The effect of patient positioning on adrenal gland linear measurements estimated from computed tomographic images in healthy beagle dogs

Considering that recumbency can lead to a change in localization, detectability of distinct margins and thus measurement of the organs and reconstruction quality, it is of value to evaluate the effect of positioning on the objective evaluation of abdominal organs in computed tomography (CT). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of patient decubitus on adrenal gland CT biometry. For this purpose, 6 clinically healthy adult beagle dogs underwent CT examination in 4 recumbencies. The various adrenal gland's size measurements were performed by 2 observers. Statistical analyses revealed that repeatability and reproducibility was the highest on the ventral and right lateral recumbencies, respectively. Significant differences were found in the left adrenal gland's length between the different positions (P < 0.001) and the left adrenal gland's width of the cranial pole measured in the dorsal plane (P < 0.04). The measurements on the parasagittal images differed significantly for the left adrenal length (P = 0.01), cranial pole height (P = 0.03), the right adrenal gland's lateral limb's length (P = 0.05) and medial limb's caudal poles height (P < 0.01). The caudal pole height of the right adrenal gland's medial limb was significantly different (P < 0.01) in all positions on the transverse images. In addition, the adrenal position differed significantly, except for the left adrenal gland relative to the nearest renal vessel (P = 0.1). According to these results, it is recommended to perform a CT of adrenal glands always in the same recumbency. If adrenal glands are evaluated on images taken in various recumbencies, we suggest relying on the measurements made on transverse plane images.

Variation of actin filament length in dogs

As the smallest functional unit of force production, the sarcomeres are important in determining muscle function. Actin filament lengths, which are important in determining optimal sarcomere length for a species, have not yet been reported in dogs. This study aims to provide a species-specific value for actin filament length in dogs, while examining intraspecies, intermuscular and intramuscular variations. Muscle samples were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle, the lateral gastrocnemius muscle head and the medial gastrocnemius muscle head in 10 dogs including a Labrador, a Belgian Malinois, a Caucasian Shepherd, German Shepherds and some mixed-breed dogs. Actin filament lengths were determined through transmission electron microscopy. Mean actin filament length across all muscle samples was 0.90 ± 0.01 μm. The low intraspecies variation, combined with a lack of important inter- and intramuscular variation found in this study, affirms the use of a species-specific optimal sarcomere length of 1.89 μm for canine muscles.

Musculotendon excursion potential, tendon slack and muscle fibre length: the interaction of the canine gastrocnemius muscle and tendon

Although the form-function relation of muscles and tendons has been studied extensively, little in vivo data exist on the musculotendon properties of the gastrocnemius complex in dogs. Using a combination of ultrasound and 3D motion tracking, musculotendon parameters were obtained in vivo from the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and the gastrocnemius tendon in nine healthy Labrador Retrievers. These parameters include musculotendon length and excursion potential, tendon slack length, muscle belly length, muscle fibre length, pennation angle and architectural index. This study also examined the variation of muscle and tendon length contributions to musculotendon length, as well as the relation between musculotendon excursion potential and muscle fibre length or tendon length. To facilitate comparison between dog breeds, the femur length as a potential scaling parameter was examined. In the Labrador gastrocnemius musculotendon complex, the tendon contributes 41% (± 9%) of musculotendon length. In longer musculotendon complexes, the contribution of the muscle belly increases while the tendon contribution decreases. Longer muscle belly and musculotendon complexes were, however, associated with shorter muscle fibres. No significant relations were found between musculotendon excursion potential and muscle fibre length or tendon slack length, and femur length did not prove to be a reliable scale factor for the length-related musculotendon parameters examined in this study. Longer musculotendon complexes exhibit relatively longer muscle bellies, which are in turn associated with shorter muscle fibre lengths. This trade-off between gastrocnemius muscle belly length and muscle fibre length might have the advantage that muscle volume stays constant regardless of the length of the limbs.

