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Hawkins RE, Gore M, Shparyk Y, Bondar V, Gladkov O, Ganev T, Harza M, Polenkov S, Bondarenko I, Karlov P, Karyakin O, Khasanov R, Hedlund G, Forsberg G, Nordle Ö, Eisen T. A Randomized Phase II/III Study of Naptumomab Estafenatox + IFNα versus IFNα in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final Analysis with Baseline Biomarker Subgroup and Trend Analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3172-81. [PMID: 26851187 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively determine the efficacy of naptumomab estafenatox (Nap) + IFNα versus IFN in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II/III study, 513 patients with RCC received Nap (15 μg/kg i. v. in three cycles of four once-daily injections) + IFN (9 MU s.c. three times weekly), or the same regimen of IFN monotherapy. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). RESULTS This phase II/III study did not meet its primary endpoint. Median OS/PFS for Nap + IFN patients was 17.1/5.8 months versus 17.5/5.8 months for the patients receiving IFN alone (P = 0.56; HR, 1.08/P = 0.41; HR, 0.92). Post hoc exploratory subgroup and trend analysis revealed that the baseline plasma concentrations of anti-SEA/E-120 (anti-Nap antibodies) for drug exposure and IL6 for immune status could be used as predictive biomarkers. A subgroup of patients (SG; n = 130) having concentrations below median of anti-SEA/E-120 and IL6 benefitted greatly from the addition of Nap. In SG, median OS/PFS for the patients treated with Nap + IFN was 63.3/13.7 months versus 31.1/5.8 months for the patients receiving IFN alone (P = 0.02; HR, 0.59/P = 0.02; HR, 0.62). Addition of Nap to IFN showed predicted and transient immune related AEs and the treatment had an acceptable safety profile. CONCLUSIONS The study did not meet its primary endpoint. Nap + IFN has an acceptable safety profile, and results from post hoc subgroup analyses showed that the treatment might improve OS/PFS in a baseline biomarker-defined RCC patient subgroup. The results warrant further studies with Nap in this subgroup. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3172-81. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Gore
- Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaroslav Shparyk
- State Regional Treatment and Diagnostics Oncology Center, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Bondar
- Public Clinical Treatment and Prophylaxis Institution, Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Gladkov
- Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Tosho Ganev
- Urology Clinic General Hospital for Active Treatment "St. Anna", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Mihai Harza
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serhii Polenkov
- Public Treatment and Prophylaxis Institution, Chernihiv Regional Oncology Center, Chernihiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Petr Karlov
- City Clinical Oncology Dispensary, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Karyakin
- Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy Eisen
- Cambridge University Health Partners, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Armstrong AJ, Häggman M, Stadler WM, Gingrich JR, Assikis V, Polikoff J, Damber JE, Belkoff L, Nordle Ö, Forsberg G, Carducci MA, Pili R. Long-term survival and biomarker correlates of tasquinimod efficacy in a multicenter randomized study of men with minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6891-901. [PMID: 24255071 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tasquinimod (Active Biotech) is an oral immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic agent that delayed metastatic disease progression in a randomized placebo-controlled phase II trial in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here, we report long-term survival with biomarker correlates from this trial. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two hundred and one (134 tasquinimod and 67 placebo) men with mCRPC were evaluated. Forty-one men randomized to placebo crossed over to tasquinimod. Survival data were collected with a median follow-up time of 37 months. Exploratory biomarker studies at baseline and over time were collected to evaluate potential mechanism-based correlates with tasquinimod efficacy including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS With 111 mortality events, median OS was 33.4 months for tasquinimod versus 30.4 months for placebo overall, and 34.2 versus 27.1 months in men with bone metastases (n = 136), respectively. Multivariable analysis demonstrated an adjusted HR of 0.52 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35-0.78; P = 0.001] for PFS and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.42-0.97; P = 0.034) for OS, favoring tasquinimod. Time-to-symptomatic progression was improved with tasquinimod (P = 0.039, HR = 0.42). Toxicities tended to be mild in nature and improved over time. Biomarker analyses suggested a favorable impact on bone alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) over time and a transient induction of inflammatory biomarkers, VEGF-A, and thrombospondin-1 levels with tasquinimod. Baseline levels of thrombospondin-1 less than the median were predictive of treatment benefit. CONCLUSIONS The survival observed in this trial of men with minimally symptomatic mCRPC suggests that the prolongation in PFS with tasquinimod may lead to a survival advantage in this setting, particularly among men with skeletal metastases, and has a favorable risk:benefit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Armstrong
- Authors' Affiliations: Duke Cancer Institute and the Duke Prostate Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; University Hospital of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Peachtree Hematology Oncology Consultants, Atlanta, Georgia; Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, San Diego, California; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Urologic Consultants of SE PA, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore Maryland; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Hawkins RE, Gore ME, Shparyk Y, Bondar V, Gladkov O, Ganev T, Harza M, Polenkov S, Bondarenko I, Karlov PA, Karyakin O, Khasanov R, Hedlund GE, Forsberg G, Nordle O, Eisen T. A randomized phase II/III study of naptumomab estafenatox plus IFN-α versus IFN-α in advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3073 Background: Naptumomab estafenatox/ANYARA (Nap) is a fusion protein of an antibody (5T4) and a superantigen (SEA/E-120). After phase I studies (Borghaei. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27:4116) a prospective, randomized phase II/III trial of Nap + IFN-α (A) vs IFN-α (I) was conducted. Methods: Patients (pts) with RCC were randomized in an open label study to receive A or I. The primary endpoint was OS. Secondary endpoints were PFS, response rate and safety. Baseline (bl) plasma IL-6 was predictive of pazopanib (Tran. Lancet Oncol. 2012, 13:827) and MVA-5T4 vaccine (Harrop. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012, 61:2283) benefit in RCC pts. IL-6 and anti-SEA/E-120 antibodies (a-S) were analyzed. A subgroup SG1 had bl levels below median for IL-6 (<7 pg/ml) and a-S. Another subgroup SG2 had IL-6 below 13 pg/ml (Tran. Lancet Oncol. 2012, 13:827) and excluding upper quartile of a-S according to phase 1 levels (Borghaei. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27:4116). Results: From 5/2007 to 10/2010 513 pts were treated (ITT) with a median follow-up time for censored pts of 43 months. Unexpectedly, pts in certain territories had increased bl a-S (median of 61 pmol/ml in Russia vs 34 in UK). The table summarizes efficacy results. The primary endpoint was not met. Multivariate analysis adjusted for risk scores and subsequent TKI usage verified Nap benefit in pts with low IL-6 and normal a-S. Nap was well tolerated. Pyrexia (A:46%/I:18%), nausea (21%/11%), back pain (18%/6%), vomiting (16%/7%) and chills (12%/4%) were more common after Nap. Conclusions: The study did not meet primary endpoint. In pts with low IL-6 and normal levels of a-S, addition of Nap to IFN-α improves OS and PFS. The results warrant further studies with Nap in sequence or combo with e.g. TKIs in this subgroup. More generally, as bl IL-6 appears to be prognostic and predictive of outcome on treatment with TKIs and immunotherapies this may be a stratification factor for RCC studies. Clinical trial information: NCT00420888. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Hawkins
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yaroslav Shparyk
- State Regional Treatment and Diagnostics Oncology Center, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Bondar
- Public Clinical Treatment and Prophylaxis Institution, Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Gladkov
- Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Oncology Center, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Tosho Ganev
- Urology Clinic General Hospital for Active Treatment “St. Anna”, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Mihai Harza
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serhii Polenkov
- Public Treatment and Prophylaxis Institution: Chernihiv Regional Oncology Center, Chernihiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Petr A Karlov
- City Clinical Oncology Dispensary, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Karyakin
- Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Tim Eisen
- Cambridge University Health Partners, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Armstrong AJ, Kaboteh R, Carducci MA, Damber JE, Stadler WM, Mats H, Edenbrandt L, Forsberg G, Nordle O, Pili R, Morris MJ. Association of bone scan index (BSI) with prognostic biomarkers and survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial of tasquinimod. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5081 Background: Tasquinimod (T) is an oral immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic agent currently in phase 3 testing in mCRPC. In a randomized, double-blind phase 2 multicenter study, 201 men with mCRPC who received T had improved radiographic PFS vs. placebo (P), with a more pronounced effect seen in men with bone metastases. Given the subjectivity/variability of bone scan measurements, we sought to evaluate the bone scan index (BSI), a quantitative and objective measure of BS activity, over time in this controlled clinical trial. Post-treatment BSI changes were examined given their prior association with survival. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, Exini bone™, an automated software package that generates the BSI (percent tumor involvement) from 99Tc BS, was used to calculate BSI over time from BS collected during central review in this randomized trial of T vs. P. Associations between baseline and on-treatment BSI, survival, prognostic biomarkers, and treatment effect were evaluated. Results: 108 men contributed baseline scans for BSI analysis that met quality control metrics (74 T vs. 34 P), 85 of whom (57 T vs. 28 P) had at least 1 evaluable follow-up week 12 scan. Median baseline BSI was 0.90% and after 3 months median BSI was 1.21%. In univariate analysis (n=85) baseline BSI correlated with OS (HR 1.41; p=0.01). Both baseline BSI (HR 1.62; p=0.006) and week 12 BSI change (HR 1.95; p=0.002) remained associated with OS after adjustment for bone alkaline phosphatase, PSA, pain score, hemoglobin, and treatment arm. BSI correlated with baseline PSA, LDH, bone alkaline phosphatase, and the number of bone lesions. The increase in BSI at week 12 vs. baseline was slower with T vs. placebo (0.16% vs. 0.26% increase). Conclusions: BSI and BSI changes were associated with OS in men with mCRPC in this prospective trial. BSI correlates with known biomarkers of OS, but adds independent prognostic information. While underpowered, a delay in objective radiographic bone scan progression with tasquinimod is suggested and the evaluation of BSI and BSI changes in the context of phase 3 trials of men with mCRPC is warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT00560482.
