Celebrating Women in Science: Pioneering Contributions to Animal Behaviour and Welfare

In the scientific domain, women have historically demonstrated their dedication, intellect, and innovative input in relation to animal behaviour and welfare [...].

Reliability and validity of the Greek adaptation of the Modified Barthel Index in neurorehabilitation patients

BACKGROUND

The Modified Barthel Index (MBI) (Shah version) is a widely used functional assessment measure with greater sensitivity and improved reliability compared to the original Barthel Index.

AIM

The aim of this study was to adapt the MBI for use in Greece and measure its reliability and validity on a Greek neuro-rehabilitation population.

DESIGN

Observational study.

SETTING

KAT Hospital Rehabilitation Clinic and National Rehabilitation Centre in Athens, Greece.

POPULATION

A total of 100 rehabilitation inpatients and outpatients consisting of 50 stroke and 50 spinal cord injury (SCI) patients were evaluated.

METHODS

The MBI underwent the proper translation and cultural adaptation procedure as required by the World Health Organization and was administered to 100 rehabilitation patients. For criterion validity evaluation all patients were also assessed with the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz Index) and the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) physical functioning subscale, both questionnaires having been validated for use in Greece.

RESULTS

The unidimensionality solution was rejected and a two- factor solution was adopted based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (Factor 1 - Transfers and Activities of Daily Living, Factor 2 - Mobility). Very high correlation was presented between the Katz Index score and the Greek MBI Factor 1 (r=0.888, P<0.001) and total score (r=0.873 P<0.001) respectively and high with MBI Factor 2 (r=0.561, P<0.001). High correlation was observed between the SF-36 physical functioning subscale score with MBI Factor 1 (r=0.522, P<0.001), MBI Factor 2 (r=0.590, P<0.001) and MBI Total score (r=0.580, P<0.001). The internal consistency of the MBI Factor 1, Factor 2 and Total score was 0.920, 0.860 and 0.923 respectively. Test-retest reliability was remarkably consistent (total score 0.994, P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The Greek version of the Modified Barthel Index has been found to exhibit satisfactory levels of reliability and validity.

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT

The Greek MBI adaptation is an adequate and useful instrument for use on Greek neuro-rehabilitation patients.

Fall risk question-based tools for fall screening in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review of the literature

Fall screening tools aim to accurately identify the high fall risk individuals. To increase ease of administration and cost-effectiveness many studies focus on question-based tools. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify question-based tools for fall risk assessment in community-dwelling older adults over the age of 60 and the risk factors that are covered by these tools. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Data quality assessment was performed with the Ottawa-Newcastle scale. The results identified 20 studies that used 22 question-based tools to assess fall risk. The number of questions per tool varied from 1 to 41 questions. Data quality varied greatly, with values 3-9 for cohort and 2-7 for cross-sectional studies. The most commonly reported fall risk factors were fall history, feeling of unsteadiness, fear of falling, muscle strength, gait limitation and incontinence. Healthcare providers should use the above tools with caution regarding the limitations of each tool. Further studies should be designed to address individuals with high fall risk, such as individuals with cognitive impairment, as they are under-represented or excluded from most of the existing studies.

Rehabilitation Prognostic Factors following Hip Fractures Associated with Patient's Pre-Fracture Mobility and Functional Ability: A Prospective Observation Study

Low physical function is associated with poor outcomes in the elderly population suffering from hip fractures. The present study aims to evaluate the prognostic tools for predicting patient recovery after hip fractures and investigate the correlation between the pre-fracture motor and functional statuses. A prospective study was performed, including 80 patients suffering from hip fractures. Patient history, previous falls, the type of fracture and overall survival were evaluated. Patient-reported outcome measures (SF-36, EQ-5D/VAS, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Harris Hip Score (HHS)) were monitored before hospital discharge at 6 weeks, and 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Overall, 55% of patients experienced at least one fall, and 46% of them used crutches before the fracture. The average CCI score was 6.9. The SPPB score improved from 1.4 ± 1.3 (1 week) to 4.4 ± 2.1 (48 weeks). A one-year age increase, female sex, and prior history of falls lead to 0.1-, 0.92-, 0.56-fold lower SPPB scores, respectively, at 12 months. The HHS recorded the greatest improvement between 6 and 12 weeks (52.1 ± 14.6), whereas the TUG score continued to improve significantly from 139.1 ± 52.6 s (6 weeks) to 66.4 ± 54 s (48 weeks). The SPPB and performance test can be routinely used as a prognostic tool.

