formation below the electron capture threshold. At higher n(e), bullets appear with high shot-to-shot stability together with relativistic electrons that vary widely in spectrum, and help relate bubble formation to fast electron generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dong
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kalmykov S, Yi SA, Khudik V, Shvets G. Electron self-injection and trapping into an evolving plasma bubble. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:135004. [PMID: 19905519 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The blowout (or bubble) regime of laser wakefield acceleration is promising for generating monochromatic high-energy electron beams out of low-density plasmas. It is shown analytically and by particle-in-cell simulations that self-injection of the background plasma electrons into the quasistatic plasma bubble can be caused by slow temporal expansion of the bubble. Sufficient criteria for the electron trapping and bubble's expansion rate are derived using a semianalytic nonstationary Hamiltonian theory. It is further shown that the combination of bubble's expansion and contraction results in monoenergetic electron beams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kalmykov
- The Department of Physics and Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kalmykov SY, Yi SA, Shvets G. All-optical suppression of relativistic self-focusing of laser beams in plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2008; 78:057401. [PMID: 19113243 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that a catastrophic relativistic self-focusing (RSF) of a high-power laser pulse can be prevented all-optically by a second, much weaker, copropagating pulse. RSF suppression occurs when the difference frequency of the pulses slightly exceeds the electron plasma frequency. The mutual defocusing is caused by the three-dimensional electron density perturbation driven by the laser beat wave slightly above the plasma resonance. A bienvelope model describing the early stage of the mutual defocusing is derived and analyzed. Later stages, characterized by the presence of a strong electromagnetic cascade, are investigated numerically. Stable propagation of the laser pulse with weakly varying spot size and peak amplitude over several Rayleigh lengths is predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yu Kalmykov
- The Department of Physics and Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, One University Station C1500, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Urzhumov YA, Korobkin D, Neuner III B, Zorman C, Shvets G. Optical properties of sub-wavelength hole arrays in SiC membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/9/9/s07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
13
|
Shvets G, Trendafilov S, Pendry JB, Sarychev A. Guiding, focusing, and sensing on the subwavelength scale using metallic wire arrays. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:053903. [PMID: 17930754 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.053903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We show that tapered arrays of thin metallic wires can manipulate electromagnetic fields on the subwavelength spatial scale. Two types of nanoscale imaging applications using terahertz and midinfrared waves are enabled: image magnification and radiation focusing. First, the tapered wire array acts as a multipixel TEM endoscope by capturing an electromagnetic field profile created by deeply subwavelength objects at the endoscope's tip and magnifying it for observation. Second, the image of a large mask at the endoscope's base is projected onto a much smaller image at the tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Shvets
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shapiro MA, Shvets G, Sirigiri JR, Temkin RJ. Spatial dispersion in metamaterials with negative dielectric permittivity and its effect on surface waves. Opt Lett 2006; 31:2051-3. [PMID: 16770429 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of spatial dispersion on the electromagnetic properties of a metamaterial consisting of a three-dimensional mesh of crossing metallic wires is reported. The effective dielectric permittivity tensor epsilon(ij)(omega, k) of the wire mesh is calculated in the limit of small wavenumbers. The procedure for extracting the spatial dispersion from the omega versus k dependence for electromagnetic waves propagating in the bulk of the metamaterial is developed. These propagating modes are identified as similar to the longitudinal (plasmon) and transverse (photon) waves in a plasma. Spatial dispersion is found to have the most dramatic effect on the surface waves that exist at the wire mesh-vacuum interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Shapiro
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kalmykov S, Polomarov O, Korobkin D, Otwinowski J, Power J, Shvets G. Novel techniques of laser acceleration: from structures to plasmas. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2006; 364:725-40. [PMID: 16483960 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Compact accelerators of the future will require enormous accelerating gradients that can only be generated using high power laser beams. Two novel techniques of laser particle acceleration are discussed. The first scheme is based on a solid-state accelerating structure powered by a short pulse CO(2) laser. The planar structure consists of two SiC films, separated by a vacuum gap, grown on Si wafers. Particle acceleration takes place inside the gap by a surface electromagnetic wave excited at the vacuum/SiC interface. Laser coupling is accomplished through the properly designed Si grating. This structure can be inexpensively manufactured using standard microfabrication techniques and can support accelerating fields well in excess of 1 GeV m(-1) without breakdown. The second scheme utilizes a laser beatwave to excite a high-amplitude plasma wave, which accelerates relativistic particles. The novel aspect of this technique is that it takes advantage of the nonlinear bi-stability of the relativistic plasma wave to drive it close to the wavebreaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kalmykov