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Carducci M, Armstrong A, Häggman M, Stadler W, Gingrich J, Assikis V, Forsberg G, Olsson A, Nordle Ö, Pili R. Tasquinimod Mechanism of Action Biomarkers: Correlation with PFS and Survival in Men with Metastatic Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated in a Randomized Phase 2 Trial. Ann Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-7534(20)33477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Armstrong AJ, Haggman M, Stadler WM, Gingrich JR, Assikis VJ, Polikoff J, Denmeade SR, George DJ, Andreou C, Clark WR, Sieber P, Agajanian R, Belkoff L, Damber JE, Nordle O, Forsberg G, Carducci MA, Pili R. Tasquinimod and survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Results of long-term follow-up of a randomized phase II placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4550 Background: Tasquinimod (T) is an oral quinoline-3-carboxamide derivative that binds S100A9 protein and has preclinical anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity. Between 12/07-6/09, 201 (134 T, 67 Placebo (P)) men with metastatic CRPC were randomized and received treatment once-daily at an initial dose of 0.25 mg/day escalated to 1.0 mg/day over 4 weeks. Placebo patients could cross over to T after 6 months or at disease progression. The primary endpoint of improved PCWG2 criteria-defined progression at 6 months was met (69 vs. 37% of patients (T/P) were progression free) with PFS of 7.6 vs. 3.3 months for pts on T vs. P1 with acceptable toxicity. This abstract provides the first analysis on symptomatic progression, overall survival (OS) as well as a multivariate analysis for PFS and OS. Methods: Survival data were collected between June 2011 and January 2012 with a median time to censoring of 32 months. Survival data was also evaluated in an exploratory multivariate model of known prognostic factors in CRPC. Results: An imbalance of several baseline prognostic criteria favored placebo (e.g. baseline PSA of 29 vs. 19 (T/P)) (JCO 2011;20:4022). Time to symptomatic progression was longer in T treated patients (p=0.039, HR=0.42). Record of death (97 events) or survival >13 months was documented in 182 patients. Median time to death was 34.2 vs. 30.2 months (T/P). Median time to death in the PCWG2 bone-metastatic subgroup (N=92/44) was 34.2 vs. 25.6 months. A multivariate analysis of known prognostic factors including PSA, LDH, PSA kinetics, and hemoglobin demonstrated an adjusted HR for PFS of 0.54 (95% CI 0.37,0.81) and OS of 0.72 (95% CI 0.46,1.12) in the total population and 0.63 (95% CI 0.37,1.07, n=136) in the bone-metastatic group. Conclusions: OS observed after tasquinimod treatment is longer than previously reported in this patient population. The current exploratory data indicates that the prolongation in PFS observed with tasquinimod treatment may lead to a survival advantage in men with metastatic CRPC. A phase III placebo-controlled study (NCT01234311) is ongoing in men with bone-metastatic CRPC powered to detect an OS improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Polikoff
- National Surgical Breast and Bowel Project and Kaiser Permanente Southern California, San Diego, CA
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | - Paul Sieber
- Urological Associates of Lancaster, Ltd., Lancaster, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Anthony Carducci
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
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Pili R, Häggman M, Stadler WM, Gingrich JR, Assikis VJ, Björk A, Nordle O, Forsberg G, Carducci MA, Armstrong AJ. Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tasquinimod in men with minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:4022-8. [PMID: 21931019 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.35.6295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The activity of the novel antitumor agent tasquinimod (TASQ) with S100A9 as a molecular target was investigated in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and minimal symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial in men assigned (at a ratio of two to one) to either oral once-daily TASQ 0.25 mg/d escalating to 1.0 mg/d over 4 weeks or placebo. The primary end point was the proportion of patients without disease progression at 6 months, defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Group, Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG2), or pain criteria, excluding prostate-specific antigen. RESULTS Two hundred one men (134 assigned to TASQ; 67 to placebo) were evaluable, and baseline characteristics were well balanced. Six-month progression-free proportions for TASQ and placebo groups were 69% and 37%, respectively (P < .001), and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.6 versus 3.3 months (P = .0042). In PCWG2 CRPC clinical subgroups, PFS in months was as follows: nodal metastases, 6.1 versus 3.1; bone metastases, 8.8 versus 3.4; and visceral metastases, 6.0 versus 3.0 for patients receiving TASQ versus placebo, respectively. Bone alkaline phosphatase levels were stabilized in the TASQ group, whereas the impact on PSA kinetics was less pronounced. Adverse events (AEs) occurring more frequently in the TASQ arm included GI disorders, fatigue, musculoskeletal pains, and elevations of pancreatic and inflammatory biomarkers. Grade 3 to 4 AEs, including asymptomatic elevations of laboratory parameters, were reported in 40% of patients receiving TASQ versus 10% receiving placebo; deep vein thrombosis (4% v 0%) was more common in the TASQ arm. CONCLUSION TASQ significantly slowed progression and improved PFS in patients with metastatic CRPC with an acceptable AE profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pili
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263-0001, USA.
