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Hsu YT, Chang AM, Daubert D, Roberts F, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Gomez J, Darveau RP. Inflammation and tissue remodeling mediator expression during gingivitis: A comparison between experimental, naturally occurring gingivitis, and periodontal health. J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 38708772 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate the immune regulation and tissue remodeling responses during experimental gingivitis (EG) and naturally occurring gingivitis (NG) to provide a comprehensive analysis of host responses. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was obtained from 2 human studies conducted in university settings. METHODS The EG study enrolling 26 volunteers provided controls for the baseline (Day 0) from healthy disease-free participants, while Day 21 (the end of EG induction of the same group) was used to represent EG. Twenty-six NG participants age-matched with those of the EG group were recruited. GCF samples were analyzed for 39 mediators of inflammatory/immune responses and tissue remodeling using commercially available bead-based multiplex immunoassays. The differences in GI and mediator expression among groups were determined at a 95% confidence level (p ≤ 0.05) by a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post-hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS Our findings showed that EG had a greater gingival index than NG and was healthy (p < 0.01 of all comparisons). Furthermore, EG showed significantly higher levels of MPO (p < 0.001), CCL3 (p < 0.05), and IL-1B (p < 0.001) than NG. In contrast, NG had increased levels of MIF (p < 0.05), Fractalkine (p < 0.001), angiogenin (p < 0.05), C3a (p < 0.001), BMP-2 (p < 0.001), OPN (p < 0.05), RANKL (p < 0.001), and MMP-13 (p < 0.001) than EG. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the findings from chronic (NG) versus acute (EG) inflammatory lesions, these data reveal that NG displays greater immune regulation, angiogenesis, and bone remodeling compared to EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ting Hsu
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ana M Chang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, Washington, USA
| | - Diane Daubert
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Frank Roberts
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rich P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Fine N, Barbour A, Kaura K, Kerns KA, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Gomez J, Sabharwal A, McLean JS, Darveau RP, Glogauer M. Effects of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on clinical, immunomodulatory, and microbial outcomes in a human experimental gingivitis model. J Periodontol 2024; 95:421-431. [PMID: 37885337 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stannous fluoride dentifrice is well established for its beneficial clinical effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of stannous fluoride on inflammation and oral microbiome. METHODS In this randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, we compared clinical resolution of experimental gingivitis by evaluating bleeding on probing, gingival index, and plaque index between stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate (test) and sodium fluoride (control) dentifrices. Further, these groups were compared for oral neutrophil counts, systemic priming of neutrophils, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) expression of inflammatory markers, and the oral microbiome. RESULTS We found significant reduction in bleeding on probing in the test group compared to the control group in experimental gingivitis when participants used the test dentifrice prior to induction of experimental gingivitis. The test group also showed significant reductions in GCF levels of inflammatory markers (matrix metalloproteinase 8 [MMP8], receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand [RANKL]), oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, and systemic neutrophil priming (CD11b expression) during experimental gingivitis. Further, significant reductions in the gram-negative genera Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Treponema were noted in the test group. CONCLUSION The stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate dentifrice formulation demonstrated clinical reduction in gingival inflammation and a beneficial effect on microbiome and immune markers. This intervention should be explored as a preventive aid in the progression of plaque-induced gingivitis to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kamini Kaura
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristopher A Kerns
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shi J, Leonardo TR, Han C, Bangash HI, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Chen L. L-Arginine Enhances Oral Keratinocyte Proliferation under High-Glucose Conditions via Upregulation of CYP1A1, SKP2, and SRSF5. Molecules 2023; 28:7020. [PMID: 37894498 PMCID: PMC10609441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High glucose inhibits oral keratinocyte proliferation. Diabetes can lead to delayed oral wound healing and periodontal disease. L-Arginine, one of the most versatile amino acids, plays an important role in wound healing, organ maturation, and development. In this study, L-Arginine was found to enhance oral keratinocyte proliferation under high-glucose conditions. RNA sequencing analysis discovered a significant number of genes differentially upregulated following L-Arginine treatment under high-glucose conditions. Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1) was the most significantly upregulated gene at 24 and 48 h after L-Arginine treatment. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis found that cell proliferation- and mitosis-related biological processes, such as mitotic nuclear division, mRNA processing, and positive regulation of cell cycle processes, were significantly upregulated. Pathway enrichment analysis found that S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) and serine- and arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5) were the top upregulated genes in cell cycle and spliceosome pathways, respectively. Indirect immunofluorescent cytochemistry confirmed increased protein levels of CYP1A1, SKP2, and SRSF5 after L-Arginine treatment. Knockdown of CYP1A1, SKP2, and SRSF5 abolished the enhanced proliferative effect of L-Arginine on oral keratinocytes under high-glucose conditions. In conclusion, L-Arginine enhances oral keratinocyte proliferation under high-glucose conditions via upregulation of CYP1A1, SKP2, and SRSF5, suggesting that supplemental L-Arginine in oral care products may be beneficial for oral tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China;
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (T.R.L.); (C.H.); (H.I.B.)
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Trevor R. Leonardo
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (T.R.L.); (C.H.); (H.I.B.)
