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Aakre I, Tveit IB, Myrmel LS, Fjære E, Ballance S, Rosendal‐Riise H. Bioavailability of iodine from a meal consisting of sushi and a wakame seaweed salad-A randomized crossover trial. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7707-7717. [PMID: 38107121 PMCID: PMC10724604 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of seaweed is on the rise in the Western world. Seaweeds may contain substantial amounts of iodine, and some species could serve as a potential dietary iodine source. However, limited data on the iodine content and in vivo bioavailability of iodine from seaweeds exist. The objective was to assess whether iodine from a meal consisting of sushi with nori, (Porphyra spp) and a wakame seaweed salad (Undaria pinnatifida) had similar bioavailability as a potassium iodide reference supplement of similar iodine content. A randomized 2 × 2 crossover trial (AB/BA model) was conducted in 20 healthy young women. One intervention arm consisted of a meal with sushi and wakame salad (231 μg iodine), and the other of potassium iodide (KI) supplement (225 μg iodine). Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured at 11 different time points for 48 h after the interventions. The UIC increased after consumption of both the sushi and wakame meal and the KI supplement, but the median UIC was higher after ingestion of the KI supplement. The estimated bioavailability of iodine during the first 24 h was 75% from sushi with wakame and 97% from the KI supplement. The bioequivalence analyses confirmed that the KI supplement had higher estimated bioavailability than the sushi and wakame meal, however, with small margins. Our findings on iodine bioavailability imply that sushi and wakame could be potential iodine sources in the diet, which may be favorable for population groups at risk for iodine deficiency. However, further research is needed to account for the variability of iodine content in seaweeds by different locations and degree of processing, to assure that the iodine levels are stable and predictable for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Marine ToxicologyInstitute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
| | | | | | - Even Fjære
- Feed and NutritionInstitute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Simon Ballance
- Nofima ASNorwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Hanne Rosendal‐Riise
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory and Center for Nutrition, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Henjum S, Groufh-Jacobsen S, Aakre I, Gjengedal ELF, Langfjord MM, Heen E, Sele V, Andersson M. Thyroid function and urinary concentrations of iodine, selenium, and arsenic in vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians and pescatarians. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3329-3338. [PMID: 37592132 PMCID: PMC10611878 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Populations following a plant-based diet may be at particular risk of thyroid dysfunction due to low iodine and selenium intakes. The main purpose was to assess thyroid function and urinary concentration of iodine, selenium, and arsenic, in subjects following a vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian, or pescatarian diet. METHODS In Norway, a country without mandatory dietary iodine fortification, 205 adults, following vegan (n = 115), lacto-ovo vegetarian (n = 55) and pescatarian diet (n = 35) were included. Thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and serum anti-TPO (S-anti-TPO) were measured in a venous blood sample and concentrations of iodine (UIC), creatinine (UCC), selenium, and arsenic were measured from single spot urine samples. RESULTS Subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH > 4.0 mU/L) was observed in 3% of subjects. The overall median (p25, p75) Tg was 17 (9, 30) µg/L and vegans had higher Tg compared to pescatarians. Vegans not consuming iodine-containing supplements (n = 43) had higher Tg, than supplement users (n = 72), 27 (11, 44) vs. 16 (8, 25) µg/L and higher fT4, 16 (15, 17) vs. 15 (14, 17) pmol/L, respectively. The overall median UIC was 57 (28, 130) µg/L, all dietary groups had median UIC below WHO thresholds. Median urinary selenium and arsenic concentration was 13 (6, 22) and 3 (2, 8) µg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was low and fT4 and fT3 were within the normal range for all dietary groups. Vegans had significantly increased Tg compared to pescatarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Kunnskapsveien 55, 2007 Kjeller, 0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Synne Groufh-Jacobsen
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Agder, Universitetsveien 25, 4630, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Mina Marthinsen Langfjord
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Espen Heen
- Institute of Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronika Sele
- Department of Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Andersson
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rosendahl-Riise H, Aksnes S, Sabir Z, Ulleberg EK, Myklebust-Hansen T, Aakre I. Comparison of a digital iodine-specific dietary screener with 24-hour recall and urinary iodine concentration. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e90. [PMID: 37592931 PMCID: PMC10427488 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency remains a problem worldwide, including in Norway. Of particular, concern is fertile, pregnant and lactating women. The Norwegian Dairy Council developed a digital iodine-specific dietary screener (I-screener) for the assessment of iodine intake levels but has yet to be validated. The aim was thus to investigate the relative validity of the I-screener by comparing estimates of iodine intake from the I-screener against a single 24-hour recall (24HR) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in fertile women. Healthy females were recruited in Bergen in August-December 2021. Six spot-urine samples from six consecutive days were collected into a pooled sample to assess UIC. Each participant completed a single administration of the I-screener and the 24HR. The estimated daily iodine intake from the I-screener was compared with the estimations from the 24HR and UIC. Seventy-two women aged 19-39 completed the study. The median UIC was 76 μg/l. Compared with the 24HR, the I-screener placed 83 % of the participants in the same/adjacent tertial, with a slight agreement between the methods (Cohen's kappa = 0⋅187). The present study shows an acceptable correlation between the I-screener and the 24HR (r = 0⋅318), but not between the I-screener and UIC (r = 0⋅122). Despite its varying iodine estimate abilities, the I-screener may be used as an initial screening tool to rank fertile women on an individual level into deficient inadequate, and sufficient iodine intake. However, due to the relatively high risk of misclassification, further assessment of iodine status should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Rosendahl-Riise
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory and Center for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Aksnes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zoya Sabir
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory and Center for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Hasselberg AE, Nøstbakken OJ, Aakre I, Madsen L, Atter A, Steiner-Asiedu M, Kjellevold M. Nutrient and contaminant exposure from smoked European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus): Implications for children's health in Ghana. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Blikra MJ, Henjum S, Aakre I. Iodine from brown algae in human nutrition, with an emphasis on bioaccessibility, bioavailability, chemistry, and effects of processing: A systematic review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1517-1536. [PMID: 35233943 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae are becoming increasingly popular as a food source and dietary supplement in Europe and other Western countries. As they are highly rich in iodine, they represent a potential new dietary iodine source. Iodine deficiency has been re-emerging in Europe, and it is important to ensure adequate intake through one's diet. However, macroalgae, and especially brown algae, may contain very high amounts of iodine, and both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine may increase the risk of negative health effects. The iodine content of algae or foods containing algae is currently not regulated in the European Union. The aim of this paper is to review the literature to determine the chemical species of iodine in brown algae, the loss of iodine during processing, and the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of iodine. A systematic search of the literature was performed in April 2021, via the databases Web of Science and PubMed. The review includes studies of iodine in brown macroalgae in relation to bioavailability, bioaccessibility, processing and speciation. A meta-analysis was conducted in relation to the following topics: (i) the correlation between total iodine and iodide (I- ) content in brown algae; (ii) the correlation