1
|
Mature dendritic cells enriched in regulatory molecules may control regulatory T cells and the prognosis of head and neck cancer. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:1256-1269. [PMID: 36529525 PMCID: PMC10067395 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing CTLA-4 on the cell surface are abundant in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The role of expanded Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment of HNSCC remains unclear. In this study, we reveal that the tumor microenvironment of HNSCC is characterized by the high expression of genes related to Treg cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and interleukin (IL)-17-related molecules. Increased expression of IL17A, IL17F, or IL23A contributes to a favorable prognosis of HNSCC. In the tumor microenvironment of HNSCC, IL23A and IL12B are expressed in mature dendritic cells enriched in regulatory molecules (mregDCs). The mregDCs in HNSCC are a migratory and mature phenotype; their signature genes strongly correlate with Treg signature genes in HNSCC. We also observed that IL17A was highly expressed in Th17 cells and exhausted CD8+ T cells in HNSCC. These data suggest that mregDCs in HNSCC may contribute to the prognosis by balancing Treg cells and effector T cells that produce IL-17. Targeting mregDCs may be a novel strategy for developing new immune therapies against HNSCC.
Collapse
|
2
|
Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells control dendritic cells in inducing antigen-specific immunity to emerging SARS-CoV-2 antigens. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010085. [PMID: 34882757 PMCID: PMC8659413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which constitute about 5-10% of CD4+T cells expressing Foxp3 transcription factor and CD25(IL-2 receptor α chain), are key regulators in controlling immunological self-tolerance and various immune responses. However, how Treg cells control antigen-specific immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of transient breakdown of the immunological tolerance induced by Treg-cell depletion on adaptive immune responses against administered SARS-CoV-2 antigen, spike protein 1 (S1). Notably, without the use of adjuvants, transient Treg-cell depletion in mice induced anti-S1 antibodies that neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2, follicular helper T cell formation and S1-binding germinal center B cell responses, but prevented the onset of developing autoimmune diseases. To further clarify the mechanisms, we investigated maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), which is essential to initiate antigen-specific immunity. We found that the transient Treg-cell depletion resulted in maturation of both migratory and resident DCs in draining lymph nodes that captured S1-antigen. Moreover, we observed S1-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells with interferon-γ production. Thus, captured S1 was successfully presented by DCs, including cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. These data indicate that transient Treg-cell depletion in the absence of adjuvants induces maturation of antigen-presenting DCs and succeeds in generating antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Finally, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific immune responses induced by transient Treg-cell depletion in the absence of adjuvants were compatible with those induced with an effective adjuvant, polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidyl acid (poly IC) and that the combination of transient Treg-cell depletion with poly IC induced potent responses. These findings highlight the capacity for manipulating Treg cells to induce protective adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 with activating antigen-presenting DCs, which may improve the efficacy of ongoing vaccine therapies and help enhance responses to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The engagement of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) leads to the oligomerization of the adaptor TICAM-1 (TRIF), which can induces either of three acute cellular responses, namely, cell survival coupled to Type I interferon production, or cell death, via apoptosis or necrosis. The specific response elicited by TLR3 determines the fate of affected cells, although the switching mechanism between the two cell death pathways in TLR3-stimulated cells remains molecularly unknown. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated cell death can proceed via apoptosis or via a non-apoptotic pathway, termed necroptosis or programmed necrosis, which have been described in detail. Interestingly, death domain-containing kinases called receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPs) are involved in the signaling pathways leading to these two cell death pathways. Formation of the RIP1/RIP3 complex (called necrosome) in the absence of caspase 8 activity is crucial for the induction of necroptosis in response to TNFα signaling. On the other hand, RIP1 is known to interact with the C-terminal domain of TICAM-1 and to modulate TLR3 signaling. In macrophages and perhaps tumor cell lines, RIP1/RIP3-mediated necroptotic cell death can ensue the administration of the TLR agonist polyI:C. If this involved the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway, the innate sensing of viral dsRNA would be linked to cytopathic effects and to persistent inflammation, in turn favoring the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the microenvironment. Here, we review accumulating evidence pointing to the involvement of the TLR3/TICAM-1 axis in tumor cell necroptosis and the subsequent release of DAMPs.
Collapse
|
4
|
051 Dermal dendritic cells present neo-self antigens induced by ultraviolet B exposure to expand Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Anti-oxidative Amino Acid L-ergothioneine Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment to Facilitate Adjuvant Vaccine Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:671. [PMID: 31019508 PMCID: PMC6458301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines consist of a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and adjuvant. These vaccines induce and activate proliferation of TAA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), suppressing tumor growth. The therapeutic efficacy of TAA-specific CTLs depends on the properties of tumor microenvironment. The environments make immunosuppressive by function of regulatory T cells and tumor-associated myeloid cells; thus, regulation of these cells is important for successful cancer immunotherapy. We report here that L-ergothioneine (EGT) with the adjuvant Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand modulated suppressive microenvironments to be immune-enhancing. EGT did not augment DC-mediated CTL priming or affect CTL activation in draining lymph node and spleen. However, EGT decreased the immuno-suppressive function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TLR2 stimulation accompanied with EGT administration downregulated expression of PD-L1, CSF-1R, arginase-1, FAS ligand, and TRAIL in TAMs, reflecting reduction of CTL suppression. An anti-oxidative thiol-thione residue of EGT was essential to dampening CTL suppression. The effect was specific to the thiol-thione residue of EGT because no effect was observed with another anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). A CTL-suppressive environment made by TLR2 is relieved to be improved by the addition of EGT, which may ameliorate the efficacy of vaccine immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hyperglycemia Is Associated with Psoriatic Inflammation in Both Humans and Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1329-1338.e7. [PMID: 30776434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation can cause several metabolic syndromes. Patients with psoriasis, a chronic immunological skin inflammation, often develop diabetes. However, it is not clear to date how psoriasis leads to, or is correlated with, glucose intolerance. Here, we investigate whether psoriasis itself is correlated with hyperglycemia in humans and mice. In patients, the severity of psoriasis was correlated with high blood glucose levels, and treatment of psoriasis by phototherapy improved insulin secretion. Imiquimod-induced systemic and cutaneous inflammation in mice, with features of human psoriasis, also resulted in hyperglycemia. Although it should be determined if psoriasis-like cutaneous inflammation alone can induce hyperglycemia, imiquimod-treated mice showed impairment of insulin secretion without significant islet inflammation. Administration of anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody improved hyperglycemia in patients with psoriasis and imiquimod-treated mice with psoriasiform features. These results suggest that hyperglycemia is highly associated with psoriasis, mainly through IL-17.
