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Poppe TT, Reed AK, Wisløff H. Basibranchial structure affecting cardiac morphology in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13911. [PMID: 38146082 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
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2
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Sun B, Vindas MA, Kavaliauskiene S, Bjørgen H, Koppang EO, Wisløff H, Frisk M, Lund H, Johansen IB. Persistent immune responses in the heart determine the outcome of cardiomyopathy syndrome in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 147:109404. [PMID: 38325590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) is a severe cardiac disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Norwegian aquaculture industry. Previous research suggest a variation in individual susceptibility to develop severe disease, however the role of the immune response in determining individual outcome of CMS is poorly understood particularly in cases where fish are also challenged by stress. The present study's aim was therefore to characterize cardiac transcriptional responses to PMCV infection in Atlantic salmon responding to infection under stressful conditions with a high versus low degree of histopathological damage. The study was performed as a large-scale controlled experiment of Atlantic salmon smolts from pre-challenge to 12 weeks post infection (wpi) with PMCV, during which fish were exposed to intermittent stressors. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was used to compare the heart transcriptome of high responders (HR) with atrium histopathology score '4' and low responders (LR) with score '0.5' at 12 wpi. A high-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was used to compare immune gene transcription between individuals sampled at 6, 9 and 12 wpi. Based on RNAseq and qPCR results, RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed for visualization of IFN-γ - and IFNb producing immune cells in affected heart tissue. Compared to LR, the transcription of 1592 genes was increased in HR at 12 wpi. Of these genes, around. 40 % were immune-related, including various chemokines, key antiviral response molecules, and genes. associated with a Th1 pro-inflammatory immune response. Further, the qPCR analysis confirmed. increased immune gene transcription in HR at both 9 and 12 wpi, despite a decrease in PMCV. transcription between these time points. Interestingly, increased IFNb transcription in HR suggests the. presence of high-quantity IFN secreting cells in the hearts of these individuals. Indeed, RNAscope. confirmed the presence of IFN-γ and IFNb-positive cells in the heart ventricle of HR but not LR. To conclude, our data indicate that in severe outcomes of PMCV infection various chemokines attract leucocytes to the salmon heart, including IFN-γ and IFNb-secreting cells, and that these cells play important roles in maintaining persistent antiviral responses and a sustained host immunopathology despite decreasing heart viral transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Sun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Michael Frisk
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Lund
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ida B Johansen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Reed W, Østevik L, Lie KI, Wisløff H. Mycobacteriosis in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 2023; 46:1151-1155. [PMID: 37340874 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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Dalum AS, Wisløff H, Kvinnsland HH, Nylund A, Karlsbakk E. Histopathological description of an emerging disease in Norwegian salmonid aquaculture caused by an x-cell parasite. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:213-217. [PMID: 34543456 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Seljenes Dalum
- Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima), Tromso, Norway
| | | | | | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Poppe TT, Reed AK, Hofossaeter M, Wisløff H. Novel myocardial pathology in farmed salmonids. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1657-1660. [PMID: 34214213 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Vikøren T, Våge J, Madslien KI, Røed KH, Rolandsen CM, Tran L, Hopp P, Veiberg V, Heum M, Moldal T, Neves CGD, Handeland K, Ytrehus B, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Wisløff H, Terland R, Saure B, Dessen KM, Svendsen SG, Nordvik BS, Benestad SL. First Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease in a Wild Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) in Europe. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:970-972. [PMID: 30920905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal contagious prion disease naturally occurring in cervids in North America. In 2016, CWD was detected in wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces) in Norway. Here, we report the first known naturally infected wild Norwegian red deer (Cervus elaphus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Turid Vikøren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Våge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut I Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut H Røed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christer M Rolandsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linh Tran
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Hopp
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vebjørn Veiberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Heum
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torfinn Moldal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlos G das Neves
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjell Handeland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Ytrehus
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvor Kolbjørnsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helene Wisløff