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Armstrong AJ, Haggman M, Stadler WM, Gingrich JR, Assikis VJ, Nordle O, Forsberg G, Carducci MA, Pili R. Phase II study of tasquinimod in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): Safety and efficacy analysis including subgroups. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.7_suppl.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
126 Background: Tasquinimod (TASQ) is an oral quinoline-3-carboxamide derivative that binds to S100A9 and displays anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity in prostate cancer (PC) models. In a randomized blinded phase II study, 206 (136 TASQ, 70 placebo [P]) men with metastatic castrate resistant (CRPC) were assigned to TASQ/P once-daily at an initial dose level of 0.25 mg/day escalating to 1.0 mg/day over 4 weeks. The primary endpoint to demonstrate an improvement in PCWG2 criteria-defined progression at 6 months was met and presented at ASCO 2010. This abstract provides an update on safety and efficacy including CRPC subgroups. Methods: Subgroups of patients based on baseline criteria were investigated for safety using NCI CTC v 3.0 criteria, PK and efficacy. Results: 201 (134 TASQ, 67 P) pts with a median age of 72.6 years received treatment and were evaluable for efficacy and safety. The updated analysis based on 5 additional PFS events confirmed an improved PFS of 7.6 vs. 3.3 months for pts on TASQ vs. P. Most progression events in both arms were radiological, but more pts progressed on bone scan in the P group. Radiographic PFS was 8.8 vs 4.4 months. Significant PFS improvements were observed in the PCWG2 risk groups with bone metastatic and visceral disease. TASQ treatment led to a transient increase in inflammatory lab markers such as CRP and fibrinogen, as well as asymptomatic increases in amylase/lipase. CRP increase was associated with adverse events (AEs) such as muscle and joint pain, while increased amylase was associated with a lower risk for gastrointestinal AEs. TASQ treatment was associated with anaemia, but did not affect CV risk factors such as hypertension or QTc prolongation, and the rate of composite cardiac events was acceptably low. Clearance of TASQ is decreased with age (1.4 % per year) and patients over 80 often required dose reduction due to increased exposure and toxicities. Conclusions: TASQ improved PFS in men with metastatic CRPC. Side effects are manageable and seem to correlate with laboratory markers. Individualized dosing based on tolerability is recommended and a phase III placebo-controlled study is being initiated. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Armstrong
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - M. Haggman
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - W. M. Stadler
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - J. R. Gingrich
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - V. J. Assikis
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - O. Nordle
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - G. Forsberg
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - M. A. Carducci
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - R. Pili
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Peachtree Hematology Oncology, Atlanta, GA; Active Biotech, Lund, Sweden; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
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Pili R, Haggman M, Stadler WM, Gingrich JR, Assikis VJ, Björk A, Forsberg G, Carducci MA, Armstrong AJ. A randomized, multicenter, international phase II study of tasquinimod in chemotherapy naïve patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bas A, Forsberg G, Sjöberg V, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML. Aberrant extrathymic T cell receptor gene rearrangement in the small intestinal mucosa: a risk factor for coeliac disease? Gut 2009; 58:189-95. [PMID: 18299319 PMCID: PMC2613440 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2007.125526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coeliac disease is a small intestine enteropathy caused by permanent intolerance to wheat gluten. Gluten intake by patients with coeliac disease provokes a strong reaction by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which normalises on a gluten-free diet. AIM To investigate whether impaired extrathymic T cell maturation and/or secondary T cell receptor (TCR) gene recombination in IELs are features of coeliac disease which could contribute to the failure of establishing tolerance to gluten. METHODS Expression levels of the four splice-forms of recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1) mRNA and preT alpha-chain (preTalpha) mRNA were determined in IEL-subsets of children with coeliac disease and controls. Frequencies of RAG1 expressing IELs were determined by immunomorphometry. RESULTS In controls, the RAG1-1A/2 splice-form selectively expressed outside the thymus, was dominant and expressed in both mature (TCR(+)) and immature (CD2(+)CD7(+)TCR(-)) IELs ( approximately 8 mRNA copies/18S rRNA U). PreTalpha was expressed almost exclusively in CD2(+)CD7(+)TCR(-) IELs ( approximately 40 mRNA copies/18S rRNA U). By contrast, RAG1 and preTalpha mRNA levels were low in patients with coeliac disease compared to controls, both with active disease and with inactive, symptom-free disease on a gluten-free diet (p values <0.01 for mature and <0.05 for immature IELs). Similarly, the frequencies of RAG1+ IELs were significantly lower in patients with coeliac disease compared to controls (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with coeliac disease appear to have an impaired capacity for extrathymic TCR gene rearrangement. This is an inherent feature, which probably plays a pivotal role in the failure to efficiently downregulate the T cell response to gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - G Forsberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - V Sjöberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Hammarström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - O Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M-L Hammarström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Shaw DM, Connolly NB, Patel PM, Kilany S, Hedlund G, Nordle O, Forsberg G, Zweit J, Stern PL, Hawkins RE. A phase II study of a 5T4 oncofoetal antigen tumour-targeted superantigen (ABR-214936) therapy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:567-74. [PMID: 17285137 PMCID: PMC2360042 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In a phase II study, 43 renal cell carcinoma patients were treated with individualised doses of ABR-214936; a fusion of a Fab recognising the antigen 5T4, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Drug was given intravenously on 4 consecutive days, treatment was repeated 1 month later. Treatment was associated with moderate fever and nausea, but well tolerated. Of 40 evaluable patients, 28 had disease control at 2 months, and at 4 months, one patient showed partial response (PR) and 16 patients stable disease. Median survival, with minimum follow-up of 26 months was 19.7 months with 13 patients alive to date. Stratification by the Motzer's prognostic criteria highlights prolonged survival compared to published expectation. Patients receiving higher drug exposure had greater disease control and lived almost twice as long as expected, whereas the low-exposure patients survived as expected. Sustained interleukin-2 (IL-2) production after a repeated injection appears to be a biomarker for clinical effect, as the induced-IL-2 level on the day 2 of treatment correlated with survival. The high degree of disease control and the prolonged survival suggest that this treatment can be effective. These findings will be used in the trial design for the next generation of drug, with reduced antigenicity and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Shaw
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent cancer of the kidney. In human RCC cells, we recently showed that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has growth-promoting effects regulated by IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). In this study, the analysis was expanded to include the interaction between the IGF and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) systems in the human RCC cells Caki-2 (from a primary tumor) and SK-RC-52 (from a metastasis). Functional effects such as cell proliferation, TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR) signaling, and IGFBP-3 levels were monitored after stimulation with various concentrations of IGF-I, TGF-beta, and IGFBP-3. In addition, human RCC tissues as well as experimental human RCC tumors were analyzed for cellular expression of phosphorylated Smad2 by immunohistochemistry. TGF-beta regulated the endogenous IGFBP-3 levels in these RCC cells as neutralizing anti-TGF-beta(1-3) antibodies strongly reduced the basal IGFBP-3 level. In addition, IGF-I increased the IGFBP-3 levels five- to eightfold with TGF-beta acting in synergy to enhance the IGFBP-3 levels 12- to 17-fold. Neutralizing TGF-beta(1-3) activity circumvented the growth inhibitory effects of IGFBP-3 seen in SK-RC-52, whereas it inhibited the growth-promoting effects of IGFBP-3 in Caki-2. Moreover, IGF-I interacted directly with TGF-beta activation of the TbetaR complex by enhancing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2. This study demonstrates a direct interaction of the IGF and TGF-beta systems in human renal carcinoma cells. The observations that IGF-I enhances the TGF-beta signaling and that TGF-beta promotes IGFBP-3 production and thus influence the biological activity of IGF may be of importance for future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rosendahl
- Department of Oncology, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Cohen RB, Langer CJ, Alpaugh RK, Dueland S, Aamdal S, Hawkins RE, Griffiths RW, Hedlund G, Forsberg G, Kilany S. An open label phase I study of ABR-217620, a fusion protein of the 5T4 antibody moiety and an engineered superantigen, in patients with non-small cell lung, renal cell or pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3083 Background: ABR-217620 (naptumomab estafenatox) is a recombinant fusion protein that consists of the 5T4Fab moiety genetically fused to the engineered superantigen variant SEA/E-120. This fusion protein is a new generation tumor-targeted superantigen based on the previously described ABR-214936 (anatumomab mafenatox). ABR-217620 was designed to reduce antigenicity and toxicity. The 5T4 antigen is expressed on more than 95 % of tumors from patients with non-small cell lung (NSCLC), renal cell (RCC) and pancreatic cancer (PC). In clinical PET studies 124I-labeled ABR-217620 has been shown to localize to 5T4 positive tumors. Methods: The compound was administered as a 5 min bolus infusion for 5 consecutive days. Patients with disease control at day 28 were offered a second cycle of therapy. Dose escalation has been performed using a Bayesian model starting at 0.5 μg/kg/day. The primary endpoint is determination of MTD. Secondary endpoints include characterization of side effects, immunological response, efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Results: 31 patients to date have been treated (19 NSCLC, 8 RCC, 4 PC). 3 patients have had dose limiting toxicities (fever, hypotension and nausea, grade 3) at doses between 23 and 28 μg/kg/day. The side effects were resolved quickly. Based on the experience from ABR-214936, these side effects were expected, but the MTD is ∼ 200 times higher. ABR-217620 leads to a dose dependent systemic increase of cytokines including IL-2 and IFN-γ after infusion. It also leads to an expansion of the superantigen reactive T cell population. 16/29 evaluable patients investigated had SD while 13 patients had PD. In contrast to ABR-214936, the first cycle of ABR-217620 treatment can be given without factoring in the titer of preformed anti-superantigen antibodies. Conclusions: ABR-217620 treatment had predicted and manageable side effects with fever, hypotension and nausea being dose limiting toxicities. Treatment with ABR-217620 resulted in a restricted systemic activation of the immune system. A large fraction of the patients have had stable disease. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Cohen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - C. J. Langer
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - R. K. Alpaugh
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Dueland
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Aamdal
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - R. E. Hawkins
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - R. W. Griffiths
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - G. Hedlund
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - G. Forsberg
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Kilany
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
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Connolly NB, Shaw D, Fenemore J, Garner C, Kilany S, Hedlund G, Forsberg G, Stern P, Hawkins RE. A phase II study of ABR-214936 (anatumomab mafenatox) tumour targeted superantigen (TTS) therapy in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. B. Connolly
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - D. Shaw
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - J. Fenemore
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - C. Garner
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Kilany
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - G. Hedlund
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - G. Forsberg
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Stern
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - R. E. Hawkins
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Active Biotech Research, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Bas A, Forsberg G, Hammarström S, Hammarström ML. Utility of the Housekeeping Genes 18S rRNA, beta-Actin and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase for Normalization in Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Gene Expression in Human T Lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:566-73. [PMID: 15182252 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of 18S rRNA, beta-actin mRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA as indicators of cell number when used for normalization in gene expression analysis of T lymphocytes at different activation stages was investigated. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression level of 18S rRNA, beta-actin mRNA, GAPDH mRNA and mRNA for six cytokines in carefully counted samples of resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), intestinal lymphocytes and PBMCs subjected to polyclonal T-cell activation. The 18S rRNA level in activated and resting PBMCs and intestinal lymphocytes was essentially the same, while the levels of beta-actin and GAPDH mRNAs fluctuated markedly upon activation. When isolated gammadeltaTCR(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) subpopulations were studied, 18S rRNA levels remained unchanged after 21 h of activation but increased slightly after 96 h. In contrast, there was a 30-70-fold increase of GAPDH mRNA/cell in these cell populations upon activation. Cytokine analysis revealed that only normalization to 18S rRNA gave a result that satisfactorily reflected their mRNA expression levels per cell. In conclusion, 18S rRNA was the most stable housekeeping gene and hence superior for normalization in comparative analyses of mRNA expression levels in human T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Abstract
Superantigens (SAGs) cause a massive T-cell proliferation by simultaneously binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen-presenting cells and T-cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells. These T-cell mitogens can cause disease in host, such as food poisoning or toxic shock. The best characterized groups of SAGs are the bacterial SAGs secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Despite a common overall three-dimensional fold of these SAGs, they have been shown to bind to MHC class II in different ways. Recently, it has also been shown that SAGs have individual preferences in their binding to the TCRs. They can interact with various regions of the variable beta-chain of TCRs and at least one SAG seems to bind to the alpha-chain of TCRs. In this review, different subclasses of SAGs are classified based upon their binding mode to MHC class II, and models of trimolecular complexes of MHC-SAG-TCR molecules are described in order to reveal and understand the complexity of SAG-mediated T-cell activation.
