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Dobruchowska JM, Bjornsdottir B, Fridjonsson OH, Altenbuchner J, Watzlawick H, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP, Hreggvidsson GO. Enzymatic depolymerization of alginate by two novel thermostable alginate lyases from Rhodothermus marinus. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:981602. [PMID: 36204061 PMCID: PMC9530828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alginate (alginic acid) is a linear polysaccharide, wherein (1→4)-linked β-D-mannuronic acid and its C5 epimer, α-L-guluronic acid, are arranged in varying sequences. Alginate lyases catalyze the depolymerization of alginate, thereby cleaving the (1→4) glycosidic linkages between the monomers by a β-elimination mechanism, to yield unsaturated 4-deoxy-L-erythro-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid (Δ) at the non-reducing end of resulting oligosaccharides (α-L-erythro configuration) or, depending on the enzyme, the unsaturated monosaccharide itself. In solution, the released free unsaturated monomer product is further hydrated in a spontaneous (keto-enol tautomerization) process to form two cyclic stereoisomers. In this study, two alginate lyase genes, designated alyRm3 and alyRm4, from the marine thermophilic bacterium Rhodothermus marinus (strain MAT378), were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzymes were characterized, and their substrate specificity and product structures determined. AlyRm3 (PL39) and AlyRm4 (PL17) are among the most thermophilic and thermostable alginate lyases described to date with temperature optimum of activity at ∼75 and 81°C, respectively. The pH optimum of activity of AlyRm3 is ∼5.5 and AlyRm4 at pH 6.5. Detailed NMR analysis of the incubation products demonstrated that AlyRm3 is an endolytic lyase, while AlyRm4 is an exolytic lyase, cleaving monomers from the non-reducing end of oligo/poly-alginates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M. Dobruchowska
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Josef Altenbuchner
- Institute for Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Gerrit J. Gerwig
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johannis P. Kamerling
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gudmundur O. Hreggvidsson
- Matís Ltd., Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Te Poele EM, van der Hoek SE, Chatziioannou AC, Gerwig GJ, Duisterwinkel WJ, Oudhuis LAACM, Gangoiti J, Dijkhuizen L, Leemhuis H. GtfC Enzyme of Geobacillus sp. 12AMOR1 Represents a Novel Thermostable Type of GH70 4,6-α-Glucanotransferase That Synthesizes a Linear Alternating (α1 → 6)/(α1 → 4) α-Glucan and Delays Bread Staling. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:9859-9868. [PMID: 34427087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch-acting α-glucanotransferase enzymes are of great interest for applications in the food industry. In previous work, we have characterized various 4,6- and 4,3-α-glucanotransferases of the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 70 (subfamily GtfB), synthesizing linear or branched α-glucans. Thus far, GtfB enzymes have only been identified in mesophilic Lactobacilli. Database searches showed that related GtfC enzymes occur in Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Exiguobacterium, Bacillus, and Geobacillus, adapted to growth at more extreme temperatures. Here, we report characteristics of the Geobacillus sp. 12AMOR1 GtfC enzyme, with an optimal reaction temperature of 60 °C and a melting temperature of 68 °C, allowing starch conversions at relatively high temperatures. This thermostable 4,6-α-glucanotransferase has a novel product specificity, cleaving off predominantly maltose units from amylose, attaching them with an (α1 → 6)-linkage to acceptor substrates. In fact, this GtfC represents a novel maltogenic α-amylase. Detailed structural characterization of its starch-derived α-glucan products revealed that it yielded a unique polymer with alternating (α1 → 6)/(α1 → 4)-linked glucose units but without branches. Notably, this Geobacillus sp. 12AMOR1 GtfC enzyme showed clear antistaling effects in bread bakery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien M Te Poele
- CarbExplore Research B.V., Zernikepark 12, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- CarbExplore Research B.V., Zernikepark 12, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joana Gangoiti
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- CarbExplore Research B.V., Zernikepark 12, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Leemhuis
- Royal Avebe, Innovation Center, 9747 AW Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Abstract
Production of exopolysaccharides by lactic acid bacteria is a common phenomenon. Structural information of these widely diverse biopolymers is rendered by the monosaccharide composition, the anomeric configurations, the type of glycosidic linkages, the presence of repeating units and noncarbohydrate substituents, and finally the presentation of a chemical molecular structure or composite model. The detailed structural analysis of polysaccharides is a time-consuming pursuit, including the use of different techniques, such as chemical degradation methods (e.g., hydrolysis), separation methods (e.g., SEC-chromatography and HPLC/HPAEC), and identification methods (e.g., GLC-EIMS and 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy). In this chapter, some analytical methods are described and demonstrated for two different exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Gerwig
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Devlamynck T, te Poele EM, Quataert K, Gerwig GJ, Van de Walle D, Dewettinck K, Kamerling JP, Soetaert W, Dijkhuizen L. Trans-α-glucosylation of stevioside by the mutant glucansucrase enzyme Gtf180-ΔN-Q1140E improves its taste profile. Food Chem 2019; 272:653-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rijken DC, Emeis JJ, Gerwig GJ. On the Composition and Function of the Carbohydrate Moiety of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator from Human Melanoma Cells. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTwo variants (I and II) of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) from human melanoma cells were separated by Lysine Sepharose chromatography. The carbohydrate compositions of the forms were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Variant I contained 12.8 g and variant II 7.1 g of carbohydrate per 100 g protein. Both variants contained N-acetylgalactosamine, suggesting O-glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation. The possible role of N-linked oligosaccharides for the biological activity of t-PA was studied using t-PA secreted by melanoma cells in the presence of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation. The latter t-PA showed the same plasminogen activating and fibrin binding properties as normally glycosylated t-PA, indicating that N-linked carbohydrate is not involved in the fibrinolytic activity of t-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Rijken
- The Gaubius Institute, Health Research Division TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - J J Emeis
- The Gaubius Institute, Health Research Division TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - G J Gerwig
- The Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, State University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gerwig GJ, te Poele EM, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Structural analysis of rebaudioside A derivatives obtained by Lactobacillus reuteri 180 glucansucrase-catalyzed trans-α-glucosylation. Carbohydr Res 2017; 440-441:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gerwig GJ, Te Poele EM, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Stevia Glycosides: Chemical and Enzymatic Modifications of Their Carbohydrate Moieties to Improve the Sweet-Tasting Quality. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:1-72. [PMID: 27816105 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stevia glycosides, extracted from the leaves of the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, display an amazing high degree of sweetness. As processed plant products, they are considered as excellent bio-alternatives for sucrose and artificial sweeteners. Being noncaloric and having beneficial properties for human health, they are the subject of an increasing number of studies for applications in food and pharmacy. However, one of the main obstacles for the successful commercialization of Stevia sweeteners, especially in food, is their slight bitter aftertaste and astringency. These undesirable properties may be reduced or eliminated by modifying the carbohydrate moieties of the steviol glycosides. A promising procedure is to subject steviol glycosides to enzymatic glycosylation, thereby introducing additional monosaccharide residues into the molecules. Depending on the number and positions of the monosaccharide units, the taste quality and sweetness potency of the compounds will vary. Many studies have been performed already, and this review summarizes the structures of native steviol glycosides and the recent data of modifications of the carbohydrate moieties that have been published to provide an overview of the current progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Gerwig