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chen Han
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (T.R.L.); (C.H.); (H.I.B.)
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hiba I. Bangash
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (T.R.L.); (C.H.); (H.I.B.)
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dandan Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.C.); (H.M.T.)
| | - Harsh M. Trivedi
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.C.); (H.M.T.)
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (T.R.L.); (C.H.); (H.I.B.)
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Kerns KA, Bamashmous S, Hendrickson EL, Kotsakis GA, Leroux BG, Daubert DD, Roberts FA, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Darveau RP, McLean JS. Localized microbially induced inflammation influences distant healthy tissues in the human oral cavity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306020120. [PMID: 37782795 PMCID: PMC10576129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in human immune response to the same bacterial or viral pathogen is well established in the literature. Variation in immune response to microbial challenge has also been observed within the human oral cavity. Our recent study focused on characterizing observed variations in microbially induced gingival inflammation-resulting in three distinct clinical Inflammatory Responder Types (IRTs): High-IRT, Low-IRT, and Slow-IRT. Here, we applied a high-resolution temporal multiomic analysis during microbially induced inflammation in order to characterize the effects of localized oral inflammation on distant healthy tissues in young healthy adults. Our results highlight a nonlocalized subclinical effect with alterations in proinflammatory host mediators and an ecological shift toward dysbiosis within the subgingival microbiome in an IRT-dependent manner-despite maintained oral hygiene. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how healthy tissues within humans are influenced by distant localized inflammation and may ultimately become susceptible to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A. Kerns
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Shatha Bamashmous
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Brian G. Leroux
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Diane D. Daubert
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Frank A. Roberts
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Harsh M. Trivedi
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Jeffrey S. McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
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5
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Ben Lagha A, Yang Y, Trivedi HM, Masters JG, Grenier D. A Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation protects against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced barrier dysfunction and enhances cell proliferation and migration in an in vitro gingival keratinocyte model. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 126:105126. [PMID: 33872861 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulations (aqueous solution and dentifrice) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced barrier dysfunction as well as on cell proliferation and migration in an in vitro gingival keratinocyte model. DESIGN Gingival keratinocytes were seeded onto the membrane of a double-chamber system in the absence and presence of recombinant TNF-α and the formulations under investigation. The barrier function was assessed by determination of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and paracellular transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. The distribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin was visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. The effects of the formulations on keratinocyte cell proliferation were determined using a fluorescent cell tracker dye, while a migration assay kit was used to investigate their effects on cell migration. RESULTS Under conditions where TNF-α induces loss of keratinocyte barrier integrity, the Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulations (aqueous solution and dentifrice) protected the keratinocyte tight junction against the damages since they prevented the TNF-α-induced drop in TER and increase in FITC-dextran paracellular flux in the in vitro model. The treatment of keratinocytes with the formulations markedly mitigated the altered distribution of ZO-1 and occludin. Both formulations increased the proliferation of keratinocytes and alleviated the negative impact caused by TNF-α. Lastly, the formulations increased the migration capacity of keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulations to protect the barrier integrity of gingival keratinocytes from TNF-α-induced damage and to promote their proliferation and migration suggests that they may offer benefits for oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ying Yang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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6
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Rajendiran M, Trivedi HM, Chen D, Gajendrareddy P, Chen L. Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072001. [PMID: 33916013 PMCID: PMC8037529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs—licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rajendiran
- The Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (H.M.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Dandan Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (H.M.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Praveen Gajendrareddy
- The Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (L.C.); Tel.: +1-312-413-8405 (P.G.); +1-312-413-5387 (L.C.)
| | - Lin Chen
- The Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (L.C.); Tel.: +1-312-413-8405 (P.G.); +1-312-413-5387 (L.C.)