between the loss of iodine during processing and the I- content; and (iii) the correlation between bioavailability and the I- content. The bioavailability of iodine from brown algae was generally high, with in vivo bioavailability ranging from 31% to 90%. The in vitro bioavailability of iodine (2%-28%) was systematically lower than in vivo bioavailability (31%-90%), indicating an inadequate in vitro methodology. Processing may reduce the iodine content of brown algae, and a higher I- content was positively correlated with increased iodine loss during processing. Although processing strategies may reduce the iodine content of brown algae significantly, the iodine content may still be high after processing. These findings may be used in food safety evaluations of brown algae as well as in the development of macroalgae-containing foods with iodine contents suitable for human consumption. Further research on processing techniques to reduce the iodine content in brown macroalgae are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Henjum S, Groufh-Jacobsen S, Aakre I, Terragni L. Life-course perspectives of milk consumption among young Norwegian women and their knowledge of milk as a source of iodine: a qualitative study. Food Nutr Res 2022; 65:7758. [PMID: 34984063 PMCID: PMC8693599 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.7758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild to moderate iodine deficiency has been found among young Norwegian women of reproductive age. In Norway, cow’s milk is the main source of iodine; however, milk consumption is decreasing, particularly among young women. This study aimed to investigate milk consumption practices in young Norwegian women and their attitudes toward milk consumption from childhood to young adulthood in a life-course perspective and their knowledge of milk as a source of iodine. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 30 bachelor students (women, 18–25 years old) from five different study programs. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to interpret milk consumption practices from a life-course perspective. Five focus group interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide. The transcribed interviews were coded according to emerging themes related to milk consumption practices and turning points. Milk consumption practices were dynamic and changed over time and were influenced by several factors: family traditions, school milk subscription, friends and social media, social acceptance, availability, price, and attitudes toward health and the environment. Young women tend to be in a phase of life in which milk is not part of their food practices. Most of the women were not aware of the consequences of omitting milk from their diet and had limited knowledge of iodine and how to secure adequate dietary iodine intake. Awareness of possible consequences of omitting milk from the diet should be promoted along with information on how to secure adequate iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Groufh-Jacobsen
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Laura Terragni
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Moxness Reksten A, Bøkevoll A, Frantzen S, Lundebye AK, Kögel T, Kolås K, Aakre I, Kjellevold M. Corrigendum to ''Sampling protocol for the determination of nutrients and contaminants in fish and other seafood - The EAF-Nansen programme" [MethodsX 7 (2020) 101063]. MethodsX 2021; 8:101363. [PMID: 34434849 PMCID: PMC8374342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101063.].
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Næss S, Markhus MW, Strand TA, Kjellevold M, Dahl L, Stokland AEM, Nedrebø BG, Aakre I. Iodine Nutrition and Iodine Supplement Initiation in Association with Thyroid Function in Mildly-to-Moderately Iodine-Deficient Pregnant and Postpartum Women. J Nutr 2021; 151:3187-3196. [PMID: 34255063 PMCID: PMC8485914 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas the adverse effects of severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy are well documented, the effects of mild-to-moderate deficiency are not well established. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore whether iodine nutrition and timing of iodine supplement initiation are associated with thyroid function in pregnant and postpartum women. METHODS In this cohort study, 137 pregnant women were enrolled and followed up at gestational weeks (GWs) 18 and 36, and 3 and 6 mo postpartum. Thyroid function tests [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4)], urinary iodine and creatinine concentration (UIC:Cr), and iodine intake (including iodine supplement use) were measured at each time point. The associations between thyroid hormone concentrations and UIC:Cr, iodine intakes, and iodine supplement use were estimated using multiple generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS The median UIC at GW18 was 94 μg/L, indicating mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. UIC:Cr (β; 95% CI) per 100 μg/g was negatively associated with fT3 (-0.191; -0.331, -0.051) and fT4 (-0.756; -1.372, -0.141) concentrations. Iodine intake (β; 95% CI) per 100 μg/d was positively associated with TSH (0.099; 0.022, 0.177), and negatively associated with fT3 (-0.084; -0.0141, -0.027) and fT4 (-0.390; -0.599, -0.182) concentrations. Compared with no use of supplement, those initiating an iodine-containing supplement prepregnancy and continuing through pregnancy had lower TSH (estimated means) (1.35 compared with 1.68 mIU/L, P = 0.021), and higher fT3 (4.48 compared with 4.28 pmol/L, P = 0.035) and fT4 (15.2 compared with 14.4 pmol/L, P = 0.024) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Lower iodine availability during pregnancy and postpartum was associated with lower TSH, and higher fT3 and fT4 concentrations. The use of an iodine-containing supplement that was initiated prepregnancy and continuing through pregnancy was associated with lower TSH, and higher fT3 and fT4 concentrations, which may suggest improved thyroid function. These findings support the notion that optimization of iodine intake should start before pregnancy.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02610959.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria W Markhus
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ann-Elin M Stokland
- Department of Endocrinology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bjørn G Nedrebø
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Moxness Reksten A, Rahman Z, Kjellevold M, Garrido Gamarro E, Thilsted SH, Pincus LM, Aakre I, Ryder J, Ariyawansa S, Nordhagen A, Lundebye AK. Metal Contents in Fish from the Bay of Bengal and Potential Consumer Exposure-The EAF-Nansen Programme. Foods 2021; 10:1147. [PMID: 34065408 PMCID: PMC8160839 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish represent an important part of the Sri Lankan and Bangladeshi diet. However, fish is also a source of contaminants that may constitute a health risk to consumers. The aim of this study was to analyse the contents of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in 24 commonly consumed marine fish species from the Bay of Bengal and to assess the potential health risk associated with their consumption. Mercury and lead contents did not exceed the maximum limits for any of the sampled species, and consumer exposure from estimated daily consumption was assessed to be minimal for adults and children. Numerous samples exceeded the maximum limit for cadmium (58%), particularly those of small size (≤25 cm). However, consumer exposure was insignificant, and health assessment showed no risk connected to consumption. These data represent an important contribution to future risk/benefit assessments related to the consumption of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Moxness Reksten
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (M.K.); (I.A.); (A.N.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - Zillur Rahman
- Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock, Khulna 9000, Bangladesh;
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (M.K.); (I.A.); (A.N.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - Esther Garrido Gamarro
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (E.G.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Shakuntala H. Thilsted
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas 11960, Penang, Malaysia; (S.H.T.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Lauren M. Pincus
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas 11960, Penang, Malaysia; (S.H.T.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Inger Aakre
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (M.K.); (I.A.); (A.N.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - John Ryder
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (E.G.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Sujeewa Ariyawansa
- National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Crow Island, Colombo 01500, Sri Lanka;
| | - Anna Nordhagen
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (M.K.); (I.A.); (A.N.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - Anne-Katrine Lundebye
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (M.K.); (I.A.); (A.N.); (A.-K.L.)