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien M Te Poele
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Meng X, Pijning T, Tietema M, Dobruchowska JM, Yin H, Gerwig GJ, Kralj S, Dijkhuizen L. Characterization of the glucansucrase GTF180 W1065 mutant enzymes producing polysaccharides and oligosaccharides with altered linkage composition. Food Chem 2016; 217:81-90. [PMID: 27664611 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria are extensively used for food applications. Glucansucrase enzymes of lactic acid bacteria use sucrose to catalyze the synthesis of α-glucans with different linkage compositions, size and physico-chemical properties. Crystallographic studies of GTF180-ΔN show that at the acceptor binding sites +1 and +2, residue W1065 provides stacking interactions to the glucosyl moiety. However, the detailed functional roles of W1065 have not been elucidated. We performed random mutagenesis targeting residue W1065 of GTF180-ΔN, resulting in the generation of 10 mutant enzymes that were characterized regarding activity and product specificity. Characterization of mutant enzymes showed that residue W1065 is critical for the activity of GTF180-ΔN. Using sucrose, and sucrose (donor) plus maltose (acceptor) as substrates, the mutant enzymes synthesized polysaccharides and oligosaccharides with changed linkage composition. The stacking interaction of an aromatic residue at position 1065 is essential for polysaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Meng
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Tietema
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Justyna M Dobruchowska
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Huifang Yin
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Dobruchowska JM, Jonsson JO, Fridjonsson OH, Aevarsson A, Kristjansson JK, Altenbuchner J, Watzlawick H, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP, Hreggvidsson GO. Modification of linear (β1→3)-linked gluco-oligosaccharides with a novel recombinant β-glucosyltransferase (trans-β-glucosidase) enzyme from Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1157-1170. [PMID: 27550196 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that glycoside hydrolases enzymes of family GH17 from proteobacteria (genera Pseudomonas, Azotobacter) catalyze elongation transfer reactions with laminari-oligosaccharides generating (β1→3) linkages preferably and to a lesser extent (β1→6) or (β1→4) linkages. In the present study, the cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the structurally very similar GH17 domain of the NdvB enzyme from Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, designated Glt20, as well as its catalytic properties are described. The Glt20 enzyme was strikingly different from the previously investigated bacterial GH17 enzymes, both regarding substrate specificity and product formation. The Azotobacter and Pseudomonas enzymes cleaved the donor laminari-oligosaccharide substrates three or four moieties from the non-reducing end, generating linear oligosaccharides. In contrast, the Glt20 enzyme cleaved donor laminari-oligosaccharide substrates two glucose moieties from the reducing end, releasing laminaribiose and transferring the remainder to laminari-oligosaccharide acceptor substrates creating only (β1→3)(β1→6) branching points. This enables Glt20 to transfer larger oligosaccharide chains than the other type of bacterial enzymes previously described, and helps explain the biologically significant formation of cyclic β-glucans in B. diazoefficiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M Dobruchowska
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Josef Altenbuchner
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hildegard Watzlawick
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gudmundur O Hreggvidsson
- Matís, Vínlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland .,Department of Biology, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Meng X, Dobruchowska JM, Pijning T, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L. Synthesis of New Hyperbranched α-Glucans from Sucrose by Lactobacillus reuteri 180 Glucansucrase Mutants. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:433-442. [PMID: 26688101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
α-Glucans produced by glucansucrase enzymes of lactic acid bacteria attract strong attention as novel ingredients and functional biopolymers in the food industry. In the present study, α-helix 4 amino acid residues D1085, R1088, and N1089 of glucansucrase GTF180 of Lactobacillus reuteri 180 were targeted for mutagenesis both jointly and separately. Analysis of the mutational effects on enzyme function revealed that all D1085 and R1088 mutants catalyzed the synthesis of hyperbranched α-glucans with 15-22% branching (α1→3,6) linkages, compared to 13% in the wild-type GTF180. In addition, besides native (α1→6) and (α1→3) linkages, all of the mutations introduced a small amount of (α1→4) linkages (5% at most) in the polysaccharides produced. We conclude that α-helix 4 residues, especially D1085 and R1088, constituting part of the +2 acceptor binding subsite, are important determinants for the linkage specificity. The new hyperbranched α-glucans provide very interesting structural diversities and may find applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Meng
- Microbial Physiology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna M Dobruchowska
- Microbial Physiology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Microbial Physiology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- Microbial Physiology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Meng X, Pijning T, Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L. Characterization of the Functional Roles of Amino Acid Residues in Acceptor-binding Subsite +1 in the Active Site of the Glucansucrase GTF180 from Lactobacillus reuteri 180. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30131-41. [PMID: 26507662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucans produced by glucansucrase enzymes hold strong potential for industrial applications. The exact determinants of the linkage specificity of glucansucrase enzymes have remained largely unknown, even with the recent elucidation of glucansucrase crystal structures. Guided by the crystal structure of glucansucrase GTF180-ΔN from Lactobacillus reuteri 180 in complex with the acceptor substrate maltose, we identified several residues (Asp-1028 and Asn-1029 from domain A, as well as Leu-938, Ala-978, and Leu-981 from domain B) near subsite +1 that may be critical for linkage specificity determination, and we investigated these by random site-directed mutagenesis. First, mutants of Ala-978 (to Leu, Pro, Phe, or Tyr) and Asp-1028 (to Tyr or Trp) with larger side chains showed reduced degrees of branching, likely due to the steric hindrance by these bulky residues. Second, Leu-938 mutants (except L938F) and Asp-1028 mutants showed altered linkage specificity, mostly with increased (α1 → 6) linkage synthesis. Third, mutation of Leu-981 and Asn-1029 significantly affected the transglycosylation reaction, indicating their essential roles in acceptor substrate binding. In conclusion, glucansucrase product specificity is determined by an interplay of domain A and B residues surrounding the acceptor substrate binding groove. Residues surrounding the +1 subsite thus are critical for activity and specificity of the GTF180 enzyme and play different roles in the enzyme functions. This study provides novel insights into the structure-function relationships of glucansucrase enzymes and clearly shows the potential of enzyme engineering to produce tailor-made α-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Meng X, Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Dijkhuizen L. Synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides by Lactobacillus reuteri 121 reuteransucrase at high concentrations of sucrose. Carbohydr Res 2015; 414:85-92. [PMID: 26281004 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
