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Dheresa M, Yadeta TA, Dingeta T, Shore H, Dessie Y, Daraje G, Tura AK. Why mothers die: Analysis of verbal autopsy data from Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Eastern Ethiopia. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04051. [PMID: 35976002 PMCID: PMC9302037 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite registering tremendous improvement as part of the Millennium Development Goals, Ethiopia has still one of the highest numbers of maternal mortality. Although maternal mortality is one of the commonest indicators for comparison or measuring progress, its measurement remained a challenge. In a situation where, vital registration is not in place and only few women gave birth in facilities, alternative data sources from population-based surveys are essential to describe maternal deaths. In this paper, we reported estimates of maternal mortality and causes in a predominantly rural setting in eastern Ethiopia. Methods Data were used from the ongoing prospective open cohort of Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), located in eastern Ethiopia. At enrolment, detailed sociodemographic and household conditions were recorded for every member, followed by household visit every six months to identify any vital events: births, deaths, and migration. Whenever a death was reported, additional information about the deceased - age, sex, pregnancy status, and perceived cause of deaths - were collected through interview of the closest family member(s). Then, the probable cause of death was assigned using an automated verbal autopsy system (InterVA). In this paper, we included all deaths among women during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. To describe the trends, we calculated annual maternal mortality ratio (MMR) along with their 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results From 2008 to 2019, a total of 32 680 live births and 720 deaths among reproductive age women were registered. Of the 720 deaths, 158 (21.9%) were during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, corresponding with an MMR of 484 per 100 000 live births. The three leading causes of deaths were pregnancy related sepsis, obstetric haemorrhage and anaemia of pregnancy. There was non-significant reduction in the MMR from 744 in 2008 to 665 in 2019, with three lowest ratios recorded in 2013 (172 per 100 000 live births), 2009 (280 per 100 000 live births) and 2016 (285 per 100 000 live births). Conclusions There was no significant decrement of MMR during the study period. Most deaths occurred at home from pregnancy related sepsis and haemorrhage implicating the unfinished agenda of ensuring skilled delivery and appropriate postnatal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merga Dheresa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia,Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Dingeta
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Hirbo Shore
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yadeta Dessie
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Gamachis Daraje
- Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems, Harar, Ethiopia,Department of Statistics, College of Computing and Informatics, Haramaya University, Haramaya
| | - Abera Kenay Tura
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Dheresa M, Tura AK, Daraje G, Abebe M, Dingeta T, Shore H, Dessie Y, Yadeta TA. Trend and Determinants of Mortality Among Women of Reproductive Age: A Twelve-Year Open Cohort Study in Eastern Ethiopia. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 2:762984. [PMID: 34970651 PMCID: PMC8712503 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.762984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With only less than a decade left till 2030, it is essential to research the burden and trends of women of reproductive age (WRA) mortality in order to design appropriate interventions toward achieving goal three of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), good health and well-being. For several low-income countries, such data are often lacking or sometimes extrapolated from non-representative facility-based studies. In this paper, we presented trends, causes, and determinants of mortality among reproductive-age women under follow-up for 12 years through the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) located in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: We used 12 years of (2008 to 2019) open cohort data of women aged 15–49 living in Kersa HDSS in Eastern Ethiopia. In the HDSS, data on socio-demographic and basic household conditions are recorded for every household member at enrollment, and data on vital events such as births, deaths, and migration were collected and updated biannually as the event happened. Mortality was determined by automated verbal autopsy (InterVA) algorism. We assessed trends in women's reproductive age mortality and the associated determinants using crude and adjusted Cox regression models. Results: In the 12-years cohort, we followed 74,790 women of reproductive age for 339,909.26 person-years-at-risk of observation (PYO), of whom 919 died. Overall, the standardized mortality rate was 270 per 100,000 PYO. There was a notable increase in mortality in the first 3 years (2009 to 2011) which then declined significantly (p = 0.0001) until 2019. Most of the deaths were caused by HIV/AIDS (27.88%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (10.62%). In the adjusted Cox regression analysis, the hazard of death was higher among rural residents (AHR, 2.03: 95% CI: 1.60–2.58), unemployed women (AHR, 1.50: 95% CI: 1.19–1.89), and women with no formal education (AHR, 1.24: 95% CI: 1.01–1.52). Conclusion: The study showed a high number of women of reproductive age are still dying mainly due to causes for which preventable strategies are known and have been successfully implemented. The study identified that the main causes of death were related to HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, and there was a higher hazard of mortality among rural residents, unemployed women, and those with no formal education, who need effective implementation in achieving the SDG three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merga Dheresa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.,Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Kenay Tura