Collapse
|
7
|
Vaccine immunotherapy with ARNAX induces tumor-specific memory T cells and durable anti-tumor immunity in mouse models. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2119-2129. [PMID: 29791768 PMCID: PMC6029830 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological checkpoint blockade therapies benefit a limited population of cancer patients. We have previously shown that vaccine immunotherapy with Toll‐like receptor (TLR)3‐adjuvant and tumor antigen overcomes anti‐programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) resistance in mouse tumor models. In the present study, 4 different ovalbumin (OVA)‐expressing tumor cell lines were implanted into syngeneic mice and subjected to anti‐tumor immunotherapy using ARNAX and whole OVA protein. ARNAX is a TLR3‐specific agonist that does not activate the mitochondrial antiviral‐signaling protein (MAVS) pathway, and thus does not induce systemic inflammation. Dendritic cell priming and proliferative CTL were induced by ARNAX + OVA, but complete remission was achieved only in a PD‐L1‐low cell line of EG7. Addition of anti‐PD‐L1 antibody to the ARNAX + OVA therapy brought complete remission to another PD‐L1‐high subline of EG7. Tumor shrinkage but not remission was observed in MO5 in that regimen. We analyzed tumor cells and tumor‐infiltrating immune cells to identify factors associated with successful ARNAX vaccine therapy. Tumors that responded to ARNAX therapy expressed high levels of MHC class I and low levels of PD‐L1. The tumor‐infiltrating immune cells in ARNAX‐susceptible tumors contained fewer immunosuppressive myeloid cells with low PD‐L1 expression. Combination with anti‐PD‐L1 antibody functioned not only within tumor sites but also within lymphoid tissues, augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of the ARNAX vaccine. Notably, ARNAX therapy induced memory CD8+ T cells and rejection of reimplanted tumors. Thus, ARNAX vaccine + anti‐PD‐L1 therapy enabled permanent remission against some tumors that stably present antigens.
Collapse
|
8
|
Toll-like receptor 3 signal augments radiation-induced tumor growth retardation in a murine model. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:956-965. [PMID: 29465830 PMCID: PMC5891207 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy induces anti-tumor immunity by induction of tumor antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). DNA, a representative DAMP in radiotherapy, activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway which enhances the immune response. However, the immune response does not always parallel the inflammation associated with radiotherapy. This lack of correspondence may, in part, explain the radiation-resistance of tumors. Additive immunotherapy is expected to revive tumor-specific CTL facilitating radiation-resistant tumor shrinkage. Herein pre-administration of the double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), in conjunction with radiotherapy, was shown to foster tumor suppression in mice bearing radioresistant, ovalbumin-expressing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). Extrinsic injection of tumor antigen was not required for tumor suppression. No STING- and CTL-response was induced by radiation in the implant tumor. PolyI:C was more effective for induction of tumor growth retardation at 1 day before radiation than at post-treatment. PolyI:C targeted Toll-like receptor 3 with minimal effect on the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein pathway. Likewise, the STING pathway barely contributed to LLC tumor suppression. PolyI:C primed antigen-presenting dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes to induce proliferation of antigen-specific CTL. By combination therapy, CTL efficiently infiltrated into tumors with upregulation of relevant chemokine transcripts. Batf3-positive DC and CD8+ T cells were essential for therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, polyI:C was shown to stimulate tumor-associated macrophages and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which acted on tumor cells and increased sensitivity to radiation. Hence, polyI:C treatment prior to radiotherapy potentially induces tumor suppression by boosting CTL-dependent and macrophage-mediated anti-tumor responses. Eventually, polyI:C and radiotherapy in combination would be a promising therapeutic strategy for radiation-resistant tumors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/radiotherapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/radiation effects
- Combined Modality Therapy/methods
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/radiation effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/radiation effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/radiation effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
Collapse
|
9
|
Type I Interferon-Independent Dendritic Cell Priming and Antitumor T Cell Activation Induced by a Mycoplasma fermentans Lipopeptide. Front Immunol 2018; 9:496. [PMID: 29593736 PMCID: PMC5861346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans-derived diacylated lipoprotein M161Ag (MALP404) is recognized by human/mouse toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/TLR6. Short proteolytic products including macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 (MALP2) have been utilized as antitumor immune-enhancing adjuvants. We have chemically synthesized a short form of MALP2 named MALP2s (S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-CGNNDE). MALP2 and MALP2s provoke natural killer (NK) cell activation in vitro but only poorly induce tumor regression using in vivo mouse models loading NK-sensitive tumors. Here, we identified the functional mechanism of MALP2s on dendritic cell (DC)-priming and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-dependent tumor eradication using CTL-sensitive tumor-implant models EG7 and B16-OVA. Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy in combination with MALP2s + ovalbumin (OVA) showed a significant additive effect on tumor growth suppression. MALP2s increased co-stimulators CD80/86 and CD40, which were totally MyD88-dependent, with no participation of toll-IL-1R homology domain-containing adaptor molecule-1 or type I interferon signaling in DC priming. MALP2s + OVA consequently augmented proliferation of OVA-specific CTLs in the spleen and at tumor sites. Chemokines and cytolytic factors were upregulated in the tumor. Strikingly, longer duration and reinvigoration of CTLs in spleen and tumors were accomplished by the addition of MALP2s + OVA to α-PD-L1 antibody (Ab) therapy compared to α-PD-L1 Ab monotherapy. Then, tumors regressed better in the MALP2s/OVA combination than in the α-PD-L1 Ab monotherapy. Hence, MALP2s/tumor-associated antigens combined with α-PD-L1 Ab is a good therapeutic strategy in some mouse models. Unfortunately, numerous patients are still resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, and good DC-priming adjuvants are desired. Cytokine toxicity by MALP2s remains to be settled, which should be improved by chemical modification in future studies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ultraviolet B-Induced Maturation of CD11b-Type Langerin - Dendritic Cells Controls the Expansion of Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells in the Skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:119-129. [PMID: 29158419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) are divided into several subsets with distinctive functions. This study shows a previously unappreciated role of dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs in maintaining immunological self-tolerance after UVB exposure. After UVB exposure, dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs upregulated surface CD86 expression, induced proliferation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells without exogenous Ags, and upregulated a set of genes associated with immunological tolerance. This Treg-expansion activity was significantly hampered by CD80/CD86 blockade in vivo. These results indicate that CD11b-type Langerin- DCs from the UVB-exposed skin are specialized to expand Treg cells in the skin, which suppress autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