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7
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Myers S, Do T, Meade JL, Tugnait A, Vernon JJ, Pistolic J, Hancock REW, Marsh PD, Trivedi HM, Chen D, Devine DA. Immunomodulatory streptococci that inhibit CXCL8 secretion and NFκB activation are common members of the oral microbiota. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33734952 PMCID: PMC8346732 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral tissues are generally homeostatic despite exposure to many potential inflammatory agents including the resident microbiota. This requires the balancing of inflammation by regulatory mechanisms and/or anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria. Thus, the levels of anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria in resident populations may be critical in maintaining this homeostatic balance. Hypothesis/Gap Statement The incidence of immunosuppressive streptococci in the oral cavity is not well established. Determining the proportion of these organisms and the mechanisms involved may help to understand host-microbe homeostasis and inform development of probiotics or prebiotics in the maintenance of oral health. Aim To determine the incidence and potential modes of action of immunosuppressive capacity in resident oral streptococci. Methodology Supragingival plaque was collected from five healthy participants and supragingival and subgingival plaque from five with gingivitis. Twenty streptococci from each sample were co-cultured with epithelial cells±flagellin or LL-37. CXCL8 secretion was detected by ELISA, induction of cytotoxicity in human epithelial cells by lactate dehydrogenase release and NFκB-activation using a reporter cell line. Bacterial identification was achieved through partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and next-generation sequencing. Results CXCL8 secretion was inhibited by 94/300 isolates. Immunosuppressive isolates were detected in supragingival plaque from healthy (4/5) and gingivitis (4/5) samples, and in 2/5 subgingival (gingivitis) plaque samples. Most were Streptococcus mitis/oralis. Seventeen representative immunosuppressive isolates all inhibited NFκB activation. The immunosuppressive mechanism was strain specific, often mediated by ultra-violet light-labile factors, whilst bacterial viability was essential in certain species. Conclusion Many streptococci isolated from plaque suppressed epithelial cell CXCL8 secretion, via inhibition of NFκB. This phenomenon may play an important role in oral host-microbe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Myers
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Josephine L Meade
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Aradhna Tugnait
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jon J Vernon
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jelena Pistolic
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip D Marsh
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Deirdre A Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ben Lagha A, Yang Y, Trivedi HM, Masters JG, Grenier D. A Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation attenuates the pathogenic properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and protects gingival keratinocyte barrier function in an in vitro model. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1798044. [PMID: 32944154 PMCID: PMC7482904 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1798044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Porphyromonas gingivalis, a late colonizer of the periodontal biofilm, has been strongly associated with the chronic form of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation (aqueous solution and dentifrice) on the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and the barrier function of an in vitro gingival epithelium model. Results The Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution and dentifrice inhibited the hemolytic and proteolytic activities of P. gingivalis. The Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution and dentifrice enhanced the barrier function of an in vitro gingival epithelium model as determined by a time-dependent increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and decrease in paracellular permeability. This was associated with an increased immunolabeling of two important tight junction proteins: zonula occludens-1 and occludin. The deleterious effects of P. gingivalis on keratinocyte barrier function as well as the ability of the bacterium to translocate through a gingival epithelium model were attenuated in the presence of either Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution or dentifrice. Conclusions The Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation may offer benefits for patients affected by periodontal disease through its ability to attenuate the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and promote keratinocyte barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ying Yang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Leonardo TR, Shi J, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Chen L. Differential Expression and Function of Bicellular Tight Junctions in Skin and Oral Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082966. [PMID: 32340108 PMCID: PMC7216202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicellular tight junctions are multiprotein complexes that are required for maintenance of barrier function and fence function in epithelial tissues. Wound healing in the oral cavity leads to minimal scar formation compared to the skin, and the precise mechanisms for this regenerative response remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that oral and skin tissues express a different tight junction repertoire both at baseline and during the wound healing response, and that these molecules may be critical to the differential repair between the two tissues. We re-analyzed a mouse skin and palate epithelium microarray dataset to identify the tight junction repertoire of these tissue types. We then re-analyzed a skin and tongue wound healing microarray dataset to see how expression levels of tight junction genes change over time in response to injury. We performed in vitro scratch assays on human oral and skin keratinocyte cell lines to assay for tight junction expression over time, tight junction expression in response to lipopolysaccharide and histamine treatment, and the effects of siRNA knockdown of claudin 1 or occludin on migration and proliferation. Our data showed that oral and skin epithelium expressed different tight junction genes at baseline and during the wound healing response. Knockdown of claudin 1 or occludin led to changes in proliferation and migration in human skin keratinocytes but not oral keratinocytes. Furthermore, we also showed that skin keratinocytes were more permeable than oral keratinocytes upon histamine treatment. In conclusion, this study highlights a specific subset of functional tight junction genes that are differentially expressed between the oral and skin tissues, which may contribute to the mechanisms leading to distinct healing phenotypes in response to injury in the two tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R. Leonardo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Junhe Shi
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Dandan Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.C.); (H.M.T.)
| | - Harsh M. Trivedi
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.C.); (H.M.T.)
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-413-5387; Fax: +1-312-996-0943
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10
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Myers CP, Pappas I, Makwana E, Begum-Gafur R, Utgikar N, Alsina MA, Fitzgerald M, Trivedi HM, Gaillard JF, Masters JG, Sullivan RJ. Solving the problem with stannous fluoride: Formulation, stabilization, and antimicrobial action. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:S5-S13. [PMID: 30797260 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is a compound present in many commercially available dentifrices; however, oxidative decomposition negatively impacts its efficacy. Stannous oxidation is often mitigated through the addition of complexing agents or sources of sacrificial stannous compounds. The authors have found that the addition of zinc phosphate significantly improved stannous stability more effectively than other stabilization methods. The authors evaluated the chemical speciation of stannous compounds within a variety of formulations using x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), a technique never used before in this manner. These data were compared and correlated with several antimicrobial experiments. METHODS XANES data of various commercially available compounds and Colgate TotalSF were performed and analyzed against a library of reference compounds to determine the tin chemical speciation. The antibacterial assays used were salivary adenosine triphosphate, short-interval kill test, plaque glycolysis, and anaerobic biofilm models. RESULTS XANES spectra showed a diverse distribution of tin species and varying degrees of SnF2 oxidation. In vitro antimicrobial assessment indicated significant differences in performance, which may be correlated to the differences in tin speciation and oxidation state. CONCLUSIONS Driven by the excipient ingredients, SnF2 dentifrices contain a distribution of tin species in either the SnF2 or Sn(IV) oxidation state. The addition of zinc phosphate provided significant robustness against oxidation, which directly translated to greater efficacy against bacteria. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The choice of inactive ingredients in a dentifrice with active SnF2 can dramatically impact product stability.