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17
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Cheng JD, Babb JS, Langer C, Aamdal S, Robert F, Engelhardt LR, Fernberg O, Schiller J, Forsberg G, Alpaugh RK, Weiner LM, Rogatko A. Individualized Patient Dosing in Phase I Clinical Trials: The Role of Escalation With Overdose Control in PNU-214936. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:602-9. [PMID: 14966084 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A patient-specific dose-escalation scheme using a Bayesian model of Escalation with Overdose Control (EWOC) was conducted to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PNU-214936 in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PNU-214936 is a murine Fab fragment of the monoclonal antibody 5T4 fused to a mutated superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). Patients and Methods Seventy-eight patients with NSCLC were treated with an individualized dose of PNU-214936 calculated using EWOC, based on their anti-SEA antibody level, and given as a 3-hour infusion on 4 consecutive days. Results Fever (82%; grade 3 to 4, 2.6%) and hypotension (57%; grade 3 to 4, 9%) were the most common toxicities. Eight dose-limiting toxicities occurred, as defined as any grade 4 toxicity occurring within the first 5 days. The MTD was defined as a function of pretreatment anti-SEA antibody level. MTD ranged from 103 ng/kg for patients with anti-SEA concentrations ≤ 10 pmol/mL, to 601 ng/kg for patients with anti-SEA concentrations of 91 to 150 pmol/mL. A minor tumor response was demonstrated in five of 66 assessable patients. Conclusion EWOC determined phase I doses of PNU-214936 that were adjusted for patient anti-SEA antibody level, while safeguarding against overdose. Furthermore, the method permitted the construction of a dosing algorithm that would allow patients in subsequent clinical investigations to be treated with a dose of PNU-214936 that is tailored to their specific tolerance for the agent, as reflected by their pretreatment anti-SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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18
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Liu Q, Klintman D, Corbascio M, Ekberg H, Hedlund G, Forsberg G, Thorlacius H. Linomide and Antibody-Targeted Superantigen Therapy Abolishes Formation of Liver Metastases in Mice. Eur Surg Res 2003; 35:457-63. [PMID: 14593228 DOI: 10.1159/000073383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2002] [Accepted: 04/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematogenous spread of tumor cells and metastasis formation in the liver are insidious aspects of cancer progression and are not frequently amenable to curative treatment. We examined the effect of Linomide and antibody-targeted therapy against the formation of hepatic metastases in vivo. For this purpose, syngenic B16 melanoma cells transfected with GA733-2 (a human colon cancer cell surface antigen) were injected into a mesenteric vein of C57/Bl6 mice. To test bacterial superantigen (Sag) targeting for immunotherapy of liver metastases, we used genetically fused proteins consisting of SEA and a Fab moiety of a GA733-2 tumor-reactive antibody (C215Fab-SEA). Linomide dose-dependently reduced hepatic metastases, and at 300 mg/kg this reduction was more than 80%. Treatment with C215Fab-SEA decreased metastases formation by 49% and the combination of Linomide and C215Fab-SEA was found to completely abolish liver metastases (>99% reduction). Taken together, our novel data suggest that Linomide and antibody-targeted superantigen therapy individually markedly reduce and together abolish liver metastases. Considering that current therapy of hepatic metastases is mainly limited to surgical resection in a subgroup of patients, these findings indicate that Linomide alone or in combination with antibody-targeted superantigen may provide a novel approach against liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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19
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Melgar S, Yeung MMW, Bas A, Forsberg G, Suhr O, Oberg A, Hammarstrom S, Danielsson A, Hammarstrom ML. Over-expression of interleukin 10 in mucosal T cells of patients with active ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:127-37. [PMID: 12974765 PMCID: PMC1808826 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, exhibits pronounced increase of T lymphocytes in the inflamed mucosa. To understand the role of intestinal T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of UC their cytokine production in the mucosa was analysed. Intestinal T lymphocytes of UC, Crohn's disease and control patients were analysed for cytokine mRNA levels by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) directly after isolation without in vitro stimulation. Frequencies of cytokine positive cells were determined in UC and control colon by immunomorphometry. T lymphocytes in normal colon expressed interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, but not IL-4, IL-5 or IL-10. In UC, a highly significant increase in IL-10 mRNA levels in T lymphocytes and an increased frequency of IL-10 positive cells was seen in colon. IL-10 mRNA levels were also elevated in T lymphocytes of the non-inflamed ileum and correlated with disease activity at both locations. CD4+ T lymphocytes were the major source of IL-10 mRNA. IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA levels were decreased in colonic T lymphocytes, and virtually no IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha or TGF-beta positive cells were detected in basal lymphoid aggregates. However, scattered IL-10 positive cells were found here. Lamina propria outside the aggregates contained IL-10-, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta but not IL-2 positive cells. T cells of UC patients did not express IL-4 or IL-5. Taken, together the data suggest a generalized activation of IL-10 producing CD4+ T cells along the intestine of UC patients. The local environment seems to determine the biological consequences of elevated IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Melgar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Sandström K, Xu Z, Forsberg G, Nygren PA. Inhibition of the CD28-CD80 co-stimulation signal by a CD28-binding affibody ligand developed by combinatorial protein engineering. Protein Eng Des Sel 2003; 16:691-7. [PMID: 14560055 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzg086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28 is one of the key molecules for co-stimulatory signalling in T cells. Here, novel ligands (affibodies) showing selective binding to human CD28 (hCD28) have been selected by phage display technology from a protein library constructed through combinatorial mutagenesis of a 58-residue three-helix bundle domain derived from staphylococcal protein A. Analysis of selected affibodies showed a marked sequence homology and biosensor analyses showed that all investigated affibodies bound to hCD28 with micromolar affinities (KD). No cross-reactivity towards the related protein human CTLA-4 could be observed. This lack of cross-reactivity to hCTLA-4 suggests that the recognition site on hCD28 for the affibodies resides outside the conserved MYPPPYY motif. The apparent binding affinity for hCD28 could be improved through fusion to an Fc fragment fusion partner, resulting in a divalent presentation of the affibody ligand. For the majority of selected anti-CD28 affibodies, in co-culture experiments involving Jurkat T-cells and CHO cell lines transfected to express human CD80 (hCD80) or LFA-3 (hLFA-3) on the cell surface, respectively, pre-incubation of Jurkat cells with affibodies resulted in inhibition of IL-2 production when they were co-cultured with CHO (hCD80+) cells, but not with CHO (hLFA-3+) cells. For one affibody variant denoted Z(CD28:5) a clear concentration-dependent inhibition was seen, indicating that this affibody binds hCD28 and specifically interferes in the interaction between hCD28 and hCD80.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandström
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 90 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Langer CJ, Katherine Alpaugh R, Robert F, Weiner L, Schiller J, Kopreski M, Rogatko A, Forsberg G. O-151 Phase II study of anatumomab mafenatox (ABR-214936) in advanced NSCLC: Results of a multi-institutinal open label repeat dose trial with patient-specific dose escalation. Lung Cancer 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(03)91809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Forsberg G, Ohlsson L, Brodin T, Björk P, Lando PA, Shaw D, Stern PL, Dohlsten M. Therapy of human non-small-cell lung carcinoma using antibody targeting of a modified superantigen. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:129-36. [PMID: 11437414 PMCID: PMC2363924 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens activate T-cells by linking the T-cell receptor to MHC class II on antigen-presenting cells, and novel reactivity can be introduced by fusing the superantigen to a targeting molecule. Thus, an antibody-targeted superantigen, which activates T cells to destroy tumour cells, might be used as cancer therapy. A suitable target is the 5T4 oncofetal antigen, which is expressed on many carcinomas. We constructed a fusion protein from a Fab of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the 5T4 antigen, and an engineered superantigen. The recombinant product 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)bound the 5T4 antigen expressed on the human non-small-cell lung cancer cell line Calu-1 with a Kd of 1.2 nM while the substitution of Asp227 to Ala in the superantigen moiety reduced binding activity to MHC class II. 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)tumour reactivity was demonstrated in 7/7 NSCLC samples by immunohistochemistry, while normal tissue reactivity was low to moderate. 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)induced significant T-cell-dependent in vitro killing of sensitive 5T4 bearing Calu-1 cells, with maximum lysis at 10(-10)M, while the capacity to lyse MHC class II expressing cells was approximately 1000 times less effective. Immunotherapy of 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)against human NSCLC was investigated in SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mice carrying intreperitoneally growing Calu-1 cells showed significant reduction in tumour mass and number after intravenous therapy with 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A). Thus, 5T4FabV13-SEA(D227A)has highly attractive properties for therapy of human NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forsberg