11
|
The TLR3/TICAM-1 signal constitutively controls spontaneous polyposis through suppression of c-Myc in Apc Min/+ mice. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:79. [PMID: 29041928 PMCID: PMC5646017 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal tumorigenesis is promoted by myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) activation in response to the components of microbiota in ApcMin/+ mice. Microbiota also contains double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a ligand for TLR3, which activates the toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM-1, also known as TRIF) pathway. Methods We established ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice and their survival was compared to survival of ApcMin/+Myd88−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. The properties of polyps were investigated using immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR analysis. Results We demonstrate that TICAM-1 is essential for suppression of polyp formation in ApcMin/+ mice. TICAM-1 knockout resulted in shorter survival of mice compared to WT mice or mice with knockout of MyD88 in the ApcMin/+ background. Polyps were more frequently formed in the distal intestine of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice than in ApcMin/+ mice. Infiltration of immune cells such as CD11b+ and CD8α+ cells into the polyps was detected histologically. CD11b and CD8α mRNAs were increased in polyps of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice compared to ApcMin/+ mice. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon (IFN)-γ, CXCL9 and IL-12p40 was increased in polyps of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice. mRNA and protein expression of c-Myc, a critical transcription factor for inflammation-associated polyposis, were increased in polyps of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice. A Lactobacillus strain producing dsRNA was detected in feces of ApcMin/+ mice. Conclusion These results imply that the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway inhibits polyposis through suppression of c-Myc expression and supports long survival in ApcMin/+ mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-017-0387-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
12
|
Toll-like receptor 2 ligand and interferon-γ suppress anti-tumor T cell responses by enhancing the immunosuppressive activity of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1373231. [PMID: 29296526 PMCID: PMC5739553 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1373231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress activation/proliferation of cytotoxic T cells, thereby hindering cancer immunotherapy. MDSCs are increased after adjuvant therapy with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands, such as Pam2CSK4, in tumor-bearing mice. However, it remains unknown if the activation of TLR2 in MDSCs affects their function and the therapeutic efficacy of TLR2 ligand. Here, we show that TLR2 signaling in CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6Chigh monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), but not CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs), enhances their immunosuppressive activity, thereby limiting anti-tumor T cell responses induced by TLR2-activated dendritic cells (DCs). iNOS induction was critical for Pam2CSK4-enhanced T cell suppression by M-MDSCs. iNOS was expressed in M-MDSC-derived macrophages, but not undifferentiated M-MDSCs, in cocultures with CD8+ T cells, CD11c+ DCs, antigen peptide and Pam2CSK4. Pam2CSK4 increased the differentiation frequency of M-MDSCs to macrophages, and iNOS expression required interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by CD8+ T cells that had been transiently stimulated by M-MDSC-derived macrophages in an antigen/TLR2-dependent manner. Although Pam2CSK4 triggered DC maturation and tumor regression via induction of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in tumor-bearing mice, Pam2CSK4 plus antigen increased the frequency of iNOS+ macrophages in the tumor. Treatment with iNOS inhibitor enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of Pam2CSK4. Hence, the results suggest that TLR2 ligand and T cell-derived IFN-γ enhance M-MDSC-mediated immunosuppression, which may negatively regulate anti-tumor CTL response.
Collapse
|
13
|
The Anti-Oxidant Ergothioneine Augments the Immunomodulatory Function of TLR Agonists by Direct Action on Macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169360. [PMID: 28114402 PMCID: PMC5256913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Ergothioneine (EGT) is a naturally-occurring amino acid which is characterized by its antioxidant property; yet, the physiological role of EGT has yet to be established. We investigated the immune-enhancing properties of EGT, and found that it acts as a potentiator of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. When mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were pretreated with EGT, TLR signal-mediated cytokine production was augmented in BMDMs. The results were reproducible with TLR2, 3, 4 and 7 agonists. In particular, IL-6 and IL-12p40 were elevated further by pretreatment with EGT in BMDMs, suggesting the induction of M1 polarization. In co-culture assay with OT-II CD4+ T cells and splenic F4/80+ macrophages, EGT significantly induced Th17 skewing in CD4+ T cells. Thus, EGT is an immune modifier as well as a redox controller under TLR stimulation that induces M1 macrophages and a Th17 shift in inflammation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Double-stranded RNA promotes CTL-independent tumor cytolysis mediated by CD11b +Ly6G + intratumor myeloid cells through the TICAM-1 signaling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:385-396. [PMID: 27834952 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PolyI:C, a synthetic double-stranded RNA analog, acts as an immune-enhancing adjuvant that regresses tumors in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-dependent and CTL-independent manner, the latter of which remains largely unknown. Tumors contain CD11b+Ly6G+ cells, known as granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) or tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) that play a critical role in tumor progression and development. Here, we demonstrate that CD11b+Ly6G+ cells respond to polyI:C and exhibit tumoricidal activity in an EL4 tumor implant model. PolyI:C-induced inhibition of tumor growth was attributed to caspase-8/3 cascade activation in tumor cells that occurred independently of CD8α+/CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) and CTLs. CD11b+Ly6G+ cells was essential for the antitumor effect because depletion of CD11b+Ly6G+ cells totally abrogated tumor regression and caspase activation after polyI:C treatment. CD11b+Ly6G+ cells that had been activated with polyI:C showed cytotoxicity and inhibited tumor growth through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These responses were abolished in either Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor molecule-1 (TICAM-1)-/- or interferon (IFN)-αβ receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-/- mice. Thus, our results suggest that polyI:C activates the TLR3/TICAM-1 and IFNAR signaling pathways in CD11b+Ly6G+ cells in tumors, thereby eliciting their antitumor activity, independent of those in CD8α+/CD103+ DCs that prime CTLs.
