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Poulhazan A, Baer A, Daliaho G, Mentink-Vigier F, Arnold AA, Browne DC, Hering L, Archer-Hartmann S, Pepi LE, Azadi P, Schmidt S, Mayer G, Marcotte I, Harrington MJ. Peculiar Phosphonate Modifications of Velvet Worm Slime Revealed by Advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20749-20754. [PMID: 37722679 PMCID: PMC10540779 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Nature is rich with examples of highly specialized biological materials produced by organisms for functions, including defense, hunting, and protection. Along these lines, velvet worms (Onychophora) expel a protein-based slime used for hunting and defense that upon shearing and dehydration forms fibers as stiff as thermoplastics. These fibers can dissolve back into their precursor proteins in water, after which they can be drawn into new fibers, providing biological inspiration to design recyclable materials. Elevated phosphorus content in velvet worm slime was previously observed and putatively ascribed to protein phosphorylation. Here, we show instead that phosphorus is primarily present as phosphonate moieties in the slime of distantly related velvet worm species. Using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), natural abundance dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), and mass spectrometry (MS), we demonstrate that 2-aminoethyl phosphonate (2-AEP) is associated with glycans linked to large slime proteins, while transcriptomic analyses confirm the expression of 2-AEP synthesizing enzymes in slime glands. The evolutionary conservation of this rare protein modification suggests an essential functional role of phosphonates in velvet worm slime and should stimulate further study of the function of this unusual chemical modification in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department
of Chemistry, Université du Québec
à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Alexander Baer
- Department
of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University
of Kassel, Kassel D-34132, Germany
| | - Gagan Daliaho
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre A. Arnold
- Department
of Chemistry, Université du Québec
à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Darren C. Browne
- Department
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University
of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados BB11000, West Indies
| | - Lars Hering
- Department
of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University
of Kassel, Kassel D-34132, Germany
| | | | - Lauren E. Pepi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Chemistry
Department, Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department
of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University
of Kassel, Kassel D-34132, Germany
| | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department
of Chemistry, Université du Québec
à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2J6, Canada
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2
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Budd GE, Mayer G, Janssen R, Eriksson BJ. Comment on "The lower Cambrian lobopodian Cardiodictyon resolves the origin of euarthropod brains". Science 2023; 380:eadg1412. [PMID: 37384683 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Strausfeld et al. (Report, 24 Nov 2022, p. 905) claim that Cambrian fossilized nervous tissue supports the interpretation that the ancestral panarthropod brain was tripartite and unsegmented. We argue that this conclusion is unsupported, and developmental data from living onychophorans contradict it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Joakim Eriksson
- Department für Neurowissenschaften und Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Wien, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Baer A, Hoffmann I, Mahmoudi N, Poulhazan A, Harrington MJ, Mayer G, Schmidt S, Schneck E. The Internal Structure of the Velvet Worm Projectile Slime: A Small-Angle Scattering Study. Small 2023; 19:e2300516. [PMID: 36828797 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For prey capture and defense, velvet worms eject an adhesive slime which has been established as a model system for recyclable complex liquids. Triggered by mechanical agitation, the liquid bio-adhesive rapidly transitions into solid fibers. In order to understand this mechanoresponsive behavior, here, the nanostructural organization of slime components are studied using small-angle scattering with neutrons and X-rays. The scattering intensities are successfully described with a three-component model accounting for proteins of two dominant molecular weight fractions and nanoscale globules. In contrast to the previous assumption that high molecular weight proteins-the presumed building blocks of the fiber core-are contained in the nanoglobules, it is found that the majority of slime proteins exist freely in solution. Only less than 10% of the slime proteins are contained in the nanoglobules, necessitating a reassessment of their function in fiber formation. Comparing scattering data of slime re-hydrated with light and heavy water reveals that the majority of lipids in slime are contained in the nanoglobules with homogeneous distribution. Vibrating mechanical impact under exclusion of air neither leads to formation of fibers nor alters the bulk structure of slime significantly, suggesting that interfacial phenomena and directional shearing are required for fiber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, D-34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ingo Hoffmann
- Spectroscopy Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Group, ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, H2X 2J6, Canada
| | | | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, D-34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Chemistry Department, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Physics Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289, Darmstadt, Germany
- Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Jahn H, Hammel JU, Göpel T, Wirkner CS, Mayer G. A multiscale approach reveals elaborate circulatory system and intermittent heartbeat in velvet worms (Onychophora). Commun Biol 2023; 6:468. [PMID: 37117786 PMCID: PMC10147947 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An antagonistic hemolymph-muscular system is essential for soft-bodied invertebrates. Many ecdysozoans (molting animals) possess neither a heart nor a vascular or circulatory system, whereas most arthropods exhibit a well-developed circulatory system. How did this system evolve and how was it subsequently modified in panarthropod lineages? As the closest relatives of arthropods and tardigrades, onychophorans (velvet worms) represent a key group for addressing this question. We therefore analyzed the entire circulatory system of the peripatopsid Euperipatoides rowelli and discovered a surprisingly elaborate organization. Our findings suggest that the last common ancestor of Onychophora and Arthropoda most likely possessed an open vascular system, a posteriorly closed heart with segmental ostia, a pericardial sinus filled with nephrocytes and an impermeable pericardial septum, whereas the evolutionary origin of plical and pericardial channels is unclear. Our study further revealed an intermittent heartbeat-regular breaks of rhythmic, peristaltic contractions of the heart-in velvet worms, which might stimulate similar investigations in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jahn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Jörg U Hammel
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon at DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben Göpel
- Multiscale Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Christian S Wirkner
- Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132, Kassel, Germany
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Treffkorn S, Mayer G, Janssen R. Review of extra-embryonic tissues in the closest arthropod relatives, onychophorans and tardigrades. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210270. [PMID: 36252224 PMCID: PMC9574629 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The so-called extra-embryonic tissues are important for embryonic development in many animals, although they are not considered to be part of the germ band or the embryo proper. They can serve a variety of functions, such as nutrient uptake and waste removal, protection of the embryo against mechanical stress, immune response and morphogenesis. In insects, a subgroup of arthropods, extra-embryonic tissues have been studied extensively and there is increasing evidence that they might contribute more to embryonic development than previously thought. In this review, we provide an assessment of the occurrence and possible functions of extra-embryonic tissues in the closest arthropod relatives, onychophorans (velvet worms) and tardigrades (water bears). While there is no evidence for their existence in tardigrades, these tissues show a remarkable diversity across the onychophoran subgroups. A comparison of extra-embryonic tissues of onychophorans to those of arthropods suggests shared functions in embryonic nutrition and morphogenesis. Apparent contribution to the final form of the embryo in onychophorans and at least some arthropods supports the hypothesis that extra-embryonic tissues are involved in organogenesis. In order to account for this role, the commonly used definition of these tissues as 'extra-embryonic' should be reconsidered. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Geocentrum, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang Z, Dauvilliers Y, Plazzi G, Mayer G, Lammers G, Santamaria J, Gaig C, Partinen M, Overeem S, Rio-Villegas RD, Šonka K, Peraita-Adrados R, Heinzer R, Wierzbicka A, Högl B, Manconi M, Feketeova E, da Silva A, Bušková J, Bassetti C, Barateau L, Pizza F, Gool J, Fronczek R, Khatami R. Idling for decades: a European study on risk factors associated with long time to narcolepsy diagnosis. Sleep Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Gool J, Zhang Z, Oei M, Mathias S, Dauvilliers Y, Mayer G, Plazzi G, del Rio-Villegas R, Santamaria J, Šonka K, Partinen M, Overeem S, Peraita-Adrados R, Heinzer R, Martins da Silva A, Högl B, Wierzbicka A, Heidbreder A, Feketeova E, Manconi M, Bušková J, Canellas F, Bassetti C, Barateau L, Pizza F, Schmidt M, Fronczek R, Khatami R, Lammers G. Unsupervised clustering of central hypersomnolence disorders enables data-driven phenotyping: toward more reliable diagnostic criteria. Sleep Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Bäßler FS, Zafar A, Mayer G, Schultz JH. Barriers to access cancer screening and treatment services in
Germany. Das Gesundheitswesen 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1753813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Mayer G, Hummel S, Zafar A, Schultz JH. Konzepte der Personalisierung in der Behandlung psychischer
Erkrankungen: Ein Herangehensmodell für ein Scoping Review und erste
Ergebnisse. Das Gesundheitswesen 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1753749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Ou Q, Shu D, Zhang Z, Han J, Van Iten H, Cheng M, Sun J, Yao X, Wang R, Mayer G. Dawn of complex animal food webs: A new predatory anthozoan (Cnidaria) from Cambrian. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100195. [PMID: 35005675 PMCID: PMC8717384 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians diverged very early in animal evolution; therefore, investigations of the morphology and trophic levels of early fossil cnidarians may provide critical insights into the evolution of metazoans and the origin of modern marine food webs. However, there has been a lack of unambiguous anthozoan cnidarians from Ediacaran assemblages, and undoubted anthozoans from the Cambrian radiation of metazoans are very rare and lacking in ecological evidence. Here, we report a new polypoid cnidarian, Nailiana elegans gen. et sp. nov., represented by multiple solitary specimens from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota (∼520 Ma) of South China. These specimens show eight unbranched tentacles surrounding a single opening into the gastric cavity, which may have born multiple mesenteries. Thus, N. elegans displays a level of organization similar to that of extant cnidarians. Phylogenetic analyses place N. elegans in the stem lineage of Anthozoa and suggest that the ancestral anthozoan was a soft-bodied, solitary polyp showing octoradial symmetry. Moreover, one specimen of the new polyp preserves evidence of predation on an epifaunal lingulid brachiopod. This case provides the oldest direct evidence of macrophagous predation, the advent of which may have triggered the emergence of complex trophic/ecological relationships in Cambrian marine communities and spurred the explosive radiation of animal body plans. Polypoid animal from early Cambrian of China is a stem-group anthozoan cnidarian Anthozoan ancestor inferred to be soft-bodied, solitary polyp of octoradial symmetry The new anthozoan provides the oldest direct evidence of macrophagous predation Macrophagous predation may have triggered complex food webs in early Cambrian