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gamachis Daraje
- Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.,Department of Statistics, College of Computing and Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Abebe
- Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Dingeta
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Hirbo Shore
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yadeta Dessie
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.,Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Demisse A, Shore H, Ayana GM, Negash B, Raru TB, Merga BT, Alemu A, Oljira L. Magnitude of death and associated factors among road traffic injury victims admitted to emergency outpatient departments of public and private hospitals at Adama Town, East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211060203. [PMID: 34868593 PMCID: PMC8640311 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Road traffic injuries, disabilities, and deaths have been a major public health problem worldwide and in Ethiopia. Globally, around 1.35 million people die every year on the roads and 20–50 million sustain nonfatal injuries as a result of road traffic crashes. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of deaths and associated factors among road traffic injury victims admitted to emergency outpatient departments of public and private hospitals at Adama town, East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 381 road traffic injury victims admitted to hospitals in Adama town, East Shewa, Ethiopia, from 14 December 2019 to 29 February 2020. Data were collected using interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.6.0.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were fitted to identify variables significantly associated with road traffic injury–related deaths and the results were presented with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Results: The magnitude of deaths among road traffic injury victims were 12.9%. Age (25–44 years) (adjusted odds ratio = 4.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.70–10.61), rural resident (adjusted odds ratio = 2.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.11–4.55), pedestrian (adjusted odds ratio = 3.72, 95% confidence interval = 1.67–7.99), night-time injury (adjusted odds ratio = 5.29, 95% confidence interval = 2.52–11.10), injuries on weekends (adjusted odds ratio = 2.32, 95% confidence interval = 1.12–4.80), not getting first aid at injury site (adjusted odds ratio = 2.64, 95% confidence interval = 1.02–6.84), and known comorbidity conditions (adjusted odds ratio = 3.01, 95% confidence interval = 1.23–7.38) were significantly associated with road traffic injuries–related deaths. Conclusion: A significant proportion of road traffic injuries resulted in death. Age, place of residence, pedestrians, night-time injury, and not getting first aid were associated with road traffic injuries–related deaths. Preventive strategies that focus on young adults, rural residents, pedestrians, and people with comorbidities would minimize road traffic injuries–related deaths. Moreover, strict supervision on weekend and night-time drives, and providing accessible lifesaving first aid services would have significant importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirbo Shore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Galana Mamo Ayana
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Negash
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Temam Beshir Raru
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bedasa Taye Merga
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Alemu
- Department of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Akinyemiju T, Abera S, Ahmed M, Alam N, Alemayohu MA, Allen C, Al-Raddadi R, Alvis-Guzman N, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Ayele TA, Barac A, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bhutta Z, Castillo-Rivas J, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dey S, Dicker D, Phuc H, Ekwueme DU, Zaki MES, Fischer F, Fürst T, Hancock J, Hay SI, Hotez P, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Khader Y, Khang YH, Kumar A, Kutz M, Larson H, Lopez A, Lunevicius R, Malekzadeh R, McAlinden C, Meier T, Mendoza W, Mokdad A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nguyen Q, Nguyen G, Ogbo F, Patton G, Pereira DM, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Roshandel G, Salomon JA, Sanabria J, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou S, Shackelford K, Shore H, Sun J, Mengistu DT, Topór-Mądry R, Tran B, Ukwaja KN, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wakayo T, Weiderpass E, Werdecker A, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zhu L, Murray CJL, Naghavi M, Fitzmaurice C. The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. JAMA Oncol 2019; 3:1683-1691. [PMID: 28983565 PMCID: PMC5824275 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1258] [Impact Index Per Article: 251.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Objective Design, Settings, and Participants Main Outcomes and Measures Results Conclusions and Relevance Question Findings Meaning
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomi Akinyemiju
- School of Public Health, Birmingham, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Semaw Abera
- Mekelle University, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia,University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Stuttgart, Baden Württemberg, Germany
| | - Muktar Ahmed
- Jimma University Institute of Health, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma, Oromiya, Ethiopia
| | - Noore Alam
- Department of Health, Queensland Government, Herston, QLD, Australia,University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Christine Allen
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | | | - Nelson Alvis-Guzman