- Active Biotech Research AB, Box 724, 220 07 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Andersson F, Kjellman M, Forsberg G, Möller C, Arheden L. Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of budesonide and sodium cromoglycate in the management of childhood asthma in everyday clinical practice. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 86:537-44. [PMID: 11379805 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Budesonide and sodium cromoglycate are both recommended as maintenance therapy for childhood asthma. OBJECTIVE To compare the cost-effectiveness of these two treatment strategies in clinical practice, in an open-label, pharmacoeconomic clinical trial. METHODS Health economics were evaluated in 138 children, ages 5 to 11 years, with unstable asthma not previously treated with corticosteroids or cromones. The asthma was stabilized during 4 to 6 weeks with budesonide 200 to 400 microg twice daily. The children were then randomly allocated to one of the two treatment strategies aiming at maintaining asthma control for 12 months; budesonide 400 microg/day (N = 69) or sodium cromoglycate 60 mg/day (N = 69). If asthma control was judged unsatisfactory, the doses were increased or the children were switched to the alternate treatment. RESULTS In children continuing on the same treatment, the degree of asthma control was similar in the two groups at study end. To maintain asthma control, 42% of cromoglycate children switched to budesonide, and then experienced a 14% increase in symptom-free days. No budesonide patient had to switch therapy because of lack of asthma control. Although not statistically significant, total annual cost per patient was 24% (Swedish kronor 4195; US $487; Euro 485) lower in the budesonide than the cromoglycate group, mainly due to a lower cost for asthma medication. CONCLUSIONS A budesonide strategy for continued maintenance treatment, after an initial period of stabilizing treatment with budesonide, resulted in lower costs and less drug switches than did a strategy with sodium cromoglycate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Andersson
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, Sweden.
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24
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Hâkansson M, Petersson K, Nilsson H, Forsberg G, Björk P, Antonsson P, Svensson LA. The crystal structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin H: implications for binding properties to MHC class II and TcR molecules. J Mol Biol 2000; 302:527-37. [PMID: 10986116 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structure of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH) has been determined at 1.69 A resolution. In this paper we present two structures of zinc-free SEH (apoSEH) and one zinc-loaded form of SEH (ZnSEH). SEH exhibits the conventional superantigen (SAg) fold with two characteristic domains. In ZnSEH one zinc ion per SEH molecule is bound to the C-terminal beta-sheet in the region implicated for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) binding in SEA, SED and SEE. Surprisingly, the zinc ion has only two ligating amino acid residues His206 and Asp208. The other ligands to the zinc ion are two water molecules. An extensive packing interaction between two symmetry-related molecules in the crystal, 834 A(2)/molecule, forms a cavity that buries the zinc ions of the molecules. This dimer-like interaction is found in two crystal forms. Nevertheless, zinc-dependent dimerisation is not observed in solution, as seen in the case of SED. A unique feature of SEH as compared to other staphylococcal enterotoxins is a large negatively charged surface close to the Zn(2+) site. The interaction of SEH with MHC class II is the strongest known among the staphylococcal enterotoxins. However, SEH seems to lack a SEB-like MHC class II binding site, since the side-chain properties of structurally equivalent amino acid residues in SEH and those in SEB-binding MHC class II differ dramatically. There is also a structural flexibility between the domains of SEH. The domains of two apoSEH structures are related by a 5 degrees rotation leading to at most 3 A difference in C(alpha) positions. Since the T-cell receptor probably interacts with both domains, SEH by this rotation may modulate its binding to different TcR Vbeta-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hâkansson
- Molecular Biophysics, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, S-221 00, Sweden
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25
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Cavallin A, Arozenius H, Kristensson K, Antonsson P, Otzen DE, Björk P, Forsberg G. The spectral and thermodynamic properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin A, E, and variants suggest that structural modifications are important to control their function. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:1665-72. [PMID: 10636860 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.3.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The superantigens staphylococcal enterotoxin A and E (SEA and SEE) can activate a large number of T-cells. SEA and SEE have approximately 80% sequence identity but show some differences in their biological function. Here, the two superantigens and analogues were characterized biophysically. SEE was shown to have a substantially higher thermal stability than SEA. Both SEA and SEE were thermally stabilized by 0.1 mM Zn(2+) compared with Zn(2+)-reduced conditions achieved using 1 mM EDTA or specific replacements that affect Zn(2+) coordination. The higher stability of SEE was only partly caused by the T-cell receptor (TCR) binding regions, whereas regions in the vicinity of the major histocompatibility complex class II binding sites affected the stability to a greater extent. SEE exhibited a biphasic denaturation between pH 5.0-6.5, influenced by residues in the TCR binding regions. Interestingly, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, isoelectric focusing, and circular dichroism analysis indicated that conformational changes had occurred in the SEA/E chimerical constructs relative to SEA and SEE. Thus, it is proposed that the Zn(2+) binding site is very important for the stability and potency of SEA and SEE, whereas residues in the TCR binding site have a substantial influence on the molecular conformation to control specificity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavallin
- Active Biotech Research AB, Box 724, 22007 Lund, Sweden
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26
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Søgaard M, Ohlsson L, Kristensson K, Rosendahl A, Sjoberg A, Forsberg G, Kalland T, Dohlsten M. Treatment with tumor-reactive Fab-IL-2 and Fab-staphylococcal enterotoxin A fusion proteins leads to sustained T cell activation, and long-term survival of mice with established tumors. Int J Oncol 1999; 15:873-82. [PMID: 10536168 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.15.5.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
C215Fab-IL-2 fusion protein, with full IL-2 and antigen binding activity, was produced in E. coli at high level (>50 mg/l). When co-administered with Fab-superantigen fusion protein (C215Fab-SEA) in mice strong and sustained T cell activation was observed. Combination treatment of mice carrying B16 melanoma transfected with C215 antigen was also more efficient than using C215Fab-SEA (p<0.01) or C215Fab-IL-2 alone (p<0.001). In a long-term survival experiment 5/12 mice having received combination treatment 5 days after i.v. inoculation of B16 cells survived >85 days. Improved therapeutic efficacy correlated with increased tumor infiltration by activated CD25+ T cells, indicating a T cell mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Søgaard
- Active Biotech Research AB, S-220 07 Lund, Sweden
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27