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ou
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.,Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, Kassel 34132, Germany
| | - Degan Shu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jian Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Heyo Van Iten
- Department of Geology, Hanover College, Hanover, IN 47243, USA.,Cincinnati Museum Center, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, 1301 Western Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45203, USA
| | - Meirong Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yao
- School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, Kassel 34132, Germany
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11
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Martin C, Jahn H, Klein M, Hammel JU, Stevenson PA, Homberg U, Mayer G. The velvet worm brain unveils homologies and evolutionary novelties across panarthropods. BMC Biol 2022; 20:26. [PMID: 35073910 PMCID: PMC9136957 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of the brain and its major neuropils in Panarthropoda (comprising Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora) remains enigmatic. As one of the closest relatives of arthropods, onychophorans are regarded as indispensable for a broad understanding of the evolution of panarthropod organ systems, including the brain, whose anatomical and functional organisation is often used to gain insights into evolutionary relations. However, while numerous recent studies have clarified the organisation of many arthropod nervous systems, a detailed investigation of the onychophoran brain with current state-of-the-art approaches is lacking, and further inconsistencies in nomenclature and interpretation hamper its understanding. To clarify the origins and homology of cerebral structures across panarthropods, we analysed the brain architecture in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli by combining X-ray micro-computed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. Results Here, we use this detailed information to generate a consistent glossary for neuroanatomical studies of Onychophora. In addition, we report novel cerebral structures, provide novel details on previously known brain areas, and characterise further structures and neuropils in order to improve the reproducibility of neuroanatomical observations. Our findings support homology of mushroom bodies and central bodies in onychophorans and arthropods. Their antennal nerve cords and olfactory lobes most likely evolved independently. In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for second-order visual neuropils, or a frontal ganglion in the velvet worm brain. Conclusion We imaged the velvet worm nervous system at an unprecedented level of detail and compiled a comprehensive glossary of known and previously uncharacterised neuroanatomical structures to provide an in-depth characterisation of the onychophoran brain architecture. We expect that our data will improve the reproducibility and comparability of future neuroanatomical studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w.
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12
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Petersen M, Armisén D, Gibbs RA, Hering L, Khila A, Mayer G, Richards S, Niehuis O, Misof B. Correction to: Diversity and evolution of the transposable element repertoire in arthropods with particular reference to insects. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:146. [PMID: 34271865 PMCID: PMC8285782 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Petersen
- University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft Für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - David Armisén
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Abderrahman Khila
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg (Brsg.), Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Gross V, Epple L, Mayer G. Organization of the central nervous system and innervation of cephalic sensory structures in the water bear Echiniscus testudo (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada) revisited. J Morphol 2021; 282:1298-1312. [PMID: 34129245 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The tardigrade brain has been the topic of several neuroanatomical studies, as it is key to understanding the evolution of the central nervous systems in Panarthropoda (Tardigrada + Onychophora + Arthropoda). The gross morphology of the brain seems to be well conserved across tardigrades despite often disparate morphologies of their heads and cephalic sensory structures. As such, the general shape of the brain and its major connections to the rest of the central nervous system have been mapped out already by early tardigradologists. Despite subsequent investigations primarily based on transmission electron microscopy or immunohistochemistry, characterization of the different regions of the tardigrade brain has progressed relatively slowly and open questions remain. In an attempt to improve our understanding of different brain regions, we reinvestigated the central nervous system of the heterotardigrade Echiniscus testudo using anti-synapsin and anti-acetylated α-tubulin immunohistochemistry in order to visualize the number and position of tracts, commissures, and neuropils. Our data revealed five major synapsin-immunoreactive domains along the body: a large unitary, horseshoe-shaped neuropil in the head and four neuropils in the trunk ganglia, supporting the hypothesis that the dorsal brain is serially homologous with the ventral trunk ganglia. At the same time, the pattern of anti-synapsin and anti-tubulin immunoreactivity differs between the ganglia, adding to the existing evidence that each of the four trunk ganglia is unique in its morphology. Anti-tubulin labeling further revealed two commissures within the central brain neuropil, one of which is forked, and additional sets of extracerebral cephalic commissures associated with the stomodeal nervous system and the ventral cell cluster. Furthermore, our results showing the innervation of each of the cephalic sensilla in E. testudo support the homology of subsets of these structures with the sensory fields of eutardigrades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lisa Epple
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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14
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Doppler K, Antelmi E, Kuzkina A, Donadio V, Incensi A, Plazzi G, Pizza F, Marelli S, Ferini-Strambi L, Tinazzi M, Mayer G, Sittig E, Booij J, Sedghi A, Oertel WH, Volkmann J, Sommer C, Janzen A, Liguori R. Consistent skin α-synuclein positivity in REM sleep behavior disorder - A two center two-to-four-year follow-up study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 86:108-113. [PMID: 33895068 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/METHODS Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein (p-syn) in dermal nerves of patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is detectable by immunofluorescence-labeling. Skin-biopsy-p-syn-positivity was recently postulated to be a prodromal marker of Parkinson's disease (PD) or related synucleinopathies. Here, we provide two-to four-year clinical and skin biopsy follow-up data of 33 iRBD patients, whose skin biopsy findings at baseline were reported in 2017. RESULTS Follow-up biopsies were available from 25 patients (18 positive at baseline) and showed consistent findings over time in 24 patients. One patient converted from skin-biopsy-negativity to -positivity. P-syn-positivity was observed in iRBD patients who still had a normal FP-CIT-SPECT two years later. Clinically, five of the 23 at baseline skin-biopsy-positive patients (21.7%) had converted to PD or dementia with Lewy bodies at follow-up, but none of the skin-biopsy-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS Dermal p-syn in iRBD is most probably an early consistent marker of synucleinopathy and may support other indicators of conversion to manifest disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Doppler
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - E Antelmi
- Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - A Kuzkina
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - V Donadio
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Incensi
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Marelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - L Ferini-Strambi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - M Tinazzi
- Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - E Sittig
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - J Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Sedghi
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - W H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany; Institute for Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Center for Health and Environment, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Volkmann
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Sommer
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Janzen
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - R Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Beer AGE, Laille E, Neuwirt H, Mayer G, Stauder R. Azacitidine is removed effectively by hemodialysis. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:743-745. [PMID: 33100080 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1838505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A G E Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Laille
- Bristol Myers Squibb (formerly Celgene Corporation), Summit, NJ, USA
| | - H Neuwirt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Stauder
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Mayer G, Guba A. Role of the Nonrotating Decay Heat Removal Blower Pressure Loss in ALLEGRO Reactor. Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4045805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ALLEGRO is a helium-cooled fast reactor, which is being developed by the Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland. It will be the demonstrator of the GFR-2400-MWth Generation IV gas-cooled fast reactors. In ALLEGRO, a three-loop safety system is designed to remove decay heat during accident conditions. The nonrotating blower blades may represent a huge pressure loss in the decay heat removal loop (DHR), which hinders natural circulation. The lower the pressure loss coefficient of the DHR blower blades is, the better cooling is available during natural circulation. On the other hand, a large core bypass develops if a DHR valve is opened inadvertently during normal operation. In this case, the higher DHR blower pressure loss is better from core cooling point of view. Consequently, the low pressure loss of the DHR blower is advantageous for core cooling in station blackout (SBO) event but disadvantageous for inadvertent DHR valve opening event. Both the above-mentioned cases may lead to insufficient core cooling in accident conditions, which threatens the integrity of the reactor core. In this study, we present CATHARE thermohydraulic calculations to assess the sensitivity of the DHR blower pressure loss coefficient for the above-mentioned two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Mayer