European Union Legislation for the Welfare of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes: Areas Identified for Further Discussion

The Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council has been in force for more than a decade and has brought about significant improvements and novel requirements for the welfare of animals used for scientific purposes, while safeguarding research integrity. The Directive sets clear provisions for its scope, the authorization procedures, animal welfare bodies, national committees, cost/benefit analysis, severity classification, retrospective assessment, and statistical reporting, among many others. From this perspective, indicative areas in the existing legislative texts and guidance documents, which may influence animal welfare and scientific integrity, have been identified by the authors after years of working in this field. Suggested solutions to address these areas by potential future revisions in the legislation or other actions to benefit animal welfare are discussed, with the aim to clarify and simplify them for all stakeholders involved.

Delivery of Porphyrins Through Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogels for Accelerated Healing of Experimental Skin Defects In Vivo

INTRODUCTION

The care and healing of skin defects resulting from different causes has been the object of research to achieve rapid and complete skin regeneration. Hydrogels have been used for their ability to maintain hydration during wound healing, absorb wound exudate, and cover the underlying tissue without adherence while being transparent. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a hydrogel (H) with encapsulated porphyrin (H+P) on a rat model of surgically-induced skin defects.

METHODS

Four round 6 mm diameter skin defects were performed under general anesthesia on the dorsal area of 24 three-month-old "Young" and 24 twelve-month-old "Mature" male rats. Each age group was separated into the Control, H, and H+P groups, n=8 each, where no therapy, H, or H+P was respectively applied daily for 20 days. Digital photographs and skin biopsies were taken on the third, seventh, 10th, and 20th postoperative days and evaluated by planimetry, histology, and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Planimetry results demonstrated significantly decreased perimeter, diameter, and area measurements (p<0.005) of group H+P compared to Control and H groups on days 10 and 20 in the young rats, while in the mature rats, the significant differences were evident earlier (perimeter third day p<0.05; diameter and area seventh day p<0.05 and p<0.005, respectively vs. H). Granulation and scar tissue formation were also reduced in the H+P groups although they were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of H+P on the skin defects benefited the healing process in both young and mature animal groups, as evidenced by the statistically significant findings of planimetry. The beneficial healing process was more pronounced in the mature animals, both in the level of statistical significance as well as regarding time (evident already on the third day of healing), probably due to porphyrin assisting the reduced healing rate, which is observed in organisms of advanced age.

The Effect of Postoperative Physical Therapy Following Hip Fracture: A Literature Review

Hip fractures in the elderly have become a major public health concern as the population ages. Post-operative rehabilitation is associated with improved outcomes and a greater likelihood of returning to pre-operative functional capacity. Several studies have been conducted to investigate various post-operative recovery pathways. However, little is known about which post-operative rehabilitation pathways for hip fractures are most effective in improving patient outcomes. No clear evidence-based guidelines for a standard mobilization protocol for patients are currently available. This review aims to investigate post-operative recovery pathways to help patients suffering from hip fracture return to pre-fracture condition and to quantify pre-operative and post-operative scores for objective rehabilitation evaluation. Measuring pre-operative activity and comparing it to post-operative follow-up values can help predict post-operative rehabilitation functional outcomes.