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11
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Slomka V, Herrero ER, Boon N, Bernaerts K, Trivedi HM, Daep C, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Oral prebiotics and the influence of environmental conditions in vitro. J Periodontol 2019; 89:708-717. [PMID: 29577296 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only recently the concept of prebiotics has been introduced in oral health. Few potential oral prebiotics have already been identified in dual species competition assays, showing a stimulatory effect on beneficial bacteria and by this suppressing the outgrowth of pathogenic species. This study aimed to validate the effect of previously identified potential prebiotic substrates on multispecies cultures by shifting the biofilm composition towards a more beneficial species dominated microbiota. METHODS A chemostat culture containing 14 model oral bacterial species was used to grow biofilms for 24 hours which subsequently were treated with prebiotic solutions three times a day for 3 consecutive days. Further the influence of environmental factors such as pH, nutrient availability, oxygen concentration and prebiotic dose on the efficacy of the prebiotic substances was investigated. RESULTS Three potential prebiotic substrates N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, succinic acid and Met-Pro were able to bring the beneficial proportion to > 95%. While the pH of the prebiotic solution did not have an influence on the prebiotic effect, the interplay of nutrient availability, oxygen concentration and prebiotic treatment resulted in significant changes of the microbial composition identifying N-acetyl-D-mannosamine as the most promising oral prebiotic substrate. Showing a clear dose dependent effect, concentrations of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine of 1.0 and 1.5 M resulted in a biofilm composition of 97% beneficial species. CONCLUSION Introducing the prebiotic concept in oral health might reveal a valid approach for treatment and prevention of oral diseases and promote oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Slomka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esteban Rodriguez Herrero
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F (bus 2424), 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Carlo Daep
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Saad S, Fitzgerald M, Hewett K, Greenman J, Vandeven M, Trivedi HM, Masters JG. Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Dentifrice Containing Dual Zinc plus Arginine on Intra-Oral Halitosis: Improvements in Breath Quality. J Clin Dent 2018; 29:A46-A54. [PMID: 30620871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES These studies aimed to assess the short-term (12-hour, single use) and long-term (four weeks, continuous use) efficacy of a new Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice against intra-oral halitosis versus a negative control. METHODS Two clinical studies were conducted to assess the dentifrice: a four-week, continuous use parallel design versus a negative control and a single use crossover design versus a negative control. Both studies used organoleptic and hedonic odor judge scores measured 12 hours overnight after product use as the primary efficacy variable. Additionally, the single use study employed SIFT-MS to quantify the intra-oral concentration of volatile sulfur compounds as a complementary measure of efficacy. RESULTS In both studies, the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice provided statistically significant improvements in breath quality across all measures versus a negative control. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in breath quality were attributed to the effects of zinc cations delivered by the uniquely formulated dentifrice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Saad
- University of the West of England Faculty of Health and Applied Science, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Keith Hewett
- University of the West of England Faculty of Health and Applied Science, Bristol, UK
| | - John Greenman
- University of the West of England Faculty of Health and Applied Science, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark Vandeven
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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13
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Manus LM, Daep CA, Begum-Gafur R, Makwana E, Won B, Yang Y, Huang XY, Maloney V, Trivedi HM, Wu D, Masters JG. Enhanced In Vitro Zinc Bioavailability through Rational Design of a Dual Zinc plus Arginine Dentifrice. J Clin Dent 2018; 29:A10-A19. [PMID: 30620866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate bioavailability enhancement of zinc on model oral surfaces and in oral biofilms in vitro through strategic formulation with two sources of zinc and L-arginine. METHODS To modulate the bioavailability of active zinc ions in a zinc citrate dentifrice, an additive research strategy was pursued. A series of zinc citrate dentifrice formulations were prepared with increasing replacement of zinc citrate with zinc oxide (a water insoluble source of zinc ions) to generate a Dual Zinc active system. A screening of isolated zinc and amino acid effects in simple solutions using zeta potential and uptake to model oral surfaces was performed in an effort to determine the effect of particle charge on zinc bioavailability. Zinc delivery and antibacterial efficacy of the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice formula were tested using in vitro oral epithelial tissue and saliva-derived biofilm models. Furthermore, zinc penetration and retention were determined by subjecting in vitro biofilms to dynamic flow after treatment with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice with treated biofilms evaluated for zinc using imaging mass spectrometry (I-MS). Bacterial adhesion to gingival epithelial cells treated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice was imaged upon challenging with Streptococcus gordonii. RESULTS Addition of zinc oxide into a zinc citrate dentifrice formula enhanced the efficacy of the system against anaerobic biofilms in a concentration- dependent manner. L-arginine further provided a significant positive charge (+36 mV) to the zinc oxide suspension (+16 mV) as measured by zeta potential. Simple solutions of the Dual Zinc active showed increased zinc uptake on model oral surfaces as a direct function of L-arginine concentration. Antibacterial efficacy of a Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice was evaluated through multiple mechanisms. Enhanced antibacterial performance was observed through significant reductions in metabolic activity as measured through bacterial glycolytic function (p = 0.0001) and total oxygen consumption (p = 0.0001). Greater penetration and retention of zinc was observed in bacterial biofilms treated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice in comparison to treatment with a Dual Zinc dentifrice after twelve hours of dynamic flow (10 mL/hour) in an in vitro drip flow biofilm culture. Confocal microscopy showed adherent bacteria on cheek cells treated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice formula. CONCLUSIONS The combination of zinc citrate, zinc oxide, and the amino acid L-arginine in a dentifrice formula enhances the bioavailability of zinc to model oral tissue surfaces, resulting in unique physicochemical effects. The significant antimicrobial control associated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice provides a unique vehicle toward achieving whole mouth health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Manus