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Aakre I, Solli DD, Markhus MW, Mæhre HK, Dahl L, Henjum S, Alexander J, Korneliussen PA, Madsen L, Kjellevold M. Commercially available kelp and seaweed products - valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake? Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:7584. [PMID: 33889064 PMCID: PMC8035890 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.7584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seaweeds and kelps, also known as macroalgae, have long been common in the East-Asian diet. During recent years, macroalgae have entered the global food market, and a variety of macroalgae products are now available for consumers. Some macroalgae species are known to be particularly rich in iodine, but little data regarding the iodine content of macroalgae-containing foods exists. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research study was to analyse the iodine content in a large variety of commercially available macroalgae-containing foods and supplements and to evaluate whether such products are sources of adequate dietary iodine. DESIGN Ninety-six different products were collected after surveying the Norwegian market for commercially available macroalgae products, collected from three categories: 1) wholefood macroalgae products (n = 43), 2) macroalgae-containing foods (n = 39), and 3) dietary supplements containing macroalgae (n = 14). All products were analysed for iodine content by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS The iodine content in one portion of wholefood macroalgae products ranged from 128 to 62,400 μg. In macroalgae-containing foods, the iodine content ranged from 30 to 25,300 μg per portion, and in supplements it ranged from 5 to 5,600 μg per daily dose. The species with the highest analysed iodine content were oarweed, sugarkelp and kombu, with mean iodine levels of 7,800, 4,469 and 2,276 μg/g, respectively. For 54 products, the intake of one portion or dose would exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for iodine. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The iodine content in the included products was variable and for most products high, exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) if consumed as a serving or portion size. The labelling of macroalgae species included, and declaration of iodine content, were inadequate or inaccurate for several products. As macroalgae-containing products are unreliable iodine sources, inclusion of such products in the diet may pose a risk of consuming excessive amounts of iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Dina Doblaug Solli
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Wik Markhus
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne K. Mæhre
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Alexander
- Division of Infection Control, Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lise Madsen
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
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Markhus MW, Hysing M, Midtbø LK, Nerhus I, Næss S, Aakre I, Kvestad I, Dahl L, Kjellevold M. Effects of Two Weekly Servings of Cod for 16 Weeks in Pregnancy on Maternal Iodine Status and Infant Neurodevelopment: Mommy's Food, a Randomized-Controlled Trial. Thyroid 2021; 31:288-298. [PMID: 32746774 PMCID: PMC7891220 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is still present in many countries, particularly in pregnant women. Observational studies suggest that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with impaired thyroid function and child neurodevelopment. Randomized-controlled food trials to increase iodine status are scarce. We assessed the impact of an increased intake of cod during pregnancy on maternal iodine status and infant neurodevelopment. Methods: In this randomized-controlled trial, pregnant women in Bergen, Norway, recruited through Haukeland University Hospital, were randomly assigned (1:1) to an intervention of 200 g of cod twice a week for 16 weeks (gestational week 20-36) or to continue with their standard diet (control group). Randomization was done by lottery. Primary outcome was urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (spot samples from six consecutive days) measured postintervention. Secondary outcome was infant neurodevelopment assessed by the cognitive, language, and motor scales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Developmental third edition (Bayley-III) at 11 months of age. In addition, maternal thyroid function was measured (thyrotropin [TSH], free triiodothyronine [fT3], free thyroxine [fT4]) at baseline and postintervention. Results: Between January 2016 until February 2017, 137 women were recruited. Postintervention UIC was higher in the intervention group (n = 61) [median (interquartile range, IQR) 98 (64-145) μg/L], compared with control (n = 61) [median (IQR) 73 (52-120) μg/L] (p = 0.028), also after adjusting for baseline UIC (p = 0.048). Infants of mothers in the intervention group had a lower cognitive composite score on the Bayley-III compared with the control group (p = 0.045). There were no group differences in the Bayley III language- or motor composite scores. Maternal thyroid hormones (TSH, fT3, fT4) did not differ between the groups postintervention. Conclusions: Increased cod intake during pregnancy improved the iodine status in women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, however, did not affect thyroid function. The negative effect on cognition should be followed up to assess whether this is a stable effect over time. More studies are warranted to enable good health advice on iodine nutrition in pregnancy. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02610959. Registered November 20, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wik Markhus
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisa Kolden Midtbø
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ive Nerhus
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Synnøve Næss
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Kvestad
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Hasselberg AE, Wessels L, Aakre I, Reich F, Atter A, Steiner-Asiedu M, Amponsah S, Pucher J, Kjellevold M. Composition of nutrients, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbiological quality in processed small indigenous fish species from Ghana: Implications for food security. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242086. [PMID: 33180860 PMCID: PMC7660496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple burden of malnutrition is an incessant issue in low- and middle-income countries, and fish has the potential to mitigate this burden. In Ghana fish is a central part of the diet, but data on nutrients and contaminants in processed indigenous fish species, that are often eaten whole, are missing. Samples of smoked, dried or salted Engraulis encrasicolus (European anchovy), Brachydeuterus auritus (bigeye grunt), Sardinella aurita (round sardinella), Selene dorsalis (African moonfish), Sierrathrissa leonensis (West African (WA) pygmy herring) and Tilapia spp. (tilapia) were collected from five different regions in Ghana. Samples were analyzed for nutrients (crude protein, fat, fatty acids, several vitamins, minerals, and trace elements), microbiological quality (microbial loads of total colony counts, E. coli, coliforms, and Salmonella), and contaminants (PAH4 and heavy metals). Except for tilapia, the processed small fish species had the potential to significantly contribute to the nutrient intakes of vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. High levels of iron, mercury and lead were detected in certain fish samples, which calls for further research and identification of anthropogenic sources along the value chains. The total cell counts in all samples were acceptable; Salmonella was not detected in any sample and E. coli only in one sample. However, high numbers of coliform bacteria were found. PAH4 in smoked samples reached high concentrations up to 1,300 μg/kg, but in contrast salted tilapia samples had a range of PAH4 concentration of 1 μg/kg to 24 μg/kg. This endpoint oriented study provides data for the nutritional value of small processed fish as food in Ghana and also provides information about potential food safety hazards. Future research is needed to determine potential sources of contamination along the value chains in different regions, identify critical points, and develop applicable mitigation strategies to improve the quality and safety of processed small fish in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Wessels