Incomplete ossificatie van de humeruscondylen (IOHC) bij de hond

Incomplete ossificatie van de humeruscondylen (IOHC) bij de hond is een vrij zeldzaam elleboogprobleem dat voornamelijk bij spaniëlrassen wordt gezien maar ook bij andere rassen kan voorkomen. Deze aandoening gaat niet altijd gepaard met klinische symptomen maar kan de aanleiding zijn van elleboogkreupelheid en zelfs condylaire humerusfracturen. De diagnose van IOHC is niet altijd eenvoudig. Radiografisch is de fissuur niet altijd zichtbaar. Computertomografie is de meest efficiënte beeldvormingstechniek om deze aandoening met zekerheid te diagnosticeren. Indien het dier geen klachten vertoont, kan conservatieve therapie worden overwogen maar in geval van kreupelheid is het plaatsen van een compressieschroef de meest gangbare behandeling.

Review of the literature

Elbow incongruity is the term to describe bad alignment of the joint surfaces of the elbow. Two features illustrate incongruity of the elbow: an abnormal shape of the ulnar trochlear notch and a step between the radius and ulna, caused by either a short radius or a short ulna. It has been suggested that both an elliptical notch, and a step, can cause increased local pressure within the joint, resulting in loose fragments at different locations: ununited anconeal process (UAP), fragmented coronoid process (FCP), osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle (OCD). These lesions are grouped under the term ‘elbow dysplasia’ and are the most frequent causes of front leg lameness in the dog. Although several radiographic features to diagnose incongruity have been described, the ‘scoring’ of incongruity is subjective because there is currently no objective method to measure the degree of incongruity. Because superimposition is avoided, CT is suggested as a standard technique to measure incongruity. Arthroscopy on the other hand, allows the direct visualisation of the intra-articular structures and their abnormalities. Information on both techniques are still relatively new. Several surgical techniques have been proposed to restore joint congruity; the one most frequently used is an ulnar osteotomy. But because of possible complications, other techniques are being developed. Reports evaluating the results of the different techniques are not yet available.

Computerized tomography compared with radiography in the diagnosis of lateral trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans in dogs

In this retrospective study, we compared the value of radiographic and computerized tomographic (CT) imaging for the diagnosis of lateral trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans (LTRT-OCD) in 11 tarsocrural joints. The flexed dorsoplantar skyline and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial projections were the most reliable for radiographic detection of OCD fragments (in 7 of the 11 joints). Overall, radiography detected OCD fragments in 8 of 11 joints. By contrast, the OCD fragments could be visualized and exactly localized by CT in all 11 joints. Computerized tomography allowed the talar ridges to be inspected without superimposition of any bony structures. This information may be very useful when minimal invasive techniques are used to treat LTRT-OCD lesions. The findings of this study suggest that CT is superior to radiography for making a diagnosis of LTRT-OCD in the dog.

Traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process in a dog

This case report describes an acute traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process (MCP) in an immature male Rottweiler. On routine radiographs of the left elbow joint, clear abnormalities could not be detected. The definitive diagnosis was based on craniolaterocaudomedial oblique radiographs and a CT scan. The fragment was removed arthroscopically via a medial approach. Histologically the fragment did not show any signs of degeneration nor demineralisation, as seen in classical fragments of the medial coronoid process. One week after treatment, complete limb function had been regained. Follow-up radiographs after nine month showed a minimal increase of osteoarthrosis.

Diagnostic findings in a lame-free dog with complete rupture of the biceps brachii tendon

A case of a complete rupture of the biceps brachii tendon in a lame-free three-year-old Labrador Retriever is described. The dog had a history of chronic lameness following a trauma, but had become lame-free shortly before presentation. Clinical examination, biceps tendon test and shoulder instability tests under general anaesthesia were inconspicuous for shoulder instability. Routine radiographs, arthrography and ultrasound were suspicious for bicipital tendopathy. The definite diagnosis of a complete rupture of the biceps brachii tendon was made upon arthroscopic inspection of the glenohumeral joint.

Comparison of subchondral lesion size between clinical and non-clinical medial trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans in dogs

In this retrospective study of nine dogs exhibiting bilateral medial trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans (MTRT-OCD) and unilateral hind limb lameness, we compared subchondral lesion size in limbs with visible lameness, with contralateral lesions that were not associated with any visible lameness. All MTRT-OCD lesions were imaged by radiography and computed tomography (CT). The dimensions of subchondral bone lesions were measured (length, width and depth) using CT software. Similar to a method used in humans, the estimated volume (length x width x depth) and cross sectional area (length x width) were calculated and compared. We found that MTRT-OCD lesions causing visible lameness were significantly larger, and were associated with more joint thickening and degenerative joint disease than contralateral lesions that were not associated with any apparent lameness. As in the disease of shoulder osteochondritis dissecans, there is probably a correlation between the size of MTRT-OCD lesions and the symptoms of lameness.