- Thermohydraulics Department, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Energy Research (MTA EK), P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | - A. Guba
- Thermohydraulics Department, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Energy Research (MTA EK), P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
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17
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Cerullo AR, Lai TY, Allam B, Baer A, Barnes WJP, Barrientos Z, Deheyn DD, Fudge DS, Gould J, Harrington MJ, Holford M, Hung CS, Jain G, Mayer G, Medina M, Monge-Nájera J, Napolitano T, Espinosa EP, Schmidt S, Thompson EM, Braunschweig AB. Comparative Animal Mucomics: Inspiration for Functional Materials from Ubiquitous and Understudied Biopolymers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5377-5398. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R. Cerullo
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tsoi Ying Lai
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Alexander Baer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - W. Jon P. Barnes
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Zaidett Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Mercedes de Montes de Oca, San José 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Dimitri D. Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division-0202, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas S. Fudge
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - John Gould
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Mandë Holford
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, United States
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Chia-Suei Hung
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Julian Monge-Nájera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Mercedes de Montes de Oca, San José 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Tanya Napolitano
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric M. Thompson
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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18
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Vizueta J, Escuer P, Frías-López C, Guirao-Rico S, Hering L, Mayer G, Rozas J, Sánchez-Gracia A. Evolutionary History of Major Chemosensory Gene Families across Panarthropoda. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:3601-3615. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chemosensory perception is a fundamental biological process of particular relevance in basic and applied arthropod research. However, apart from insects, there is little knowledge of specific molecules involved in this system, which is restricted to a few taxa with uneven phylogenetic sampling across lineages. From an evolutionary perspective, onychophorans (velvet worms) and tardigrades (water bears) are of special interest since they represent the closest living relatives of arthropods, altogether comprising the Panarthropoda. To get insights into the evolutionary origin and diversification of the chemosensory gene repertoire in panarthropods, we sequenced the antenna- and head-specific transcriptomes of the velvet worm Euperipatoides rowelli and analyzed members of all major chemosensory families in representative genomes of onychophorans, tardigrades, and arthropods. Our results suggest that the NPC2 gene family was the only family encoding soluble proteins in the panarthropod ancestor and that onychophorans might have lost many arthropod-like chemoreceptors, including the highly conserved IR25a receptor of protostomes. On the other hand, the eutardigrade genomes lack genes encoding the DEG-ENaC and CD36-sensory neuron membrane proteins, the chemosensory members of which have been retained in arthropods; these losses might be related to lineage-specific adaptive strategies of tardigrades to survive extreme environmental conditions. Although the results of this study need to be further substantiated by an increased taxon sampling, our findings shed light on the diversification of chemosensory gene families in Panarthropoda and contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of animal chemical senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Escuer
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Frías-López
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Ou Q, Vannier J, Yang X, Chen A, Mai H, Shu D, Han J, Fu D, Wang R, Mayer G. Evolutionary trade-off in reproduction of Cambrian arthropods. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz3376. [PMID: 32426476 PMCID: PMC7190318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trade-offs play a crucial role in the evolution of life-history strategies of extant organisms by shaping traits such as growth pattern, reproductive investment, and lifespan. One important trade-off is between offspring number and energy (nutrition, parental care, etc.) allocated to individual offspring. Exceptional Cambrian fossils allowed us to trace the earliest evidence of trade-offs in arthropod reproduction. †Chuandianella ovata, from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota of China, brooded numerous (≤100 per clutch), small (Ø, ~0.5 mm) eggs under carapace flaps. The closely related †Waptia fieldensis, from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of Canada, also brooded young, but carried fewer (≤ 26 per clutch), larger (Ø, ~2.0 mm) eggs. The notable differences in clutch/egg sizes between these two species suggest an evolutionary trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring. The shift toward fewer, larger eggs might be an adaptive response to marine ecosystem changes through the early-middle Cambrian. We hypothesize that reproductive trade-offs might have facilitated the evolutionary success of early arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ou
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Jean Vannier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (CNRS-UMR 5276), 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ailin Chen
- Research Center of Paleobiology, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China
| | - Huijuan Mai
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Degan Shu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jian Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Dongjing Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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20
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Thomas GWC, Dohmen E, Hughes DST, Murali SC, Poelchau M, Glastad K, Anstead CA, Ayoub NA, Batterham P, Bellair M, Binford GJ, Chao H, Chen YH, Childers C, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Duan JJ, Dugan S, Esposito LA, Friedrich M, Garb J, Gasser RB, Goodisman MAD, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Han Y, Handler AM, Hatakeyama M, Hering L, Hunter WB, Ioannidis P, Jayaseelan JC, Kalra D, Khila A, Korhonen PK, Lee CE, Lee SL, Li Y, Lindsey ARI, Mayer G, McGregor AP, McKenna DD, Misof B, Munidasa M, Munoz-Torres M, Muzny DM, Niehuis O, Osuji-Lacy N, Palli SR, Panfilio KA, Pechmann M, Perry T, Peters RS, Poynton HC, Prpic NM, Qu J, Rotenberg D, Schal C, Schoville SD, Scully ED, Skinner E, Sloan DB, Stouthamer R, Strand MR, Szucsich NU, Wijeratne A, Young ND, Zattara EE, Benoit JB, Zdobnov EM, Pfrender ME, Hackett KJ, Werren JH, Worley KC, Gibbs RA, Chipman AD, Waterhouse RM, Bornberg-Bauer E, Hahn MW, Richards S. Gene content evolution in the arthropods. Genome Biol 2020; 21:15. [PMID: 31969194 PMCID: PMC6977273 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropods comprise the largest and most diverse phylum on Earth and play vital roles in nearly every ecosystem. Their diversity stems in part from variations on a conserved body plan, resulting from and recorded in adaptive changes in the genome. Dissection of the genomic record of sequence change enables broad questions regarding genome evolution to be addressed, even across hyper-diverse taxa within arthropods. RESULTS Using 76 whole genome sequences representing 21 orders spanning more than 500 million years of arthropod evolution, we document changes in gene and protein domain content and provide temporal and phylogenetic context for interpreting these innovations. We identify many novel gene families that arose early in the evolution of arthropods and during the diversification of insects into modern orders. We reveal unexpected variation in patterns of DNA methylation across arthropods and examples of gene family and protein domain evolution coincident with the appearance of notable phenotypic and physiological adaptations such as flight, metamorphosis, sociality, and chemoperception. CONCLUSIONS These analyses demonstrate how large-scale comparative genomics can provide broad new insights into the genotype to phenotype map and generate testable hypotheses about the evolution of animal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg W. C. Thomas
- 0000 0001 0790 959Xgrid.411377.7Department of Biology and Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Elias Dohmen
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münsterss, 48149 Münster, Germany ,0000 0001 2287 2617grid.9026.dInstitute for Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany ,Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, 45665 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Daniel S. T. Hughes
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,0000000419368729grid.21729.3fPresent Address: Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shwetha C. Murali
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Present Address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Monica Poelchau
- 0000 0001 2113 2895grid.483014.aNational Agricultural Library, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Karl Glastad
- 0000 0001 2097 4943grid.213917.fSchool of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA ,0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Present Address: Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Clare A. Anstead
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Nadia A. Ayoub
- grid.268042.aDepartment of Biology, Washington and Lee University, 204 West Washington Street, Lexington, VA 24450 USA
| | - Phillip Batterham
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9School of BioSciences Science Faculty, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Michelle Bellair
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,Present Address: CooperGenomics, Houston, TX USA
| | - Greta J. Binford
- 0000 0004 1936 9043grid.259053.8Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR 97219 USA
| | - Hsu Chao
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yolanda H. Chen
- 0000 0004 1936 7689grid.59062.38Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Christopher Childers
- 0000 0001 2113 2895grid.483014.aNational Agricultural Library, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jian J. Duan
- 0000 0004 0404 0958grid.463419.dBeneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Newark, DE USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Lauren A. Esposito
- 0000 0004 0461 6769grid.242287.9Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- 0000 0001 1456 7807grid.254444.7Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Jessica Garb
- 0000 0000 9620 1122grid.225262.3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street, Lowell, MA 01854 USA
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Michael A. D. Goodisman
- 0000 0001 2097 4943grid.213917.fSchool of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Dawn E. Gundersen-Rindal
- 0000 0004 0404 0958grid.463419.dUSDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Yi Han
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Alfred M. Handler
- 0000 0004 0404 0958grid.463419.dUSDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Masatsugu Hatakeyama
- 0000 0001 0699 0373grid.410590.9Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Lars Hering
- 0000 0001 1089 1036grid.5155.4Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Wayne B. Hunter
- 0000 0004 0404 0958grid.463419.dUSDA ARS, U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- 0000 0001 2322 4988grid.8591.5Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland ,0000 0004 0635 685Xgrid.4834.bPresent Address: Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Joy C. Jayaseelan