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi Terland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Britt Saure
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kine M Dessen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Brit S Nordvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie L Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
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Falk M, Bernhoft A, Framstad T, Salbu B, Wisløff H, Kortner TM, Kristoffersen AB, Oropeza-Moe M. Effects of dietary sodium selenite and organic selenium sources on immune and inflammatory responses and selenium deposition in growing pigs. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:527-536. [PMID: 29673733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to compare effects of different dietary Se sources (sodium selenite [NaSe], Se-enriched yeast [Se yeast] or L-selenomethionine [SeMet]) and one Se-deficient control diet on the expression of selected genes, hematological and clinical biochemical parameters, and muscle morphology in two parallel trials with finisher pigs. Se concentrations in blood plasma and tissues were also monitored. From the pigs in one of the parallel groups, muscle samples obtained from Musculus longissimus dorsi (LD) before and during the trial were examined. The pigs in the other parallel group were challenged once with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intravenously. Transcriptional analyses of LD showed that selenogenes SelenoW and H were higher expressed in pigs fed Se-supplemented diets compared with control. Furthermore, the expression of interferon gamma and cyclooxygenase 2 was lower in the Se-supplemented pigs versus control. In whole blood samples prior to LPS, SelenoN, SelenoS and thioredoxin reductase 1 were higher expressed in pigs fed NaSe supplemented feed compared with the other groups, possibly indicating a higher level of oxidative stress. After LPS exposure glutathione peroxidase 1 and SelenoN were more reduced in pigs fed NaSe compared with pigs fed organic Se. Products of most above-mentioned genes are intertwined with the oxidant-antioxidant system. No significant effects of Se-source were found on hematologic parameters or microscopic anatomy. The Se-concentrations in various skeletal muscles and heart muscle were significantly different between the groups, with highest concentrations in pigs fed SeMet, followed by those fed Se yeast, NaSe, and control diet. Consistent with previous reports our results indicate that dietary Se at adequate levels can support the body's antioxidant system. Our results indicate that muscle fibers of pigs fed organic Se are less vulnerable to oxidative stress compared with the other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Falk
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Kyrkjevegen 332/334, 4325, Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Aksel Bernhoft
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Framstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, NMBU, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Brit Salbu
- Department of Environmental Sciences/CERAD CoE, Campus Ås, NMBU, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Helene Wisløff
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, NMBU, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Marianne Oropeza-Moe
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Kyrkjevegen 332/334, 4325, Sandnes, Norway.
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Bernhard A, Rasinger JD, Wisløff H, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Secher Myrmel L, Berntssen MH, Lundebye AK, Ørnsrud R, Madsen L. Subchronic dietary exposure to ethoxyquin dimer induces microvesicular steatosis in male BALB/c mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:608-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sjurseth SK, Gjerset B, Bragstad K, Hungnes O, Wisløff H, Er C, Valheim M, Løtvedt SM, David B, Hanssen SA, Hauge SH, Hofshagen M. Human to animal transmission of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in a turkey breeder flock in Norway. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017; 7:1416249. [PMID: 29296243 PMCID: PMC5738641 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1416249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Routine surveillance samples disclosed seropositivity to influenza A virus (IAV) in a Norwegian turkey breeder flock. Simultaneous reports of influenza-like symptoms in farm workers and a laboratory confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (H1N1pdm09) infection in one person led to the suspicion of a H1N1pdm09 infection in the turkeys. Animals and methods: H1N1pdm09 infection was confirmed by a positive haemaggutinin inhibition test using H1N1pdm09 antigens, and detection of H1N1pdm09 nucleic acid in reproductive organs of turkey hens. The flock showed no clinical signs except for a temporary drop in egg production. Previous reports of H1N1pdm09 infection in turkeys suggested human-to-turkey transmission (anthroponosis) during artificial insemination. Results and discussion: The flock remained seropositive to IAV and the homologous H1N1pdm09 antigen throughout the following 106 days, with decreasing seroprevalence over time. IAV was not detected in fertilised eggs or in turkey poults from the farm, however, maternally derived antibodies against H1N1pdm09 were found in egg yolks and in day-old poults. Genetic analyses of haemagglutinin gene sequences from one of the infected farm workers and turkeys revealed a close phylogenetic relationship, and confirmed human-to-turkey virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Kulberg Sjurseth
- Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline Bragstad
- Department of Influenza, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Hungnes
- Department of Influenza, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helene Wisløff