Titanium mesh reconstruction of a dog’s cranium after multilobular osteochondrosarcoma resection

An eleven-year-old cavalier King Charles spaniel was presented with a large mass arising from the sagittal crest of the skull. Computed tomography also revealed an intracranial component. A histological diagnosis of multilobular osteochondrosarcoma grade 1 was made from surgical biopsies. Since this tumor type has a moderate aggressive biological behavior characterized by a slow growth, compression of adjacent structures, and only a 30% metastatic rate, surgical resection was performed. A wide partial craniectomy was performed, the skull defect was reconstructed with a designated custom designed titanium mesh and the skin defect closed with a local subdermal plexus flap technique. Histologic evaluation indicated clean surgical margins, which may lead to a long-term survival in this low-grade tumor. Approximately seventeen months after surgical resection, the dog showed no signs of local tumor recurrence or metastasis.

Alfaxalone TIVA bij de chirurgische excisie van een tracheaal adenocarcinoma bij een kat

Een tien jaar oude, vrouwelijke, Europese korthaar werd aangeboden met klachten van progressief verergerende dyspnee, ademen met open muil en inspiratoire en expiratoire stridor. Met behulp van tracheoscopie met bioptname kon de histopathologische diagnose van een intraluminaal tracheaal adenocarcinoma gesteld worden. Computertomografie (CT) toonde aan dat er geen metastasen waren, waarna tijdens dezelfde anesthesie werd overgegaan tot excisie van de tumor. Omwille van de moeilijke hanteerbaarheid van de patiënt was intraveneuze premedicatie niet mogelijk en gebeurde de inductie van de anesthesie aan de hand van een intramusculaire injectie met alfaxalone. De anesthesie werd verder onderhouden met twee verschillende protocollen: initieel werd gebruik gemaakt van een inhalatieanesthesie -protocol, waarbij isofluraan via een laryngeaal masker werd verdampt in 100% zuurstof via een cirkelsysteem, waarna er werd overgeschakeld naar totale intraveneuze anesthesie (TIVA) met alfaxalone tijdens de eigenlijke excisie van de tumor. Door het verwijderen van zeven trachearingen kon de tumor volledig verwijderd worden.

Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs

BACKGROUND

Little is reported about the role of medical management in the treatment of spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) in dogs.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the outcome of 96 dogs treated medically or surgically for SAD.

ANIMALS

Ninety-six dogs with SAD.

METHODS

Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched for spinal arachnoid diverticula and all dogs with information on treatment were included. Outcome was assessed with a standardized questionnaire.

RESULTS

Fifty dogs were managed medically and 46 dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that underwent surgery were significantly younger than dogs that received medical management. No other variables, related to clinical presentation, were significantly different between both groups of dogs. The median follow-up time was 16 months (1-90 months) in the medically treated and 23 months (1-94 months) in the surgically treated group. Of the 38 dogs treated surgically with available long-term follow-up, 82% (n = 31) improved, 3% (n = 1) remained stable and 16% (n = 6) deteriorated after surgery. Of the 37 dogs treated medically with available long-term follow-up, 30% (n = 11) improved, 30% (n = 11) remained stable, and 40% (n = 15) deteriorated. Surgical treatment was more often associated with clinical improvement compared to medical management (P = .0002).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

The results of this study suggest that surgical treatment might be superior to medical treatment in the management of SAD in dogs. Further studies with standardized patient care are warranted.

Sole prednisolone therapy in canine meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology

Meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) is a frequently diagnosed and often fatal disease in veterinary neurology. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the efficacy of three different sole prednisolone treatment schedules in dogs diagnosed with MUE. The dogs were diagnosed clinically with MUE based on previously described inclusion criteria, and treated with a three-, eight- or eighteen-week-tapering prednisolone schedule. Thirty eight dogs were included in the study. Seventeen, fifteen and six dogs received the three-, eight- and eighteen-week tapering schedule, respectively. Overall, 37% of the dogs died or were euthanized because of MUE, and a significant difference in survival time was seen between the three treatment schedules. Surprisingly, the highest number of dogs that died because of MUE was seen in the eightweek treatment schedule (56%), followed by the three-week (26%) and eighteen-week (0%) treatment schedule. Based on the results of this study, no definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding the ideal prednisolone dosing protocol for dogs diagnosed with MUE. However, a more aggressive and immunosuppressive treatment protocol might lead to a better outcome.