Tuberculosis of the Spine in a Patient With Kidney Cancer

Tuberculosis is a widespread, airborne infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. This infection is often misdiagnosed, particularly in the case of spinal tuberculosis which can present atypically. Although rare, tuberculosis can mimic bone tumors or metastatic lesions in the spine. In patients with immunosuppression who have cancer and show signs of lymph node involvement and bone lesions, it is important to explore other potential causes as part of the diagnosis process. Here, we present a case of renal cell carcinoma in which a lytic lesion in the spinal cord was initially misdiagnosed as a metastatic lesion due to the presence of cancer. Skeletal tuberculosis is a rare condition, and it is crucial to maintain a high level of suspicion for a proper diagnosis.

Bone and Joint Tuberculosis in Greece: A Retrospective Study From 2011 to 2019

Purpose: Bone and joint tuberculosis (BJTB) represents approximately 2-5% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases and its characteristics are infrequently discussed. The aim of this study was to examine the epidemiology, characteristics, and management of BJTB in Greece.

Methods: We conducted retrospective analyses of demographic clinical and treatment data accessed from medical records of patients with BJTB and with pulmonary involvement between 2011 and 2019 from the national TB reference hospital in Greece. Factors associated with treatment outcomes among patients were evaluated.

Results: Out of the total 3064 confirmed TB cases during the study period, 54 patients had either BJTB or skeletal TB with pulmonary involvement. The majority of patients were males (81.5%) and the mean age of the patients was 37.81±18.92 years. Out of the total patients, 11 were Greek and 43 were immigrants. Women had a higher probability of experiencing a stable or negative treatment outcome. Also, the patients that received therapy for less than nine months had 16.3 times higher probability of experiencing a stable or negative treatment outcome, compared to those that received therapy for more than 12 months.

Conclusions: The study indicated that the sex and the duration of treatment correlated with the treatment outcomes. It is essential to monitor and accurately report treatment outcomes so as to achieve disease control.

Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation With and Without Collagen Peptides on Volumetric and Areal Bone Mineral Density, Bone Geometry and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia

Collagen peptides (CPs) have been shown to potentially have a role as a treatment option in osteopenia. In the present randomized prospective study, we examined the effect of calcium, vitamin D with and without CPs supplementation on changes in volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone geometry assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the tibia, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine and the hip and bone turnover markers over 12-mo. Fifty-one postmenopausal women with osteopenia were allocated to Group A who received orally 5 g CPs, 500 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin D3 and Group B who received the same dose of calcium and vitamin D3 per day. The primary endpoint was the change of trabecular bone mineral content (BMC) and vBMD after 12-mo supplementation in Groups A and B. At the trabecular site (4% of the tibia length), Group A had a significant increase of total BMC by 1.96 ± 2.41% and cross-sectional area by 2.58 ± 3.91%, trabecular BMC by 5.24 ± 6.48%, cross-sectional area by 2.58 ± 3.91% and vBMD by 2.54 ± 3.43% and a higher % change of these parameters at 12 mo in comparison to Group B (p < 0.01, p = 0.04, p < 0.01, p = 0.04, p = 0.02, respectively). At the cortical site (38% of the tibia length), total and cortical vBMD increased by 1.01 ± 2.57% and 0.67 ± 1.71%. Furthermore, the mean aBMD at the spine was higher (p = 0.01), while bone markers decreased in Group A compared to Group B. The present study shows improvement of trabecular and cortical parameters as assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the tibia, prevention of aBMD decline and decrease of bone turnover after 12-mo supplementation with calcium, vitamin D with CPs.

The Efficacy of High-Intensity Preoperative Physiotherapy Training on Postoperative Outcomes in Greek Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Purpose: Several studies have shown that patients with severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee can reduce their knee pain, improve their quadriceps strength, and improve their functional ability through regular exercise training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a six-week supervised high-intensity preoperative training program on muscle strength, functional performance, and patient-reported outcomes in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods: Ninety-eight patients scheduled for unilateral TKA for severe OA were allocated to an intervention group (N = 49) who completed a six-week preoperative training program, five days per week prior to surgery, and a control group (N=49) who did not follow any preoperative training program. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Physical Functioning Scale of the Short Form-36 questionnaire (SF-36), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), quadriceps strength, 20-meter walk test, and 30-second chair stand test were assessed at six weeks before surgery (T0), just before surgery (T1), four weeks (T2) and finally 12 weeks (T3) after TKA.