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chiek Er
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Valheim
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri M Løtvedt
- Plant and Animal Department, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Brumunddal, Norway
| | | | | | - Siri H Hauge
- Department of Influenza, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Hofshagen
- Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Oropeza-Moe M, Wisløff H, Bernhoft A. Selenium deficiency associated porcine and human cardiomyopathies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:148-56. [PMID: 25456335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a trace element playing an important role in animal and human physiological homeostasis. It is a key component in selenoproteins (SeP) exerting multiple actions on endocrine, immune, inflammatory and reproductive processes. The SeP family of glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Px) inactivates peroxides and thereby maintains physiological muscle function in humans and animals. Animals with high feed conversion efficiency and substantial muscle mass have shown susceptibility to Se deficiency related diseases since nutritional requirements of the organism may not be covered. Mulberry Heart Disease (MHD) in pigs is an important manifestation of Se deficiency often implicating acute heart failure and sudden death without prior clinical signs. Post-mortem findings include hemorrhagic and pale myocardial areas accompanied by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac and pleural cavity. Challenges in MHD are emerging in various parts of the world. Se is of fundamental importance also to human health. In the 1930s the Se deficiency associated cardiomyopathy named Keshan Disease (KD) was described for the first time in China. Various manifestations, such as cardiogenic shock, enlarged heart, congestive heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias are common. Multifocal necrosis and fibrous replacement of myocardium are characteristic findings. Pathological findings in MD and KD show striking similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Oropeza-Moe
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332-334, 4325 Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Helene Wisløff
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Laboratory Services, Postbox 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aksel Bernhoft
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Postbox 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
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Uhlig S, Hussain F, Wisløff H. Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts from Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) flowers reveals unprecedented structural variability of steroidal glycoalkaloids. Toxicon 2014; 92:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wisløff H, Nordvik BS, Sviland S, Tønnessen R. First documented clinical case of Schmallenberg virus in Norway: fetal malformations in a calf. Vet Rec 2014; 174:120. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Wisløff
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute; P. O. Box 750, Sentrum Oslo N-0106 Norway
| | - B. S. Nordvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute; P. O. Box 750, Sentrum Oslo N-0106 Norway
| | - S. Sviland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute; P. O. Box 750, Sentrum Oslo N-0106 Norway
| | - R. Tønnessen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute; P. O. Box 750, Sentrum Oslo N-0106 Norway
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Koch LG, Kemi OJ, Qi N, Leng SX, Bijma P, Gilligan LJ, Wilkinson JE, Wisløff H, Høydal MA, Rolim N, Abadir PM, van Grevenhof EM, Smith GL, Burant CF, Ellingsen O, Britton SL, Wisløff U. Intrinsic aerobic capacity sets a divide for aging and longevity. Circ Res 2011; 109:1162-72. [PMID: 21921265 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.253807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Low aerobic exercise capacity is a powerful predictor of premature morbidity and mortality for healthy adults as well as those with cardiovascular disease. For aged populations, poor performance on treadmill or extended walking tests indicates closer proximity to future health declines. Together, these findings suggest a fundamental connection between aerobic capacity and longevity. OBJECTIVES Through artificial selective breeding, we developed an animal model system to prospectively test the association between aerobic exercise capacity and survivability (aerobic hypothesis). METHODS AND RESULTS Laboratory rats of widely diverse genetic backgrounds (N:NIH stock) were selectively bred for low or high intrinsic (inborn) treadmill running capacity. Cohorts of male and female rats from generations 14, 15, and 17 of selection were followed for survivability and assessed for age-related declines in cardiovascular fitness including maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), myocardial function, endurance performance, and change in body mass. Median lifespan for low exercise capacity rats was 28% to 45% shorter than high capacity rats (hazard ratio, 0.06; P<0.001). VO(2max), measured across adulthood was a reliable predictor of lifespan (P<0.001). During progression from adult to old age, left ventricular myocardial and cardiomyocyte morphology, contractility, and intracellular Ca(2+) handling in both systole and diastole, as well as mean blood pressure, were more compromised in rats bred for low aerobic capacity. Physical activity levels, energy expenditure (Vo(2)), and lean body mass were all better sustained with age in rats bred for high aerobic capacity. CONCLUSIONS These data obtained from a contrasting heterogeneous model system provide strong evidence that genetic segregation for aerobic exercise capacity can be linked with longevity and are useful for deeper mechanistic exploration