Collapse
|
15
|
STING in tumor and host cells cooperatively work for NK cell-mediated tumor growth retardation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1764-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Double-stranded RNA analog and type I interferon regulate expression of Trem paired receptors in murine myeloid cells. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:9. [PMID: 27141827 PMCID: PMC4855714 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (Trem) proteins are a family of cell surface receptors used to control innate immune responses such as proinflammatory cytokine production in mice. Trem genes belong to a rapidly expanding family of receptors that include activating and inhibitory paired-isoforms. Results By comparative genomic analysis, we found that Trem4, Trem5 and Trem-like transcript-6 (Treml6) genes typically paired receptors. These paired Trem genes were murine-specific and originated from an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-containing gene. Treml6 encoded ITIM, whereas Trem4 and Trem5 lacked the ITIM but possessed positively-charged residues to associate with DNAX activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12). DAP12 was directly associated with Trem4 and Trem5, and DAP12 coupling was mandatory for their expression on the cell surface. In bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and macrophages (BMDMs), and splenic DC subsets, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) followed by type I interferon (IFN) production induced Trem4 and Treml6 whereas polyI:C or other TLR agonists failed to induce the expression of Trem5. PolyI:C induced Treml6 and Trem4 more efficiently in BMDMs than BMDCs. Treml6 was more potentially up-regulated in conventional DC (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) than Trem4 in mice upon in vivo stimulation with polyI:C. Discussion Treml6-dependent inhibitory signal would be dominant in viral infection compared to resting state. Though no direct ligands of these Trem receptors have been determined, the results infer that a set of Trem receptors are up-regulated in response to viral RNA to regulate myeloid cell activation through modulation of DAP12-associated Trem4 and ITIM-containing Treml6. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-016-0147-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
17
|
Live imaging of transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 activation in Lewis lung carcinoma 3LL cells implanted into syngeneic mice and treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:644-52. [PMID: 26931406 PMCID: PMC4970831 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor‐β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) has been shown to play a crucial role in cell death, differentiation, and inflammation. Here, we live‐imaged robust TAK1 activation in Lewis lung carcinoma 3LL cells implanted into the s.c. tissue of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C). First, we developed and characterized a Förster resonance energy transfer‐based biosensor for TAK1 activity. The TAK1 biosensor, named Eevee‐TAK1, responded to stress‐inducing reagents such as anisomycin, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin1‐β. The anisomycin‐induced increase in Förster resonance energy transfer was abolished by the TAK1 inhibitor (5z)‐7‐oxozeaenol. Activity of TAK1 in 3LL cells was markedly increased by PolyI:C in the presence of macrophages. 3LL cells expressing Eevee‐TAK1 were implanted into mice and observed through imaging window by two‐photon excitation microscopy. During the growth of tumor, the 3LL cells at the periphery of the tumor showed higher TAK1 activity than the 3LL cells located at the center of the tumor, suggesting that cells at the periphery of the tumor mass were under stronger stress. Injection of PolyI:C, which is known to induce regression of the implanted tumors, induced marked and homogenous TAK1 activation within the tumor tissues. The effect of PolyI:C faded within 4 days. These observations suggest that Eevee‐TAK1 is a versatile tool to monitor cellular stress in cancer tissues.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tumor cell death by pattern-sensing of exogenous RNA: Tumor cell TLR3 directly induces necroptosis by poly(I:C) in vivo, independent of immune effector-mediated tumor shrinkage. Oncoimmunology 2015; 6:e1078968. [PMID: 29123946 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1078968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(I:C) acts on dendritic cells to induce potent antitumor effects through the production of cytokines/interferons, activation of natural killer cells and proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In some tumor or myeloid lineages, poly(I:C) seemed to induce necroptosis in concert with a pan-caspase inhibitor by directly acting on toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 in both in vivo and in vitro models.
Collapse
|
19
|
Adjuvant for vaccine immunotherapy of cancer--focusing on Toll-like receptor 2 and 3 agonists for safely enhancing antitumor immunity. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1659-68. [PMID: 26395101 PMCID: PMC4714660 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune‐enhancing adjuvants usually targets antigen (Ag)‐presenting cells to tune up cellular and humoral immunity. CD141+ dendritic cells (DC) represent the professional Ag‐presenting cells in humans. In response to microbial pattern molecules, these DCs upgrade the maturation stage sufficient to improve cross‐presentation of exogenous Ag, and upregulation of MHC and costimulators, allowing CD4/CD8 T cells to proliferate and liberating cytokines/chemokines that support lymphocyte attraction and survival. These DCs also facilitate natural killer‐mediated cell damage. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling pathways in DCs play a pivotal role in DC maturation. Therefore, providing adjuvants in addition to Ag is indispensable for successful vaccine immunotherapy for cancer, which has been approved in comparison with antimicrobial vaccines. Mouse CD8α+DCs express TLR7 and TLR9 in addition to the TLR2 family (TLR1, 2, and 6) and TLR3, whereas human CD141+DCs exclusively express the TLR2 family and TLR3. Although human and mouse plasmacytoid DCs commonly express TLR7/9 to respond to their agonists, the results on mouse adjuvant studies using TLR7/9 agonists cannot be simply extrapolated to human adjuvant immunotherapy. In contrast, TLR2 and TLR3 are similarly expressed in both human and mouse Ag‐presenting DCs. Bacillus Calmette–Guerin peptidoglycan and polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid are representative agonists for TLR2 and TLR3, respectively, although they additionally stimulate cytoplasmic sensors: their functional specificities may not be limited to the relevant TLRs. These adjuvants have been posted up to a certain achievement in immunotherapy in some cancers. We herein summarize the history and perspectives of TLR2 and TLR3 agonists in vaccine‐adjuvant immunotherapy for cancer.