Results: Of 98 patients included in our study, 10 individuals withdrew from the study at different stages. Finally, 44 patients were allocated to the intervention group and 44 patients to the control group. When comparing the changes from baseline to the primary test points at T1, T2, and T3, we found a significant group difference in favor of the intervention group for quadriceps strength (<0.001, 0.001, 0.009), 20-meter walk test (<0.001, 0.023, 0.032), 30-second chair stand test (0.001, <0.001, <0.001) and all patient-reported outcomes WOMAC (<0.001, 0.001, 0.007) except from KOOS that showed significant difference only at T1 (<0.001) at T2 (0.048) but not at T3 (0.087).

Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that a six-week preoperative physiotherapy training program supervised by a physiotherapist before TKA is efficacious for decreasing knee pain, improving knee function, and enhancing daily living activities.

Intrauterine growth restriction affects bone mineral density of the mandible and the condyle in growing rats

OBJECTIVES

To investigate in growing rats the effect of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on the bone mineral density of the mandible and tibia, as well as the quality of the mandibular and condylar bone.

METHODS

Twelve male rats were born IUGR by mothers sustaining 50% food restriction during pregnancy. Twelve control male rats were born by mothers fed ad libitum. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the tibia, proximal tibial metaphysis and the mandible, biochemical markers, histology and histomorphometrical analysis on the mandibular and subchondral bone of the condyle were performed.

RESULTS

IUGR significantly affected bone mineral density (BMD) of both tibial and mandibular bones. IUGR rats had significantly lower osteocalcin values (p=0.021) and phosphorus (p=0.028), but not 25-OH vitamin D (p=0.352). Bone area percentage in the mandible was significantly lower (51.21±5.54) in IUGR compared to controls (66.00±15.49), and for subchondral bone of the condyle for IUGR (47.01±6.82) compared to controls (68.27±13.37). IUGR had a significant reduction in the fibrous layer, but not the proliferating layer, with the hypertrophic layer significantly increased.

CONCLUSION

Maternal restricted nutrition during gestation can affect BMD of the mandible and the tibia of the offspring animals.

Alveolar bone response distal to applied orthodontic forces in ovariectomized rats

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the application of orthodontic tooth forces on the alveolar bone distal to the loaded teeth, in ovariectomized female rats.

METHODS

Twenty-four eight-month-old Wistar rats were divided into one group ovariectomized at the age of six months and one control. An orthodontic appliance delivering a mesial traction force of 60 gr* was placed on the right maxillary 1^st molar of all animals for 14 days. Histology of the alveolar bone, of the adjacent and distal teeth to the loaded molar and the contralateral side, was performed following euthanasia.

RESULTS

In the non-ovariectomized rats, extensive resorption was noticed in the direction of the orthodontic movement in the 2^nd and 3^rd molar interdental space, whereas the respective contralateral interdental space did not show any remodeling activity. Ovariectomized rats displayed reduced osseous tissue in the interdental space of both sides. The alveolar bone in the interradicular area of the 2^nd loaded molar revealed frontal resorption, whereas, the alveolar interradicular bone of the contralateral 2^nd molar showed internal resorption.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, orthodontic forces applied to the dentoalveolar complex of ovariectomized rats affect bone remodeling, even in areas distal to the site of force application. This finding should be taken into account during orthodontic treatment of women during menopause.

Inhibition versus activation of canonical Wnt-signaling, to promote chondrogenic differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. A review

Canonical Wnt signaling regulation is essential for controlling stemness and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the mechanism through which canonical Wnt-dependent MSC lineage commitment leads to chondrogenesis is controversial. Some studies hypothesize that inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling induces MSC chondrogenic differentiation, while others support that the pathway should be activated to achieve MSC chondrogenesis. The purpose of the present review is to analyze data from recent studies to elucidate parameters regarding the role of canonical Wnt signaling in MSC chondrogenic differentiation.