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Divya Kalra
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Abderrahman Khila
- 0000 0001 2150 7757grid.7849.2Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Carol Eunmi Lee
- 0000 0001 0701 8607grid.28803.31Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sandra L. Lee
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yiyuan Li
- 0000 0001 2168 0066grid.131063.6Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 109B Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Amelia R. I. Lindsey
- 0000 0001 2222 1582grid.266097.cDepartment of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA ,0000 0001 0790 959Xgrid.411377.7Present Address: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Georg Mayer
- 0000 0001 1089 1036grid.5155.4Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Alistair P. McGregor
- 0000 0001 0726 8331grid.7628.bDepartment of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - Duane D. McKenna
- 0000 0000 9560 654Xgrid.56061.34Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Bernhard Misof
- 0000 0001 2216 5875grid.452935.cCenter for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mala Munidasa
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Monica Munoz-Torres
- 0000 0001 2231 4551grid.184769.5Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA ,0000 0004 4665 2899grid.497331.bPresent Address: Phoenix Bioinformatics, 39221 Paseo Padre Parkway, Ste. J., Fremont, CA 94538 USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- grid.5963.9Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg (Brsg.), Germany
| | - Nkechinyere Osuji-Lacy
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Subba R. Palli
- 0000 0004 1936 8438grid.266539.dDepartment of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Kristen A. Panfilio
- 0000 0000 8809 1613grid.7372.1School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eCologne Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Trent Perry
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9School of BioSciences Science Faculty, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Ralph S. Peters
- 0000 0001 2216 5875grid.452935.cCentre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helen C. Poynton
- 0000 0004 0386 3207grid.266685.9School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Nikola-Michael Prpic
- 0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- 0000 0001 2173 6074grid.40803.3fDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA
| | - Coby Schal
- 0000 0001 2173 6074grid.40803.3fDepartment of Entomology and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Sean D. Schoville
- 0000 0001 2167 3675grid.14003.36Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA
| | - Evette Skinner
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Daniel B. Sloan
- 0000 0004 1936 8083grid.47894.36Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO USA
| | - Richard Stouthamer
- 0000 0001 2222 1582grid.266097.cDepartment of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Michael R. Strand
- 0000 0004 1936 738Xgrid.213876.9Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Nikolaus U. Szucsich
- 0000 0001 2169 5989grid.252381.fPresent Address: Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR USA
| | - Asela Wijeratne
- 0000 0000 9560 654Xgrid.56061.34Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave, Memphis, TN 38152 USA ,0000 0001 2112 4115grid.425585.bNatural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Neil D. Young
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Eduardo E. Zattara
- 0000 0001 2112 473Xgrid.412234.2INIBIOMA, Univ. Nacional del Comahue – CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- 0000 0001 2179 9593grid.24827.3bDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- 0000 0001 2322 4988grid.8591.5Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael E. Pfrender
- 0000 0001 2168 0066grid.131063.6Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 109B Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Kevin J. Hackett
- 0000 0004 0404 0958grid.463419.dCrop Production and Protection, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - John H. Werren
- 0000 0004 1936 9174grid.16416.34Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Kim C. Worley
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ariel D. Chipman
- 0000 0004 1937 0538grid.9619.7Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert M. Waterhouse
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Ecology & Evolution and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münsterss, 48149 Münster, Germany ,0000 0001 2287 2617grid.9026.dInstitute for Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany ,0000 0001 1014 8330grid.419495.4Department Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew W. Hahn
- 0000 0001 0790 959Xgrid.411377.7Department of Biology and Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- 0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bPresent Address: UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Martin C, Hering L, Metzendorf N, Hormann S, Kasten S, Fuhrmann S, Werckenthin A, Herberg FW, Stengl M, Mayer G. Analysis of Pigment-Dispersing Factor Neuropeptides and Their Receptor in a Velvet Worm. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:273. [PMID: 32477266 PMCID: PMC7235175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one pdf gene, two pdf homologs, pdf-I and pdf-II, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of pdf-I in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two pdf genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from E. rowelli. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in E. rowelli but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides-as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators-in Onychophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Martin
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Niklas Metzendorf
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sarah Hormann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Kasten
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Fuhrmann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Achim Werckenthin
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Georg Mayer
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Malhotra A, Pepin JL, Schwab R, Shapiro C, Hedner J, Ahmed M, Foldvary-Schaefer N, Strollo P, Mayer G, Sarniento K, Baladi M, Bron M, Chandler P, Lee L, Weaver T. Long-term effects of solriamfetol on quality of life in participants with excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gross V, Mayer G. Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:191159. [PMID: 31824724 PMCID: PMC6837179 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tardigrades (water bears) are microscopic, segmented ecdysozoans with four pairs of legs. Lobopodous limbs that are similar to those seen in tardigrades are hypothesized to represent the ancestral state of Panarthropoda (Tardigrada + Onychophora + Arthropoda), and their evolutionary history is important to our understanding of ecdysozoan evolution. Equally important is our understanding of the functional morphology of these legs, which requires knowledge of their musculature. Tardigrade musculature is well documented but open questions remain. For example, while the muscular organization of each trunk segment and its legs is unique, three of the four trunk segments are nevertheless relatively homonomous. To what extent, then, do leg muscles show segmental patterns? Specifically, which leg muscles are serially repeated and which are unique? The present study addresses these questions using a combination of techniques intended to visualize both the overall layout and fine structure of leg muscles in the eutardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. In doing so, we propose serial homologies for all leg muscles in each of the four legs and reveal new details of their cellular structure and attachment sites. We compare our results to those of previous studies and address the functional implications of specialized muscle cell morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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Oliveira IDS, Kumerics A, Jahn H, Müller M, Pfeiffer F, Mayer G. Functional morphology of a lobopod: case study of an onychophoran leg. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:191200. [PMID: 31824728 PMCID: PMC6837196 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Segmental, paired locomotory appendages are a characteristic feature of Panarthropoda-a diversified clade of moulting animals that includes onychophorans (velvet worms), tardigrades (water bears) and arthropods. While arthropods acquired a sclerotized exoskeleton and articulated limbs, onychophorans and tardigrades possess a soft body and unjointed limbs called lobopods, which they inherited from Cambrian lobopodians. To date, the origin and ancestral structure of the lobopods and their transformation into the jointed appendages are all poorly understood. We therefore combined high-resolution computed tomography with high-speed camera recordings to characterize the functional anatomy of a trunk lobopod from the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the complete set of muscles and muscle fibres as well as non-muscular structures revealed the spatial relationship and relative volumes of the muscular, excretory, circulatory and nervous systems within the leg. Locomotory movements of individual lobopods of E. rowelli proved far more diverse than previously thought and might be governed by a complex interplay of 15 muscles, including one promotor, one remotor, one levator, one retractor, two depressors, two rotators, one flexor and two constrictors as well as muscles for stabilization and haemolymph control. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the evolution of locomotion in panarthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo de Sena Oliveira
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andreas Kumerics
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Henry Jahn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Mark Müller
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Donadio V, Doppler K, Incensi A, Kuzkina A, Janzen A, Mayer G, Volkmann J, Rizzo G, Antelmi E, Plazzi G, Sommer C, Liguori R, Oertel WH. Abnormal α-synuclein deposits in skin nerves: intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26:1245-1251. [PMID: 30770596 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Visualization of phosphorylated α-synuclein at serine 129 (p-syn) in skin nerves is a promising test for the in vivo diagnosis of synucleinopathies. Here the aim was to establish the intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of measurement of intraneural p-syn immunoreactivity in two laboratories with major expertise (Würzburg and Bologna). METHODS In total, 43 patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD 21 patients), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB 1), rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD 11), multiple system atrophy (MSA-P 4) and small fibre neuropathy (SFN 6) were enrolled. Skin biopsy was performed at the C7 paravertebral spine region and distal skin sites (thigh or leg). The analysis was standardized in both laboratories and carried out blinded on a single skin section double stained with antibodies to p-syn and the pan-axonal marker protein gene product 9.5. Fifty skin sections were randomly selected for the analysis: 25 from C7 and 25 from distal sites. Differently classified sections were re-evaluated to understand the reasons for the discrepancy. RESULTS The intra-laboratory analysis showed an excellent reproducibility both in Würzburg (concordance of classification 100% of sections; K = 1; P < 0.001) and Bologna (96% of sections; K = 0.92; P < 0.001). Inter-laboratory analysis showed reproducibility in 45 sections (90%; K = 0.8; P < 0.001) and a different classification in five sections, which was mainly due to fragmented skin samples or weak fluorescent signals. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of p-syn showed excellent inter- and intra-laboratory reproducibility supporting the reliability of this technique. The few ascertained discordances were important to further improve the standardization of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Donadio