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Lucic MR, Forbes BE, Grosvenor SE, Carr JM, Wallace JC, Forsberg G. Secretion in Escherichia coli and phage-display of recombinant insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2. J Biotechnol 1998; 61:95-108. [PMID: 9654743 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) promote cell growth and differentiation. Their actions are regulated by six different, but related, binding proteins (IGFBPs). To investigate the molecular interactions between IGFs and IGFBPs, an Escherichia coli based production method and a phage display system has been developed. The cDNA for bovine IGFBP-2 was inserted between regions coding for the pelB signal sequence and geneIII product, g3p, of bacteriophage fd in a phagemid vector to generate pGF14. The coding sequences of IGFBP-2 and g3p were separated by an amber stop codon and a flexible linker containing the cleavage recognition site for H64A subtilisin. Using this system in BL21, a non-supE strain lacking ompT, most product, approximately 4 mg 1(-1) of IGFBP-2, was obtained in the growth medium. The bacterially derived IGFBP-2 had a correct N-terminal sequence, molecular mass on SDS-PAGE and the same affinity for IGF-1 and IGF-II as IGFBP-2 from mammalian cells. In a supE strain of E. coli, IGFBP-2 was produced as an IGF-binding fusion to g3p. Procedures for display and approximately 10000 fold enrichment of IGFBP-2 bearing phage using adsorption to IGF-II coated microtitre plates were developed. Thus IGFBP-2 can be secreted in E. coli and displayed on filamentous phage. These can be selectively enriched by binding to immobilised IGF-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lucic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
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28
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Forbes BE, Turner D, Hodge SJ, McNeil KA, Forsberg G, Wallace JC. Localization of an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding site of bovine IGF binding protein-2 using disulfide mapping and deletion mutation analysis of the C-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:4647-52. [PMID: 9468524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.8.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated which region(s) of bovine insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (bIGFBP-2) interact with insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) using C-terminally truncated forms of bIGFBP-2. Initially to aid in mutant design, we defined the disulfide bonding pattern of bIGFBP-2 C-terminal region using enzymatic digestion. The pattern is Cys186-Cys220, Cys231-Cys242, and Cys244-Cys265. In addition, cyanogen bromide cleavage of bIGFBP-2 revealed that the N- and C-terminal cysteine-rich domains were not linked by disulfide bonds. Taking the disulfide bonding pattern into consideration, C-terminal truncation mutants were designed and expressed in COS-1 mammalian cells. Following IGF binding assays, a region between residues 222 and 236 was identified as important in IGF binding. Specifically, mutants truncated by 14, 36, and 48 residues from the C terminus bound IGFs to the same extent as wild type (WT) bIGFBP-2. Removal of 63 residues resulted in a greatly reduced (up to 80-fold) ability to bind IGF compared with WT bIGFBP-2. Interestingly this mutant lacked the IGF-II binding preference of WT bIGFBP-2. Residues 236-270 also appeared to play a role in determining IGF binding specificity as their removal resulted in mutants with higher IGF-II binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Forbes
- Cooperative Research Centre for Tissue Growth and Repair, P. O. Box 10065, Gouger St., Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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29
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Rask E, Eriksson JW, Forsberg G. [Report of a case. Inhalation steroids caused adrenal cortex suppression]. Lakartidningen 1997; 94:3529-30, 3533. [PMID: 9411094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In one of two cases of systemic effects of high-dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment with fluticasone propionate, adrenal suppression was demonstrated in a young man, and in the other retarded growth and severe general effects were observed in connection with infection in a child. These cases illustrate the risk of systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids, and the importance of using the lowest possible maintenance dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rask
- Medicinska kliniken, Norrlands Universitetssjukhus, Umeå
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30
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Polyak SW, Forsberg G, Forbes BE, McNeil KA, Aplin SE, Wallace JC. Introduction of spacer peptides N-terminal to a cleavage recognition motif in recombinant fusion proteins can improve site-specific cleavage. Protein Eng 1997; 10:615-9. [PMID: 9278273 DOI: 10.1093/protein/10.6.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve site-specific cleavage of a methionyl porcine growth hormone [[Met1]-pGH(1-46)-IGF-II] fusion protein by the enzyme H64A subtilisin, a series of flexible, unstructured spacer peptides were introduced N-terminal to the cleavage site. When enzymatic digestion preceded refolding of the fusion proteins, IGF-II could only be liberated from substrates which contained spacer peptides. Compared with the parent construct, the yield of IGF-II from refolded fusion proteins containing spacers was improved up to two-fold. Furthermore, this cleavage rate was improved by removing a competing protease recognition motif from the fusion partner. These data show that fusion partners can influence site-specific proteolysis of fusion proteins. Introduction of flexible spacers between the moieties can alleviate these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Polyak
- Co-operative Research Centre for Tissue Growth and Repair, Department of Biochemistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
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31
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Forsberg G, Forsgren M, Jaki M, Norin M, Sterky C, Enhörning A, Larsson K, Ericsson M, Björk P. Identification of framework residues in a secreted recombinant antibody fragment that control production level and localization in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:12430-6. [PMID: 9139690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody 5T4, directed against a human tumor-associated antigen, was expressed as a secreted Fab superantigen fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The product is a putative agent for immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer. During fermentation, most of the fusion protein leaked out from the periplasm to the growth medium at a level of approximately 40 mg/liter. This level was notably low compared with similar products containing identical CH1, CL, and superantigen moieties, and the Fv framework was therefore engineered. Using hybrid molecules, the light chain was found to limit high expression levels. Substituting five residues in VL increased the level almost 15 times, exceeding 500 mg/liter in the growth medium. Here, the substitutions Phe-10 --> Ser, Thr-45 --> Lys, Thr-77 --> Ser, and Leu-78 --> Val were most powerful. In addition, replacing four VH residues diminished cell lysis during fermentation. Thereby the product was preferentially located in the periplasm instead of the growth medium, and the total yield was more than 700 mg/liter. All engineered products retained a high affinity for the tumor-associated antigen. It is suggested that at least some of the identified framework residues generally have to be replaced to obtain high level production of recombinant Fab products in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forsberg
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Pharmacia and Upjohn, 112 87 Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Bryant KJ, Read LC, Forsberg G, Wallace JC. Design and characterisation of long-R3-insulin-like growth factor-I muteins which show resistance to pepsin digestion. Growth Factors 1996; 13:261-72. [PMID: 8919033 DOI: 10.3109/08977199609003227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct pepsin-resistant, single-point mutations of the N-terminal extended IGF-I analogue, long-R3-IGF-I. In order to identify the most susceptible sites, the kinetics of long-R3-IGF-I digestion by purified porcine pepsin were determined. Pepsin initially cleaved the Leu10-Phe11 bond in the N-terminal extension peptide to generate FVN-R3-IGF-I, followed in rapid succession by cleavage at Gln15-Phe16, Tyr24-Phe25, Leu10-Val11 and Met59-Tyr60 in the IGF-I moiety. Single-point mutations at these sites were designed on the basis of the preferred cleavage bonds for pepsin, as well as amino acid substitutions less likely to disturb protein structure. These included Leu10Val, Phe16Ala, Phe25Leu, Asp53Glu and Met59Gln. All five muteins retained growth-promoting activity equivalent to or higher than that of IGF-I. In terms of pepsin susceptibility, Leu10Val and Asp53Glu were degraded as rapidly as the parent long-R3-IGF-I, Met59Gln and Phe25Leu were partially stabilised, and Phe16Ala showed a marked improvement in stability over a wide range of pepsin:substrate ratios. Accordingly, the Phe16Ala mutein, long-R3A16-IGF-I, has potential for oral applications to enhance gastric growth and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Bryant
- Cooperative Research Centre for Tissue Growth and Repair: Department of Biochemistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
The concentration of nitrite, a metabolite of nitric oxide (NO), was increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of untreated patients with Parkinson's disease and in patients treated with L-DOPA in comparison with a group of patients without dopaminergic dysfunction. There was no difference in the concentration of L-arginine (ARG), a precursor of NO, between the groups. There was a highly significant, linear relationship between the concentration of nitrite and ARG in the CSF suggesting that the production of NO is dependent on the availability of ARG. The results support the possibility that production of NO is increased in the brain in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Qureshi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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34