of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Gerard Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Kaurstad G, Alves MN, Kemi OJ, Rolim N, Høydal MA, Wisløff H, Stølen TO, Wisløff U. Chronic CaMKII inhibition blunts the cardiac contractile response to exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:579-88. [PMID: 21614506 PMCID: PMC3258410 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the multifunctional Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays a critical role modulating cardiac function in both health and disease. Here, we determined the effect of chronic CaMKII inhibition during an exercise training program in healthy mice. CaMKII was inhibited by KN-93 injections. Mice were randomized to the following groups: sham sedentary, sham exercise, KN-93 sedentary, and KN-93 exercise. Cardiorespiratory function was evaluated by ergospirometry during treadmill running, echocardiography, and cardiomyocyte fractional shortening and calcium handling. The results revealed that KN-93 alone had no effect on exercise capacity or fractional shortening. In sham animals, exercise training increased maximal oxygen uptake by 8% (p < 0.05) compared to a 22% (p < 0.05) increase after exercise in KN-93 treated mice (group difference p < 0.01). In contrast, in vivo fractional shortening evaluated by echocardiography improved after exercise in sham animals only: from 25 to 32% (p < 0.02). In inactive mice, KN-93 reduced rates of diastolic cardiomyocyte re-lengthening (by 25%, p < 0.05) as well as Ca(2+) transient decay (by 16%, p < 0.05), whereas no such effect was observed after exercise training. KN-93 blunted exercise training response on cardiomyocyte fractional shortening (63% sham vs. 18% KN-93; p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). These effects could not be solely explained by the Ca(2+) transient amplitude, as KN-93 reduced it by 20% (p < 0.05) and response to exercise training was equal (64% sham and 47% KN-93; both p < 0.01). We concluded that chronic CaMKII inhibition increased time to 50% re-lengthening which were recovered by exercise training, but paradoxically led to a greater increase in maximal oxygen uptake compared to sham mice. Thus, the effect of chronic CaMKII inhibition is multifaceted and of a complex nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guri Kaurstad
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Kaurstad G, Alves MN, Rolim N, Skoglund T, Wisløff H, Høydal MA, Stølen TO, Wisløff U. Effect of Training Induces Changes in Heart, CaMKII Dependent or Not? Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Wisløff H, Uhlig S, Scheie E, Loader J, Wilkins A, Flåøyen A. Toxicity testing of saponin-containing Yucca schidigera Roetzl. juice in relation to hepato- and nephrotoxicity of Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. Toxicon 2008; 51:140-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Uhlig S, Wisløff H, Petersen D. Identification of cytotoxic constituents of Narthecium ossifragum using bioassay-guided fractionation. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:6018-26. [PMID: 17602497 DOI: 10.1021/jf070776k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Narthecium ossifragum, a member of the Liliaceae family, contains phytochemicals that have hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic activity in several ruminant species. 3-Methoxyfuran-2(5H)-one has previously been isolated as the principal nephrotoxin, and its toxicity has been confirmed in vivo. However, previous investigations into the nephrotoxicity of N. ossifragum both in vivo and in vitro indicate that other phytochemical factors might contribute to the nephrotoxicity of the plant. In this study, the cytotoxicity in renal tubular cells (LLC-PK1) was measured using an aqueous extract from the plant and fractions from chromatographic separation to identify the cytotoxic constituents of the extract. In an iterative process two different groups of compounds were identified as the major cytotoxic principles in LLC-PK1 cells: steroidal saponins (primarily di- and trisaccharides of sarsasapogenin) and 5-hydroxy-4-methoxyfuran-2(5H)-one. Up to a concentration of 880 microg/mL (7.7 M) 3-methoxyfuran-2(5H)-one was not cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of the saponins was abolished upon hydrolysis, indicating that the carbohydrate moiety of the molecule is a prerequisite for toxicity on the cellular level. The results of the present study have two important implications: first, the results question the direct involvement of 3-methoxyfuran-2(5H)-one in the nephrotoxicity of N. ossifragum; second, the findings should induce future investigations into the possible role of saponins in N. ossifragum-related nephrotoxicosis observed in ruminants that graze on this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Uhlig
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Wisløff H, Gharehnia B, Flåøyen A, Andersen KJ. Effects of 3-methoxy-2(5H)-furanone-containing extracts from Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. on renal tubular cells in vitro. Toxicon 2007; 49:368-77. [PMID: 17141820 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Narthecium ossifragum, a perennial herb of the lily family, causes toxic renal tubular necrosis in several ruminant species. 3-Methoxy-2(5H)-furanone (3M2F) has been identified as a nephrotoxin present in N. ossifragum extracts. We studied effects of three different 3M2F-containing fractions isolated from N. ossifragum and synthetic 3M2F on the porcine kidney cell line LLC-PK1. In some of the experiments, we included the glioma cell lines U251 and BT4Cn to compare the effects of the toxin on LLC-PK1 cells to the effect on these cell lines. The synthetic 3M2F was shown to be only mildly toxic, and the most purified fraction from N. ossifragum showed the highest degree of toxicity in our studies. When monolayer cultures were exposed to increasing amounts of 3M2F-containing extract, a dose-dependent increase in cell death was observed. Similarly, reduced neutral red uptake and 3H-thymidine uptake (DNA synthesis) was observed. There was increased apoptotic activity in the LLC-PK1 cells with increasing concentration of 3M2F-containing extract. Multicellular three-dimensional spheroids from LLC-PK1 cells stopped fluid transport, showed degenerative changes and collapsed totally 6 h after extract exposure. Our findings indicate junctional damage, reduced cellular endocytosis and DNA-synthesis as well as induction of apoptosis as possible mechanisms for the acute tubular necrosis observed in ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Wisløff