A prospective follow up of age related changes in the subchondral bone density of the talus of healthy Labrador Retrievers

Background

During growth, the skeletal structures adapt to the increased loading conditions and mature to a fully-grown skeleton. Subchondral bone density reflects the effect of long-term joint loading and it is expected to change over time. The aim of this study was to describe the long-term changes in the density distribution of the subchondral bone of the talus of healthy Labrador Retrievers in a prospective study.

Results

The subchondral bone density distribution was evaluated using computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry (CTOAM). Visually, all joints showed very similar density distribution patterns. No significant differences in the topography of the density maxima were found between t₁ and t₂. The mean density, maximum density, and maximum area ratio (MAR) were significantly increased with increasing age.

Conclusions

The subchondral bone density of the talus of healthy Labrador Retrievers increases with increasing age. It is likely an adaptive response of the subchondral bone due to increased joint loading during growth.

Detection of compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs with multislice computed tomography

Compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE) in dogs is defined as acute extradural compression by hydrated nucleus pulposus material at the level of the associated intervertebral disc. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis of HNPE. The aims of this study were to determine the usefulness of unenhanced computed tomography (CT) and contrast enhanced CT (CE-CT), and the sensitivity and specificity of CE-CT, for detection of compressive HNPE. Using CE-CT, HNPE was visualised as a hypodense extradural compressive lesion with rim enhancement immediately dorsal to the intervertebral disc space, with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 100%. CE-CT is a useful technique to detect compressive HNPE in dogs. However, if no clear lesion is identified with CE-CT, or if additional information about intramedullary changes is required, MRI still needs to be performed.

Flexorenthesopathie bij een Italiaanse cane corso: diagnostische bevindingen en resultaat na behandeling

Flexorenthesopathie is een elleboogaandoening die voornamelijk bij volwassen honden mankheid veroorzaakt. In deze casus wordt de evolutie van primaire flexorenthesopathie op lange termijn besproken bij een Italiaanse cane corso. Deze hond werd op 1,5 jarige leeftijd gediagnosticeerd met bilaterale primaire flexorenthesopathie. De diagnose werd gesteld op basis van verschillende beeldvormingstechnieken, i.e. radiografie, computertomografie en artroscopie. De behandeling bestond uit het herhaaldelijk injecteren van het gewricht met methylprednisoloneacetaat en had telkens een tijdelijk effect van enkele maanden en leidde uiteindelijk tot een acceptabele mobiliteit. Radiografisch was er na vier jaar een duidelijke toename in grootte van de calcificatie en een toename van artrose in het gewricht.

Tandheelkunde bij het paard in de 21e eeuw

In deel één van deze tweeluik over tandheelkunde bij het paard dat in nummer 4 van dit tijdschrift in 2015 is verschenen, werden de verschillende afwijkingen van het paardengebit toegelicht. In dit tweede deel wordt gefocust op de diagnostiek van gebitspathologie. Centraal hierin staat de uitvoering van een correct mondonderzoek in combinatie met het gebruik van een juiste terminologie/nomenclatuur om de aangetroffen pathologie te noteren op een gebitsfiche. Diagnostische, beeldvormende technieken, zoals dentale endoscopie, radiografie, computertomografie, scintigrafie en MRI leveren complementaire informatie die toelaat het probleem beter te situeren en prognostische en therapeutische conclusies te trekken.

Friesian horses as a possible model for human acquired aortopulmonary fistulation

Background

Acquired aortopulmonary fistulation is a rare condition in humans. It usually results as a late complication of a true or pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta. It is most commonly associated with trauma or surgery, less commonly with atherosclerosis, inflammation, hypertension or Marfan’s syndrome. Aortopulmonary fistulation is also seen as a rare complication of acute aortic dissection. On rare occasions, acquired aortopulmonary fistulation is reported in aged patients without any of the above mentioned triggering factors. Thus, these cases should be considered as idiopathic aortopulmonary fistulation. Clearly, the pathogenesis of this condition is not yet completely understood. Friesian horses are highly inbred and are affected by several genetic conditions. Rupture of the thoracic aorta has a relatively high prevalence in Friesian horses and is often characterized by the formation of a pseudoaneurysm with subsequent fistulation into the pulmonary artery. Affected animals may survive for several weeks to months.