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - K Doppler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Incensi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Kuzkina
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Janzen
- Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - G Mayer
- Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - J Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Rizzo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Antelmi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Plazzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Sommer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
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Treffkorn S, Hernández-Lagos OY, Mayer G. Evidence for cell turnover as the mechanism responsible for the transport of embryos towards the vagina in viviparous onychophorans (velvet worms). Front Zool 2019; 16:16. [PMID: 31182967 PMCID: PMC6555992 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onychophorans, commonly known as velvet worms, display a remarkable diversity of reproductive strategies including oviparity, and placentotrophic, lecithotrophic, matrotrophic or combined lecithotrophic/matrotrophic viviparity. In the placentotrophic species, the embryos of consecutive developmental stages are attached to the uterus via a placental stalk, suggesting they might be transported passively towards the vagina due to proximal growth and distal degeneration of tissue. However, this assumption has never been tested using specific markers. We therefore analyzed the patterns of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the genital tracts of two placentotrophic peripatids from Colombia and a non-placentotrophic peripatopsid from Australia. Results All three species show a high number of apoptotic cells in the distal portion of the genital tract near the genital opening. In the two placentotrophic species, additional apoptotic cells appear in ring-like vestigial placentation zones of late embryonic chambers. While moderate cell proliferation occurs along the entire uterus in all three species, only the two placentotrophic species show a distinct proliferation zone near the ovary as well as in the ring-like implantation zone of the first embryonic chamber. In contrast to the two placentotrophic species, the non-placentotrophic species clearly does not show such regions of high proliferation in the uterus but exhibits proliferating and apoptotic cells in the ovarian stalks. While cell proliferation mainly occurs in stalks carrying maturating oocytes, apoptosis is restricted to stalks whose oocytes have been released into the ovarian lumen. Conclusions Our results confirm the hypothesis that the uterus of placentotrophic onychophorans grows proximally but is resorbed distally. This is supported by the detection of a proximal proliferation zone and a distal degenerative zone in the two placentotrophic species. Hence, cell turnover might be responsible for the transport of their embryos towards the vagina, analogous to a conveyor belt. Surprisingly, the distal degenerative zone is also found in the non-placentotrophic species, in which cell turnover was unexpected. These findings suggest that the distal degenerative zone is an ancestral feature of Onychophora, whereas the proximal proliferation zone might have evolved in the last common ancestor of the placentotrophic Peripatidae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0317-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- 1Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Oscar Yesid Hernández-Lagos
- 2Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 #9, ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Santander Colombia
| | - Georg Mayer
- 1Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
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Baer A, Horbelt N, Nijemeisland M, Garcia SJ, Fratzl P, Schmidt S, Mayer G, Harrington MJ. Shear-Induced β-Crystallite Unfolding in Condensed Phase Nanodroplets Promotes Fiber Formation in a Biological Adhesive. ACS Nano 2019; 13:4992-5001. [PMID: 30933471 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural materials provide an increasingly important role model for the development and processing of next-generation polymers. The velvet worm Euperipatoides rowelli hunts using a projectile, mechanoresponsive adhesive slime that rapidly and reversibly transitions into stiff glassy polymer fibers following shearing and drying. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this mechanoresponsive behavior is still unclear. Previous work showed the slime to be an emulsion of nanoscale charge-stabilized condensed droplets comprised primarily of large phosphorylated proteins, which under mechanical shear coalesce and self-organize into nano- and microfibrils that can be drawn into macroscopic fibers. Here, we utilize wide-angle X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy coupled with in situ shear deformation to explore the contribution of protein conformation and mechanical forces to the fiber formation process. Although previously believed to be unstructured, our findings indicate that the main phosphorylated protein component possesses a significant β-crystalline structure in the storage phase and that shear-induced partial unfolding of the protein is a key first step in the rapid self-organization of nanodroplets into fibers. The insights gained here have relevance for sustainable production of advanced polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology , University of Kassel , Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40 , D-34132 Kassel , Germany
| | - Nils Horbelt
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Research Campus Golm, D-14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Marlies Nijemeisland
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Kluyverweg 1 , 2629 HS Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J Garcia
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Kluyverweg 1 , 2629 HS Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Research Campus Golm, D-14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Preparative Polymer Chemistry , Heinrich-Heine-Universität , Universitätsstraße 1 , D-40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology , University of Kassel , Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40 , D-34132 Kassel , Germany
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Research Campus Golm, D-14424 Potsdam , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
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Baer A, Schmidt S, Mayer G, Harrington MJ. Fibers on the Fly: Multiscale Mechanisms of Fiber Formation in the Capture Slime of Velvet Worms. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1690-1699. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many organisms have evolved a capacity to form biopolymeric fibers outside their bodies for functions such as defense, prey capture, attachment, and protection. In particular, the adhesive capture slime of onychophorans (velvet worms) is remarkable for its ability to rapidly form stiff fibers through mechanical drawing. Notably, fibers that are formed ex vivo from extracted slime can be dissolved in water and new fibers can be drawn from the solution, indicating that fiber formation is encoded in the biomolecules that comprise the slime. This review highlights recent findings on the biochemical and physicochemical principles guiding this circular process in the Australian onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. A multiscale cross-disciplinary approach utilizing techniques from biology, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and materials science has revealed that the slime is a concentrated emulsion of nanodroplets comprised primarily of proteins, stabilized via electrostatic interactions, possibly in a coacervate phase. Upon mechanical agitation, droplets coalesce, leading to spontaneous self-assembly and fibrillation of proteins—a completely reversible process. Recent investigations highlight the importance of subtle transitions in protein structure and charge balance. These findings have clear relevance for better understanding this adaptive prey capture behavior and providing inspiration toward sustainable polymer processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, Kassel, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, Kassel, Germany
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Treffkorn S, Mayer G. Expression of NK genes that are not part of the NK cluster in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli (Peripatopsidae). BMC Dev Biol 2019; 19:7. [PMID: 30987579 PMCID: PMC6466738 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background NK genes are a group of homeobox transcription factors that are involved in various molecular pathways across bilaterians. They are typically divided into two subgroups, the NK cluster (NKC) and NK-linked genes (NKL). While the NKC genes have been studied in various bilaterians, corresponding data of many NKL genes are missing to date. To further investigate the ancestral roles of NK family genes, we analyzed the expression patterns of NKL genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Results The NKL gene complement of E. rowelli comprises eight genes, including BarH, Bari, Emx, Hhex, Nedx, NK2.1, vax and NK2.2, of which only NK2.2 was studied previously. Our data for the remaining seven NKL genes revealed expression in different structures associated with the developing nervous system in embryos of E. rowelli. While NK2.1 and vax are expressed in distinct medial regions of the developing protocerebrum early in development, BarH, Bari, Emx, Hhex and Nedx are expressed in late developmental stages, after all major structures of the nervous system have been established. Furthermore, BarH and Nedx are expressed in distinct mesodermal domains in the developing limbs. Conclusions Comparison of our expression data to those of other bilaterians revealed similar patterns of NK2.1, vax, BarH and Emx in various aspects of neural development, such as the formation of anterior neurosecretory cells mediated by a conserved molecular mechanism including NK2.1 and vax, and the development of the central and peripheral nervous system involving BarH and Emx. A conserved role in neural development has also been reported from NK2.2, suggesting that the NKL genes might have been primarily involved in neural development in the last common ancestor of bilaterians or at least nephrozoans (all bilaterians excluding xenacoelomorphs). The lack of comparative data for many of the remaining NKL genes, including Bari, Hhex and Nedx currently hampers further evolutionary conclusions. Hence, future studies should focus on the expression of these genes in other bilaterians, which would provide a basis for comparative studies and might help to better understand the role of NK genes in the diversification of bilaterians. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0185-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Chahine LM, Iranzo A, Fernández-Arcos A, Simuni T, Seedorff N, Caspell-Garcia C, Amara AW, Comella C, Högl B, Hamilton J, Marek K, Mayer G, Mollenhauer B, Postuma R, Tolosa E, Trenkwalder C, Videnovic A, Oertel W. Basic clinical features do not predict dopamine transporter binding in idiopathic REM behavior disorder. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2019; 5:2. [PMID: 30701189 PMCID: PMC6351563 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is strongly associated with development of Parkinson’s Disease and other α-synuclein-related disorders. Dopamine transporter (DAT) binding deficit predicts conversion to α-synuclein-related disorders in individuals with RBD. In turn, identifying which individuals with RBD have the highest likelihood of having abnormal DAT binding would be useful. The objective of this analysis was to examine if there are basic clinical predictors of DAT deficit in RBD. Participants referred for inclusion in the RBD cohort of the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative were included. Assessments at the screening visit including DAT SPECT imaging, physical examination, cognitive function screen, and questionnaire-based non-motor assessment. The group with DAT binding deficit (n = 49) was compared to those without (n = 26). There were no significant differences in demographic or clinical features between the two groups. When recruiting RBD cohorts enriched for high risk of neurodegenerative disorders, our data support the need for objective biomarker assessments. The clinical characteristics of patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) are not associated with reduced dopamine transporter binding, an established imaging biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Because around 80 percent of patients with RBD develop PD, there is great hope that research on these patients will help uncover early signs of the disease and guide the development of neuroprotective therapies. Lana Chahine at The University of Pittsburgh, USA, and colleagues in the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) Sleep Working Group analyzed the clinical features of 75 individuals with RBD. They found no significant differences in demographic features or in motor and non-motor symptoms between RBD patients with dopamine transporter binding deficit and those without. These findings highlight the need to assess dopamine transporter binding to determine the future risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Chahine