Chios Mastic Gum Consumption Has a Protective Effect on Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Rats

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effect of Chios Mastic Gum (CMG) consumption on bone mineral density (BMD) and strength of ovariectomized rats. CMG is a known resin used from ancient times for its beneficial biological properties. Thirty mature female Wistar rats were randomized into three equal groups: sham-operated (control), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized and administered CMG per os (OVX+CMG). BMD of the total tibia, proximal tibia, and the 6th lumbar vertebra were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 months post ovariectomy. Bone strength was assessed with three-point-bending (3pb) of the right femur. At 3 and 6 months, BMD values of the OVX+CMG group were significantly higher for the anatomical cites evaluated than those of the OVX group. Femoral thickness assessed via 3pb had intermediate values in the treated group compared to the other groups. Cytology of vaginal smears and uterine weight of the OVX+CMG group were consistent with estrogen depletion. Gastrocnemius muscle and intraperitoneal fat ratios to body weight (BW) of the OVX+CMG group did not significantly differ from the control group. Daily consumption CMG had a protective effect on BMD of the total and proximal tibia and the 6th lumbar vertebra of the rats, without causing undesirable effects on the vaginal epithelium and uterus. The 3pb results also demonstrated a favorable effect on the thickness of rat femurs. In addition, CMG was beneficial for both the muscular system and the intraperitoneal fat/BW ratio of the rats.

Evaluation of Femoral Bone Fracture Healing in Rats by the Modal Damping Factor and Its Correlation With Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Introduction

Monitoring the progress of fracture healing is essential in order to establish the appropriate timing that ensures adequate bone strength for weight-bearing. In the present experimental study on a rat model of femoral fracture healing, the measurement of bone density and strength by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT) was correlated with the modal damping factor (MDF) method.

Methods

Four groups of 12 male six-month-old Wistar rats each were anesthetized and submitted to baseline femoral pQCT and MDF scanning, followed by aseptic midshaft osteotomy of the right femur which was fixed by a locking intramedullary nail technique. The animals were left to recover and re-scanned following euthanasia of each group after six, eight, 10, and 12 weeks, respectively. The parameters measured by the pQCT method were total bone mineral density (BMD) and polar strength strain index (SSIp).

Results

Fracture healing progressed over time and at 12 weeks post-osteotomy there was no statistically significant difference between the osteotomized right and the control left femurs regarding MDF, BMD, and SSIp measurements. The highest correlations for the osteotomized femurs were observed between MDF and BMD (r = -0.647, P = 0.043), and between MDF and SSIp (r = -0.350, P = 0.321), at 10 weeks postoperatively. The high to moderate correlations between MDF and BMD, and between MDF and SSIp respectively, support the validity of MDF in assessing fracture healing.

Conclusions

Based on our findings in this fracture healing animal model, the results from the MDF method are reliable and correlate highly with the total BMD and moderately with the SSI polar values obtained by the pQCT method of bone quality measurement. Further studies are needed which may additionally support that the MDF method can be an attractive portable alternative to monitor fracture healing in the community.

Pathophysiological Changes During Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rodent Hepatic Steatosis

BACKGROUND/AIM

Ischemia and reperfusion injuries may produce deleterious effects on hepatic tissue after liver surgery and transplantation. The impact of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) on the liver depends on its substrate, the percentage of liver ischemic tissue subjected to IRI and the ischemia time. The consequences of IRI are more evident in pathologic liver substrates, such as steatotic livers. This review is the result of an extended bibliographic PubMed search focused on the last 20 years. It highlights basic differences encountered during IRI in lean and steatotic livers based on studies using rodent experimental models.