- Universidad de Cartagena, Grupo de Investigación en Economía de la Salud, Cartagena, Bolivar, Colombia
| | - Yaw Amoako
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine, Bantama, Ghana
| | - Al Artaman
- University of Manitoba, Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Infectious and Tropic Diseases, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isabela Bensenor
- Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo Division of Internal Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adugnaw Berhane
- Debre Berhan University, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Aga Khan University, Centre of Excellence in Women & Child, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan,The Hospital for Sick Children, Centre for Global Child Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Castillo-Rivas
- Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Dirección Actuarial y Economica, San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Jee-Young Choi
- Seoul National University, College of Medicine Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Benjamin Cowie
- Doherty Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lalit Dandona
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle,Public Health Foundation of India, Research, Gurgaon, NCR, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle,Public Health Foundation of India, Research, Gurgaon, NCR, India
| | - Subhojit Dey
- Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Environmental and Occupational Health, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Daniel Dicker
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Huyen Phuc
- Duy Tan University, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Donatus U. Ekwueme
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Florian Fischer
- Bielefeld University, School of Public Health, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Fürst
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Switzerland,Imperial College London, School of Public Health, London, England
| | - Jamie Hancock
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Simon I. Hay
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Peter Hotez
- Baylor College of Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas,Sabin Vaccine Institute & Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Khader
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Public Health, Irbid, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Young-Ho Khang
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul, Seoul Metropolitan City, South Korea
| | - Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India Research, Gurgaon (NCR), Haryana, India
| | - Michael Kutz
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Heidi Larson
- Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - Alan Lopez
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle,University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, General Surgery Department, Liverpool, England,School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Colm McAlinden
- University Hospitals Bristol, Department of Medicine, Bristol, England
| | - Toni Meier
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Ali Mokdad
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Iran University of Medical Sciences, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Ulm University, Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Duy Tan University, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Grant Nguyen
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Felix Ogbo
- Western Sydney University, Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Penrith, NSW, Australia,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - George Patton
- University of Melbourne, Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M. Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- A. T. Still University, College of Graduate Health Studies, Mesa, Arizona
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Marshall University School of Medicine, Surgery, Huntington, West Virginia,Case Western Reserve University, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Ohio
| | - Benn Sartorius
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Public Health Medicine, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Maheswar Satpathy
- Utkal University, Centre for Advanced Study in Psychology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India,AIIMS New Delhi, JPN Apex Trauma Centre, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Marshall University Public Health, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Sadaf Sepanlou
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katya Shackelford
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Hirbo Shore
- Haramaya University School of Public Health, Harari, Harari, Ethiopia
| | - Jiandong Sun
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Public Health and Social Work, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Roman Topór-Mądry
- Faculty of Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College, Institute of Public Health, Kraków, Poland,Faculty of Health Sciences Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bach Tran
- Hanoi Medical University, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam,Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Vasiliy Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stein Emil Vollset
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease Burden, Bergen, Norway,University of Bergen, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Bergen, Norway
| | - Theo Vos
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Tolassa Wakayo
- Jimma University, Population and Family Health, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway,University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Werdecker
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Kyoto University, School of Public Health Biostatistics, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mustafa Younis
- Jackson State University, Health Policy & Management, Jackson, Mississippi,Harvard Asia Aging Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuetts
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria,University Ferhat Abbas, Faculty of Medicine, Setif, Algeria
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Major Project Execution Office, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Mohsen Naghavi
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle
| | - Christina Fitzmaurice
- University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Kyu HH, Maddison ER, Henry NJ, Mumford JE, Barber R, Shields C, Brown JC, Nguyen G, Carter A, Wolock TM, Wang H, Liu PY, Reitsma M, Ross JM, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbas K, Abera M, Abera SF, Abera Hareri H, Ahmed M, Alene KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Amo-Adjei J, Andrews J, Ansari H, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Asayesh H, Atey TM, Atre S, Barac A, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Beyene AS, Butt ZA, Cardona PJ, Christopher D, Dandona L, Dandona R, Deribe K, Deribew A, Ehrenkranz R, El Sayed Zaki M, Endries A, Feyissa TR, Fischer F, Gai R, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Gebrehiwot TT, Gesesew H, Getahun B, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gugnani H, Haghparast-Bidgoli H, Hailu GB, Hassen HY, Hilawe E, Horita N, Jacobsen KH, Jonas JB, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Kemmer L, Khader Y, Khan E, Khang YH, Khoja AT, Kim YJ, Koul P, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lodha R, Magdy And El Razek H, Majdzadeh R, Manyazewal T, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Mezgebe HB, Mohammed S, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Oren E, Osgood-Zimmerman A, Pereira D, Plass D, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rai RK, Rao PC, Ray SE, Reiner R, Reinig N, Safiri S, Salomon JA, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Shamsizadeh M, Shey M, Shifti DM, Shore H, Singh J, Sreeramareddy CT, Swaminathan S, Swartz SJ, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tegegne BS, Tessema B, Topor-Madry R, Ukwaja KN, Uthman OA, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Wakayo T, Weldegebreal S, Westerman R, Workicho A, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Yotebieng M, Naghavi M, Hay SI, Vos T, Murray CJL. The global burden of tuberculosis: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18:261-284. [PMID: 29223583 PMCID: PMC5831985 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understanding of the trends in tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality is crucial to tracking of the success of tuberculosis control programmes and identification of remaining challenges. We assessed trends in the fatal and non-fatal burden of tuberculosis over the past 25 years for 195 countries and territories. METHODS We analysed 10 691 site-years of vital registration data, 768 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 361 site-years of mortality surveillance data using the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate tuberculosis mortality rates. We analysed all available age-specific and sex-specific data sources, including annual case notifications, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality, to generate internally consistent estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality using DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. We assessed how observed tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality differed from expected trends as predicted by the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator based on income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. We also estimated tuberculosis mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to the independent effects of risk factors including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes. FINDINGS Globally, in 2015, the number of tuberculosis incident cases (including new and relapse cases) was 10·2 million (95% uncertainty interval 9·2 million to 11·5 million), the number of prevalent cases was 10·1 million (9·2 million to 11·1 million), and the number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·1 million to 1·6 million). Among individuals who were HIV negative, the number of incident cases was 8·8 million (8·0 million to 9·9 million), the number of prevalent cases was 8·9 million (8·1 million to 9·7 million), and the number of deaths was 1·1 million (0·9 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change from 2005 to 2015 showed a faster decline in mortality (-4·1% [-5·0 to -3·4]) than in incidence (-1·6% [-1·9 to -1·2]) and prevalence (-0·7% [-1·0 to -0·5]) among HIV-negative individuals. The SDI was inversely associated with HIV-negative mortality rates but did not show a clear gradient for incidence and prevalence. Most of Asia, eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa had higher rates of HIV-negative tuberculosis burden than expected given their SDI. Alcohol use accounted for 11·4% (9·3-13·0) of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals in 2015, diabetes accounted for 10·6% (6·8-14·8), and smoking accounted for 7·8% (3·8-12·0). INTERPRETATION Despite a concerted global effort to reduce the burden of tuberculosis, it still causes a large disease burden globally. Strengthening of health systems for early detection of tuberculosis and improvement of the quality of tuberculosis care, including prompt and accurate diagnosis, early initiation of treatment, and regular follow-up, are priorities. Countries with higher than expected tuberculosis rates for their level of sociodemographic development should investigate the reasons for lagging behind and take remedial action. Efforts to prevent smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes could also substantially reduce the burden of tuberculosis. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abyu G, Ahmed M, Aksut B, Alam T, Alam K, Alla F, Alvis-Guzman N, Amrock S, Ansari H, Ärnlöv J, Asayesh H, Atey TM, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Banerjee A, Barac A, Bärnighausen T, Barregard L, Bedi N, Belay Ketema E, Bennett D, Berhe G, Bhutta Z, Bitew S, Carapetis J, Carrero JJ, Malta DC, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castillo-Rivas J, Catalá-López F, Choi JY, Christensen H, Cirillo M, Cooper L, Criqui M, Cundiff D, Damasceno A, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davletov K, Dharmaratne S, Dorairaj P, Dubey M, Ehrenkranz R, El Sayed Zaki M, Faraon EJA, Esteghamati A, Farid T, Farvid M, Feigin V, Ding EL, Fowkes G, Gebrehiwot T, Gillum R, Gold A, Gona P, Gupta R, Habtewold TD, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hailu T, Hailu GB, Hankey G, Hassen HY, Abate KH, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Horino M, Hotez PJ, Jacobsen K, James S, Javanbakht M, Jeemon P, John D, Jonas J, Kalkonde Y, Karimkhani C, Kasaeian A, Khader Y, Khan A, Khang YH, Khera S, Khoja AT, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kolte D, Kosen S, Krohn KJ, Kumar GA, Kwan GF, Lal DK, Larsson A, Linn S, Lopez A, Lotufo PA, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Mazidi M, Meier T, Meles KG, Mensah G, Meretoja A, Mezgebe H, Miller T, Mirrakhimov E, Mohammed S, Moran AE, Musa KI, Narula J, Neal B, Ngalesoni F, Nguyen G, Obermeyer CM, Owolabi M, Patton G, Pedro J, Qato D, Qorbani M, Rahimi K, Rai RK, Rawaf S, Ribeiro A, Safiri S, Salomon JA, Santos I, Santric Milicevic M, Sartorius B, Schutte A, Sepanlou S, Shaikh MA, Shin MJ, Shishehbor M, Shore H, Silva DAS, Sobngwi E, Stranges S, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadele Atnafu N, Tesfay F, Thakur JS, Thrift A, Topor-Madry R, Truelsen T, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Uthman O, Vasankari T, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Wakayo T, Watkins D, Weintraub R, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe C, Workicho A, Xu G, Yano Y, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yu C, Vos T, Naghavi M, Murray C. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1-25. [PMID: 28527533 PMCID: PMC5491406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2308] [Impact Index Per Article: 329.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. Objectives The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. Methods CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Results In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. Conclusions CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gebre Abyu
- Mekelle University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Tahiya Alam
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Khurshid Alam
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashish Awasthi
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Neeraj Bedi
- College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Carapetis
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- University of València/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, València, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lalit Dandona
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Kairat Davletov
- Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Manisha Dubey
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Talha Farid
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Valery Feigin
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Gerry Fowkes
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Audra Gold
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Philimon Gona
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Eternal Heart Care Center and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Graeme Hankey
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Simon I Hay
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Masako Horino
- Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, Nevada
| | | | | | - Spencer James
- Denver Health/University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | - Denny John
- International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
| | - Jost Jonas
- Ruprecht-Karls Universitaet Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yogeshwar Kalkonde
- Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India
| | | | | | - Yousef Khader
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdur Khan
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Sahil Khera
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Abdullah T Khoja
- Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Daniel Kim
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Soewarta Kosen
- Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Gene F Kwan
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Alan Lopez
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Toni Meier
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | - Atte Meretoja
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ted Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frida Ngalesoni
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Mayowa Owolabi
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - George Patton
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dima Qato
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | - Antônio Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J S Thakur
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vasiliy Vlassov
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronny Westerman
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gelin Xu
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Paul Yip
- University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | - Theo Vos