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Felix Reich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy Atter
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Matilda Steiner-Asiedu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Amponsah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Fisheries and Water Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Johannes Pucher
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Aakre I, Bøkevoll A, Chaira J, Bouthir FZ, Frantzen S, Kausland A, Kjellevold M. Variation in Nutrient Composition of Seafood from North West Africa: Implications for Food and Nutrition Security. Foods 2020; 9:E1516. [PMID: 33096911 PMCID: PMC7590009 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish and seafood may play an important role for nutrition and food security as they contain essential vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. The aim of this study was to describe the nutrient composition, including fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, in commonly consumed fish species (fillet- and whole fish samples) sampled off the Northwest African coast. Furthermore, we assessed the species' contributions to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) values from the World Health Organization (WHO). Samples of commercially important fish species (Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus trachurus, Pagellus acarne) were collected using trawling on the R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen in May 2017 and analyzed for nutrients at the Institute of Marine Research as individual and composite samples. All the analyzed fish species were good dietary sources of several vitamins and minerals and whole fish were substantially more nutrient dense than fillet samples, especially with regard to vitamin A, iodine, zinc, calcium, and iron. Including 100 g of sardine or anchovy (whole fish) in the diet, would contribute substantially to the RNI for vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin A, EPA and DHA as well as the minerals iodine, zinc, and calcium. This study shows that fish consumed with skin, bone, and viscera may be very nutrient dense and important for local food and nutrition security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Annbjørg Bøkevoll
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Jamal Chaira
- National Institute for Fisheries Research (INRH), Casablanca 20030, Morocco; (J.C.); (F.Z.B.)
| | - Fatima Zohra Bouthir
- National Institute for Fisheries Research (INRH), Casablanca 20030, Morocco; (J.C.); (F.Z.B.)
| | - Sylvia Frantzen
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Anette Kausland
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
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14
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Araujo P, Kjellevold M, Nerhus I, Dahl L, Aakre I, Moe V, Smith L, Markhus MW. Fatty Acid Reference Intervals in Red Blood Cells among Pregnant Women in Norway-Cross Sectional Data from the 'Little in Norway' Cohort. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102950. [PMID: 32993043 PMCID: PMC7601079 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in determining fatty acid reference intervals from pregnancy cohort, especially considering the lack of reference values for pregnant women in the literature and the generalized misconception of equating reference intervals for nonpregnant women as equivalent to pregnant women. Seafood and supplements are important dietary sources for the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:55ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω-3). Sufficient intake of EPA and DHA is vital during pregnancy for the development of the fetus, as well as for maintaining adequate levels for the mother. This study describes the fatty acid status and suggests reference values and cut-offs for fatty acids in red blood cells (RBC) from pregnant women (n = 247). An electronic food frequency questionnaire (e-FFQ) mapped the dietary habits of the participants, and gas chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid levels in RBC. The association between e-FFQ variables and fatty acid concentrations was established using a principal component analysis (PCA). Twenty-nine-point-one percent (29.1%) of the participants reported eating seafood as dinner according to the Norwegian recommendations, and they added in their diet as well a high percentage (76.9%) intake of ω-3 supplements. The concentration levels of fatty acids in RBC were in agreement with those reported in similar populations from different countries. The reference interval 2.5/97.5 percentiles for EPA, DPA, DHA were 0.23/2.12, 0.56/2.80, 3.76/10.12 in relative concentration units (%), and 5.99/51.25, 11.08/61.97, 64.25/218.08 in absolute concentration units (µg/g), respectively. The number of participants and their selection from all over Norway vouch for the representativeness of the study and the validity of the proposed reference values, and therefore, the study may be a useful tool when studying associations between fatty acid status and health outcome in future studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first PCA study reporting a direct association between ω-3 LCPUFA and intake of seafood and ω-3 supplements in a pregnancy cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Araujo
- Institute of Marine Research, 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; (I.N.); (L.D.); (I.A.); (M.W.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (M.K.); Tel.: +47-47645029 (P.A.); +47-40854582 (M.K.)
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Institute of Marine Research, 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; (I.N.); (L.D.); (I.A.); (M.W.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (M.K.); Tel.: +47-47645029 (P.A.); +47-40854582 (M.K.)
| | - Ive Nerhus
- Institute of Marine Research, 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; (I.N.); (L.D.); (I.A.); (M.W.M.)
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Institute of Marine Research, 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; (I.N.); (L.D.); (I.A.); (M.W.M.)
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; (I.N.); (L.D.); (I.A.); (M.W.M.)
| | - Vibeke Moe
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (V.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Lars Smith
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (V.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Maria Wik Markhus
- Institute of Marine Research, 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; (I.N.); (L.D.); (I.A.); (M.W.M.)