CONCLUSION

The main difference in cell death between lean and steatotic livers is the prevalence of apoptosis in the former and necrosis in the latter. There are also major changes in the effect of intracellular mediators, such as TNFα and IL-1β. Further experimental studies are needed in order to increase current knowledge of IRI effects and relevant mechanisms in both lean and steatotic livers, so that new preventive and therapeutic strategies maybe developed.

Assessable learning outcomes for the EU Education and Training Framework core and Function A specific modules: Report of an ETPLAS WORKING Group

Article 23(2) of the European Union Directive 2010/63/EU, which regulates welfare provisions for animals used for scientific purposes, requires that staff involved in the care and use of animals for scientific purposes be adequately educated and trained before they undertake any such work. However, the nature and extent of such training is not stipulated in the Directive. To facilitate Member States in fulfilling their education and training obligations, the European Commission developed a common Education and Training Framework, which was endorsed by the Member States Competent Authorities. An Education & Training Platform for Laboratory Animal Science (ETPLAS) Working Group was recently established to develop further guidance to the Learning Outcomes in the Framework, with the objective to clarify the levels of knowledge and understanding required by trainees, and to provide the criteria by which these Learning Outcomes should be assessed. Using the Framework document as a starting point, assessment criteria for the Learning Outcomes of the modules required for Function A persons (carrying out procedures on animals) for rats, mice and zebrafish were created with sufficient detail to enable trainees, providers and assessors to appreciate the level of knowledge, understanding and skills required to pass each module. Adoption and utilization of this document by training providers and accrediting or approving bodies will harmonize introductory education and training for those involved in the care and use of animals for scientific purposes within the European Union, promote mutual recognition of training within and between Member States and therefore free movement of personnel.

Platelet-rich Plasma and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Local Infiltration Promote Functional Recovery and Histological Repair of Experimentally Transected Sciatic Nerves in Rats

Introduction

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) products and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem to have a significant potential as neurogenic therapeutic modulator systems. This study aimed to investigate such biological blood derivatives that could enhance nerve regeneration when applied locally in the primary repair of peripheral nerve transection of an experimental rat model.

Methods

A total of 42 two-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into three “treatment” groups (control, PRP, and MSCs). All the subjects were operated under anesthesia, and the surgical site was infiltrated with either normal saline, PRP derived from the animal’s peripheral blood, or MSCs derived from the animal’s femoral bone marrow. All three groups were also sub-divided into two sub-groups based on the post-operative administration of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or not in order to evaluate the effect of NSAIDs on the final outcome. Three months post-surgery, electromyography evaluation of both hind limbs (right operated and left non-operated) was performed. The animals were euthanized, and nerve repair specimens were prepared for histology.

Results

PRP group had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the sciatic nerve repair when compared with the control group, whereas the MSC group had a positive effect but was not statistically significant (p=0.2). The number of counted neural axons at the area distal to the nerve repair site were significantly repetitive (p<0.05) in both the PRP and MSC groups when compared with the control group.

Conclusions

Both PRP and MSCs appear to play an essential role in the enhancement of nerve repair in terms of functionality and histology. MSCs group demonstrated a positive effect, whereas the PRP group showed statistically significant better results.

The Effect of Intensive Abductor Strengthening on Postoperative Muscle Efficiency and Functional Ability of Hip-Fractured Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Hip fractures are common in the elderly and many patients fail to regain prefracture hip abductor strength or functional status. The purpose of this clinical trial was to compare the effects of an intensive abductor muscle exercise program versus a standard physiotherapy intervention in hip-fractured patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety six femoral neck-fractured patients were randomized into equal-sized groups. A 12-week standard physiotherapy program was implemented in the control group(S-PT) whereas an intensive exercise program, emphasizing on abductors' strengthening, was implemented in the research group(I-PT). Abductors' isometric strength of the fractured hip, abductor ratio% in the fractured compared to contralateral hip, and functional level were assessed at the 3^rd (postintervention) and 6^th (followup) months.