Collapse
|
20
|
PolyI:C-Induced, TLR3/RIP3-Dependent Necroptosis Backs Up Immune Effector-Mediated Tumor Elimination In Vivo. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:902-14. [PMID: 25898986 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA directly acts on fibroblast and myeloid lineages to induce necroptosis as in TNFα. Here, we investigated whether this type of cell death occurred in cancer cells in response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and the pan-caspase inhibitor z-Val-Ala-Asp fluromethyl ketone (zVAD). We found that the colon cancer cell line CT26 is highly susceptible to necroptosis, as revealed by staining with annexin V/propidium iodide. CT26 cells possess RNA sensors, TLR3 and MDA5, which are upregulated by interferon (IFN)-inducing pathways and linked to receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP) 1/3 activation via TICAM-1 or MAVS adaptor, respectively. Although exogenously added polyI:C alone marginally induced necroptosis in CT26 cells, a combined regimen of polyI:C and zVAD induced approximately 50% CT26 necroptosis in vitro without secondary effects of TNFα or type I IFNs. CT26 necroptosis depended on the TLR3-TICAM-1-RIP3 axis in the tumor cells to produce reactive oxygen species, but not on MDA5, MAVS, or the caspases/inflammasome activation. However, the RNA-derived necroptosis was barely reproduced in vivo in a CT26 tumor-implanted Balb/c mouse model with administration of polyI:C + zVAD. Significant shrinkage of CT26 tumors was revealed only when polyI:C (100 μg) was injected intraperitoneally and zVAD (1 mg) subcutaneously into tumor-bearing mice that were depleted of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The results were confirmed with immune-compromised mice with no lymphocytes. Although necroptosis-induced tumor growth retardation appears mechanistically complicated and dependent on the injection routes of polyI:C and zVAD, anti-caspase reagent directed to tumor cells will make RNA adjuvant immunotherapy more effective by modulating the formation of the tumoricidal microenvironment and dendritic cell-inducing antitumor immune system.
Collapse
|
21
|
Functional Alteration of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells in RNA Adjuvant Therapy. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:4385-4392. [PMID: 26168476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, as well as dendritic cells (DCs), are derived from myeloid progenitor cells. Recent evidence suggests that tumor-infiltrating macrophages differ in many aspects from conventional tissue macrophages, including nature, function and markers. Tumors usually contain various myeloid lineage cells in their non-parenchymal environment. In immunotherapy for cancer, tumor cells and non-parenchymal cells are exposed to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and tumor-cell-derived nucleic acids. In addition, a dsRNA mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), exhibits strong adjuvant activity, which acts both on the immune system and tumor constituents. Herein we discuss the RNA recognition system and unique cellular output in tumor-associated myeloid cells in response to immunotherapy. We especially focus on the mechanism by which RNA adjuvant alters the tumor-supportive nature of tumor-infiltrated myeloid cells to those with tumoricidal activity. We discuss how RNA administration makes tumor cells collapse and its significance of evoking cell death signals in tumor cells and macrophages. This knowledge will be applicable to the development of an alternative immunotherapy for cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pam2 lipopeptides systemically increase myeloid-derived suppressor cells through TLR2 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:445-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
Antitumor effect of PolyI:C (a viral dsRNA analog) has been attributed to dendritic cell (DC)-maturation activity, that drives antitumor NK cells, DC cross-presentation, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and many IFN-inducible genes. According to a recent paper, tumor-infiltrating M2 macrophages are found to become an additional antitumor effector through polyI:C response.
Collapse
|
24
|
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells confer tumor-suppressive functions on natural killer cells via polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid treatment in mouse tumor models. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:293-305. [PMID: 24192491 DOI: 10.1159/000355126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA, acts on myeloid cells and induces potent antitumor immune responses including natural killer (NK) cell activation. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) systemically exist in tumor-bearing hosts and have strong immunosuppressive activity against antitumor effector cells, thereby dampening the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here we tested what happened in MDSCs in poly I:C-treated mice. NK-sensitive syngenic tumor (B16)-bearing C57BL/6 mice were employed for this study. Intraperitoneal poly I:C treatment induced MDSC activation, driving CD69 expression and interferon (IFN)-γ production in NK cells. IFN-γ directly inhibited proliferation of B16 cells. This NK cell priming led to growth retardation of B16 tumors, although no direct tumoricidal activity was induced in NK cells. Mechanistic analysis using KO mice and function-blocking monclonal antibody revealed that MDSCs produced IFN-α via the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) pathway after in vivo administration of poly I:C, and activated NK cells through the IFNAR pathway. MDSC-mediated NK cell priming was reconstituted by IFN-α in a coculture system. Either the MAVS or IFNAR signaling pathway was required for activation of MDSCs that led to growth retardation of B16 tumor in vivo. The results infer that MDSC is a target of poly I:C to prime NK cells, which exert antitumor activity to NK-sensitive tumor cells.
Collapse
|
25
|
A rapid and simple PCR method for identifying isolates of the genus Azospirillum within populations of rhizosphere bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:915-24. [PMID: 21790914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a rapid and simple genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting and identifying isolates of the genus Azospirillum which is well-recognized as plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine pairs of PCR primers were designed based on the Azospirillum 16S rRNA, ipdC, nifA and nifH genes to assess their genus specificity by testing against 12 Azospirillum (from seven species) and 15 non-Azospirillum reference strains, as compared with the fAZO/rAZO pair reported by Baudoin et al. (J Appl Microbiol, 108, 2010, 25). Among the primer pairs assessed, the Az16S-A pair designed on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest genus specificity: it successfully yielded a single amplicon of the expected size in all the 12 Azospirillum strains and for a close relative, Rhodocista centenaria. The PCR with the Az16S-A primers generated a detectable amount of the amplicon from ≥10³ CFU ml⁻¹ of Azospirillum cell suspensions even in the presence of contaminants and accurately discriminated Azospirillum and non-Azospirillum species in both 35 Azospirillum-like and 70 unknown isolates from plant roots and rhizosphere soils. CONCLUSIONS We developed a rapid and simple PCR method for detecting and identifying Azospirillum isolates within populations of rhizosphere bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The method developed would serve as a useful tool for isolating a variety of indigenous Azospirillum bacteria from agricultural samples.
Collapse
|
26
|
Development of monoclonal antibodies that specifically interact with necrotic lymphoma cells. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:373-7. [PMID: 21517948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved mechanisms to sense not only microbes, but also necrotic cells. The pattern-recognition receptors in macrophages/dendritic cells that stimulate the acquired immune system are closely associated with danger signaling. In this study monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically interact with necrotic cells were developed. One IgG1 and two IgM mAbs were established, and they recognized a 80 kDa protein expressed in necrotic, but not live or apoptotic, cells. These mAbs, which serve as a probe for necrosis, facilitate analyses of the role of the immune complex that consists of necrotic cells and Ab and contributes to the formation of the inflammatory milieu induced by necrotic cell death.