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carlo Amorin Daep
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rehana Begum-Gafur
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ekta Makwana
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Betty Won
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yi Huang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Venda Maloney
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Wu
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - James G Masters
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Trivedi HM, Lima PO, Camargo PM, Giannobile WV, Grogan TR, Gleber-Netto FO, Whiteman Y, Li F, Lee HJ, Dharia K, Aro K, Martin Carerras-Presas C, Amuthan S, Vartak M, Akin D, Al-adbullah H, Bembey K, Klokkevold PR, Elashoff D, Barnes VM, Richter R, DeVizio W, Masters JG, Wong DTW. Cover Image. J Clin Periodontol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Trivedi HM, Lima PO, Camargo PM, Giannobile WV, Grogan TR, Gleber-Netto FO, Whiteman Y, Li F, Lee HJ, Dharia K, Aro K, Martin Carreras-Presas C, Amuthan S, Vartak M, Akin D, Al-Adbullah H, Bembey K, Klokkevold PR, Elashoff D, Barnes VM, Richter R, DeVizio W, Masters JG, Wong DTW. Salivary exRNA biomarkers to detect gingivitis and monitor disease regression. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:806-817. [PMID: 29779262 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study tests the hypothesis that salivary extracellular RNA (exRNA) biomarkers can be developed for gingivitis detection and monitoring disease regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Salivary exRNA biomarker candidates were developed from a total of 100 gingivitis and non-gingivitis individuals using Affymetrix's expression microarrays. The top 10 differentially expressed exRNAs were tested in a clinical cohort to determine whether the discovered salivary exRNA markers for gingivitis were associated with clinical gingivitis and disease regression. For this purpose, unstimulated saliva was collected from 30 randomly selected gingivitis subjects, the gingival and plaque indexes scores were taken at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks and salivary exRNAs were assayed by means of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Eight salivary exRNA biomarkers developed for gingivitis were statistically significantly changed over time, consistent with disease regression. A panel of four salivary exRNAs [SPRR1A, lnc-TET3-2:1, FAM25A, CRCT1] can detect gingivitis with a clinical performance of 0.91 area under the curve, with 71% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS The clinical values of the developed salivary exRNA biomarkers are associated with gingivitis regression. They offer strong potential to be advanced for definitive validation and clinical laboratory development test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina E Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Section of Orthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Early Research Oral Care, Colgate Palmolive Co., Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Patricia O Lima
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Camargo
- Section of Periodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tristan R Grogan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frederico O Gleber-Netto
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Centro Internacional de Pesquisa e Ensino (CIPE), AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yair Whiteman
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for Esthetic Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Feng Li
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Karan Dharia
- UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katri Aro
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Saarah Amuthan
- UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manjiri Vartak
- UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Akin
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiba Al-Adbullah
- UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kanika Bembey
- UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Perry R Klokkevold
- Section of Periodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Virginia M Barnes
- Clinical Research Oral Care, Colgate Palmolive Co., Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rose Richter
- Clinical Research Oral Care, Colgate Palmolive Co., Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - William DeVizio
- Clinical Research Oral Care, Colgate Palmolive Co., Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - James G Masters
- Early Research Oral Care, Colgate Palmolive Co., Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - David T W Wong
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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16