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15
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Moxness Reksten A, Bøkevoll A, Frantzen S, Lundebye AK, Kögel T, Kolås K, Aakre I, Kjellevold M. Sampling protocol for the determination of nutrients and contaminants in fish and other seafood - The EAF-Nansen Programme. MethodsX 2020; 7:101063. [PMID: 32995313 PMCID: PMC7502570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafood plays a central role in global food and nutrition security. However, there is a lack of data on the concentration of nutrients and contaminants in fish and other seafood, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In order to assess the potential risks and benefits associated with seafood intake, reliable and up-to-date food composition data is crucial. The quality of food composition data is affected by several factors, such as sampling protocols and the suitability and quality of the methods applied for sample preparation and analysis. In this paper, we describe the sampling methodology and protocols related to the sampling of fish and other seafood and the corresponding analytical methods used to analyse the nutrient and contaminant content of such species. For nutrients, the determination of protein, fat, ash, energy, fatty acids, cholesterol, and amino acids is described, in addition to analyses for determination of the vitamin and mineral content in fish and other seafood. For contaminants, analyses for the determination of organic pollutants and microplastics are described. The methodology described in this paper is used for sampling data through scientific surveys in low- and middle-income countries with research vessel Dr. Fridtjof Nansen under the EAF-Nansen Programme. The Programme aims to improve knowledge on the nutritional composition of fish and ensure the fish is safe to consume.In this paper, we describe the sampling protocols used for sampling fish and other seafood during scientific surveys under the EAF-Nansen Programme. This paper describes the methodology and quality control for analysing nutrients and contaminants in fish and other seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annbjørg Bøkevoll
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sylvia Frantzen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Tanja Kögel
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjersti Kolås
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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Reksten AM, Somasundaram T, Kjellevold M, Nordhagen A, Bøkevoll A, Pincus LM, Rizwan AAM, Mamun A, Thilsted SH, Htut T, Aakre I. Corrigendum to “Nutrient composition of 19 fish species from Sri Lanka and potential contribution to food and nutrition security” [J. Food Compos. Anal. 91 (2020) 103508]. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Hasselberg AE, Aakre I, Scholtens J, Overå R, Kolding J, Bank MS, Atter A, Kjellevold M. Fish for food and nutrition security in Ghana: Challenges and opportunities. Global Food Security 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reksten AM, Somasundaram T, Kjellevold M, Nordhagen A, Bøkevoll A, Pincus LM, Rizwan AAM, Mamun A, Thilsted SH, Htut T, Aakre I. Nutrient composition of 19 fish species from Sri Lanka and potential contribution to food and nutrition security. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aakre I, Morseth MS, Dahl L, Henjum S, Kjellevold M, Moe V, Smith L, Markhus MW. Iodine status during pregnancy and at 6 weeks, 6, 12 and 18 months post-partum. Matern Child Nutr 2020; 17:e13050. [PMID: 32602197 PMCID: PMC7729798 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and in the post‐partum period may lead to impaired child development. Our aim is to describe iodine status longitudinally in women from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. Furthermore, we explore whether iodine status is associated with dietary intake, iodine‐containing supplement use and breastfeeding status from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. We also assess the correlation between maternal iodine status 18 months post‐partum and child iodine status at 18 months of age. Iodine status was measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy (n = 1,004), 6 weeks post‐partum (n = 915), 6 months post‐partum (n = 849), 12 months post‐partum (n = 733) and 18 months post‐partum (n = 714). The toddlers' UIC was assessed at 18 months of age (n = 416). Demographic variables and dietary data (food frequency questionnaire) were collected during pregnancy, and dietary data and breastfeeding practices were collected at all time points post‐partum. We found that iodine status was insufficient in both pregnant and post‐partum women. The UIC was at its lowermost 6 weeks post‐partum and gradually improved with increasing time post‐partum. Intake of milk and use of iodine‐containing supplements significantly increased the odds of having a UIC above 100 μg/L. Neither the mothers' UIC, vegetarian practice, nor exclusion of milk and dairy products were associated with the toddlers UIC 18 months post‐partum. Women who exclude milk and dairy products from their diets and/or do not use iodine‐containing supplements may be at risk of iodine deficiency. The women possibly also have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction and for conceiving children with nonoptimal developmental status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marianne Sandsmark Morseth
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Department of Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Department of Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vibeke Moe
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Wik Markhus
- Department of Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Nordhagen A, Rizwan AAM, Aakre I, Moxness Reksten A, Pincus LM, Bøkevoll A, Mamun A, Haraksingh Thilsted S, Htut T, Somasundaram T, Kjellevold M. Nutrient Composition of Demersal, Pelagic, and Mesopelagic Fish Species Sampled Off the Coast of Bangladesh and Their Potential Contribution to Food and Nutrition Security-The EAF-Nansen Programme. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060730. [PMID: 32503114 PMCID: PMC7353586 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish is a major part of the Bangladeshi diet, but data on the nutrient composition of marine fish species are sparse. Mesopelagic fish may be a new potential resource of food and nutrients; however, nutrient composition data are lacking. The aim of this study was to provide nutrient composition data of fish species sampled off the coast of Bangladesh and determine their potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes (RNI). Seven species from the pelagic, mesopelagic, and demersal zones were sampled from the coast of Bangladesh with Dr. Fridtjof Nansen in 2018. Three pooled samples containing 15-840 individuals from each species were analysed at the Institute of Marine Research, Norway. The demersal species contained substantially lower concentrations of nearly all nutrients, whereas the mesopelagic species generally were more nutrient dense. All species, except for the demersal species Bombay duck (9% dry matter), were found to contribute ≥100% to the RNI of vitamin B12, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and selenium. All species, except for the demersal fish species, contributed ≥25% to the RNI of six or more nutrients. The data presented in this paper are an important contribution to the Bangladeshi food composition table and contribute to the understanding of fish as an important source of micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nordhagen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Abu Ansar Md. Rizwan
- Health and Nutrition, Social Assistance and Rehabilitation for the Physically Vulnerable (SARPV), Cox’s Bazar 4700, Bangladesh;
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Amalie Moxness Reksten
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-975-83-269
| | - Lauren Michelle Pincus
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Penang 11960, Malaysia; (L.M.P.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Annbjørg Bøkevoll
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Al Mamun
- Marine Fisheries Survey Management Unit, Department of Fisheries, CGO Building-2, Agrabad, Chattogram 4100, Bangladesh;
| | | | - Thaung Htut
- Wildlife Conservation Society-Myanmar Program, P.O. Box Kamayut, Yangon 11041, Myanmar;
| | - Thiruchenduran Somasundaram
- Institute of Postharvest Technology, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), P.O. Box Colombo 01500, Sri Lanka;
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.N.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