Collapse
|
27
|
Development of mouse hepatocyte lines permissive for hepatitis C virus (HCV). PLoS One 2011; 6:e21284. [PMID: 21731692 PMCID: PMC3120852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of a suitable small animal model for the analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has hampered elucidation of the HCV life cycle and the development of both protective and therapeutic strategies against HCV infection. Human and mouse harbor a comparable system for antiviral type I interferon (IFN) induction and amplification, which regulates viral infection and replication. Using hepatocytes from knockout (ko) mice, we determined the critical step of the IFN-inducing/amplification pathways regulating HCV replication in mouse. The results infer that interferon-beta promoter stimulator (IPS-1) or interferon A receptor (IFNAR) were a crucial barrier to HCV replication in mouse hepatocytes. Although both IFNARko and IPS-1ko hepatocytes showed a reduced induction of type I interferons in response to viral infection, only IPS-1-/- cells circumvented cell death from HCV cytopathic effect and significantly improved J6JFH1 replication, suggesting IPS-1 to be a key player regulating HCV replication in mouse hepatocytes. We then established mouse hepatocyte lines lacking IPS-1 or IFNAR through immortalization with SV40T antigen. Expression of human (h)CD81 on these hepatocyte lines rendered both lines HCVcc-permissive. We also found that the chimeric J6JFH1 construct, having the structure region from J6 isolate enhanced HCV replication in mouse hepatocytes rather than the full length original JFH1 construct, a new finding that suggests the possible role of the HCV structural region in HCV replication. This is the first report on the entry and replication of HCV infectious particles in mouse hepatocytes. These mouse hepatocyte lines will facilitate establishing a mouse HCV infection model with multifarious applications.
Collapse
|
28
|
Failure of mycoplasma lipoprotein MALP-2 to induce NK cell activation through dendritic cell TLR2. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:350-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
29
|
Raftlin is involved in the nucleocapture complex to induce poly(I:C)-mediated TLR3 activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10702-11. [PMID: 21266579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.185793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA analog, poly(I:C), extracellularly activates both the endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and the cytoplasmic RNA helicase, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, leading to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism by which extracellular poly(I:C) is delivered to TLR3-positive organelles and the cytoplasm remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that the cytoplasmic lipid raft protein, Raftlin, is essential for poly(I:C) cellular uptake in human myeloid dendritic cells and epithelial cells. When Raftlin was silenced, poly(I:C) failed to enter cells and induction of IFN-β production was inhibited. In addition, cellular uptake of B-type oligodeoxynucleotide that shares its uptake receptor with poly(I:C) was suppressed in Raftlin knockdown cells. Upon poly(I:C) stimulation, Raftlin was translocated from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane where it colocalized with poly(I:C), and thereafter moved to TLR3-positive endosomes. Thus, Raftlin cooperates with the uptake receptor to mediate cell entry of poly(I:C), which is critical for activation of TLR3.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Recent progress in understanding the outcomes of pattern-recognition by myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) allows us to delineate the pathways driving natural killer (NK) cell activation. Mouse mDC mature in response to microbial patterns and are converted to an NK cell-activating phenotype. The MyD88 pathway, the Toll/IL-1 receptor homology domain-containing adaptor molecule (TICAM)-1 (TRIF) pathway, and the interferon (IFN)-β promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1) pathway in mDC participate in driving NK activation, as shown by analyses in knockout mice. Studies using synthetic compounds for Toll-like receptors/RIG-I-like receptors have demonstrated that mDC-NK cell contact induces NK cell activation without the participation of cytokines in mice. In vivo bone marrow transplantation analysis revealed that the IPS-1 pathway in nonmyeloid cells and the TICAM-1 pathway in mDC are crucial for dsRNA-mediated in vivo NK activation. These results infer the presence of cytokine-dependent and cytokine-independent modes of NK activation in conjunction with innate immune activation. Here, we focus on the IFN-inducing pathways and mDC-NK contact-induced NK activation and discuss the reported various NK activation modes.
Collapse
|
31
|
IL-23-dependent and -independent enhancement pathways of IL-17A production by lactic acid. Int Immunol 2010; 23:29-41. [PMID: 21131367 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a cytokine produced by T(h)17 cells that plays an important role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer. Stimulation with IL-6, transforming growth factor-β , IL-21, IL-1β and IL-23 is required for differentiation of T(h)17 cells and the production of IL-17A. Recently, we reported that tumor-derived lactic acid enhances the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-mediated expression of IL-23, leading to increased IL-17A production. Tumor cells secrete large amounts of lactic acid due to the up-regulation of glycolysis, which is known as the Warburg effect. Even without TLR ligand stimulation, lactic acid enhanced antigen-dependent IL-17A production from splenocytes in an IL-23-dependent manner. Here, we show that macrophages and effector/memory CD4(+) T cells are the primary cell types involved in the ability of lactic acid to boost IL-17A production. Although lactic acid suppressed the proliferation of T(h)1 and T(h)17 cells, T(h)17 cells still secreted large amounts of IL-17A. CD40 ligand-CD40 interactions were involved in the up-regulation of IL-17A by lactic acid through IL-12/23p40 production. A new cytokine containing the IL-12/23p40 subunit, but not IL-23, IL-12 or the IL-12p40 homodimer, is a candidate for involvement in the up-regulation of IL-17A. IL-1β also increased IL-17A expression; however, IL-1β, CARD9 and MyD88 signaling pathways activated by known intrinsic inflammatory mediators were hardly required for the enhanced activity induced by lactic acid. Our results show that lactic acid functions as an intrinsic inflammatory mediator that activates IL-23-dependent and -independent pathways, resulting in the promotion of chronic inflammation in tumor microenvironments.