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
We studied the effects of Narthecium ossifragum on goat kidneys. Twenty-five Norwegian dairy goats, 5 weeks to 4 months of age, were orally dosed with an aqueous extract from N. ossifragum. In experiment 1, we studied microscopic and functional changes in 12 animals that were euthanatized 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days after treatment. In experiment 2, we included ultrastructural studies on serial renal biopsies and urine analysis from five extract-treated animals and two controls. In addition, urine samples were collected from four dosed and two control goats. Ultrasonography revealed perirenal and retroperitoneal fluids. Microscopic changes were observed after 6 hours. The findings, most obvious in the inner cortex and the outer medulla, consisted of cytoplasmic vacuolization, interstitial edema, and focal necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. Ultrastructurally, the tubules had loss of microvilli, irregular cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling with loss of cristae, and irregular but continuous basement membranes even with necrosis. In the glomeruli, there were occasional endothelial damage and shortening and swelling of the foot processes. Peritubular capillaries had breaks in the vessel walls and irregular endothelial cell edema, and the interstitium had marked edema. The functional lesions included elevated serum urea, creatinine, and magnesium concentrations, a slight decrease in serum calcium concentration, elevated urine protein and urine protein-creatinine ratio, and increased activities of urine alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase. Our findings indicate a fast-acting toxic principle inducing damage by both direct toxic and secondary ischemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wisløff
- National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Wisløff H, Wilkins AL, Scheie E, Flåøyen A. Accumulation of sapogenin conjugates and histological changes in the liver and kidneys of lambs suffering from alveld, a hepatogenous photosensitization disease of sheep grazing Narthecium ossifragum. Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:381-96. [PMID: 12212728 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016298929610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen lambs exhibiting hepatogenous photosensitization (alveld) after grazing pasture containing Narthecium ossifragum and seven nonphotosensitized lambs grazing the same pastures were studied. All the alveld-affected lambs revealed liver damage dominated by single cell necrosis, portal fibroplasia and bile duct proliferation. Crystalloid clefts were demonstrated in the bile ducts of two and in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of nine photosensitized lambs. Plasma bilirubin concentration was severely increased in ten of the cases of alveld whereas the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was moderately to severely increased in seven cases. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was moderately elevated in one of the photosensitized lambs. The main histopathological findings in the kidneys from the alveld-affected lambs were dilated tubules, often with eosinophilic material in the tubular lumina. Regenerative changes were seen in a large proportion of the renal sections. Elevated plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, and the renal histopathological changes, suggested that the photosensitized lambs had been through a phase of renal injury. Analysis of the free and conjugated sapogenin content in liver tissue and bile was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. There were significantly higher concentrations of conjugated episapogenins in both the liver and bile in the alveld-affected lambs than in the nonphotosensitized lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wisløff
- National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
The skin histology and the scanning electron microscope morphology of the hide defect light flecks and spots after tanning were studied in 11 steers infested with biting lice (Damalinia bovis). Nine steers from herds free of lice were used as controls. Skin biopsies from 6 of the animals in the lice infested group showed mild to moderate hyperkeratosis and moderate perivascular to diffuse dermatitis with infiltration of mainly mononuclear cells and some eosinophilic granulocytes. The steers were slaughtered at an age of 18 to 23 months. Light flecks and spots occurred on all examined hides from the infested group after tanning. No examined hides from the control group demonstrated similar damage. Both light microscopic examination of sections of tanned hide with light flecks and spots and scanning electron microscopy of the same defects showed superficial grain loss and craters with a irregular fibre base encircled by smooth and intact grain. The association between louse infestation at an early age and damage of hides following slaughter 6 to 15 months later, suggested that louse infestations lead to a prolonged or lifelong weakening in the dermis. This weakening may cause superficial grain loss during the tanning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nafstad
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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