GTFA, a glucansucrase enzyme of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri 121, is capable of synthesizing an α-glucan polysaccharide with (1 → 4) and (1 → 6) linkages from sucrose. With respect to its biosynthesis, the present study has shown that the ratio of oligosaccharide versus polysaccharide synthesized was directly proportional to the concentration of sucrose. It appears that the size distribution of products is kinetically controlled, but the linkage distribution in the polysaccharide material is not changed. At high sucrose concentrations the sucrose isomers leucrose and trehalulose were synthesized, using the accumulated fructose as acceptor, together with 4'- and 6'-α-D-glucosyl-leucrose and 6'-α-D-glucosyl-trehalulose. The finding of an additional branched hexasaccharide demonstrates that the enzyme is able to introduce branch-points already in relatively short oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Meng
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna M Dobruchowska
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Wilbrink MH, ten Kate GA, Sanders P, Gerwig GJ, van Leeuwen SS, Sallomons E, Klarenbeek B, Hage JA, van Vuure CA, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Enzymatic Decoration of Prebiotic Galacto-oligosaccharides (Vivinal GOS) with Sialic Acid Using Trypanosoma cruzi trans-Sialidase and Two Bovine Sialoglycoconjugates as Donor Substrates. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:5976-5984. [PMID: 26044147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Decoration of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) with sialic acid yields mixtures of GOS and sialylated GOS (Sia-GOS), novel products that are expected to have both prebiotic and antiadhesive functionalities. The recombinantly produced trans-sialidase enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS), an enzyme with the ability to transfer (α2-3)-linked sialic acid from sialogalactoglycans to asialogalactoglycans, was employed to catalyze this sialylation. As sialic acid acceptor substrates, Vivinal GOS and derived fractions of specific degree of polymerization were taken. As sialic acid donor substrates, bovine κ-casein-derived glycomacropeptide [>99% N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac); <1% N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)] and bovine blood plasma glycoprotein mixture (45% Neu5Ac; 55% Neu5Gc) were selected, yielding potential food and feed products, respectively. High-pH anion-exchange chromatography, matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used for product analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten H Wilbrink
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert A ten Kate
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sanders
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- ‡NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Sallomons
- §FrieslandCampina Research, Stationsplein 4, NL-3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Klarenbeek
- §FrieslandCampina Research, Stationsplein 4, NL-3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Hage
- #Darling Ingredients Nederland BV, Kanaaldijk Noord 20-21, NL-5691 NM Son, The Netherlands
| | - Carine A van Vuure
- #Darling Ingredients Nederland BV, Kanaaldijk Noord 20-21, NL-5691 NM Son, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- ‡NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Langereis MA, Bakkers MJG, Deng L, Padler-Karavani V, Vervoort SJ, Hulswit RJG, van Vliet ALW, Gerwig GJ, de Poot SAH, Boot W, van Ederen AM, Heesters BA, van der Loos CM, van Kuppeveld FJM, Yu H, Huizinga EG, Chen X, Varki A, Kamerling JP, de Groot RJ. Complexity and Diversity of the Mammalian Sialome Revealed by Nidovirus Virolectins. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1966-78. [PMID: 26095364 PMCID: PMC5292239 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias), 9-carbon-backbone sugars, are among the most complex and versatile molecules of life. As terminal residues of glycans on proteins and lipids, Sias are key elements of glycotopes of both cellular and microbial lectins and thus act as important molecular tags in cell recognition and signaling events. Their functions in such interactions can be regulated by post-synthetic modifications, the most common of which is differential Sia-O-acetylation (O-Ac-Sias). The biology of O-Ac-Sias remains mostly unexplored, largely because of limitations associated with their specific in situ detection. Here, we show that dual-function hemagglutinin-esterase envelope proteins of nidoviruses distinguish between a variety of closely related O-Ac-Sias. By using soluble forms of hemagglutinin-esterases as lectins and sialate-O-acetylesterases, we demonstrate differential expression of distinct O-Ac-sialoglycan populations in an organ-, tissue- and cell-specific fashion. Our findings indicate that programmed Sia-O-acetylation/de-O-acetylation may be critical to key aspects of cell development, homeostasis, and/or function. Virolectins detect and distinguish between closely related O-Ac-Sias in situ O-Ac-sialoglycans occur in nature in a diversity not appreciated so far O-Ac-Sias are differentially expressed in a species-, tissue-, and cell-specific fashion There is extensive cell-to-cell variability in O-Ac-Sia expression in vivo and in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J G Bakkers
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lingquan Deng
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben J G Hulswit
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arno L W van Vliet
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie A H de Poot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Boot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie van Ederen
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris M van der Loos
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Free University Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric G Huizinga
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raoul J de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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15
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Wyatt TT, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Wösten HA, Dijksterhuis J. Structural analysis of novel trehalose-based oligosaccharides from extremely stress-tolerant ascospores of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri). Carbohydr Res 2015; 411:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Meng X, Dobruchowska JM, Pijning T, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Dijkhuizen L. Truncation of domain V of the multidomain glucansucrase GTF180 of Lactobacillus reuteri 180 heavily impairs its polysaccharide-synthesizing ability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5885-94. [PMID: 25586581 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucansucrases are exclusively found in lactic acid bacteria and synthesize a variety of α-glucans from sucrose. They are large multidomain enzymes belonging to the CAZy family 70 of glycoside hydrolase enzymes (GH70). The crystal structure of the N-terminal truncated GTF180 of Lactobacillus reuteri 180 (GTF180-ΔN) revealed that the polypeptide chain follows a U shape course to form five domains, including domains A, B, and C, which resemble those of family GH13 enzymes, and two extra and novel domains (domains IV and V), which are attached to the catalytic core. To elucidate the functional roles of domain V, we have deleted the domain V fragments from both the N- and C-terminal ends (GTF180-ΔNΔV). Truncation of domain V of GTF180-ΔN yielded a catalytically fully active enzyme but with heavily impaired polysaccharide synthesis ability. Instead, GTF180-ΔNΔV produced a large amount of oligosaccharides. Domain V is not involved in determining the linkage specificity, and the size of polysaccharide produced as the polysaccharide produced by GTF180-ΔNΔV was identical in size and structure with that of GTF180-ΔN. The data indicates that GTF180-ΔNΔV acts nonprocessively, frequently initiating synthesis of a new oligosaccharide from sucrose, instead of continuing the synthesis of a full size polysaccharide. Mutations L940E and L940F in GTF180-ΔNΔV, which are involved in the acceptor substrate binding, restored polysaccharide synthesis almost to the level of GTF180-ΔN. These results demonstrated that interactions of growing glucan chains with both domain V and acceptor substrate binding sites are important for polysaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Meng