Findings

Here we performed vascular casting in three affected Friesian horses. In all three cases, an aortic rupture at the caudoventral side of the aorta was connected with a rupture of the main pulmonary artery just proximal to its bifurcation.

Conclusions

Affected Friesians show a consistent location and configuration of the aortic rupture site, very similar to the human condition and therefore could act as a spontaneous model to study this disease.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2201-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Complicaties na marsupialisatie van een arachnoïd diverticulum bij een rottweiler

Een jonge, mannelijke rottweiler werd aangeboden met neurologische symptomen die sinds zijn geboorte aanwezig waren. De hond vertoonde hypermetrie op de voorhand, ataxie op de achterhand en zijn proprioceptie was achteraan duidelijk vertraagd. Computertomografisch onderzoek na myelografie en een MRI-onderzoek toonden een lang dorsaal subarachnoïdaal diverticulum aan, dat zich uitbreidde van craniaal C2 tot craniaal C5. Dit diverticulum veroorzaakte een ruggenmergcompressie, die de neurologische symptomen verklaarde. De hond werd geopereerd via een cervicale dorsale laminectomie, gevolgd door durotomie en marsupialisatie. Postoperatief waren er complicaties, waardoor de hond opnieuw geopereerd moest worden. Hierna was nog een vijftal dagen mechanische ventilatie nodig, waarna de hond weer zelfstandig kon ademen. De neurologische toestand van de hond verbeterde postoperatief geleidelijk. Hij herstelde volledig en deed het elf maanden postoperatief nog altijd goed.

Subchondral bone density distribution of the talus in clinically normal Labrador Retrievers

BACKGROUND

Bones continually adapt their morphology to their load bearing function. At the level of the subchondral bone, the density distribution is highly correlated with the loading distribution of the joint. Therefore, subchondral bone density distribution can be used to study joint biomechanics non-invasively. In addition physiological and pathological joint loading is an important aspect of orthopaedic disease, and research focusing on joint biomechanics will benefit veterinary orthopaedics. This study was conducted to evaluate density distribution in the subchondral bone of the canine talus, as a parameter reflecting the long-term joint loading in the tarsocrural joint.

RESULTS

Two main density maxima were found, one proximally on the medial trochlear ridge and one distally on the lateral trochlear ridge. All joints showed very similar density distribution patterns and no significant differences were found in the localisation of the density maxima between left and right limbs and between dogs.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the density distribution the lateral trochlear ridge is most likely subjected to highest loads within the tarsocrural joint. The joint loading distribution is very similar between dogs of the same breed. In addition, the joint loading distribution supports previous suggestions of the important role of biomechanics in the development of OC lesions in the tarsus. Important benefits of computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry (CTOAM), i.e. the possibility of in vivo imaging and temporal evaluation, make this technique a valuable addition to the field of veterinary orthopaedic research.

Cosmetische rostrale neusreconstructie na plaveiselcelcarcinoomresectie bij twee honden

Twee mannelijke golden retrievers van ongeveer tien jaar oud werden aangeboden met een zichtbare massa in de neus, niesden en vertoonden epistaxis. Uit histologisch onderzoek na bioptname bleek dat het bij beide honden om een plaveiselcelcarcinoom ging. Bij verdere stagering waren er geen aanwijzingen voor metastasen. Chirurgische wegname van de tumor door middel van een planectomie of nosectomie werd voorgesteld. Omdat de klassieke excisie van de neusspiegel voor deze eigenaars cosmetisch onaanvaardbaar was, werd bij beide honden gekozen voor een rostrale neusreconstructie. Bij de eerste hond bevond de tumor zich aan de oppervlakte, waardoor resectie van het kraakbenig deel van de neus voldoende was en een planectomie werd uitgevoerd. Bij de tweede hond daarentegen was er tevens botaantasting, waardoor niet alleen de neus, maar ook het os incisiva werd verwijderd (nosectomie). Bij beide honden werd een remissie van de tumor verkregen na een follow-up van respectievelijk 35 en 29 maanden, met tegelijkertijd een uitstekend cosmetisch resultaat.