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Sinclair J, Shore H, Dillon S. The effect of minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear of equal mass on running economy and substrate utilisation. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to explore the effects of minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear of equal mass on economy and substrate utilisation during steady state running. Ten male runners completed 6 min steady state runs in minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear. The mass of the footwear was controlled by adding lead tape to the lighter shoes. Running economy, shoe comfort, rating of perceived exertion and % contribution of carbohydrate to total calorie expenditure were assessed. Participants also subjectively indicated which shoe condition they preferred for running. Differences in shoe comfort and physiological parameters were examined using paired samples t-tests, whilst shoe preferences were tested using a chi-square test. The results showed firstly that running economy was significantly improved in the energy return (35.9 ml∙kg/min) compared to minimalist footwear (37.8 ml∙kg/min). In addition % carbohydrate was significantly greater in the minimalist (76.4%) in comparison to energy return footwear (72.9%). As running economy was improved and carbohydrate utilisation reduced in the energy return in comparison to minimalist footwear, the current investigation shows that these footwear are more economical when shoe mass is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sinclair
- Division of Sport Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE Preston, United Kingdom
| | - H. Shore
- Division of Sport Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE Preston, United Kingdom
| | - S. Dillon
- International Institute of Nutritional Science and Food Safety Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE Preston, United Kingdom
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Sinclair J, Richards J, Shore H. Effects of minimalist and maximalist footwear on Achilles tendon load in recreational runners. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation aimed to comparatively examine the effects of minimalist, maximalist and conventional footwear on Achilles tendon forces (ATF) during running. Twelve male runners (age 23.11±5.01 years, height 1.78±0.10 cm and body mass 77.13±7.89 kg) ran at 4.0 m/s in the three footwear conditions. ATF’s were calculated using Opensim software allowing the magnitudal and temporal aspects of the ATF to be quantified. Differences between footwear were examined using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed the peak ATF was significantly larger in minimalist footwear (5.97±1.38 body weight (BW)) compared to maximalist (5.07±1.42 BW). In addition it was revealed that ATF per mile was significantly larger in minimalist (492.31±157.72 BW) in comparison to both maximalist (377.31±148.06 BW) and conventional (402.71±125.51 BW) footwear. Given the relationship between high ATF and Achilles tendon degradation, the current investigation indicated that minimalist footwear may increase runners risk for Achilles tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sinclair
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - J. Richards
- Allied Health Professionals, School of Health, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - H. Shore
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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Perkins G, Hulme J, Shore H, Bion J. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1999; 33:193. [PMID: 10340276 PMCID: PMC9665675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Tit N, Kumar N, Halley JW, Shore H. Possibility of two types of localized states in a two-dimensional disordered lattice. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:15988-15991. [PMID: 10006008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Shore H. Pioneering spirit lives on. Nurs BC 1993; 25:22-3. [PMID: 8467005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zysler RD, Tovar M, Rettori C, Rao D, Shore H, Oseroff SB, Vier DC, Schultz S, Fisk Z, Cheong SW. Different Gd3+ sites associated with magnetic ordering and structural distortions in Eu2CuO4:Gd3+ observed via electron-paramagnetic-resonance measurements. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 44:9467-9479. [PMID: 9998929 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.9467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Shipley T, Shore H. Neurological implications of aniseikonic tilts and stereoscopic completions through homogeneous visual space. Int J Neurosci 1990; 54:209-20. [PMID: 2265971 DOI: 10.3109/00207459008986637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In 1965, it was first reported that BROKEN visual contours complete themselves in textured stereovision across empty or homogeneous space and that they do so strongly following directly the optics of crossed versus uncrossed disparities. The importance was then also noted of this completion effect for any neurophysiological model of stereovision. We now extend these measurements with several additional targets and to an analogous aniseikonic target, and confirm that the completion range has a maximum of about 5 degrees. There is much dependence upon target eccentricity and disparity sign, and some on size. That aniseikonic tilts may also be generated over this same range confirms the fact that global neurointegrative processes are of critical importance in all facets of stereovision, and in texture vision in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shipley
- McKnight Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101
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Shore H. Surviving as an administrator. The problems, challenges and efforts in long-term care. Contemp Longterm Care 1987; 10:38-41. [PMID: 10284108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Shore H, Zimmerman D. Improving the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes. The Gerontologist 1987. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/27.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Shore H, Price LC. Special housing needs of the elderly patient. Am Fam Physician 1985; 31:121-5. [PMID: 4013960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The physician is increasingly asked to play a role in relocating elderly patients to special housing. The goal is to find the housing that is best suited to the patient's needs. Important factors to be considered are building design, sponsorship, financing and nonshelter services. Proper housing, with appropriate support services, enables the elderly to remain independent longer and contributes to their physical and mental health.