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Næss S, Aakre I, Lundebye AK, Ørnsrud R, Kjellevold M, Markhus MW, Dahl L. Mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium in Norwegian seafood products and consumer exposure. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2020; 13:99-106. [PMID: 32207381 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1735533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seafood can be a source of contaminants, which may raise health concerns. The aim of this study was to analyse the levels of inorganic contaminants in commercially available seafood products and assess consumer exposure. Commercially available samples were collected from 2015-2018 and analysed as composite samples for mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium, using accredited methods. Levels of cadmium, lead, and arsenic were low and human exposure of these metals would be minimal from consumption of the analysed seafood products. Mercury levels were well below the EU maximum limit for mercury in fish. However, children, who are high consumers, might be at risk of exceeding the tolerable weekly intake for methyl mercury, when eating products with the highest mercury levels. The collected data can be used for future risk-benefit assessments as intake of processed seafood products represent a large proportion of the populations' seafood intake in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synnøve Næss
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research , Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research , Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne-Katrine Lundebye
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research , Bergen, Norway
| | - Robin Ørnsrud
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research , Bergen, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research , Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Wik Markhus
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research , Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research , Bergen, Norway
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Næss S, Aakre I, Kjellevold M, Dahl L, Nerhus I, Midtbø LK, Markhus MW. Validation and reproducibility of a new iodine specific food frequency questionnaire for assessing iodine intake in Norwegian pregnant women. Nutr J 2019; 18:62. [PMID: 31665021 PMCID: PMC6821006 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodized salt is not mandatory in Norway, and the permitted level of iodine in table salt is low (5 μg/g). Thus, milk and dairy products, fish and eggs are the main dietary sources of iodine in Norway. Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant women has been described in several European countries, including Norway. There are few validated tools available to assess iodine intake in an efficient manner. The aim of the current study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of a new iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (I-FFQ) in Norwegian pregnant women. METHODS An I-FFQ consisting of a total of 60 food items and the use of supplements was developed to assess iodine intake and was administrated to 137 pregnant women at gestational week 18-19. Reference methods were a structured 6-days iodine specific food diary, urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (pooled sample of spot UIC from six consecutive days), and thyroid function tests. Correlation analyses, Cohen's weighted kappa, Bland-Altman plots, and linear regression analyses were used to assess validity. Reproducibility of the I-FFQ was assessed in a subgroup (n = 47) at gestational week 35-36. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between estimated iodine intake from the I-FFQ and food diary (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and an acceptable correlation between the I-FFQ and UIC (r = 0.21, P = 0.018). There was no significant association between the I-FFQ and thyroid function tests. The I-FFQ estimated higher iodine intake compared to the food diary with a mean absolute difference 33 μg/day. The limits of agreement from the Bland-Altman plots were large, however few participants fell outside the limits of agreement (5.2-6.5%). There was no difference between the estimated iodine intake from the I-FFQ assessed at gestational week 18-19, and gestational week 35-36 (P = 0.866), and there was a strong correlation between the two time points (r = 0.63, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In summary, this study suggests that the I-FFQ can be used as a valid tool to estimate and rank iodine intake among Norwegian pregnant women. We further suggest that this I-FFQ may also be valid in other populations with similarly dietary patterns and where salt is not iodized. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02610959).
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Affiliation(s)
- Synnøve Næss
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ive Nerhus
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), 5817 Bergen, Norway
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Aakre I, Næss S, Kjellevold M, Markhus MW, Alvheim AR, Dalane JØ, Kielland E, Dahl L. New data on nutrient composition in large selection of commercially available seafood products and its impact on micronutrient intake. Food Nutr Res 2019; 63:3573. [PMID: 31360148 PMCID: PMC6642616 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v63.3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most foods, including seafood, undergo some sort of processing as an integrated part of the global food industry. The degree of processing depends on the type of product produced. Processed seafood products are an important part of the diet; thus, knowledge of nutrient content in seafood products is of great importance. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the content of selected nutrients in commercially available and market representative seafood products purchased from 3 different years. Methods Seafood products from 2015 (n = 16), 2017 (n = 35), and 2018 (n = 35) were analyzed as composite samples for macro- and micronutrients using accredited methods at the Institute of Marine Research in Norway. Results This study confirms that seafood products are good sources of several key nutrients, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin D, vitamin B12, iodine, and selenium. Fatty fish products had the highest content of EPA, DHA, and vitamin D, while lean fish products had the highest content of vitamin B12 and minerals. However, some lean fish products, such as one portion of fish au gratin or fish cakes, also proved as good sources of EPA, DHA, and vitamin D, and contributed substantially to the recommended intake. Variations in nutrients were seen both within the same product category and between the same product category from different years. Conclusions These data give valuable insights into seafood products as a source of essential micronutrients and highlight the importance of these products for nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Synnøve Næss
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Wik Markhus
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Ellen Kielland
- Food Department, Norwegian Food Safety Authorities, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Aakre I, Markhus MW, Kjellevold M, Moe V, Smith L, Dahl L. Sufficient iodine status among Norwegian toddlers 18 months of age - cross-sectional data from the Little in Norway study. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1443. [PMID: 30574048 PMCID: PMC6294835 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate iodine intake has been identified in several population groups in the Nordic countries over the past years; however, studies of iodine status in infants and toddlers are scarce. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the iodine status and dietary iodine sources among 18-month-old toddlers from Norway. METHODS Cross-sectional and country representative data from the Little in Norway study were used. All children who had given a spot urine sample at 18 months age were included (n = 416). Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Dietary habits and supplement use were measured by a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Median (25th-75th percentiles [p25-p75]) UIC was 129 (81-190) μg/L while estimated median (p25-p75) habitual iodine intake was 109 (101-117) μg/day. None of the children were below the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 65 μg/day or above the upper intake level of 180 μg/day. There were no differences in either UIC or estimated habitual iodine intake between different geographic areas in Norway. Milk was the most important iodine source, contributing an estimated 70% to the total iodine intake, while other foods rich in iodine such as seafood and enriched baby porridge contributed about 30%. CONCLUSIONS The iodine status among 18-month-old toddlers from different geographic areas in Norway was sufficient, indicated by a median UIC above the WHO cutoff of 100 μg/L. This was further supported by the estimated habitual iodine intake, where none of the participants were below the EAR. Milk was an important iodine source in this age group; thus children with a low intake might be at risk of insufficient iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Wik Markhus