Medial coronoid disease in an eleven-year-old Labrador retriever

In this case report, the occurrence of medial coronoid disease (MCD) is described in an elevenyear- old Labrador retriever. A left frontleg lameness had started six months before presentation. Radiographs showed minimal pathology and computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a discrete fissure of the medial coronoid process. Arthroscopy confirmed the presence of a coronoid lesion, visible as chondromalacia. Treatment was performed by arthroscopic removal of the diseased cartilage and subchondral bone. Despite the successful procedure, the dog needed continuous physiotherapy to maintain an acceptable gait. MCD is a developmental disorder mainly affecting young large breed dogs. However, the described dog was already eleven years old. Nevertheless, the duration of lameness was rather short and the imaging and arthroscopic findings could not demonstrate a chronic problem. In the literature, little information is available about the etiology, prevalence and treatment outcome of medial coronoid pathology in old dogs.

Assessment of medial coronoid disease in 180 canine lame elbow joints: a sensitivity and specificity comparison of radiographic, computed tomographic and arthroscopic findings

Background

Diagnostic imaging is essential to assess the lame patient; lesions of the elbow joint have traditionally been evaluated radiographically, however computed tomography (CT) has been suggested as a useful technique to diagnose various elbow pathologies. The primary objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CT to assess medial coronoid disease (MCD), using arthroscopy as gold standard. The secondary objective was to ascertain the radiographic sensitivity and specificity for MCD compared with CT.

Methods

For this study 180 elbow joints were assessed, of which 141 had been examined with radiography, CT and arthroscopy; and 39 joints, had radiographic and CT assessment. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for CT and radiographic findings using available statistical software.

Results

Sensitivity and specificity of CT using arthroscopy as gold standard resulted in high values for sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (93 %) for the assessment of MCD. For the radiographic evaluation, a sensitivity of 98 % and specificity of 64 - 69 % using CT as the technique of reference, were found.

Discussion

These results suggest that in case of doubt during radiographic assessment, CT could be used as a non-invasive technique to assess the presence of MCD.

Conclusion

Based on the high sensitivity and specificity obtained in this study it has been considered that CT, rather than arthroscopy, is the preferred noninvasive technique to assess MCD lesions of the canine elbow joint.

Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multislice Computed Tomography for the Detection of Cervical Syringomyelia in Dogs

BACKGROUND

Syringomyelia (SM) is defined as the presence of fluid-containing cavities within the parenchyma of the spinal cord. Sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images have been described as the preferred technique for visualizing SM in dogs and humans.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether computed tomography (CT) can be used to diagnose SM.

ANIMALS

Thirty-two client-owned dogs referred for investigation of the cervical spine on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT.

METHODS

Two reviewers retrospectively analyzed sagittal and transverse T1-weighted spin echo (T1WSE) MR images and CT images from each dog for the presence of SM and, if SM was present, the width (mm, syrinx width [SW]) was measured. The results were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS

For the presence of SM there was a moderate interobserver agreement for MR (81%, κ = 0.54) and almost perfect agreement for CT (94%, κ = 0.87). There was a moderate intramodality agreement for both observers (observer 1 81%, κ = 0.59; observer 2 81%, κ = 0.57). For measurement of SW the repeatability was the best on the midsagittal T1WSE images (95% repeatability coefficient <0.52 mm) and the reproducibility was the best on midsagittal images in both modalities (95% limits of agreement -0.55-0.45; P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Both techniques can be used to detect SM. Midsagittal MR and CT images are best used for measuring SW. Computed tomography can be used as a diagnostic tool for SM when MRI is not available, but CT cannot replace MRI as the standard screening technique for the detection of SM in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel for breeding purposes.

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis of the spine in a nine-year-old cat

A nine-year-old intact female domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for paraparesis, ataxia and severe spinal hyperaesthesia. Neurological examination indicated a T3-L3 spinal cord segment lesion. Computed tomography of the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral vertebral column was performed. This showed contiguous smooth new bone formation ventral and lateral to the vertebrae extending from the cranial thoracic area to the lumbosacral junction and appearing similar to canine diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. There was also marked dorsolateral stenosis of the vertebral canal at the level of T4-T5 because of degenerative changes of the facet joints. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first published report of feline diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

Morphology of the Canine Omentum Part 1: Arterial Landmarks that Define the Omentum