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Zundel J, Ansari SA, Trivedi HM, Masters JG, Mascaro S. Characterization of friction and moisture of porcine lingual tissue in vitro in response to artificial saliva and mouthwash solutions. Skin Res Technol 2018; 24:642-649. [PMID: 29736996 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research is to characterize the effects of mouthwash solutions on oral friction and moisture using a quantitative in vitro approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The frictional coefficient of in vitro porcine tongue samples was measured using a magnetic levitation haptic device equipped with a custom tactor designed to mimic human skin. A commercially available moisture meter was used to measure moisture content of the samples. Tongue samples were first tested before treatment, then after application of saliva (either human or artificial), and again after application of 1 of 11 different mouthwash solutions. RESULTS The data indicate that the samples treated with artificial saliva vs real saliva have comparable friction coefficient and moisture content. Furthermore, the moisture and friction coefficient remain relatively constant for up to 60 minutes after exposure to ambient conditions. Samples treated with artificial saliva have an average friction coefficient in the range of 0.70-0.80. Application of mouthwash solutions produced an average friction coefficient of 0.39-0.49 but retained the high moisture content of the artificial salivary layer. Several mouthwash solutions resulted in statistically significant differences in the friction coefficient relative to each other. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that a magnetic levitation device can be an effective tool for in vitro oral tribology and that artificial saliva is an effective substitute for real saliva in extended in vitro experiments. The application of mouthwash generally reduces the coefficient of friction of the tongue samples while preserving a relatively high moisture level, and some mouthwashes reduce friction significantly more than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zundel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S A Ansari
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - H M Trivedi
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - J G Masters
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - S Mascaro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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17
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Jennings LR, Colley HE, Ong J, Panagakos F, Masters JG, Trivedi HM, Murdoch C, Whawell S. Development and Characterization of In Vitro Human Oral Mucosal Equivalents Derived from Immortalized Oral Keratinocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:1108-1117. [PMID: 27846777 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered oral mucosal equivalents (OME) are being increasingly used to measure toxicity, drug delivery, and to model oral diseases. Current OME mainly comprise normal oral keratinocytes (NOK) cultured on top of a normal oral fibroblasts-containing matrix. However, the commercial supply of NOK is limited, restricting widespread use of these mucosal models. In addition, NOK suffer from poor longevity and donor-to-donor variability. Therefore, we constructed, characterized, and tested the functionality of OME based on commercial TERT2-immortalized oral keratinocytes (FNB6) to produce a more readily available alternative to NOK-based OME. FNB6 OME cultured at an air-to-liquid interface for 14 days exhibited expression of differentiation markers cytokeratin 13 in the suprabasal layers and cytokeratin 14 in basal layer of the epithelium. Proliferating cells were restricted to the basal epithelium, and there was immuno-positive expression of E-cadherin confirming the presence of established cell-to-cell contacts. The histology and expression of these structural markers paralleled those observed in the normal oral mucosa and NOK-based models. On stimulation with TNFα and IL-1, FNB6 OME displayed a similar global gene expression profile to NOK-based OME, with increased expression of many common pro-inflammatory molecules such as chemokines (CXCL8), cytokines (IL-6), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) when analyzed by gene array and quantitative PCR. Similarly, pathway analysis showed that both FNB6 and NOK models initiated similar intracellular signaling on stimulation. Gene expression in FNB6 OME was more consistent than NOK-based OME that suffered from donor variation in response to stimuli. Mucosal equivalents based on immortalized FNB6 cells are accessible, reproducible and will provide an alternative animal experimental system for studying mucosal drug delivery systems, host-pathogen interactions, and drug-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Jennings
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Colley
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Ong
- 2 Colgate-Palmolive Company , Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Craig Murdoch
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Whawell
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
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18
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Barnes VM, Kennedy AD, Panagakos F, Devizio W, Trivedi HM, Jönsson T, Guo L, Cervi S, Scannapieco FA. Global metabolomic analysis of human saliva and plasma from healthy and diabetic subjects, with and without periodontal disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105181. [PMID: 25133529 PMCID: PMC4136819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are bi-directionally associated. Identification of a molecular signature for periodontitis using unbiased metabolic profiling could allow identification of biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of both diabetes and periodontal disease. This cross-sectional study identified plasma and salivary metabolic products associated with periodontitis and/or diabetes in order to discover biomarkers that may differentiate or demonstrate an interaction of these diseases. Saliva and plasma samples were analyzed from 161 diabetic and non-diabetic human subjects with a healthy periodontium, gingivitis and periodontitis. Metabolite profiling was performed using Metabolon's platform technology. A total of 772 metabolites were found in plasma and 475 in saliva. Diabetics had significantly higher levels of glucose and α-hydroxybutyrate, the established markers of diabetes, for all periodontal groups of subjects. Comparison of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis saliva samples within the non-diabetic group confirmed findings from previous studies that included increased levels of markers of cellular energetic stress, increased purine degradation and glutathione metabolism through increased levels of oxidized glutathione and cysteine-glutathione disulfide, markers of oxidative stress, including increased purine degradation metabolites (e.g. guanosine and inosine), increased amino acid levels suggesting protein degradation, and increased ω-3 (docosapentaenoate) and ω-6 fatty acid (linoleate and arachidonate) signatures. Differences in saliva between diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts showed altered signatures of carbohydrate, lipid and oxidative stress exist in the diabetic samples. Global untargeted metabolic profiling of human saliva in diabetics replicated the metabolite signature of periodontal disease progression in non-diabetic patients and revealed unique metabolic signatures associated with periodontal disease in diabetics. The metabolites identified in this study that discriminated the periodontal groups may be useful for developing diagnostics and therapeutics tailored to the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M. Barnes