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vibeke Moe
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Food Security and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Henjum S, Brantsæter AL, Kurniasari A, Dahl L, Aadland EK, Gjengedal ELF, Birkeland S, Aakre I. Suboptimal Iodine Status and Low Iodine Knowledge in Young Norwegian Women. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070941. [PMID: 30037088 PMCID: PMC6073112 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have documented mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women in Norway. This study focused on non-pregnant young women because their future children may be susceptible to the adverse effects of iodine deficiency. We assessed urinary iodine concentration (UIC), iodine intake from food and supplements, and iodine knowledge in 403 non-pregnant women, mainly students, aged 18–30 years. Iodine concentration was measured in spot urine samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and iodine intake was calculated from a self-reported food frequency questionnaire. Knowledge about iodine was collected through the self-administered, paper-based questionnaire. Median (p25–p75) UIC was 75 (42–130) µg/L and 31% had UIC < 50 µg/L. Habitual iodine intake was 100 (69–136) µg/day. In multiple regression models, supplemental iodine, use of thyroid medication, and iodine intake from food were positively associated with UIC, while vegetarian practice was negatively associated, explaining 16% of the variance. Approximately 40% of the young women had low iodine knowledge score and no differences were found between women in different study programs. Young women in Norway are mild to moderately iodine-deficient, and public health strategies are needed to improve and secure adequate iodine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo , Norway.
| | - Astrid Kurniasari
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Eli Kristin Aadland
- Faculty of Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway, .
| | - Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas 1433, Norway.
| | - Susanne Birkeland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas 1433, Norway.
| | - Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Henjum S, Aakre I, Lilleengen AM, Garnweidner-Holme L, Borthne S, Pajalic Z, Blix E, Gjengedal ELF, Brantsæter AL. Suboptimal Iodine Status among Pregnant Women in the Oslo Area, Norway. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030280. [PMID: 29495606 PMCID: PMC5872698 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norway has been considered iodine replete for decades; however, recent studies indicate reemergence of inadequate iodine status in different population groups. We assessed iodine status in pregnant women based on urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary iodine excretion (UIE), and iodine intake from food and supplements. In 804 pregnant women, 24-h iodine intakes from iodine-rich foods and iodine-containing supplements were calculated. In 777 women, iodine concentration was measured in spot urine samples by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, 49 of the women collected a 24-h urine sample for assessment of UIE and iodine intake from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Median UIC was 92 µg/L. Fifty-five percent had a calculated iodine intake below estimated average requirement (EAR) (160 µg/day). Iodine intake from food alone did not provide the amount of iodine required to meet maternal and fetal needs during pregnancy. In multiple regression models, hypothyroidism, supplemental iodine and maternal age were positively associated with UIC, while gestational age and smoking were negatively associated, explaining 11% of the variance. This study clearly shows that pregnant women in the Oslo area are mild to moderate iodine deficient and public health strategies are needed to improve and secure adequate iodine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Lisa Garnweidner-Holme
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Sandra Borthne
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Zada Pajalic
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Ellen Blix
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas 1433, Norway.
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway.
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Henjum S, Aakre I, Strand TA, Torheim LE. Excessive iodine status among Saharawi refugees. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 45:48-49. [PMID: 29173482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Division for Medical Services, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway; Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv Elin Torheim
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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Aakre I, Strand TA, Moubarek K, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Associations between thyroid dysfunction and developmental status in children with excessive iodine status. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187241. [PMID: 29166388 PMCID: PMC5699829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Adequate iodine status and normal thyroid hormone synthesis are important for optimal child development. In this study, we explored whether young children’s developmental status is associated with thyroid dysfunction in an area of chronic excessive iodine exposure. Methods We included 298 children between 18 and 48 months of age residing in Algerian refugee camps. Early child development was measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, third edition (ASQ-3), consisting of five domains: Communication, Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Problem Solving and Personal-Social. Due to poor discriminatory ability in the Gross Motor domain, the total ASQ-3 scores were calculated both including and excluding this domain. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3 and FT4), thyroid antibodies and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured. Results The median UIC was 451.6 μg/L, and approximately 72% of the children had a UIC above 300 μg/L. Furthermore, 14% had thyroid disturbances, of whom 10% had TSH outside the reference range. Children with thyroid disturbances and TSH outside the reference ranges had lower odds of being among the 66% highest total ASQ scores, with adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.46 (0.23, 0.93) and 0.42 (0.19, 0.94), respectively. Conclusion We found an association between thyroid dysfunction and poorer developmental status among children with excessive iodine intake. The high iodine intake may have caused the thyroid dysfunction and hence the delayed developmental status; however, other influential factors cannot be excluded. Optimal child development is important for a sustainable future. With iodine excess being an increasing problem globally, this subject should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Tor A. Strand
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
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Henjum S, Lilleengen AM, Aakre I, Dudareva A, Gjengedal ELF, Meltzer HM, Brantsæter AL. Suboptimal Iodine Concentration in Breastmilk and Inadequate Iodine Intake among Lactating Women in Norway. Nutrients 2017. [PMID: 28640217 PMCID: PMC5537763 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfed infants depend on sufficient maternal iodine intake for optimal growth and neurological development. Despite this, few studies have assessed iodine concentrations in human milk and there is currently no published data on iodine status among lactating women in Norway. The aim of this study was to assess iodine concentrations in breast milk (BMIC) in lactating women and estimate iodine intake. Five Mother and Child Health Centres in Oslo were randomly selected during 2016, and 175 lactating women between 2nd and 28th weeks postpartum participated. Each of the women provided four breastmilk samples which were pooled and analysed for iodine concentrations. Participants also provided information on iodine intake from food and supplements covering the last 24 h and the habitual iodine intake (food frequency questionnaire). The median (p25, p75 percentiles) BMIC was 68 (45, 98) µg/L and 76% had BMIC <100 µg/L. Only 19% had taken an iodine-containing supplement during the last 24 h. The median 24 h iodine intake from food (p25, p75) was 121 (82, 162) µg/day and the total intake (food and supplements) was 134 (95, 222) µg/day. The majority of lactating women had suboptimal BMIC and inadequate intake of iodine from food and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Anna Dudareva
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas 1433, Norway.
| | - Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway.