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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van Leeuwen SS, Schoemaker RJW, Gerwig GJ, van Leusen-van Kan EJM, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Rapid milk group classification by 1H NMR analysis of Le and H epitopes in human milk oligosaccharide donor samples. Glycobiology 2014; 24:728-39. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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18
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Gerwig GJ, Dobruchowska JM, Shi T, Urashima T, Fukuda K, Kamerling JP. Structure determination of the exopolysaccharide of Lactobacillus fermentum TDS030603—A revision. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Dobruchowska JM, Meng X, Leemhuis H, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Gluco-oligomers initially formed by the reuteransucrase enzyme of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 incubated with sucrose and malto-oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1084-96. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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20
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Hocking HG, Gerwig GJ, Dutertre S, Violette A, Favreau P, Stöcklin R, Kamerling JP, Boelens R. Structure of the O-glycosylated conopeptide CcTx from Conus consors venom. Chemistry 2012; 19:870-9. [PMID: 23281027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The glycopeptide CcTx, isolated from the venom of the piscivorous cone snail Conus consors, belongs to the κA-family of conopeptides. These toxins elicit excitotoxic responses in the prey by acting on voltage-gated sodium channels. The structure of CcTx, a first in the κA-family, has been determined by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy together with the analysis of its O-glycan at Ser7. A new type of glycopeptide O-glycan core structure, here registered as core type 9, containing two terminal L-galactose units {α-L-Galp-(1→4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-[α-L-Galp-(1→2)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-]α-D-GalpNAc-(1→O)}, is highlighted. A sequence comparison to other putative members of the κA-family suggests that O-linked glycosylation might be more common than previously thought. This observation alone underlines the requirement for more careful and in-depth investigations into this type of post-translational modification in conotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G Hocking
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Li B, Dobruchowska JM, Hoogenkamp MA, Gerwig GJ. Structural investigation of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans strain UA159. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:675-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Kralj S, Grijpstra P, Leemhuis H, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Structural characterization of linear isomalto-/malto-oligomer products synthesized by the novel GTFB 4,6-α-glucanotransferase enzyme from Lactobacillus reuteri 121. Glycobiology 2011; 22:517-28. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Redgwell RJ, Curti D, Wang J, Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Bucheli P. Cell wall polysaccharides of Chinese Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): Part 1. Characterisation of soluble and insoluble polymer fractions. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Redgwell RJ, Curti D, Wang J, Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Bucheli P. Cell wall polysaccharides of Chinese Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): Part 2. Characterisation of arabinogalactan-proteins. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Hreggvidsson GO, Dobruchowska JM, Fridjonsson OH, Jonsson JO, Gerwig GJ, Aevarsson A, Kristjansson JK, Curti D, Redgwell RR, Hansen CE, Kamerling JP, Debeche-Boukhit T. Exploring novel non-Leloir β-glucosyltransferases from proteobacteria for modifying linear (β1→3)-linked gluco-oligosaccharide chains. Glycobiology 2010; 21:304-28. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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26
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van Leeuwen SS, Kralj S, Eeuwema W, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Structural Characterization of Bioengineered α-d-Glucans Produced by Mutant Glucansucrase GTF180 Enzymes of Lactobacillus reuteri Strain 180. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:580-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm801240r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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van Leeuwen SS, Kralj S, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Structural Analysis of Bioengineered α-d-Glucan Produced by a Triple Mutant of the Glucansucrase GTF180 Enzyme from Lactobacillus reuteri Strain 180: Generation of (α1→4) Linkages in a Native (1→3)(1→6)-α-d-Glucan. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2251-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800410w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, TNO - University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, TNO - University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Gerwig
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, TNO - University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, TNO - University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P. Kamerling
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, TNO - University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
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28
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van Leeuwen SS, Kralj S, van Geel-Schutten IH, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Structural analysis of the α-d-glucan (EPS180) produced by the Lactobacillus reuteri strain 180 glucansucrase GTF180 enzyme. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1237-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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van Leeuwen SS, Kralj S, van Geel-Schutten IH, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Structural analysis of the α-d-glucan (EPS35-5) produced by the Lactobacillus reuteri strain 35-5 glucansucrase GTFA enzyme. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1251-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Llop E, Gallego RG, Belalcazar V, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Segura J, Pascual JA. Evaluation of protein N-glycosylation in 2-DE: Erythropoietin as a study case. Proteomics 2008; 7:4278-91. [PMID: 17973294 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure, function, and physico-chemical properties of many proteins are determined by PTM, being glycosylation the most complex. This study describes how a combination of typical proteomics methods (2-DE) combines with glycomics strategies (HPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS, exoglycosidases sequencing) to yield comprehensive data about single spot-microheterogeneity, providing meaningful information for the detection of disease markers, pharmaceutical industry, antidoping control, etc. Recombinant erythropoietin and its hyperglycosylated analogue darbepoetin-alpha were chosen as showcases because of their relevance in these fields and the analytical challenge they represent. The combined approach yielded good results in terms of sample complexity (mixture glycoforms), reproducibility, sensitivity ( approximately 25 pmoles of glycoprotein/spot), and identification of the underlying protein. Heterogeneity was present in all spots but with a clear tendency; spots proximal to the anode contained the highest amount of tetra-antennary tetra-sialylated glycans, whereas the opposite occurred for spots proximal to the cathode with the majority of the structures being undersialylated. Spot microheterogeneity proved a consequence of the multiple glycosylation sites as they contributed directly to the number of possibilities to account for a discrete charge in a single spot. The interest of this combined glycoproteomics method resides in the efficiency for detecting and quantifying subtle dissimilarities originated from altered ratios of identical glycans including N-acetyl-lactosamine repeats, acetylation, or antigenic epitopes, that do not significantly contribute to the electrophoretic mobility, but affect the glycan microheterogeneity and the potential underlying related functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Llop