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Dohlsten M, Abrahmsén L, Björk P, Lando PA, Hedlund G, Forsberg G, Brodin T, Gascoigne NR, Förberg C, Lind P. Monoclonal antibody-superantigen fusion proteins: tumor-specific agents for T-cell-based tumor therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:8945-9. [PMID: 8090750 PMCID: PMC44723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.19.8945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is an extremely potent activator of T lymphocytes when presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. To develop a tumor-specific superantigen for cancer therapy, we have made a recombinant fusion protein of SEA and the Fab region of the C215 monoclonal antibody specific for human colon carcinoma cells. SEA as part of a fusion protein showed a > 10-fold reduction in MHC class II binding compared to native SEA, and accordingly, the affinity of the FabC215-SEA fusion protein for the C215 tumor antigen was approximately 100-fold stronger than to MHC class II molecules. The FabC215-SEA fusion protein efficiently targeted T cells to lyse C215+ MHC class II- human colon carcinoma cells, which demonstrates functional substitution of the MHC class II-dependent presentation of SEA with tumor specificity. Treatment of mice carrying B16 melanoma cells expressing a transfected C215 antigen resulted in 85-99% inhibition of tumor growth and allowed long-term survival of animals. The therapeutic effect was dependent on antigen-specific targeting of the FabC215-SEA fusion protein, since native SEA and an antigen-irrelevant FabC242-SEA fusion protein did not influence tumor growth. The results suggest that Fab-SEA fusion proteins convey superantigenicity on tumor cells, which evokes T cells to suppress tumor growth.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma/therapy
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Enterotoxins/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunotherapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Superantigens/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dohlsten
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Tumor Immunology, University of Lund, Sweden
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35
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Kratz G, Lake M, Ljungström K, Forsberg G, Haegerstrand A, Gidlund M. Effect of recombinant IGF binding protein-1 on primary cultures of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts: selective enhancement of IGF-1 but not IGF-2-induced cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res 1992; 202:381-5. [PMID: 1383014 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90089-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes the mitogenic effect of recombinant IGF-2 on cultured human keratinocytes and fibroblasts compared to that of IGF-1. Furthermore, the modulating effect of a recently expressed recombinant form of placental-derived IGF-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) on IGF-induced proliferation was examined. A dose-dependent increase, up to 100%, in cell proliferation was seen in cultured human keratinocytes with IGF-2 and -1 and the proliferative response was comparable to the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF). In human fibroblasts, IGF-1 stimulated DNA synthesis up to 300% for IGF-1 and up to 200% for IGF-2. The mitogenic effect of IGF-1 was enhanced by IGFBP-1 in both cell types. In contrast, the IGF-2-induced mitogenic effect was unperturbed. These findings indicate that the interaction between IGFs and their binding proteins may induce different responses depending upon the ligand and the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kratz
- Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Abstract
Gene fusion techniques allow the production of recombinant proteins featuring the combined characteristics of the parental products. Originally, these techniques were used to probe transcriptional and translational activity, to translocate proteins across cell membranes, and to facilitate the recovery of proteins. Recently, new applications have emerged in areas such as protein refolding, immunology, drug targeting and protein display. A slightly modified version of this review is also published in Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1992, 2:569-575.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uhlén
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Forsberg G, Baastrup B, Rondahl H, Holmgren E, Pohl G, Hartmanis M, Lake M. An evaluation of different enzymatic cleavage methods for recombinant fusion proteins, applied on des(1-3)insulin-like growth factor I. J Protein Chem 1992; 11:201-11. [PMID: 1388667 DOI: 10.1007/bf01025226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Different enzymatic methods for cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins were compared. To find an efficient cleavage method, five different fusion proteins were produced. The fusion proteins differed only in the linker region between the fusion partner and the desired product, human des(1-3)insulin-like growth factor I. A cleavage study was performed with enterokinase, plasmin, thrombin, urokinase, and recombinant H64A subtilisin. Significant cleavage was obtained using thrombin, H64A subtilisin, and enterokinase. Thrombin cleavage was studied on a larger scale and des(1-3)IGF-I was recovered at a final yield of 3 mg/L growth medium. Thrombin and enterokinase were also studied as immobilized proteases and they cleaved the fusion proteins with retained activity. To further improve thrombin cleavage, a continuous reactor was constructed, consisting of a closed system with a thrombin column and an ion exchange column in series. Here, the fusion protein circulated while free des(1-3)IGF-I was bound to the ion exchange column after release from the fusion protein. In the reactor, thrombin was as efficient as the free enzyme but gave a diminished rate of product degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forsberg
- Kabi Pharmacia KabiGen, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Abstract
The disulfide exchange folding properties of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) have been analyzed in a redox buffer containing reduced (10 mM) and oxidized (1 mM) glutathione. Under these conditions, the 3 disulfide bridges of the 70 amino acid peptide were not quantitatively formed. Instead, five major forms of IGF-I were detected, and these components were concluded to be in equilibrium as their relative amounts were similar starting from either reduced, native, or a mismatched variant of IGF-I containing two non-native disulfides. The different components in the mixtures were trapped by thiol alkylation using vinylpyridine and subsequently isolated by reverse-phase HPLC. The purified variants were further characterized using plasma desorption mass spectrometry and peptide mapping. Two of the five different forms were identified as native and mismatched IGF-I. One form was a variant with only one disulfide bond, and the other two major components had two disulfides formed. In a separate experiment, early refolding intermediates were trapped by pyridylethylation after only 90 s of refolding in the glutathione buffer, starting from reduced IGF-I. The intermediates were identical to the components observed at equilibrium, but at different relative concentrations. On the basis of the disulfide bond patterns of the different components in the equilibrium mixtures, we conclude that the disulfide between cysteines-47 and -52 in IGF-I is an unfavorable high-energy bond that may exist in the native molecule in a strained configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hober
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- P Södersten
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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40
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Forsberg G, Brobjer M, Holmgren E, Bergdahl K, Persson P, Gautvik KM, Hartmanis M. Thrombin and H64A subtilisin cleavage of fusion proteins for preparation of human recombinant parathyroid hormone. J Protein Chem 1991; 10:517-26. [PMID: 1799410 DOI: 10.1007/bf01025480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human parathyroid hormone, hPTH, an 84 amino acid polypeptide, was produced intracellularly in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein, linked to the C-terminus of a 15 kD IgG-binding protein. Approximately 100 mg fusion protein was obtained per liter fermentation medium. To test the efficiency of two alternative enzymatic cleavage methods, two fusion proteins differing only in the linker region were constructed. Cleavage of a Phe-Phe-Pro-Arg linker was obtained with bovine thrombin and cleavage of a Phe-Ala-His-Tyr linker with recombinant H64A subtilisin. Both enzymes yielded the correct N-terminus and cleaved their respective linkers quantitatively, although additional internal cleavage sites in hPTH were detected and characterized. The linker cleavage conditions were optimized and hPTH was purified to homogeneity. Thrombin cleavage resulted in a final yield of 5 mg hPTH/L, while H64A subtilisin cleavage was more specific and gave 8 mg/L. The purified recombinant product was identical to native hPTH and exhibited full biological activity in an adenylate cyclase assay.