- 1Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - A Iranzo
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Fernández-Arcos
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Simuni
- 3Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - N Seedorff
- 4Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - C Caspell-Garcia
- 4Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - A W Amara
- 5Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - C Comella
- 6Department of Neurology, Rush University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - B Högl
- 7Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Hamilton
- 8The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY USA
| | - K Marek
- 9Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT USA
| | - G Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Hephata-Klinik, Hephata Hessisches Diakoniezentrum, e.V, Weibersbrunn, Germany
| | - B Mollenhauer
- 11Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,12Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - R Postuma
- 13Division of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - E Tolosa
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Trenkwalder
- 11Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,12Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - A Videnovic
- 14Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - W Oertel
- 15Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,16Charitable Hertie Foundation, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Petersen M, Armisén D, Gibbs RA, Hering L, Khila A, Mayer G, Richards S, Niehuis O, Misof B. Diversity and evolution of the transposable element repertoire in arthropods with particular reference to insects. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 30626321 PMCID: PMC6327564 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transposable elements (TEs) are a major component of metazoan genomes and are associated with a variety of mechanisms that shape genome architecture and evolution. Despite the ever-growing number of insect genomes sequenced to date, our understanding of the diversity and evolution of insect TEs remains poor. RESULTS Here, we present a standardized characterization and an order-level comparison of arthropod TE repertoires, encompassing 62 insect and 11 outgroup species. The insect TE repertoire contains TEs of almost every class previously described, and in some cases even TEs previously reported only from vertebrates and plants. Additionally, we identified a large fraction of unclassifiable TEs. We found high variation in TE content, ranging from less than 6% in the antarctic midge (Diptera), the honey bee and the turnip sawfly (Hymenoptera) to more than 58% in the malaria mosquito (Diptera) and the migratory locust (Orthoptera), and a possible relationship between the content and diversity of TEs and the genome size. CONCLUSION While most insect orders exhibit a characteristic TE composition, we also observed intraordinal differences, e.g., in Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera. Our findings shed light on common patterns and reveal lineage-specific differences in content and evolution of TEs in insects. We anticipate our study to provide the basis for future comparative research on the insect TE repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Petersen
- University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Adenauerallee 160, Bonn, 53113 Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325 Germany
| | - David Armisén
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, Lyon, 69364 France
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, Kassel, 34132 Germany
| | - Abderrahman Khila
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, Lyon, 69364 France
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, Kassel, 34132 Germany
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg (Brsg.), 79104 Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Adenauerallee 160, Bonn, 53113 Germany
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Gross V, Treffkorn S, Reichelt J, Epple L, Lüter C, Mayer G. Miniaturization of tardigrades (water bears): Morphological and genomic perspectives. Arthropod Struct Dev 2019; 48:12-19. [PMID: 30447338 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tardigrades form a monophyletic group of microscopic ecdysozoans best known for surviving extreme environmental conditions. Due to their key phylogenetic position as a subgroup of the Panarthropoda, understanding tardigrade biology is important for comparative studies with related groups like Arthropoda. Panarthropods - and Ecdysozoa as a whole - likely evolved from macroscopic ancestors, with several taxa becoming secondarily miniaturized. Morphological and genomic evidence likewise points to a miniaturized tardigrade ancestor. The five-segmented tardigrade body typically measures less than 1 mm in length and consists of only about 1000 cells. Most organs comprise a relatively small number of cells, with the highest proportion belonging to the central nervous system, while muscles are reduced to a single cell each. Similarly, fully sequenced genomes of three tardigrade species - together with Hox gene expression data - point to extensive modifications, rearrangements, and major losses of genes and even a large body region. Parallels are evident with related ecdysozoans that may have also undergone genomic reductions, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We interpret these data together as evidence of miniaturization in the tardigrade lineage, while cautioning that the effects of miniaturization may manifest in different ways depending on the organ or organ system under examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, Kassel, D-34132, Germany
| | - Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, Kassel, D-34132, Germany
| | - Julian Reichelt
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, Kassel, D-34132, Germany
| | - Lisa Epple
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, Kassel, D-34132, Germany
| | - Carsten Lüter
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, D-10115, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, Kassel, D-34132, Germany.
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Gross V, Müller M, Hehn L, Ferstl S, Allner S, Dierolf M, Achterhold K, Mayer G, Pfeiffer F. X-ray imaging of a water bear offers a new look at tardigrade internal anatomy. Zoological Lett 2019; 5:14. [PMID: 31110777 PMCID: PMC6511223 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tardigrades (water bears) are microscopic invertebrates of which the anatomy has been well studied using traditional techniques, but a comprehensive three-dimensional reconstruction has never been performed. In order to close this gap, we employed X-ray computed tomography (CT), a technique that is becoming increasingly popular in zoology for producing high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) scans of whole specimens. While CT has long been used to scan larger samples, its use in some microscopic animals can be problematic, as they are often too small for conventional CT yet too large for high-resolution, optics-based soft X-ray microscopy. This size gap continues to be narrowed with advancements in technology, with high-resolution imaging now being possible using both large synchrotron devices and, more recently, laboratory-based instruments. RESULTS Here we use a recently developed prototype lab-based nano-computed tomography device to image a 152 μm-long tardigrade at high resolution (200-270 nm pixel size). The resulting dataset allowed us to visualize the anatomy of the tardigrade in 3D and analyze the spatial relationships of the internal structures. Segmentation of the major structures of the body enabled the direct measurement of their respective volumes. Furthermore, we segmented every storage cell individually and quantified their volume distribution. We compare our measurements to those from published studies in which other techniques were used. CONCLUSIONS The data presented herein demonstrate the utility of CT imaging as a powerful supplementary tool for studies of tardigrade anatomy, especially for quantitative volume measurements. This nanoCT study represents the smallest complete animal ever imaged using CT, and offers new 3D insights into the spatial relationships of the internal organs of water bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mark Müller
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Hehn
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Simone Ferstl
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Allner
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M, Cohen-Kettenis P, De Cuypere G, Feldman J, Fraser L, Green J, Knudson G, Meyer WJ, Monstrey S, Adler RK, Brown GR, Devor AH, Ehrbar R, Ettner R, Eyler E, Garofalo R, Karasic DH, Lev AI, Mayer G, Meyer-Bahlburg H, Hall BP, Pfäfflin F, Rachlin K, Robinson B, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, van Trotsenburg M, Vitale A, Winter S, Whittle S, Wylie KR, Zucker K. Normas de Atención para la salud de personas trans y con variabilidad de género. INT J TRANSGENDERISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2018.1503902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ou Q, Mayer G. A Cambrian unarmoured lobopodian, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov., compared with new material of †Diania cactiformis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13667. [PMID: 30237414 PMCID: PMC6147921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cambrian marine lobopodians are generally considered as predecessors of modern panarthropods (onychophorans, tardigrades, and arthropods). Hence, further study of their morphological diversity and early radiation may enhance our understanding of the ground pattern and evolutionary history of panarthropods. Here, we report a rare lobopodian species, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov. ("Humboldt lobopodian"), from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and describe new morphological features of †Diania cactiformis, a coeval armoured lobopodian nicknamed "walking cactus". Both lobopodian species were similar in possessing rather thick, elongate lobopods without terminal claws. However, in contrast to †Diania cactiformis, the body of which was heavily armored with spines, the trunk and limbs of the Humboldt lobopodian were entirely unarmored. Our study augments the morphological diversity of Cambrian lobopodians and presents two evolutionary extremes of cuticular ornamentation: one represented by the Humboldt lobopodian, which was most likely entirely "naked", the other epitomized by †D. cactiformis, which was highly "armoured".