- Colgate Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Kennedy
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Fotinos Panagakos
- Colgate Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - William Devizio
- Colgate Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Harsh M. Trivedi
- Colgate Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Thomas Jönsson
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Lining Guo
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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Barnes VM, Ciancio SG, Shibly O, Xu T, Devizio W, Trivedi HM, Guo L, Jönsson TJ. Metabolomics reveals elevated macromolecular degradation in periodontal disease. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1293-7. [PMID: 21856966 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511416240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by tissue destruction. In the diseased oral environment, saliva has primarily been considered to act as a protectant by lubricating the tissue, mineralizing the bones, neutralizing the pH, and combating microbes. To understand the metabolic role that saliva plays in the diseased state, we performed untargeted metabolomic profiling of saliva from healthy and periodontitic individuals. Several classes of biochemicals, including dipeptide, amino acid, carbohydrate, lipids, and nucleotide metabolites, were altered, consistent with increased macromolecular degradation of proteins, triacylglycerol, glycerolphospholipids, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides in the individuals with periodontal disease. These changes partially reflected the enhanced host-bacterial interactions in the diseased state as supported by increased levels of bacterially modified amino acids and creatine metabolite. More importantly, the increased lipase, protease, and glycosidase activities associated with periodontitis generated a more favorable energy environment for oral bacteria, potentially exacerbating the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Barnes
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
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20
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Chen Z, Trivedi HM, Chhun N, Barnes VM, Saxena D, Xu T, Li Y. Using DGGE and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to evaluate changes in oral bacterial composition. Chin J Dent Res 2011; 14:95-103. [PMID: 22319750 PMCID: PMC4417478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a standard dental prophylaxis followed by tooth brushing with an antibacterial dentifrice will affect the oral bacterial community, as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) combined with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. METHODS Twenty-four healthy adults were instructed to brush their teeth using commercial dentifrice for 1 week during a washout period. An initial set of pooled supragingival plaque samples was collected from each participant at baseline (0 h) before prophylaxis treatment. The subjects were given a clinical examination and dental prophylaxis and asked to brush for 1 min with a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride (Colgate Total). On the following day, a second set of pooled supragingival plaque samples (24 h) was collected. Total bacterial genomic DNA was isolated from the samples. Differences in the microbial composition before and after the prophylactic procedure and tooth brushing were assessed by comparing the DGGE profiles and 16S rRNA gene segments sequence analysis. RESULTS Two distinct clusters of DGGE profiles were found, suggesting that a shift in the microbial composition had occurred 24 h after the prophylaxis and brushing. A detailed sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene segments further identified 6 phyla and 29 genera, including known and unknown bacterial species. Importantly, an increase in bacterial diversity was observed after 24 h, including members of the Streptococcaceae family, Prevotella, Corynebacterium, TM7 and other commensal bacteria. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the use of a standard prophylaxis followed by the use of the dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride may promote a healthier composition within the oral bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- College of Dentistry, New York University, NY, USA
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21
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Barnes VM, Teles R, Trivedi HM, Devizio W, Xu T, Lee DP, Mitchell MW, Wulff JE, Milburn MV, Guo L. Assessment of the effects of dentifrice on periodontal disease biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1273-9. [PMID: 20450373 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease has been studied primarily from clinical outcomes in lengthy human studies. Comprehensive biochemical profiling (metabolomics) has become a powerful tool for disease characterization and biomarker discovery. In a previous study, we performed a metabolomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid collected from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites. Many metabolites associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue degradation, and bacterial metabolism were found to be significantly induced by the diseases. METHODS A panel of 10 markers was selected from the previous metabolomic study based on their statistical significance. Thirty-nine chronic periodontitis subjects were randomly assigned to a toothpaste regimen: control dentifrice (n = 21) or triclosan-containing dentifrice ([CT] n = 18). Subjects were instructed to use their assigned dentifrice twice daily for 6 weeks. Gingival crevicular fluid samples from six healthy, six gingivitis, and three periodontitis sites were collected from each subject at baseline, 1 week, and 6 weeks. The relative levels of the markers in the samples were determined by mass spectrometry. One-sided matched-paired t tests were performed to compare data from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites. RESULTS Statistical analysis indicates that CT significantly decreased the levels of inosine, lysine, putrescine, and xanthine at the gingivitis sites as early as week 1. In contrast, control dentifrice had little effect. CONCLUSIONS This result provides biochemical confirmation for the therapeutic effects of CT on gingivitis. Biomarkers were significantly altered by CT before clinical changes were observed, suggesting that the markers have predicative value for disease state assessment.