- Pharmacology Research Unit - Bio-analysis group, IMIM, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Babuchowski A, Kamerling JP. Structural studies on exopolysaccharides produced by three different propionibacteria strains. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:726-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Blanchard V, Gadkari RA, George AVE, Roy S, Gerwig GJ, Leeflang BR, Dighe RR, Boelens R, Kamerling JP. High-level expression of biologically active glycoprotein hormones in Pichia pastoris strains--selection of strain GS115, and not X-33, for the production of biologically active N-glycosylated 15N-labeled phCG. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:245-57. [PMID: 18274893 PMCID: PMC2668595 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is widely used for the production of recombinant glycoproteins. With the aim to generate biologically active 15N-labeled glycohormones for conformational studies focused on the unravelling of the NMR structures in solution, the P. pastoris strains GS115 and X-33 were explored for the expression of human chorionic gonadotropin (phCG) and human follicle-stimulating hormone (phFSH). In agreement with recent investigations on the N-glycosylation of phCG, produced in P. pastoris GS115, using ammonia/glycerol-methanol as nitrogen/carbon sources, the N-glycosylation pattern of phCG, synthesized using NH4Cl/glucose–glycerol–methanol, comprised neutral and charged, phosphorylated high-mannose-type N-glycans (Man8–15GlcNAc2). However, the changed culturing protocol led to much higher amounts of glycoprotein material, which is of importance for an economical realistic approach of the aimed NMR research. In the context of these studies, attention was also paid to the site specific N-glycosylation in phCG produced in P. pastoris GS115. In contrast to the rather simple N-glycosylation pattern of phCG expressed in the GS115 strain, phCG and phFSH expressed in the X-33 strain revealed, besides neutral high-mannose-type N-glycans, also high concentrations of neutral hypermannose-type N-glycans (Manup-to-30GlcNAc2). The latter finding made the X-33 strain not very suitable for generating 15N-labeled material. Therefore, 15N-phCG was expressed in the GS115 strain using the new optimized protocol. The 15N-enrichment was evaluated by 15N-HSQC NMR spectroscopy and GLC-EI/MS. Circular dichroism studies indicated that 15N-phCG/GS115 had the same folding as urinary hCG. Furthermore, 15N-phCG/GS115 was found to be similar to the unlabeled protein in every respect as judged by radioimmunoassay, radioreceptor assays, and in vitro bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Blanchard
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sánchez-Medina I, Gerwig GJ, Urshev ZL, Kamerling JP. Structure of a neutral exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LBB.B26. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2430-9. [PMID: 17628513 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neutral exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LBB.B26 in skimmed milk was found to be composed of d-glucose and d-galactose in a molar ratio of 2:3. Linkage analysis and 1D/2D NMR ((1)H and (13)C) studies performed on the native polysaccharide, and on an oligosaccharide obtained from a partial acid hydrolysate of the native polysaccharide, showed the polysaccharide to consist of branched pentasaccharide repeating units with the following structure. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Sánchez-Medina
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Blanchard V, Gadkari RA, Gerwig GJ, Leeflang BR, Dighe RR, Kamerling JP. Characterization of the N-linked oligosaccharides from human chorionic gonadotropin expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:33-47. [PMID: 17146714 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric, placental glycoprotein hormone involved in the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the first trimester of pregnancy. Biologically active hCG has been successfully expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris (phCG). In the context of structural studies and therapeutic applications of phCG, detailed information about its glycosylation pattern is a prerequisite. To this end N-glycans were released with peptide-N(4)-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F and fractionated via anion-exchange chromatography (Resource Q) yielding both neutral (80%) and charged, phosphate-containing (20%) high-mannose-type structures. Subfractionations were carried out via normal phase (Lichrosorb-NH(2)) and high-pH anion-exchange (CarboPac PA-1) chromatography. Structural analyses of the released N-glycans were carried out by using HPLC profiling of fluorescent 2-aminobenzamide derivatives, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and 500-MHz(1)H-NMR spectroscopy. Detailed neutral oligosaccharide structures, in the range of Man(8)GlcNAc(2) to Man(11)GlcNAc(2) including molecular isomers, could be established, and structures up to Man(15)GlcNAc(2) were indicated. Phosphate-containing oligosaccharides ranged from Man(9)PGlcNAc(2) to Man(13)PGlcNAc(2). Mannosyl O-glycans were not detected. Profiling studies carried out on different production batches showed that the oligosaccharide structures are similar, but their relative amounts varied with the culturing media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Blanchard
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sánchez O, Montesino R, Toledo JR, Rodríguez E, Díaz D, Royle L, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Harvey DJ, Cremata JA. The goat mammary glandular epithelial (GMGE) cell line promotes polyfucosylation and N,N′-diacetyllactosediaminylation of N-glycans linked to recombinant human erythropoietin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464:322-34. [PMID: 17570337 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have established a continuous, non-transformed cell line from primary cultures from Capra hircus mammary gland. Low-density cultures showed a homogeneous epithelial morphology without detectable fibroblastic or myoepithelial cells. The culture was responsive to contact inhibition of proliferation and its doubling time was dependent on the presence of insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF). GMGE cells secrete caseins regardless of the presence or absence of lactogenic hormones in the culture media. Investigation of the total N-glycan pool of human erythropoietin (rhEPO) expressed in GMGE cells by monosaccharide analysis, HPLC profiling, and mass spectrometry, indicated significant differences with respect to the same protein expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. N-Glycans of rhEPO-GMGE are core-fucosylated, but fucosylation of outer arms was also found. Our results also revealed the presence of low levels of sialylation (>95% Neu5Ac), N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine units, and possibly Gal-Gal non-reducing terminal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sánchez
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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Jongen SP, Gerwig GJ, Leeflang BR, Koles K, Mannesse MLM, van Berkel PHC, Pieper FR, Kroos MA, Reuser AJJ, Zhou Q, Jin X, Zhang K, Edmunds T, Kamerling JP. N-glycans of recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase expressed in the milk of transgenic rabbits. Glycobiology 2007; 17:600-19. [PMID: 17293352 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease is a lysosomal glycogen storage disorder characterized by acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency. More than 110 different pathogenic mutations in the gene encoding GAA have been observed. Patients with this disease are being treated by intravenous injection of recombinant forms of the enzyme. Focusing on recombinant approaches to produce the enzyme means that specific attention has to be paid to the generated glycosylation patterns. Here, human GAA was expressed in the mammary gland of transgenic rabbits. The N-linked glycans of recombinant human GAA (rhAGLU), isolated from the rabbit milk, were released by peptide-N(4)-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F. The N-glycan pool was fractionated and purified into individual components by a combination of anion-exchange, normal-phase, and Sambucus nigra agglutinin-affinity chromatography. The structures of the components were analyzed by 500 MHz one-dimensional and 600 MHz cryo two-dimensional (total correlation spectroscopy [TOCSY] nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy) (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, combined with two-dimensional (31)P-filtered (1)H-(1)H TOCSY spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-profiling of 2-aminobenzamide-labeled glycans combined with exoglycosidase digestions. The recombinant rabbit glycoprotein contained a broad array of different N-glycans, comprising oligomannose-, hybrid-, and complex-type structures. Part of the oligomannose-type glycans showed the presence of phospho-diester-bridged N-acetylglucosamine. For the complex-type glycans (partially) (alpha2-6)-sialylated (nearly only N-acetylneuraminic acid) diantennary structures were found; part of the structures were (alpha1-6)-core-fucosylated or (alpha1-3)-fucosylated in the upper antenna (Lewis x). Using HPLC-mass spectrometry of glycopeptides, information was generated with respect to the site-specific location of the various glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne P Jongen