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ou
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China. .,Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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Schumann I, Kenny N, Hui J, Hering L, Mayer G. Halloween genes in panarthropods and the evolution of the early moulting pathway in Ecdysozoa. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180888. [PMID: 30839709 PMCID: PMC6170570 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Moulting is a characteristic feature of Ecdysozoa-the clade of moulting animals that includes the hyperdiverse arthropods and less speciose groups, such as onychophorans, tardigrades and nematodes. Moulting has been best analysed in arthropods, specifically in insects and crustaceans, in which a complex neuroendocrine system acts at the genomic level and initiates the transcription of genes responsible for moulting. The key moulting hormones, ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, are subsequently synthesized from cholesterol ingested with food. Their biosynthesis is regulated by the Rieske-domain protein Neverland and cytochrome P450 enzymes encoded by the so-called 'Halloween' genes. Ecdysone is then released into the haemolymph and modified into 20-hydroxyecdysone, which binds to the nuclear receptor EcR/USP and initiates transcription of the Early genes. As little is known about the moulting pathway of other ecdysozoans, we examined the occurrence of genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and the early moulting cascade across ecdysozoan subgroups. Genomic and transcriptomic searches revealed no Halloween genes in cycloneuralians, whereas only shadow (CYP315A1) is present in onychophorans and tardigrades, suggesting that the Halloween genes evolved stepwise in panarthropods. These findings imply that the genes which were responsible for the ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the last common ancestor of Ecdysozoa are currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Schumann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nathan Kenny
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, Center of Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jerome Hui
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, Center of Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Baer A, Hänsch S, Mayer G, Harrington MJ, Schmidt S. Reversible Supramolecular Assembly of Velvet Worm Adhesive Fibers via Electrostatic Interactions of Charged Phosphoproteins. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4034-4043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hänsch
- Center for Advanced Imaging (CAi), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Treffkorn S, Kahnke L, Hering L, Mayer G. Expression of NK cluster genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli: implications for the evolution of NK family genes in nephrozoans. EvoDevo 2018; 9:17. [PMID: 30026904 PMCID: PMC6050708 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the evolution and development of morphological traits of the last common bilaterian ancestor is a major goal of the evo-devo discipline. The reconstruction of this "urbilaterian" is mainly based on comparative studies of common molecular patterning mechanisms in recent model organisms. The NK homeobox genes are key players in many of these molecular pathways, including processes regulating mesoderm, heart and neural development. Shared features seen in the expression patterns of NK genes have been used to determine the ancestral bilaterian characters. However, the commonly used model organisms provide only a limited view on the evolution of these molecular pathways. To further investigate the ancestral roles of NK cluster genes, we analyzed their expression patterns in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Results We identified nine transcripts of NK cluster genes in E. rowelli, including single copies of NK1, NK3, NK4, NK5, Msx, Lbx and Tlx, and two copies of NK6. All of these genes except for NK6.1 and NK6.2 are expressed in different mesodermal organs and tissues in embryos of E. rowelli, including the anlagen of somatic musculature and the heart. Furthermore, we found distinct expression patterns of NK3, NK5, NK6, Lbx and Msx in the developing nervous system. The same holds true for the NKL gene NK2.2, which does not belong to the NK cluster but is a related gene playing a role in neural patterning. Surprisingly, NK1, Msx and Lbx are additionally expressed in a segment polarity-like pattern early in development-a feature that has been otherwise reported only from annelids. Conclusion Our results indicate that the NK cluster genes were involved in mesoderm and neural development in the last common ancestor of bilaterians or at least nephrozoans (i.e., bilaterians to the exclusion of xenacoelomorphs). By comparing our data from an onychophoran to those from other bilaterians, we critically review the hypothesis of a complex "urbilaterian" with a segmented body, a pulsatile organ or heart, and a condensed mediolaterally patterned nerve cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Laura Kahnke
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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Kirwan JD, Graf J, Smolka J, Mayer G, Henze MJ, Nilsson DE. Correction: Low-resolution vision in a velvet worm (Onychophora) (doi: 10.1242/jeb.175802). J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/13/jeb186551. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mayer G, Mayer S, Waitz R. The Inhibitory Action of Adsorbed Undiluted Plasma (normal or pathological) on the Thromboplastin Generation Test. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1654517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIn considering errors made during the search for a weak inhibitor of thromboplastin generation in a patient suffering from multiple myeloma, the authors recall the inhibitory action of adsorbed undiluted plasma added to a thromboplastin generation test. They stress the non-specificity of this inhibitory action which is common to all adsorbed plasma (normal, myelomatous or hemophilic) added undiluted to the test of Biggs and Douglas.
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Mayer G, Mayer S, Waitz R. The „Bridge Effect”. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1654518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe “Bridge effect“ consists in the fact that an incomplete thromboplastin, tested by the thromboplastin generation test of Biggs and Douglas on a substrate having a deficiency in its own thromboplastin generation, coagulates it more slowly than a normal substrate. It is observed when the factorial deficiencies of the substrate and the thromboplastin correspond with each other (hemophilic — hemophilic, Christmas — Christmas), it is weak and inconstant (Christmas thromboplastin — hemophilic substrate) or non existent (hemophilic thromboplastin — Christmas substrate) when they are crossed. It is eliminated by an adequate correction of the substrate (AHG added to the hemophilic substrate, PTC added to the Christmas substrate). The “Bridge effect“ is a source of error which must be taken into account in the manipulation of thromboplastin generation tests.
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Kirwan JD, Graf J, Smolka J, Mayer G, Henze MJ, Nilsson DE. Low--resolution vision in a velvet worm (Onychophora). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.175802. [PMID: 29626113 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Onychophorans, also known as velvet worms, possess a pair of simple lateral eyes, and are a key lineage with regard to the evolution of vision. They resemble ancient Cambrian forms, and are closely related to arthropods, which boast an unrivalled diversity of eye designs. Nonetheless, the visual capabilities of onychophorans have not been well explored. Here, we assessed the spatial resolution of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli using behavioural experiments, three-dimensional reconstruction, anatomical and optical examinations, and modelling. Exploiting their spontaneous attraction towards dark objects, we found that E. rowelli can resolve stimuli that have the same average luminance as the background. Depending on the assumed contrast sensitivity of the animals, we estimate the spatial resolution to be in the range 15-40 deg. This results from an arrangement where the cornea and lens project the image largely behind the retina. The peculiar ellipsoid shape of the eye in combination with the asymmetric position and tilted orientation of the lens may improve spatial resolution in the forward direction. Nonetheless, the unordered network of interdigitating photoreceptors, which fills the whole eye chamber, precludes high-acuity vision. Our findings suggest that adult specimens of E. rowelli cannot spot or visually identify prey or conspecifics beyond a few centimetres from the eye, but the coarse spatial resolution that the animals exhibited in our experiments is likely to be sufficient to find shelter and suitable microhabitats from further away. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of resolving vision in an onychophoran.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Kirwan
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Josefine Graf
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jochen Smolka
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Miriam J Henze
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden .,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan-Eric Nilsson
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Domenyuk V, Liu X, Magee D, Gatalica Z, Stark A, Kennedy P, Rosenow M, Barker A, Berry D, Poste G, Halbert D, Hart C, Famulok M, Mayer G, Korn M, Miglarese M, Spetzler D. Poly-Ligand Profiling differentiates pancreatic cancer patients according to treatment benefit from gemcitabine+placebo versus gemcitabine+evofosfamide and identifies candidate targets. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy151.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Malhotra A, Shapiro C, Pepin J, Hedner J, Ahmed M, Foldvary-Schaefer N, Strollo P, Mayer G, Sarmiento K, Baladi M, Li J, Chandler P, Lee L, Schwab R. 0620 A Long-Term Safety and Maintenance of Efficacy Study of Solriamfetol (JZP-110) in the Treatment of Excessive Sleepiness in Subjects with Narcolepsy or Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - C Shapiro
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - J Pepin
- Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche, FRANCE
| | - J Hedner
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, SWEDEN
| | - M Ahmed
- Cleveland Sleep Research Center, Middleburg Heights, OH
| | | | - P Strollo
- University of Pittsburgh/Veterans Administration Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G Mayer
- Hephata Klinik Schwalmstadt, Schimmelpfengstraße 6, GERMANY
- Philipps University, Marburg, GERMANY
| | - K Sarmiento
- San Francisco Veterans Administration Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA
| | - M Baladi
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J Li
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - L Lee
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - R Schwab