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Abstract
An alternative analysis is offered for human depth perception in addition to the depth cue of disparity. The new analysis considers locations both proximal and distal to the fixation point and offers an explanation as to why a stimulus presented at one disparity sign may be mistakenly considered to possess the opposite sign. Three descriptions of applications, the Pulfrich phenomenon, an interpretation of the Hornbostel effect (the three-dimensional Necker cube), and the determination of the limits of stereoscopic vision, are discussed. In addition the new analysis discloses a particular advantage of binocular over monocular vision which had not been appreciated formerly. The new analysis offers a powerful analytical tool of simple mathematical form. The means of conversion from the new analysis to and from disparity is included. In addition the similarity between the new approach and the classical lens equation is examined.
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Ershler WB, Moore AL, Shore H, Gamelli RL. Transfer of age-associated restrained tumor growth in mice by old-to-young bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Res 1984; 44:5677-80. [PMID: 6388828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma grow more slowly in aged mice. Immunesenescent changes may account for this age-related difference. To test for the effect of immune deficiency on the growth of these tumors, we treated young mice with an immunosuppressive dose of radiation and then observed tumor growth. We also radiated young mice to a higher (lethal) dose and then rescued them with either young or old bone marrow transfusion. Tumors grew more slowly in radiated mice than controls and in those reconstituted with old bone marrow. These findings support the concept of immunesenescent-related reduced tumor growth.
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Shore H, Rosenstein J, Wilson R. How administrators of non-profit facilities size up their boards. Nurs Homes 1982; 31:2-4. [PMID: 10283887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Shore H. Public policy for long term care. Long Term Care Health Serv Adm Q 1981; 4:236-43. [PMID: 10309280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Shore H. The no-fault administrator, generalist or specialist. Long Term Care Health Serv Adm Q 1978; 1:9-17. [PMID: 10308919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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23
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Shore H. Psychosocial approach for long-term care. Hosp Prog 1976; 57:70-3. [PMID: 823092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term institutional care in the United States is in the midst of crisis. One of the major reasons for the problems it is encountering is that care and financing mechanisms are structured in terms of the medical needs defined for acute care facilities rather than in terms of the psychosocial needs of long-term care facilities. If the dependency of elderly patients is to be reduced instead of fostered, public policy must become responsive to the true dimensions of long-term care.
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Abstract
The effect on gross locomotor activity of irrelevant stimuli, prior exposure to these stimuli and two dosages of amphetamine were assessed on rats with lesions in the dorsal hippocampus. These animals were significantly more active post-operatively than sham-lesioned subjects. Prior exposure to the irrelevant stimuli increased post-operative differentiation between stimuli, whereas the introduction of amphetamine had the reverse effect. Changes in locomotor activity occurred at lower dosages of amphetamine than in previous studies, suggesting that the irrelevant stimuli have an arousal effect which acts additively with amphetamine and hippocampal impairment.
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Shore H. Long-term care regulations: counterproductive and costly. Hospitals 1975; 49:57, 59-60, 62. [PMID: 809336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shore H. In Memoriam, Jerome Hammerman. The Gerontologist 1974. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/14.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kantor HI, Michael CM, Shore H. [Estrogen with old women (author's transl)]. Ther Umsch 1974; 31:199-201. [PMID: 4816760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Shore H. The current social revolution and its impact on Jewish nursing homes. Gerontologist 1972; 12:178-80. [PMID: 5034784 DOI: 10.1093/geront/12.2_part_1.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Michael CM, Kantor HI, Shore H. Further psychometric evaluation of older women--the effect of estrogen administration. J Gerontol 1970; 25:337-41. [PMID: 4318533 DOI: 10.1093/geronj/25.4.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shore H. Total environment vs. creative living. Geriatr Nurs 1968; 4:18-22. [PMID: 5187469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shore H. Let's not forget the patient. Prof Nurs Home 1968; 10:9-14. [PMID: 5186175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shore H. The modern home responds to change. Prof Nurs Home 1967; 9:44-52. [PMID: 5181975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shore H. How to work with your board of directors. 2. Prof Nurs Home 1967; 9:10-6. [PMID: 5180955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shore H. How to work with your board of directors. 2. Prof Nurs Home 1967; 9:40-5. [PMID: 5180652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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