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Over the years several methodologies have been developed for the structural analysis of naturally occurring sialic acids (Sias), a family with more than 62 members. Currently there are two primary instrumental approaches: analysis of volatile Sia derivatives by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) combined with electron-impact mass spectrometry (EI/MS), and analysis of fluorescently labeled Sias by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) eventually coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). This chapter presents both approaches in detail. The volatile Sia derivatives are comprised of trimethylsilylated methyl ester derivatives, heptafluorobutylated methyl ester derivatives, or pertrimethylsilylated derivatives. The fluorescent Sia derivatives are prepared by reaction with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene. For the identification of the different Sia derivatives, detailed GLC, HPLC, EI/MS, and ESI/MS data are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Di Patrizi L, Rosati F, Guerranti R, Pagani R, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP. Structural characterization of the N-glycans of gpMuc from Mucuna pruriens seeds. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:599-609. [PMID: 17006651 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-8715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucuna pruriens seeds are used in some countries as a human prophylactic oral anti-snake remedy. Aqueous extracts of M. pruriens seeds possess in vivo activity against cobra and viper venoms, and protect mice against Echis carinatus venom. It was recently demonstrated that the seed immunogen generating the antibody that cross-reacts with the venom proteins is a multiform glycoprotein (gpMuc), and the immunogenic properties of gpMuc seemed to mainly reside in its glycan chains. In the present study, gpMuc was found to contain only N-glycans. Part of the N-glycans could be released with peptide-(N (4)-(N-acetyl-beta -glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F (PNGase F-sensitive N-glycans); the PNGase F-resistant N-glycans were PNGase A-sensitive. The oligosaccharides released were analyzed by a combination of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, HPLC profiling of 2-aminobenzamide-labelled derivatives and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The PNGase F-sensitive N-glycans comprised a mixture of oligomannose-type structures ranging from Man(5)GlcNAc(2) to Man(9)GlcNAc(2), and two xylosylated structures, Xyl(1)Man(3)GlcNAc(2) and Xyl(1)Man(4)GlcNAc(2). The PNGase A-sensitive N-glycans, containing (alpha 1-3)-linked fucose, were identified as Fuc(1)Xyl(1)Man(2)GlcNAc(2) and Fuc(1)Xyl(1)Man(3)GlcNAc(2). In view of the determined N-glycan ensemble, the immunoreactivity of gpMuc was ascribed to the presence of core (beta 1-2)-linked xylose- and core alpha (1-3)-linked fucose-modified N-glycan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Di Patrizi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Rosenfeld R, Bangio H, Gerwig GJ, Rosenberg R, Aloni R, Cohen Y, Amor Y, Plaschkes I, Kamerling JP, Maya RBY. A lectin array-based methodology for the analysis of protein glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 70:415-26. [PMID: 17112594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most versatile and one of the most abundant protein modifications. It has a structural role as well as diverse functional roles in many specific biological functions, including cancer development, viral and bacterial infections, and autoimmunity. The diverse roles of glycosylation in biological processes are rapidly growing areas of research, however, Glycobiology research is limited by the lack of a technology for rapid analysis of glycan composition of glycoproteins. Currently used methods for glycoanalysis are complex, typically requiring high levels of expertise and days to provide answers, and are not readily available to all researcher. We have developed a lectin array-based method, Qproteome GlycoArray kits, for rapid analysis of glycosylation profiles of glycoproteins. Glycoanalysis is performed on intact glycoproteins, requiring only 4-6 h for most analysis types. The method, demonstrated in this manuscript by several examples, is based on binding of an intact glycoprotein to the arrayed lectins, resulting in a characteristic fingerprint that is highly sensitive to changes in the protein's glycan composition. The large number of lectins, each with its specific recognition pattern, ensures high sensitivity to changes in the glycosylation pattern. A set of proprietary algorithms automatically interpret the fingerprint signals to provide a comprehensive glycan profile output.
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Boshuizen JA, Reimerink JHJ, Korteland-van Male AM, van Ham VJJ, Bouma J, Gerwig GJ, Koopmans MPG, Büller HA, Dekker J, Einerhand AWC. Homeostasis and function of goblet cells during rotavirus infection in mice. Virology 2005; 337:210-21. [PMID: 15882887 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in young children. To gain insight in goblet cell homeostasis and intestinal mucin expression during rotavirus infection, 6-day-old mice were inoculated with murine rotavirus. To determine epithelial cell migration, mice were injected with BrdU just before inoculation. Small intestines were isolated at different days postinfection (dpi) and evaluated for rotavirus and goblet cell-specific gene expression. Small intestinal mucins of control and infected animals at 1, 2, and 4 dpi were isolated and tested for their capability to neutralize rotavirus infection in vitro. After inoculation, two peaks of viral replication were observed at 1 and 4 dpi. During infection, the number of goblet cells in infected mice was decreased in duodenum and jejunum, but was unaffected in the ileum. Goblet cells in infected animals accumulated at the tips of the villi. Muc2 mRNA levels were increased during the peak of viral replication at 1 dpi, whereas at other time points Muc2 and Tff3 mRNA levels were maintained at control levels. Muc2 protein levels in the tissue were also maintained, however Tff3 protein levels were strongly decreased. The number of goblet cells containing sulfated mucins was reduced during the two peaks of infection. Mucins isolated at 1 and 2 dpi from control and infected mice efficiently neutralized rotavirus infection in vitro. Moreover, mucins isolated from infected mice at 4 dpi were more potent in inhibiting rotavirus infection than mucins from control mice at 4 dpi. In conclusion, these data show that during rotavirus infection, goblet cells, in contrast to enterocytes, are relatively spared from apoptosis especially in the ileum. Goblet cell-specific Muc2 expression is increased and mucin structure is modified in the course of infection. This suggests that goblet cells and mucins play a role in the active defense against rotavirus infection and that age-dependent differences in mucin quantities, composition, and/or structure alter the anti-viral capabilities of small intestinal mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos A Boshuizen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC/Sophia, Room Ee1571A, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Halkes KM, Carvalho de Souza A, Maljaars CEP, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP. A Facile Method for the Preparation of Gold Glyconanoparticles from Free Oligosaccharides and Their Applicability in Carbohydrate-Protein Interaction Studies. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ellerbroek PM, Lefeber DJ, van Veghel R, Scharringa J, Brouwer E, Gerwig GJ, Janbon G, Hoepelman AIM, Coenjaerts FEJ. O-acetylation of cryptococcal capsular glucuronoxylomannan is essential for interference with neutrophil migration. J Immunol 2005; 173:7513-20. [PMID: 15585878 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) of Cryptococcus neoformans has been shown to interfere with neutrophil migration. Although several receptors have been implied to mediate this process, the structural perspectives are unknown. Here, we assess the contribution of 6-O-acetylation and xylose substitution of the (1-->3)-alpha-d-mannan backbone of GXM, the variable structural features of GXM, to the interference with neutrophil migration. We compare chemically deacetylated GXM and acetyl- or xylose-deficient GXM from genetically modified strains with wild-type GXM in their ability to inhibit the different phases of neutrophil migration. Additionally, we verify the effects of de-O-acetylation on neutrophil migration in vivo. De-O-acetylation caused a dramatic reduction of the inhibitory capacity of GXM in the in vitro assays for neutrophil chemokinesis, rolling on E-selectin and firm adhesion to endothelium. Genetic removal of xylose only marginally reduced the ability of GXM to reduce firm adhesion. In vivo, chemical deacetylation of GXM significantly reduced its ability to interfere with neutrophil recruitment in a model of myocardial ischemia (65% reduction vs a nonsignificant reduction in tissue myeloperoxidase, respectively). Our findings indicate that 6-O-acetylated mannose of GXM is a crucial motive for the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Ellerbroek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Lu G, Wong WPS, Vliegenthart JFG, Gerwig GJ, Lam KSL, Cooper GJS, Xu A. Proteomic and functional characterization of endogenous adiponectin purified from fetal bovine serum. Proteomics 2004; 4:3933-42. [PMID: 15378692 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is a plasma protein exclusively secreted from fat tissue. Many recent pharmacological studies suggest that recombinant adiponectin has multiple therapeutic potentials for obesity-related metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. However, the physiological relevance of these findings remains to be further established. In the present study, we have purified endogenous adiponectin from fetal bovine serum and characterized its post-translational modifications and physiological functions in animal models. Endogenous bovine serum adiponectin consists predominantly of full-length proteins that form multiple oligomeric complexes, including trimers, hexamers and higher molecular species. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that bovine serum adiponectin exists as multiple post-translationally modified isoforms with distinct molecular weight and isoelectric point. Further analysis using mass spectrometry and Edman degradation sequencing demonstrated that five conserved lysine residues (Lys 28, 60, 63, 72 and 96) within the collagenous domain of bovine adiponectin are hydroxylated and glycosylated by a glucosyl alpha(1-2)galactosyl group. Injection of endogenous bovine adiponectin into C57 mice potently decreased circulating glucose levels and enhanced lipid clearance after a high fat meal. Chronic administration of this protein for a period of two weeks significantly increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, and depleted hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat fed mice. These results provide direct evidence that endogenous bovine adiponectin is a physiological hormone that can regulate lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Center for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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44
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Smits SL, Gerwig GJ, van Vliet ALW, Lissenberg A, Briza P, Kamerling JP, Vlasak R, de Groot RJ. Nidovirus sialate-O-acetylesterases: evolution and substrate specificity of coronaviral and toroviral receptor-destroying enzymes. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:6933-41. [PMID: 15507445 PMCID: PMC8062793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409683200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses achieve reversible attachment to sialic acid (Sia) by encoding envelope glycoproteins with receptor-binding and receptor-destroying activities. Toroviruses and group 2 coronaviruses bind to O-acetylated Sias, presumably via their spike proteins (S), whereas other glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-esterases (HE), destroy Sia receptors by de-O-acetylation. Here, we present a comprehensive study of these enzymes. Sialate-9-O-acetylesterases specific for 5-N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid, described for bovine and human coronaviruses, also occur in equine coronaviruses and in porcine toroviruses. Bovine toroviruses, however, express novel sialate-9-O-acetylesterases, which prefer the di-O-acetylated substrate 5-N-acetyl-7(8),9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid. Whereas most rodent coronaviruses express sialate-4-O-acetylesterases, the HE of murine coronavirus DVIM cleaves 9-O-acetylated Sias. Under the premise that HE specificity reflects receptor usage, we propose that two types of Sias serve as initial attachment factors for coronaviruses in mice. There are striking parallels between orthomyxo- and nidovirus biology. Reminiscent of antigenic shifts in orthomyxoviruses, rodent coronaviruses exchanged S and HE sequences through recombination to extents not appreciated before. As for orthomyxovirus reassortants, the fitness of nidovirus recombinant offspring probably depends both on antigenic properties and on compatibility of receptor-binding and receptor-destroying activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Smits
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Shen Y, Kohla G, Lrhorfi AL, Sipos B, Kalthoff H, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Schauer R, Tiralongo J. O-acetylation and de-O-acetylation of sialic acids in human colorectal carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:281-90. [PMID: 14717696 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A decrease in the level of O-acetylated sialic acids observed in colorectal carcinoma may lead to an increase in the expression of sialyl Lewis(X), a tumor-associated antigen, which is related to progression of colorectal cancer to metastasis. The underlying mechanism for this reduction is, however, not fully understood. Two enzymes are thought to be primarily responsible for the turnover of O-acetyl ester groups on sialic acids; sialate-O-acetyltransferase (OAT) and sialate-O-acetylesterase (OAE). We have previously reported the characterization of OAT activity from normal colon mucosa, which efficiently O-acetylates CMP-Neu5Ac exclusively in the Golgi apparatus prior to the action of sialyltransferase. In this report we describe the identification of a lysosomal and a cytosolic OAE activity in human colonic mucosa that specifically hydrolyses 9-O-acetyl groups on sialic acid. Utilizing matched resection margin and cancer tissue from colorectal carcinoma patients we provide strong evidence suggesting that the level of O-acetylated sialic acids present in normal and diseased human colon may be dependent on the relative activities of OAT to lysosomal OAE. Furthermore, we show that the level of free cytosolic Neu5,9Ac2 in human colon is regulated by the relative activity of the cytosolic OAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Shen
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractThe presence of Neu5Ac on promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, the causative organism of Indian visceral leishmaniasis, has been reported recently. Here we report the occurrence of Neu5Ac as a major component on amastigotes, as well as Neu5Gc, Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu9Ac5Gc as indicated by fluorimetric high performance liquid chromatography and gas liquid chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry. Furthermore, binding studies with Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), and various Siglecs, showed the presence of both (alpha2-6) and (alpha2-3)linked sialic acids; their binding was reduced after sialidase pretreatment. Western blotting of amastigote membrane glycoproteins with SNA demonstrated the presence of two sialoglycoconjugates of Mr values of 164 000 and 150 000. Similarly, binding of MAA demonstrated the presence of five distinct sialoglycans corresponding to molecular masses of 188, 162, 136, 137 and 124 kDa. Achatinin-H, a lectin that preferentially identifies 9-Oacetylated sialic acid (alpha2-6)linked to GalNAc, demonstrated the occurrence of two 9-Oacetylated sialoglycans with Mr 158 000 and 150 000, and was corroborated by flow cytometry; this binding was abolished by recombinant 9-Oacetylesterase pretreatment. Our results indicate that Neu5Ac w(alpha2-6) and (alpha2-3)linked, as well as Neu5Gc and their 9-Oacetyl derivatives, constitute components of the amastigote cell surface of L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chava
- Immunobiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700 032 Kolkata, India
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47
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Chatterjee M, Chava AK, Kohla G, Pal S, Merling A, Hinderlich S, Unger U, Strasser P, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Vlasak R, Crocker PR, Schauer R, Schwartz-Albiez R, Mandal C. Identification and characterization of adsorbed serum sialoglycans on Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Glycobiology 2003; 13:351-61. [PMID: 12626423 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwg027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids as terminal residues of oligosaccharide chains play a crucial role in several cellular recognition events. The presence of sialic acid on promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, the causative organism of Indian visceral leishmaniasis, was demonstrated by fluorimetric high-performance liquid chromatography showing Neu5Ac and, to a minor extent, Neu5,9Ac2. The presence of Neu5Ac was confirmed by GC/MS analysis. Furthermore, binding with sialic acid-binding lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), and Siglecs showed the presence of both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acids. No endogenous biosynthetic machinery for Neu5Ac could be demonstrated in the parasite. Concomitant western blotting of parasite membranes and culture medium with SNA demonstrated the presence of common sialoglyconjugates (123, 90, and 70 kDa). Similarly, binding of MAA with parasite membrane and culture medium showed three analogous sialoglycans corresponding to 130, 117, and 70 kDa, indicating that alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialoglycans are adsorbed from the fetal calf serum present in the culture medium. L. donovani promastigotes also reacted with Achatinin-H, a lectin that preferentially identifies 9-O-acetylated sialic acid in alpha2-->6 GalNAc linkage. This determinant was evidenced on parasite cell surfaces by cell agglutination, ELISA, and flow cytometry, where its binding was abolished by pretreatment of cells with a recombinant 9-O-acetylesterase derived from the HE1 region of the influenza C esterase gene. Additionally, binding of CD60b, a 9-O-acetyl GD3-specific monoclonal antibody, corroborated the presence of terminal 9-O-acetylated disialoglycans. Our results indicate that sialic acids (alpha2-->6 and alpha2-->3 linked) and 9-O-acetyl derivatives constitute components of the parasite cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Chatterjee
- Immunobiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Calcutta 700032, India.
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48
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Erbel PJA, Barr K, Gao N, Gerwig GJ, Rick PD, Gardner KH. Identification and biosynthesis of cyclic enterobacterial common antigen in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:1995-2004. [PMID: 12618464 PMCID: PMC150143 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.6.1995-2004.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglyceride-linked enterobacterial common antigen (ECA(PG)) is a cell surface glycolipid that is synthesized by all gram-negative enteric bacteria. The carbohydrate portion of ECA(PG) consists of linear heteropolysaccharide chains comprised of the trisaccharide repeat unit Fuc4NAc-ManNAcA-GlcNAc, where Fuc4NAc is 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose, ManNAcA is N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid, and GlcNAc is N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The potential reducing terminal GlcNAc residue of each polysaccharide chain is linked via phosphodiester linkage to a phosphoglyceride aglycone. We demonstrate here the occurrence of a water-soluble cyclic form of enterobacterial common antigen, ECA(CYC), purified from Escherichia coli strains B and K-12 with solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and additional biochemical methods. The ECA(CYC) molecules lacked an aglycone and contained four trisaccharide repeat units that were nonstoichiometrically substituted with up to four O-acetyl groups. ECA(CYC) was not detected in mutant strains that possessed null mutations in the wecA, wecF, and wecG genes of the wec gene cluster. These observations corroborate the structural data obtained by NMR and ESI-MS analyses and show for the first time that the trisaccharide repeat units of ECA(CYC) and ECA(PG) are assembled by a common biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J A Erbel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
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Gerwig GJ, van Kuik JA, Leeflang BR, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG, Karr CD, Jarroll EL. The Giardia intestinalis filamentous cyst wall contains a novel beta(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine polymer: a structural and conformational study. Glycobiology 2002; 12:499-505. [PMID: 12145190 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwf059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of a protective cyst wall by Giardia is essential for the survival of the parasite outside the host intestine and for transmission among susceptible hosts. The structure of the G. intestinalis filamentous cyst wall was studied by chemical methods, mass spectrometry, and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Isolated cyst wall material contains carbohydrate and protein in a ratio of 3:2 (w/w), and the carbohydrate moiety is composed of a beta(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactopyranosamine homopolymer. Conformational analysis by molecular dynamics and persistence length calculations of GalNAc oligomers in solution demonstrated a flexible structure consisting of left- and right-handed helical elements. It is most likely that in the solid state, the polysaccharide forms ordered helices or possibly multiple helical structures having strong interchain interactions. The highly insoluble nature of the Giardia cyst wall must be due to these strong interchain interactions and, probably, a strong association between the carbohydrate and the protein moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Gerwig
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Section of Glycoscience and Biocatalysis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Di Patrizi L, Capone A, Focarelli R, Rosati F, Gallego RG, Gerwig GJ, Vliegenthart JF. Structural characterization of the N-glycans of gp273, the ligand for sperm-egg interaction in the mollusc bivalve Unio elongatulus. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:511-8. [PMID: 12151712 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019617728660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gp273, a glycoprotein of the egg extracellular coats of the mollusc bivalve Unio elongatulus, is the ligand molecule for sperm-egg interaction during fertilization. In this study we have analyzed the N-glycans from gp273. N-glycans were enzymatically released by PNGase F digestion and their structures were elucidated by normal phase HPLC profiling of the 2-aminobenzamide-labeled N-glycans, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The combined data revealed that the N-glycans of gp273 consist of Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 and Man9GlcNAc2. In Unio, the presence of noncomplex-type N-glycans parallels the inefficacy of these glycans in the ligand function. Their role in the protection of the polypeptide chain from proteolytic attack is suggested by the electrophoretic patterns obtained after enzymatic digestion of the native and the N-deglycosylated protein. These results are discussed in the light of the evolution of the recognition and adhesion properties of oligosaccharide chains in the fertilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Patrizi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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