Although the omentum remains an enigmatic organ, research during the last decades has revealed its fascinating functions including fat storage, fluid drainage, immune activity, angiogenesis and adhesion. While clinicians both in human and veterinary medicine are continuously exploring new potential omental applications, detailed anatomical data on the canine omentum are currently lacking, and information is often retrieved from human medicine. In this study, the topographic anatomy of the canine greater and lesser omentum is explored in depth. Current nomenclature is challenged, and a more detailed terminology is proposed. Consistent arteries that are contained within folds of the superficial omental wall are documented, described and named, as they can provide the anatomical landmarks that are necessary for unambiguous scientific communication on the canine omentum. In an included dissection video, the conclusions and in situ findings described in this study are demonstrated.

Low-field MRI and multislice CT for the detection of cerebellar (foramen magnum) herniation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Background

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) have a high prevalence of Chiari‐like malformation (CM). Herniation of the cerebellum into the foramen magnum is a key diagnostic feature for CM. Midsagittal MR images are the preferred technique for visualizing cerebellar herniation (CH).

Objective

To investigate whether CT can be used to diagnose CH.

Animals

Fifteen client‐owned CKCS dogs referred for investigation of the brain and cranial cervical spine on MRI and CT.

Methods

Two reviewers retrospectively analyzed midsagittal T1WSE and T2WSE MR images and midsagittal pre‐ and postcontrast 2D multiplanar reformatted CT images from each dog for the presence of CH. And, if present, the length (mm, CHL) of the herniation was measured. The results were analyzed statistically.

Results

There was no significant difference between the different observers and techniques for the detection of CH and measurement of CHL. Overall, the CHL was longer on the CT images.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Both techniques are useful for detecting CH and measuring CHL. Because CHL does not have a known direct impact on the clinical presentation of CM, CT can be used as a diagnostic tool in a routine clinical practice for CM in CKCS when MRI is not available. We emphasize that MRI is the standard screening technique in CKCS for breeding purposes to detect the presence of CM and SM and, at the current time, CT cannot replace MRI.

De behandeling van een omvangrijke ribtumor bij een hond

Een twaalf jaar oude Engelse cockerspaniël werd doorverwezen omwille van manken ten gevolge van een massa op de rechter cranioventrale thoraxwand. De uitwendig beperkte massa bleek bij radiografisch onderzoek over een grote intrathoracale component te beschikken. De patiënt werd gestageerd en op basis van de resultaten van computertomografisch onderzoek werd chirurgie gepland en de tumor werd en bloc verwijderd. Histopathologisch bleek het om een osteosarcoom te gaan dat reeds gemetastaseerd was naar de regionale lymfeklieren. De hond werd aanvullend behandeld met chemotherapeutica. Gedurende vier maanden was de hond vrij van klachten. Nadien ontstond respiratoire hinder en werden longmetastasen vastgesteld. De hond werd vijf maanden na de ingreep geëuthanaseerd. Deze casuïstiek illustreert dat een voldoende agressieve, multimodale behandeling de levensduur ook in geval van een gevorderde, maligne tumor kwaliteitsvol kan verlengen.

Incomplete ossificatie van de humeruscondyl bij een jonge bordeauxdog

In deze casus wordt een incomplete ossificatie van de humeruscondyl beschreven bij een bordeauxdog van acht maanden oud. Als pup was de hond al intermitterend mank aan de rechtervoorpoot. Omwille van het ras en de klinische en radiografische bevindingen werd in de eerste plaats aan elleboogdysplasie gedacht. Echter, aan de hand van het computertomografisch onderzoek werd een incomplete ossificatie van de humeruscondyl vastgesteld. Deze aandoening komt minder vaak voor dan elleboogdysplasie en veroorzaakt niet altijd manken. De hond werd conservatief behandeld vanwege de milde klinische klachten waarna het manken spontaan verdween. Het bijzondere aan deze casus is in de eerste plaats het signalement en de anamnese. Incomplete ossificatie komt vooral voor bij spaniëls en veroorzaakt bij pups meestal geen manken. Bovendien is het spontane herstel van deze hond atypisch. Vaak veroorzaakt de aandoening persisterend manken en soms evolueert een incomplete ossficatie naar een atraumatische humerale condylfractuur.