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Abstract
Abstract Deprivation of food reduced the level of dopamine in the cerebrospinal fluid of male rats and subsequent ingestion of food or intraperitoneal injection of Cholecystokinin octapeptide restored the level. Injection of a dopamine receptor agonist (apomorphine) or Cholecystokinin octapeptide inhibited food intake and these effects were reversed by pretreatment with a dopamine receptor antagonist (cis-flupentixol). Blockade of cholecystokinin-A receptors, by treatment with L-364,718, but not cholecystokinin-B receptors, by treatment with L-365,260, blocked the inhibitory effect of Cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake but did not affect the inhibitory effect of apomorphine. It is suggested that Cholecystokinin interacts with dopamine in the control of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bednar
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Research Centre, Karoiinska Institute, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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Forsberg G, Bednar I, Qureshi GA, Eneroth P, Sodersten P. Determination of Enkephalins in Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrochemical Detection: Increased Concentrations During Lactation are Controlled by Sucking. J Neuroendocrinol 1991; 3:79-83. [PMID: 19215451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1991.tb00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Methionine- and leucine-enkephalin were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of lactating rats by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. The concentration of both peptides was high while the rats were nursing their litter. The concentration of methionine-enkephalin decreased rapidly when the mother left her litter and increased equally rapidly after mother-young reunion, provided the pups were allowed direct contact with the nipples of the mother. The level of leucine-enkephalin did not change during the period of time the lactating rat normally stayed away from its litter but decreased after prolonged (12 h) mother-pup separation. These results show that the concentration of methionine-, but not leucine-enkephalin in the cerebrospinal fluid fluctuates as the lactating rat interacts with its litter and is directly dependent upon the suckling stimulus. Although methionine-enkephalin may contribute to the inhibition of sexual behaviour which occurs during lactation, the role of the enkephalins in the other behavioural and endocrine adaptations of lactation is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forsberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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43
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44
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Abstract
Abstract The role of Cholecystokinin in the hyperphagia of lactation was studied by measuring the concentration of this hormone in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in relation to food intake in lactating rats. Cholecystokinin was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay in plasma and by radioimmunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid. Plasma concentrations of Cholecystokinin were increased in freely-fed lactating rats compared with non-lactating, regularly cycling rats. However, after 24 h of food deprivation the concentration of plasma Cholecystokinin was markedly decreased in the lactating rats to levels which were lower than those of non-lactating animals. Furthermore, plasma levels of Cholecystokinin did not increase in response to 1 h of feeding in lactating rats, whereas in non-lactating rats they did. In contrast, the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid was the same in freely-fed lactating and non-lactating rats. As in plasma, food deprivation markedly decreased the levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of lactating rats but unlike in plasma, the levels were restored by feeding. The levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity were not changed under these conditions in the non-lactating rats. These results show that there is no correlation between the concentration of Cholecystokinin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, which supports the suggestion that the cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid is derived from the brain. Removal of the litter from lactating rats deprived of food for 24 h reduced food intake and increased the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid, but not in plasma. The inhibition of food intake caused by an intraperitoneal injection of Cholecystokinin octapeptide increased after litter removal. It is suggested that hunger in the lactating rat is reflected by a decrease in the levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid and satiety by the restoration of these levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindén
- Department of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-104 01 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lindén A, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Forsberg G, Bednar I, Södersten P. Involvement of Cholecystokinin in Food Intake: III. Oestradiol Potentiates the Inhibitory Effect of Cholecystokinin Octapeptide on Food Intake in Ovariectomized Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 1990; 2:797-801. [PMID: 19215421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The role of Cholecystokinin in a model of hypophagia, oestradiol-treated Ovariectomized rats, was investigated. Implantation of oestradiol-filled constant-release implants in rats made obese by ovariectomy potentiated the inhibitory effect of intraperitoneal injection of Cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake after 24 h of food deprivation. The alterations in the concentration of Cholecystokinin in pjasma and of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid produced by deprivation of food for 24 h and subsequent food intake for 1 h were unaffected by the oestradiol treatment as was the amount of food consumed during 1 h. Oestradiol-treated rats deprived of food for 6 h, however, consumed less food during a 15-min test than controls. Treatment with oestradiol blunted the decrease in the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid in response to 6 h of food deprivation. No alterations in the concentration of Cholecystokinin in plasma occurred after this period of food deprivation and subsequent feeding during 15 min in either oestradiol-treated or control rats. Thus, treatment with oestradiol enhances responsivity to exogenous Cholecystokinin octapeptide and changes the response of endogenous levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid to a short period of food deprivation. It is suggested that these effects are caused by an action of oestradiol on Cholecystokinin pathways in the brain. The results support the suggestion that hunger in the rat is inversely related to the decrease in the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindén
- Department of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S104 01 Stockholm, Sweden
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Forsberg G, Palm G, Ekebacke A, Josephson S, Hartmanis M. Separation and characterization of modified variants of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I derived from a fusion protein secreted from Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1990; 271:357-63. [PMID: 2173560 PMCID: PMC1149562 DOI: 10.1042/bj2710357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human insulin-like growth factor I, IGF-I, was produced in Escherichia coli fused to a synthetic IgG-binding peptide The fusion protein is secreted into the medium during fermentation and was initially purified on an IgG-Sepharose column. After hydroxylamine cleavage, IGF-I was purified to homogeneity. During purification, impurities in the form of modified variants of IGF-I were detected and characterized. The closely related impurities were identified to be a misfolded form of IGF-I, having mismatched disulphide bonds, a form with the single methionine residue in IGF-I oxidized to methionine sulphoxide and a variant in which the methionine residue was substituted by a norleucine residue during protein synthesis. A form proteolytically cleaved between two arginine residue was also detected. These impurities were separated from the major component, native IGF-I, by using reverse-phase h.p.l.c. The modified molecules as well as native IGF-I were characterized both as intact molecules and as fragments, after pepsin digestion, using the techniques of plasma desorption m.s., N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis. The oxidized form was 90%, and the norleucine analogue was 70%, as potent as native IGF-I in a biological radioreceptor assay, and the form having mismatched disulphides lacked receptor affinity.
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Abstract
Sexual receptivity was suppressed in female rats immediately after the male had ejaculated. The inhibition was prevented by intravaginal injection of naloxone (100 micrograms) before testing and intravaginal injection of beta-endorphin (1.0 micrograms) inhibited sexual behavior in female rats in a manner comparable to that of ejaculation by the male. beta-Endorphin was present in ejaculatory plugs collected from the vagina of female rats (8.2 +/- 0.6 pM) and in seminal fluid collected from male rats (7.7 +/- 0.2 pM). The results suggest that beta-endorphin in the ejaculate of the male rat can act on the reproductive tract of the female rat to suppress her sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forsberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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Forsberg G, Baastrup B, Brobjer M, Lake M, Jörnvall H, Hartmanis M. Comparison of two chemical cleavage methods for preparation of a truncated form of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I from a secreted fusion protein. Biofactors 1989; 2:105-12. [PMID: 2696476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have produced a naturally occurring variant of human insulin-like growth factor I, truncated by three amino acids at the amino terminus. The polypeptide is obtained as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The fusion partner is a synthetic IgG-binding peptide. During fermentation the fusion protein is secreted into the medium, and is purified on IgG--Sepharose prior to cleavage. Two different genes for the fusion protein were used, allowing chemical cleavage at either a tryptophan linker or a methionine linker between the fusion partner and the growth factor, using N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) or cyanogen bromide (CNBr) respectively. A partial CNBr cleavage yielded the native peptide, whereas the NCS cleavage yielded a product in which the single methionine had been oxidized to the sulfoxide. The forms from both cleavage methods exhibited biological activity and were characterized after purification to homogeneity. Both cleavage methods gave products having correct N- and C-terminal ends. The purified product had a biological activity equal to that of corresponding material from natural sources, 15 000 U/mg. Modified forms of truncated IGF-I were also identified, purified and characterized. Modifications such as proteolysis and misincorporation of norleucine for methionine occurred during biosynthesis, while oxidation of methionine took place during both fermentation and chemical cleavage.
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Lindén A, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Forsberg G, Bednar I, Södersten P. Plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin octapeptide and food intake in male rats treated with cholecystokinin octapeptide. J Endocrinol 1989; 121:59-65. [PMID: 2565947 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1210059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal injection of 5 micrograms cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) into male rats deprived of food for 48 h produced a transient (less than 15 min) increase in plasma levels of CCK-8 but suppressed food intake for an extended period (45 min). Plasma concentrations of CCK-8 after i.p. injection of CCK-8 were raised to levels which were fairly comparable to those after feeding. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the CCK antagonist proglumide (100 micrograms) reversed the effect of CCK-8 on food intake, while i.p. injection of proglumide (100 micrograms) did not have this effect. Feeding increased the plasma concentrations of somatostatin and gastrin but not of oxytocin, and somatostatin and oxytocin but not gastrin were released in response to i.p. injection of CCK-8. However, neither somatostatin nor oxytocin affected food intake, and their release in response to CCK-8 was unaffected by i.c.v. injection of proglumide. These results support the suggestion that CCK-8 is a physiological 'satiety' peptide, which can affect food intake in rats by mechanisms involving both peripheral and central CCK receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindén
- Department of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
No changes were found in the concentration of tryptophan (Trp), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of male rats either before sexual activity, immediately after ejaculation of after the postejaculatory refractory period (PEI). Injection of the Trp hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 25 or 100 mg/kg i.p. for 3 days) in combination with an injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (100 mg/kg i.p.) increased the concentration of Trp while decreasing the concentration of 5-HTP, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the CSF. Furthermore 100 (but not 25) mg/kg PCPA in combination with pargyline caused a significant reduction in the latency to ejaculation. Injection of probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of the transport of 5-HIAA from the CSF, increased the concentration of 5-HIAA in the CSF and slightly prolonged the latency to ejaculation. Sexual activity caused no further increase in CSF 5-HIAA levels in the probenecid-treated rats. Since drug-induced changes in sexual behavior are associated with marked alterations in 5-HT metabolism in the CSF, whereas the changes in the behavior which occur normally are not, these results question the physiological significance of the proposed inhibitory role of 5-HT in male rat sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Qureshi
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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