Collapse
|
32
|
Adjuvant engineering for cancer immunotherapy: Development of a synthetic TLR2 ligand with increased cell adhesion. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1596-603. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
33
|
Pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity and their application to tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2009; 101:313-20. [PMID: 20059475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) begin maturation in response to complex stimuli consisting of antigens and pattern molecules (PAMP) for the activation of the immune system. Immune adjuvant usually contains PAMP. Infection represents one event that is capable of inducing such a complex set of stimuli. Recently, DC were subdivided into a number of subsets with distinct cell-surface markers, with each subset displaying unique differential maturation in response to pattern molecules to induce various types of effector cells. In the present study, we review how pattern recognition molecules and adaptors in each DC subset drive immune effector cells and their effect in the stimulated DC. Although tumor cells harbor tumor-associated antigens, they usually lack PAMP. Hence, we outline the properties of exogenously-added PAMP in the modulation of raising tumor immunity. In addition, we describe the mechanism by which DC-dependent natural killer activation is triggered for the induction of antitumor immunity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Tumor-secreted lactic acid promotes IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7175-83. [PMID: 18490716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 is a proinflammatory cytokine consisting of a p19 subunit and a p40 subunit that is shared with IL-12. IL-23 is overexpressed in and around tumor tissues, where it induces local inflammation and promotes tumor development. Many tumor cells produce large amounts of lactic acid by altering their glucose metabolism. In this study, we show that lactic acid secreted by tumor cells enhances the transcription of IL-23p19 and IL-23 production in monocytes/macrophages and in tumor-infiltrating immune cells that are stimulated with TLR2 and 4 ligands. DNA elements responsible for this enhancing activity of lactic acid were detected in a 2.7-kb 5'-flanking region of the human IL-23p19 gene. The effect of lactic acid was strictly regulated by extracellular pH. Furthermore, by inducing IL-23 overproduction, lactic acid facilitated the Ag-dependent secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 but not IFN-gamma by TLR ligand-stimulated mouse splenocytes. Interestingly, this effect was observed even in the absence of TLR ligand stimulation. These results suggest that rather than just being a terminal metabolite, lactic acid is a proinflammatory mediator that is secreted by tumor cells to activate the IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway but not the Th1 pathway. Targeting the lactic acid-induced proinflammatory response may be a useful approach for treating cancer.
Collapse
|
35
|
Dynamic regulation of p53 subnuclear localization and senescence by MORC3. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1701-9. [PMID: 17332504 PMCID: PMC1855011 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a key transcriptional factor regulating the induction of cellular senescence by oncogenic signals. The activity of p53 is regulated by recruitment into promyelocytic leukemia (PML)-nuclear bodies (NBs) as well as by stabilization through posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation. Here we found that MORC3 (microrchidia3)-ATPase activated p53 and induced cellular senescence in normal human and mouse fibroblasts but not p53-/- fibroblasts. Conversely, genotoxic stress-induced phosphorylation and stabilization of p53 but barely increased its transcriptional activity in Morc3-/- fibroblasts. MORC3 localized on PML-NBs in presence of PML and mediated recruitment of p53 and CREB-binding protein (CBP) into PML-NBs. In contrast, expression of ATPase activity-deficient mutant MORC3-E35A or siRNA repression of MORC3 impaired the localization of p53 and Sp100 but not CBP on PML-NBs. These results suggest that MORC3 regulates p53 activity and localization into PML-NBs. We identified a new molecular mechanism that regulates the activity of nuclear proteins by localization to a nuclear subdomain.
Collapse
|
36
|
Molecular basis of clonal expansion of hematopoiesis in 2 patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Blood 2006; 108:4232-6. [PMID: 16940417 PMCID: PMC1895453 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-025148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutation of PIGA in hematopoietic stem cells causes deficiency of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) that underlies the intravascular hemolysis but does not account for expansion of the PNH clone. Immune mechanisms may mediate clonal selection but appear insufficient to account for the clonal dominance necessary for PNH to become clinically apparent. Herein, we report 2 patients with PNH whose PIGA-mutant cells had a concurrent, acquired rearrangement of chromosome 12. In both cases, der(12) had a break within the 3' untranslated region of HMGA2, the architectural transcription factor gene deregulated in many benign mesenchymal tumors, that caused ectopic expression of HMGA2 in the bone marrow. These observations suggest that aberrant HMGA2 expression, in concert with mutant PIGA, accounts for clonal hematopoiesis in these 2 patients and suggest the concept of PNH as a benign tumor of the bone marrow.
Collapse
|
37
|
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the Pasteurella multocida toxin catalytic domain. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:906-8. [PMID: 16946476 PMCID: PMC2242868 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal catalytic domain of Pasteurella multocida toxin, which is the virulence factor of the organism in P. multocida, has been expressed, purified and subsequently crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion technique. Native diffraction data to 1.9 A resolution were obtained at the BL44XU beamline of SPring-8 from a flash-frozen crystal at 100 K. The crystals belong to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 111.0, b = 150.4, c = 77.1 A, beta = 105.5 degrees, and are likely to contain one C-PMT (726 residues) per asymmetric unit.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Although uterine leiomyomas represent one of the most common neoplasms in adult women, their pathogenesis remains poorly understood. A cDNA microarray analysis was performed to search for candidate genes expressed to a greater degree in leiomyoma compared with matched myometrium. A total of 15 candidate genes was obtained; neuron-specific protein PEP-19 (Purkinje cell protein 4; PCP 4) exhibited a striking difference in expression between leiomyoma and myometrium. Although PEP-19 expression has been reported exclusively in the central nervous system, the present study demonstrated that PEP-19 is also expressed in other human organs, including prostate, kidney and uterus. To clarify the role of PEP-19 in the pathogenesis of leiomyomas, PEP-19 expression was investigated for a series of human leiomyoma, as well as normal myometrium and leiomyosarcoma. PEP-19 mRNA and protein expression were much stronger in leiomyomas compared with normal myometrium, suggesting that PEP-19 might be involved in leiomyoma pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tranilast inhibits the proliferation of uterine leiomyoma cells in vitro through G1 arrest associated with the induction of p21(waf1) and p53. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:5610-7. [PMID: 12466360 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma is a mesenchymal tumor composed of smooth muscle cells with fibrous tissues and many mast cells. Tranilast is known to suppress fibrosis or to work as a mast cell stabilizer and is reported to inhibit proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, we examined the effects of tranilast on cultured human leiomyoma cells in vitro to evaluate whether this agent has the potential to inhibit the growth of uterine leiomyomas. Tranilast inhibited the proliferation of cultured leiomyoma cells in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxic effect or induction of apoptosis. In association with the inhibitory effect, tranilast induced the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21(waf1) and tumor suppressor gene p53 and decreased CDK2 activity. These results suggest that tranilast arrests the proliferation of uterine leiomyoma cells at the G0/G1 phase, through the suppression of CDK2 activity via an induction of p21(waf1) and p53. Tranilast was concluded to be a potent agent to inhibit proliferative activity of uterine leiomyoma cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Association of Pasteurella multocida toxin with vimentin. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6460-3. [PMID: 12379728 PMCID: PMC130396 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6460-6463.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2002] [Revised: 07/10/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To help understand the molecular mechanisms of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) action, we searched for a cellular protein interacting with PMT. The ligand overlay assay revealed a 60-kDa cellular protein that binds to a region from the 840th to 985th amino acids of the toxin. This protein was identified as vimentin by peptide mass fingerprinting. The N-terminal head domain of vimentin was further found to be responsible for the binding to the toxin.