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway.
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Aakre I, Lilleengen AM, Lerseth Aarsand M, Strand TA, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Infant feeding practices in the Saharawi refugee camps Algeria, a cross-sectional study among children from birth to six months of age. Int Breastfeed J 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28149322 PMCID: PMC5273854 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-016-0098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate breastfeeding and infant feeding practices are crucial to a child's growth and development. The objective of this paper is to describe breastfeeding and general feeding practices and the nutrition status among children from birth to 6 months of age, in the Saharawi refugee camps located in Algeria. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 111 lactating mothers with infants from birth to 6 months of age. Data regarding breastfeeding practices and a 24 h dietary recall for the infants were collected to assess the World Health Organization's (WHO) indicators for infant and young child feeding. For exclusive and predominant breastfeeding, age disaggregation for each month was applied to the data. Background characteristics from the mothers and infants were collected, together with anthropometrical measures. We explored predictors for breastfeeding and nutrition status in multiple regression models. RESULTS In total 13.8%, 8.2% and 16.5% of the infants were stunted, wasted and underweight, respectively. Approximately 65% initiated breastfeeding within 1 h after birth and 11.7 and 21.6% were exclusively or predominantly breastfed less than 6 months. The most commonly given solid foods were dates (27.0%) and bread (10.8%). In multiple regression models, initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h after birth gave increased probability of exclusive or predominant breastfeeding. Giving birth at home as opposed to in a hospital and increasing number of children gave increased probability of initiating breastfeeding early. Exclusive or predominant breastfeeding seemed to protect against underweight and wasting. CONCLUSIONS Exclusively or predominant breastfeeding was low among Saharawi refugee infants. Wasting and underweight was common and more likely to occur if the infants were not exclusively or predominantly breastfed. These findings support the current international breastfeeding recommendations, and suggest that there is an urgent need for promoting infant feeding practices in the Sahara refugee camps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, PB 7804, N-5018 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Lerseth Aarsand
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor A. Strand
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, PB 7804, N-5018 Bergen, Norway
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services Division, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Anders Sandvigs gate 17, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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Aakre I, Bjøro T, Norheim I, Strand TA, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Development of thyroid dysfunction among women with excessive iodine intake--A 3-year follow-up. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:61-6. [PMID: 26004893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thyroid dysfunction can be a result of excessive iodine intake, which may have adverse health consequences, particularly for women in fertile age. In 2010, we conducted a cross-sectional study among lactating women with excessive iodine intake in the Saharawi refugee camps in Algeria and found a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. Three years later, we conducted a follow-up study to monitor the iodine situation and explore whether thyroid dysfunction still was highly prevalent when the women no longer were post-partum. None of the women were treated for hyper- or hypothyroidism between baseline and follow-up. METHODS In 2013, we were able to recapture 78 of the 111 women from the baseline. Thyroid hormones and antibodies were measured in serum and thyroid size was assessed by palpation. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and drinking water iodine concentration were measured. RESULTS The overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and/or positive antibodies was 34.3% and was not significantly changed from baseline. Of the non-pregnant women we reexamined, 17 had hypo- or hyperthyroidism in 2010; among these, 12 women still had abnormal thyroid function at follow-up. In addition, we found 9 new cases with marginally abnormal thyroid function. Women with thyroid dysfunction and/or positive antibodies had significantly higher BMI and thyroglobulin than women with normal thyroid function. We also found that women with high breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) at baseline had more thyroid dysfunction at follow-up than the women with lower BMIC at baseline. CONCLUSIONS At follow-up, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was still high and had not changed during the 3 years between studies and from a postpartum period. The women still had a high iodine intake indicated by high UIC. Breast milk iodine concentration from baseline predicted thyroid dysfunction at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Health Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Trine Bjøro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Norheim
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services Division, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Department of Health Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Health Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
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Aakre I, Bjøro T, Norheim I, Strand TA, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Excessive iodine intake and thyroid dysfunction among lactating Saharawi women. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:279-84. [PMID: 25447589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excessive iodine intake may lead to thyroid dysfunction, which may be particularly harmful during pregnancy and lactation. The main objective was to describe iodine status and the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among lactating women in areas with high iodine (HI) and very high iodine (VHI) concentrations in drinking water. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed among 111 lactating women in the Saharawi refugee camps, Algeria. Breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC), urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and the iodine concentration in the most commonly consumed foods/drinks were measured. A 24-h dietary recall was used to estimate iodine intake. Thyroid hormones and antibodies were measured in serum. RESULTS Median UIC, BMIC and iodine intake across both areas was 350 μg/L, 479 μg/L and 407 μg/day, respectively. In multiple regression analyses, we discovered that being from VHI area was associated with higher UIC and BMIC. BMIC was also positively associated with iodine intake. Thyroid dysfunction and/or positive thyroid antibodies were found in 33.3% of the women, of which 18.9% had hypothyroidism and 8.1% had hyperthyroidism and 6.3% had positive antibodies with normal thyroid function. Elevated thyroid antibodies were in total found in 17.1%. We found no difference in distribution of thyroid dysfunction or positive antibodies between HI and VHI areas. BMI, BMIC and elevated thyroglobulin (Tg) predicted abnormal thyroid function tests. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction may be caused by excessive iodine intake over several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Health Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Trine Bjøro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Norheim
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services Division, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Department of Health Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Health Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
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