Acute liver failure secondary to metastatic liver infiltration: case report and review of the literature

We present the case of a patient who died from multiple organ failure due to acute liver failure as a result of malignant hepatic infiltration by an adenocarcinoma. A review of the literature revealed that the clinical picture, laboratory examination, and imaging studies do not contribute to the diagnosis of this rare cause of liver failure. Therefore, liver biopsy should be considered early in the process, as this diagnosis is a contraindication for orthotopic liver transplantation.

Signalment, clinical presentation, and diagnostic findings in 122 dogs with spinal arachnoid diverticula

Background

Most information about spinal arachnoid diverticula (SADs) in dogs has been retrieved from relatively small case series. The aim of this study was to describe this disease in a larger number of dogs.

Objectives

Description of the signalment, clinical presentation, and imaging findings of a large number of dogs with SADs.

Animals

One hundred and twenty‐two dogs with SADs.

Methods

Retrospective case series study. All medical records were searched for a diagnosis of SAD. The diagnosis was made based on myelography, computed tomography myelography (CT‐m), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results

In the 122 dogs, 125 SADs were identified. Sixty‐five were located in the cervical region and 60 in the thoracolumbar region. A higher body weight was significantly associated with a cervical localization of the SAD (P < .001). Ninety‐five dogs were male and 27 dogs were female. Male dogs were significantly overrepresented (P < .0001). The most commonly affected breed was the Pug dog. Previous or concurrent spinal disorders, in the near proximity of the diagnosed SAD, were seen in 26 dogs. Eight of 13 French Bulldogs and 7 of 21 Pug dogs with SADs had a previous or concurrent spinal disease, whereas other spinal disorders occurred in only 1 of 17 Rottweilers with SADs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Pug dogs and French Bulldogs might have a predisposition for SAD development. In a large percentage of these dogs, a concurrent spinal disorder, which might predispose to SAD formation, was diagnosed. The high prevalence in male dogs warrants further investigation.

Bilaterale osteochondritis dissecans van de laterale taluskam bij een jonge rottweiler

In deze casuïstiek wordt een jonge rottweiler beschreven met bilaterale osteochondritis dissecans van de talus. Het signalement, de anamnese en klinische symptomen kwamen overeen met wat voor deze aandoening typisch is. Eerder atypisch waren de aangetaste laterale taluskammen. Wegens de grootte van de fragmenten was de prognose gereserveerd. De resultaten waren een jaar na de chirurgische behandeling daarentegen verrassend gunstig. Zowel de linker als de rechter laterale taluskam bleek beenderig opgevuld.

De invloed van geluidspollutie op zeezoogdieren

Miljoenen jaren geleden migreerden de voorouders van de huidige walvissen (Cetacea) van zee naar land. Deze evolutionaire gebeurtenis vergde ingrijpende morfologische aanpassingen. Voorpoten veranderden in flippers, achterpoten werden rudimentair en de neusgaten verplaatsten zich naar dorsaal op de schedel om als spuitgat te fungeren. Ook de zintuigen ondergingen drastische adaptaties. Gezien het zicht op grote diepte en in troebel water zeer beperkt is, rekenen walvissen op andere zintuigen dan het zicht om te navigeren, foerageren, jagen, communiceren met soortgenoten, etc. De productie en perceptie van geluidsgolven werden cruciaal voor het voortbestaan van deze wonderbaarlijke schepselen van de zee. Sommige soorten ontwikkelden zelfs echolocatie, gebaseerd op de natuurkundige principes van de geluidsleer, als bijkomend hulpmiddel om obstakels onder water te lokaliseren. Het spreekt voor zich dat elke verstoring van het gehoormechanisme levensbedreigend kan zijn voor deze dieren. Onderzoek naar het effect van geluidspollutie door menselijke activiteit op het mariene leven vraagt een multidisciplinaire aanpak. Een accurate berichtgeving van deze onderzoeksresultaten aan de beleidsmakers is cruciaal om de meest kwetsbare walvisachtigen te beschermen.

Computertomografie voor de detectie van longnodulen bij de hond

Computertomografie is de laatste jaren meer en meer beschikbaar in de diergeneeskunde. Een belangrijke toepassing is de detectie van longnodulen bij kankerpatiënten. Het vroegtijdig opsporen is essentieel voor het bepalen van de therapie en de prognose van de ziekte. In dit artikel worden het gebruik, de meerwaarde en de beperkingen van deze beeldvormingstechniek beschreven.