- The University of Texas at Austin Department of Physics and Institute for Fusion Studies One University Station C1500, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbed by a magnetized plasma if the radiation frequency equals the cyclotron frequency of plasma electrons. It is demonstrated that absorption can be completely canceled in the presence of a magnetostatic field of an undulator, or a second radiation beam, resulting in plasma transparency at the cyclotron frequency. This effect is reminiscent of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of three-level atomic systems, except that it occurs in a completely classical plasma. Unlike the atomic systems, where all the excited levels required for EIT exist in each atom, this classical EIT requires the excitation of nonlocal plasma oscillation. A Lagrangian description was used to elucidate the physics of the plasma transparency and control of group and phase velocity. This control leads to applications for electromagnetic pulse compression and electron/ion acceleration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Shvets
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shvets G, Fisch NJ, Rax JM. Magnetic field generation through angular momentum exchange between circularly polarized radiation and charged particles. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 65:046403. [PMID: 12006019 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.046403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between circularly polarized radiation and charged particles can lead to generation of magnetic field through an inverse Faraday effect. The spin of the circularly polarized electromagnetic wave can be converted into the angular momentum of the charged particles so long as there is dissipation. We demonstrate this by considering two mechanisms of angular momentum absorption relevant for laser-plasma interactions: electron-ion collisions and ionization. The precise dissipative mechanism, however, plays a role in determining the efficiency of the magnetic-field generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Shvets
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shvets G, Fisch NJ. Parametric excitations of fast plasma waves by counterpropagating laser beams. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:3328-3331. [PMID: 11327962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Short- and long-wavelength plasma waves can become strongly coupled in the presence of two counterpropagating laser pump pulses detuned by twice the cold-plasma frequency omega(p). What makes this four-wave interaction important is that the growth rate of the plasma waves occurs much faster than in the more obvious copropagating geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Shvets
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ping Y, Geltner I, Fisch NJ, Shvets G, Suckewer S. Demonstration of ultrashort laser pulse amplification in plasmas by a counterpropagating pumping beam. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 62:R4532-R4535. [PMID: 11089076 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.r4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated amplification of ultrashort laser pulses (200 fs pulses) in microcapillary plasmas by a counterpropagating pumping beam. Energy amplification as large as a factor of 5 was observed. Importantly, a nonlinear pump depletion regime must have been accessed, since the parameters support not only the amplification of the pulse, but an absolutely growing instability if the pump is not depleted. Further indication of accessing the nonlinear depletion is indicated by the relative insensitivity to the initial pulse energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ping
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The recently proposed scheme of so-called "fast compression" of laser pulses in plasma can increase peak laser intensities by 10(5) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4448 (1999)]. The compression mechanism is the transient stimulated Raman backscattering, which outruns the fastest filamentation instabilities of the pumped pulse even at highly overcritical powers. This Letter proposes a novel nonlinear filtering effect that suppresses premature backscattering of the pump in a noisy plasma layer, while the desired amplification of a sufficiently intense seed persists with a high efficiency. The effect is of basic interest and also makes it robust to noise the simplest technologically fast compression scheme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- VM Malkin
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shvets G, Fisch NJ, Pukhov A, Meyer-Ter-Vehn J. Generation of periodic accelerating structures in plasma by colliding laser pulses. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 60:2218-23. [PMID: 11970016 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1998] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
A mechanism for generating large (>1 GeV/m) accelerating wakes in a plasma is proposed. Two slightly detuned counterpropagating laser beams, an ultrashort timing pulse and a long pump, exchange photons and deposit the recoil momentum in plasma electrons. This produces a localized region of electron current, which acts as a virtual electron beam, inducing intense plasma wakes with phase velocity equal to the group velocity of the short pulse. Modulating the pumping beam generates periodic accelerating structures in the plasma ("plasma linac") which can be used for particle acceleration unlimited by the dephasing between the particles and the wake. An important difference between this type of plasma accelerator and the conventional wakefield accelerators is that this type can be achieved with laser intensities I<<10(18) W/cm(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Shvets
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Piovella N, Chaix P, Shvets G, Jaroszynski DA. Analytical theory of short-pulse free-electron laser oscillators. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1995; 52:5470-5486. [PMID: 9964044 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.5470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
23
|
|