Collapse
|
41
|
Requirement of N-glycan on GPI-anchored proteins for efficient binding of aerolysin but not Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin. EMBO J 2002; 21:5047-56. [PMID: 12356721 PMCID: PMC129030 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerolysin of the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila consists of small (SL) and large (LL) lobes. The alpha-toxin of Gram-positive Clostridium septicum has a single lobe homologous to LL. These toxins bind to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and generate pores in the cell's plasma membrane. We isolated CHO cells resistant to aerolysin, with the aim of obtaining GPI biosynthesis mutants. One mutant unexpectedly expressed GPI-anchored proteins, but nevertheless bound aerolysin poorly and was 10-fold less sensitive than wild-type cells. A cDNA of N-acetylglucosamine transferase I (GnTI) restored the binding of aerolysin to this mutant. Therefore, N-glycan is involved in the binding. Removal of mannoses by alpha-mannosidase II was important for the binding of aerolysin. In contrast, the alpha-toxin killed GnTI-deficient and wild-type CHO cells equally, indicating that its binding to GPI-anchored proteins is independent of N-glycan. Because SL bound to wild-type but not to GnTI-deficient cells, and because a hybrid toxin consisting of SL and the alpha-toxin killed wild-type cells 10-fold more efficiently than GnTI- deficient cells, SL with its binding site for N-glycan contributes to the high binding affinity of aerolysin.
Collapse
|
42
|
Secreted frizzled related protein 1 is overexpressed in uterine leiomyomas, associated with a high estrogenic environment and unrelated to proliferative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:1729-36. [PMID: 11932307 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.4.8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Secreted frizzled related protein 1 (sFRP1) is a modulator of Wnt signaling. Recently, aberrations of Wnt signaling were reported to be involved in the pathology of various human neoplasms. We investigated the expression and function of sFRP1 in uterine leiomyomas. Secreted FRP1 expression was increased in leiomyomas, compared with normal myometrium using Northern and Western blot analyses. Expression was strongest in the late follicular phase (high estrogenic milieu) of the menstrual cycle. Interestingly, expression was negligible in leiomyomas treated with GnRH agonist. Expression was also prominent in cells during E2 treatment, serum deprivation, and hypoxia. Moreover, induction of apoptosis by serum deprivation in a leiomyosarcoma cell line was enhanced by antisense inhibition of sFRP1. These results suggest that sFRP1 expression was associated with uterine leiomyomas, particularly under high estrogenic conditions. Secreted FRP1 expression was not associated with cell proliferation but rather occurred during cell protection against apoptosis in vitro. Strong sFRP1 expression under high estrogenic conditions seems to contribute to the development of uterine leiomyomas through the antiapoptotic effect of sFRP1, which appear to be independent of cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
43
|
In vivo modifications of small GTPase Rac and Cdc42 by Bordetella dermonecrotic toxin. Infect Immun 2002; 70:998-1001. [PMID: 11796639 PMCID: PMC127728 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.2.998-1001.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2001] [Revised: 10/10/2001] [Accepted: 11/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) is known to activate the small GTPase Rho through deamidation or polyamination. In this study, we examined whether Rac and Cdc42, the two other members of the Rho family, serve as intracellular targets for the toxin. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays revealed that DNT deamidated or polyaminated intracellular Rac and Cdc42. After the modifications, both Rac and Cdc42 lost their GTP-hydrolyzing, but not GTP-binding, activities. The interactions of the modified Rac and Cdc42 with their respective effectors were strictly dependent on GTP. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with DNT at high concentrations demonstrated extensive formations of lamellipodia and filopodia, which indicate the intracellular activation of Rac and Cdc42, respectively.
Collapse
|
44
|
Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix with choriocarcinomatous and hepatoid differentiation: report of a case. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2000; 19:174-8. [PMID: 10782416 DOI: 10.1097/00004347-200004000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A case of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix that showed choriocarcinomatous and hepatoid differentiation was encountered in a 65-year-old woman. She presented with genital bleeding and had multiple metastatic nodules in the lungs. At operation, a large, hemorrhagic, and necrotic tumor was found in the uterine cervix. The major portion of the tumor consisted of typical choriocarcinoma admixed with minor areas of hepatoid carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma. Human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein were detected in tumor cells in the choriocarcinomatous and hepatoid areas, respectively. The patient died of pulmonary metastasis 4 months after the operation. The coexistence of choriocarcinomatous and hepatoid carcinoma in an endocervical adenocarcinoma has not been reported previously. Both heterotopic components were probably derived from aberrant differentiation (or neometaplasia) of the somatic epithelial cells of the endocervical adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
|
45
|
West syndrome with cerebellar porencephalus. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 1993; 37 ( Pt 6):569-576. [PMID: 8124003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1993.tb00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The authors report six very low birth weight newborn infants who had RDS, IVH and cerebellar porencephalus and later suffered from West syndrome. Four of them have been followed up to the present time and have had MRI scans performed. Their present clinico-neurological features and MRI findings are described. The authors also raise the possibility of prevention of mental deterioration if anticipatory treatment is started early. Very low birth weight newborn infants with cerebellar porencephalus should be observed more carefully with clinical and EEG examinations to detect infantile spasms earlier and to protect them from further mental deterioration.
Collapse
|
46
|
[A case of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome accompanied by congenital hydrocephalus and micropolygyria]. NO TO HATTATSU = BRAIN AND DEVELOPMENT 1992; 24:353-7. [PMID: 1325816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient with the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome accompanied by congenital hydrocephalus, which was slowly progressive and an Ommaya's reservoir was set up. However, the hydrocephalus remained stable even when the shunt was removed due to infection. Generalized tonic clonic convulsions had appeared from six months after birth and were treated with valproic acid. The electroencephalogram showed hypsarrhythmia. He died at eight months of age. Autopsy revealed extensive micropolygyria of the bilateral cerebral hemispheres and hydrocephalus. To our knowledge, it is rare for the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome to be accompanied by congenital hydrocephalus, and there has been no previous report of its occurrence with micropolygyria.
Collapse
|
47
|
[Anesthesia-induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy]. NO TO HATTATSU = BRAIN AND DEVELOPMENT 1984; 16:386-92. [PMID: 6498017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|