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Dauvilliers Y, Shapiro C, Mayer G, Lammers G, Emsellem H, Plazzi G, Chen D, Li J, Carter LP, Lee L, Black J, Thorpy MJ. 0619 Solriamfetol (JZP-110) for Treatment of Excessive Sleepiness in Narcoleptic Patients With and Without Cataplexy: Results From a Randomized, Phase 3, Clinical Trial. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Dauvilliers
- Reference National Center for Narcolepsy, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpelier, INSERM U1061, FRANCE
| | - C Shapiro
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - G Mayer
- Hephata Klinik, Schimmelpfengstraße, GERMANY
- Philipps University, Marburg, GERMANY
| | - G Lammers
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, NETHERLANDS
- Sleep-Wake Centre of the Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Netherland, Heemstede, NETHERLANDS
| | - H Emsellem
- The Center for Sleep & Wake Disorders, Chevy Chase, MD
- George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - G Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, ITALY
| | - D Chen
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J Li
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - L P Carter
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - L Lee
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J Black
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
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46
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Emsellem H, Thorpy MJ, Lammers G, Shapiro C, Mayer G, Plazzi G, Chen D, Li J, Carter LP, Ryan R, Black J, Dauvilliers Y. 0621 Measures of Function, Work Productivity, and Quality of Life From a Phase 3 Study of Solriamfetol (JZP-110) in Patients with Narcolepsy. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Emsellem
- The Center for Sleep & Wake Disorders, Chevy Chase, MD
- George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - G Lammers
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, NETHERLANDS
| | - C Shapiro
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - G Mayer
- Hephata Klinik Schwalmstadt, Schimmelpfengstraße, GERMANY
- Philipps University, Marburg, GERMANY
| | - G Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, ITALY
| | - D Chen
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J Li
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - L P Carter
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - R Ryan
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J Black
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Y Dauvilliers
- Reference National Center for Narcolepsy, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpelier, INSERM U1061, FRANCE
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Guttowski D, Mayer G, Oertel WH, Kesper K, Rosenberg T. Validation of semiautomatic scoring of REM sleep without atonia in patients with RBD. Sleep Med 2018; 46:107-113. [PMID: 29773203 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND To evaluate REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) several automatic algorithms have been developed. We aimed to validate our algorithm (Mayer et al., 2008) in order to assess the following: (1). capability of the algorithm to differentiate between RBD, night terror (NT), somnambulism (SW), Restless legs syndrome (RLS), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), (2). the cut-off values for short (SMI) and long muscle activity (LMI), (3). which muscles qualify best for differential diagnosis, and (4). the comparability of RSWA and registered movements between automatic and visual analysis of videometry. PATIENTS/METHODS RSWA was automatically scored according to Mayer et al., 2008 in polysomnographies of 20 RBD, 10 SW/NT, 10 RLS and 10 OSA patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of SMI and LMI. Independent samples were calculated with t-tests. Boxplots were used for group comparison. The comparison between motor events by manual scoring and automatic analysis were performed with "Visual Basic for Applications" (VBA) for every hundredth second. RESULTS Our method discriminates RBD from SW/NT, OSA and RLS with a sensitivity of 72.5% and a specificity of 86.7%. Automatic scoring identifies more movements than visual video scoring. Mentalis muscle discriminates the sleep disorders best, followed by FDS, which was only recorded in SW/NT. Cut-off values for RSWA are comparable to those found by other groups. CONCLUSION The semi-automatic RSWA scoring method is capable to confirm RBD and to discriminate it with moderate sensitivity from other sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guttowski
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, UKE, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Mayer
- Hephata Klinik 34613 Schwalmstadt Schimmelpfengstr. 6 Germany; Philipps University Marburg, Department of Neurology, Baldinger Str. 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - W H Oertel
- Philipps University Marburg, Department of Neurology, Baldinger Str. 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - K Kesper
- Philipps Universität Marburg, Sleep Laboratory, Dept. of Pneumology, Baldinger Str. 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - T Rosenberg
- Bosse Klinik, Department of Neurology/Psychiatry, Hans-Lufft-Str. 5, 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
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Abstract
Standard dialysis with cuprophane membranes is known to stimulate the immune system. As a result of activation of macrophages various interleukins and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are secreted, presenting further evidence of the poor biocompatibility of cuprophane. We investigated the immunogenic properties of three modern high-flux membranes. Seven patients were studied during hemodiafiltration sessions using either a polysulfone (F60, Fresenius), a polymethylmetacrylate (BK 2.1, Toray) or a cellulose triacetate (FB-210 U, Nipro) dialyzer in a hemodiafiltration procedure. Serial measurements were made during each treatment of interleukin-1β (II-1β), TNF, soluble IL-2 receptor (sII-2r), soluble CD4 (sCD4), soluble CD8 (sCD8), interferon gamma (IFNg) and neopterin. In contrast to the known increase of IL-1β, IL-2r and TNF with cuprophane membranes, none of the modern high-flux dialyzers stimulated the production of these factors. Significant decreases of neopterin and sCD4 were observed. IFNg and sCD8 did not change significantly. Our results suggest that the modern high-flux dialyzers are non-immunogenic, and thus provide further evidence of the superior biocompatibility of synthetic or semisynthetic membranes over the conventional cuprophane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Putz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria
| | - U. Barnas
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria
| | - A. Luger
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria
| | - G. Mayer
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria
| | - W. Woloszczuk
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria
| | - H. Graf
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna - Austria
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Gross V, Bährle R, Mayer G. Detection of cell proliferation in adults of the water bear Hypsibius dujardini (Tardigrada) via incorporation of a thymidine analog. Tissue Cell 2018; 51:77-83. [PMID: 29622091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The taxon Tardigrada, commonly called "water bears", consists of microscopic, eight-legged invertebrates that are well known for their ability to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Their miniscule body size means that tardigrades possess a small total number of cells, the number and arrangement of which may be highly conserved in some organs. Although mitoses have been observed in several organs, the rate and pattern of cell divisions in adult tardigrades has never been characterized. In this study, we incubated live tardigrades over a period of several days with a thymidine analog in order to visualize all cells that had divided during this time. We focus on the midgut, the largest part of the digestive system. Our results show that new cells in the midgut arise from the anterior and posterior ends of this organ and either migrate or divide toward its middle. These cells divide at a constant rate and all cells of the midgut epithelium are replaced in approximately one week. On the other hand, we found no cell divisions in the nervous system or any other major organs, suggesting that the cell turnover of these organs may be extremely slow or dependent on changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - R Bährle
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - G Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
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50
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Jahn H, Oliveira IDES, Gross V, Martin C, Hipp A, Mayer G, Hammel JU. Evaluation of contrasting techniques for X-ray imaging of velvet worms (Onychophora). J Microsc 2018; 270:343-358. [PMID: 29469207 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging techniques like X-ray computed tomography have become very popular in zoology, as they allow for simultaneous imaging of the internal and external morphology of organisms. Nevertheless, the effect of different staining approaches required for this method on samples lacking mineralized tissues, such as soft-bodied invertebrates, remains understudied. Herein, we used synchrotron radiation-based X-ray micro-computed tomography to compare the effects of commonly used contrasting approaches on onychophorans - soft-bodied invertebrates important for studying animal evolution. Representatives of Euperipatoides rowelli were stained with osmium tetroxide (vapour or solution), ruthenium red, phosphotungstic acid, or iodine. Unstained specimens were imaged using both standard attenuation-based and differential phase-contrast setups to simulate analyses with museum material. Our comparative qualitative analyses of several tissue types demonstrate that osmium tetroxide provides the best overall tissue contrast in onychophorans, whereas the remaining staining agents rather favour the visualisation of specific tissues and/or structures. Quantitative analyses using signal-to-noise ratio measurements show that the level of image noise may vary according to the staining agent and scanning medium selected. Furthermore, box-and-whisker plots revealed substantial overlap in grey values among structures in all datasets, suggesting that a combination of semiautomatic and manual segmentation of structures is required for comprehensive 3D reconstructions of Onychophora, irrespective of the approach selected. Our results show that X-ray micro-computed tomography is a promising technique for studying onychophorans and, despite the benefits and disadvantages of different staining agents for specific tissues/structures, this method retrieves informative data that may eventually help address evolutionary questions long associated with Onychophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jahn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ivo DE Sena Oliveira
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Christine Martin
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Alexander Hipp
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jörg U Hammel
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.,Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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