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Barnes VM, Teles R, Trivedi HM, Devizio W, Xu T, Mitchell MW, Milburn MV, Guo L. Acceleration of purine degradation by periodontal diseases. J Dent Res 2009; 88:851-5. [PMID: 19767584 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509341967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, are characterized by bacterial plaque accumulation around the gingival crevice and the subsequent inflammation and destruction of host tissues. To test the hypothesis that cellular metabolism is altered as a result of host-bacteria interaction, we performed an unbiased metabolomic profiling of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites in humans, by liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The purine degradation pathway, a major biochemical source for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, was significantly accelerated at the disease sites. This suggests that periodontal-disease-induced oxidative stress and inflammation are mediated through this pathway. The complex host-bacterial interaction was further highlighted by depletion of anti-oxidants, degradation of host cellular components, and accumulation of bacterial products in GCF. These findings provide new mechanistic insights and a panel of comprehensive biomarkers for periodontal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Barnes
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
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23
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Li Y, Saxena D, Barnes VM, Trivedi HM, Ge Y, Xu T. Polymerase chain reaction-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in the evaluation of oral microbiota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:333-9. [PMID: 16922934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Clinical evaluation of oral microbial reduction after a standard prophylactic treatment has traditionally been based on bacterial cultivation methods. However, not all microbes in saliva or dental plaque can be cultivated. Polymerase chain reaction-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) is a cultivation-independent molecular fingerprinting technique that allows the assessment of the predominant bacterial species present in the oral cavity. This study sought to evaluate the oral microbial changes that occurred after a standard prophylactic treatment with a conventional oral care product using PCR-DGGE. METHODS Twelve healthy adults participated in the study. Pooled plaque samples were collected at baseline, 24 h after prophylaxis (T1), and 4 days after toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste (T4). The total microbial genomic DNA of the plaque was isolated. PCR was performed with a set of universal bacterial 16S rDNA primers. The PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragments were separated by DGGE. The effects of the treatment and of dental brushing were assessed by comparing the PCR-DGGE fingerprinting profiles. RESULTS The mean numbers of detected PCR amplicons were 22.3 +/- 6.1 for the baseline group, 13.0 +/- 3.1 for the T1 group, and 13.5 +/- 4.3 for the T4 group; the differences among the three groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The study also found a significant difference in the mean similarities of microbial profiles between the baseline and the treatment groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION PCR-based DGGE has been shown to be an excellent means of rapidly and accurately assessing oral microbial changes in this clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Xu T, Deshmukh M, Barnes VM, Trivedi HM, Du-Thumm L, Richter R, Cummins D. Analysis of the antibacterial activity and plaque control benefit of colgate total dentifrice via clinical evaluation and real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Dent 2005; 16:117-22. [PMID: 16583596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed, from a combined clinical and molecular biologic perspective, the antibacterial and antiplaque efficacy of Colgate Total dentifrice (CTD). METHODOLOGY A single-blind crossover study design utilized 11 healthy human subjects. After a one-week washout period, subjects donated dental plaque, received a dental prophylaxis, and subsequently brushed with a test product. Twenty-four hours postbrushing, dental plaque was collected and a clinical plaque score determined. Dental plaque was submitted for Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-time PCR) analysis. The same procedure was repeated in accordance with a crossover design for the use of the second test product. Following a one-week washout, a plaque donation, prophylaxis, and brushing with the test product ensued for each subject. Twenty-four hours post-brushing, the subjects returned for a plaque score and plaque donation. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after brushing, dental plaque coverage increased 17.88% +/- 8.27% with CTD, compared to 30.42% +/- 9.97% with Colgate Cavity Protection (CCP; p = 0.005). Real-time PCR found plaque collected 24 hours after brushing with CTD exhibited, on average, fewer representative periodontal pathogens (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and fewer early colonizers (Actinomyces naeslundii) than plaque collected before brushing, whereas CCP showed a moderate effect on oral bacteria. CONCLUSION The study provides clinical and molecular biological evidence to substantiate the antibacterial and plaque control benefits of Colgate Total, and suggests the value of combining a molecular biological method with clinical research to corroborate clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Xu T, Deshmukh M, Barnes VM, Trivedi HM, Cummins D. Effectiveness of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on microbiological and inflammatory parameters. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2004; 25:46-53. [PMID: 15645886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the US Surgeon General's report, "Oral Health in America," published in 2000, most adults in the United States show some degree of periodontal pathology, with severe periodontal diseases affecting about 14% of middle-aged adults. Periodontal diseases are polymicrobial-induced inflammatory diseases, and they vary from mild gingival inflammation to severe deterioration of the periodontium, ie, loss of periodontal supportive tissues and, ultimately, tooth loss. New evidence shows that periodontal diseases may impact systemic health. For this reason, the maintenance of a healthy mouth is becoming increasingly important for the overall health of the body. This article summarizes laboratory research conducted during the development of a novel, multibenefit, oral-care technology based on triclosan--a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent--and a polyvinylmethylether/maleic acid copolymer. This unique combination of agents is found in Colgate Total, a clinically proven efficacious dentifrice for control of dental plaque and gingivitis. Data are presented that demonstrate the unique antibacterial properties of this dentifrice: (1) a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile; (2) the long-lasting retention of triclosan on hydroxyapatite and epithelial cells; and (3) molecular evidence of antibacterial activity against specific pathogens in clinical dental plaque. In addition, data are presented that demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of triclosan on specific cytokines, the interruption of inflammatory pathways, and the inhibition of bone resorption. Overall, these data support the multibenefit clinical effects of Colgate Total and suggest a plurality of mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- The Colgate-Palmolive Company, Technology Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Ranade PN, Trivedi HM. Neurilemmoma of the pharynx. A clinical case report. J Postgrad Med 1967; 13:128-30. [PMID: 6064168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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