RESULTS

Postintervention, abductors' isometric strength was 35.7% greater (P < 0.0005) and abductor ratio% was 2.5% higher (P < 0.0005) in I-PT group, compared to S-PT group. With regard to functional assessments, I-PT group was 29.1% faster during Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and achieved a 26.7% higher Lower Extremity Functional Scale Greek version's (LEFS-Greek) total score, compared to S-PT group (P < 0.0005). At followup, abductors' isometric strength was 37.0% greater (P < 0.0005) and abductor ratio% was 7.1% higher (P < 0.0005) in I-PT group, compared to S-PT group. In addition, I-PT group was 45.9% faster during TUG test (P < 0.0005) and achieved an 11.2% higher LEFS-Greek total score, compared to S-PT group (P = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to the standard physiotherapy intervention, the intensive abductor-strengthening program significantly increased both abductors' isometric strength of the fractured hip and abductor ratio% and resulted in patients' enhanced functional level.

CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIER

ISRCTN30713542.

The effect of osteopenia on tooth movement in ovariectomized rats. An experimental study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate in depth the effects of osteopenia related to the rate, as well as to the quality of orthodontic tooth movement, by combining experimental ovariectomy and molar movement in rats.

METHODS

Twenty-four six-month-old female Wistar rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into two groups consisting of twelve animals each: Group A (control group) was subjected to orthodontic movement of the upper right first molars. Group B was subjected to orthodontic movement of the upper right first molar following bilateral ovariectomy. Ovariectomy was performed on the first experimental day and the upper right first molars were subjected to orthodontic forces 60 days post-ovariectomy, lasting for 14 days.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Direct inspections of the upper jaws, measurements of orthodontic movement of the upper right first molars of Group A and B, as well as histologic examinations of the alveolar bone in the upper right and left first molar regions, showed that osteopenia affects the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, as well as the quality of alveolar bone remodeling, in ovariectomized rats. Specifically, in the ovariectomized animals the alveolar bone of the non-loaded side showed extensive internal resorption, with large marrow cavities, whereas the alveolar bone of the loaded side was dense with almost no marrow cavity and frontal resorption on the surface. It appears that alveolar remodeling after the exertion of orthodontic forces follows the general paradigm of osteoporotic bone remodeling after loading.

A contemporary therapeutic approach to bone disease in beta-thalassemia - a review

Homozygous beta-thalassemia represents a serious hemoglobinopathy, in which an amazing prolongation in the survival rate of patients has been achieved over recent decades. A result of this otherwise positive evolution is the fact that bone problems have become a major issue in this group of patients. Through an in-depth review of the related literature, the purpose of this study is to present and comment on the totality of the data that have been published to date pertaining to the prevention and treatment of thalassemia bone-disease, focusing on: the contribution of diet and lifestyle, the treatment of hematologic disease and its complications, the management of hypercalciuria, the role of vitamins and minerals and the implementation of anti-osteoporosis medical regimen. In order to comprehensively gather the above information, we mainly reviewed the international literature through the PubMed database, searching for the preventive and therapeutic data that have been published pertaining to thalassemia bone-disease over the last twenty-nine years. There is no doubt that thalassemia bone-disease is a complication of a multi-factorial etiopathology, which does not follow the rules of classical postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates have been the first line of treatment for many years now, with varied and usually satisfactory results. In addition, over the last few years, more data have arisen for the use of denosumab, teriparatide, and other molecules that are in the clinical trial phase, in beta-thalassemia.

Per os colchicine administration in cholesterol fed rabbits: Triglycerides lowering effects without affecting atherosclerosis progress

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is promoted, among others, by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 produced by NLRP 3 inflammasome. Development of atherosclerotic lesions is also affected by leptin. Furthermore, inflammasome's action is interfered with other inflammatory diseases, like diabetes. On the other hand, colchicine is reported to act as anti-inflammatory agent inhibiting inflammasome's action and stabilizing atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of per os colchicine on the de novo formation of atherosclerotic lesions and on the levels of IL-18, leptin and insulin in cholesterol-fed rabbits.

METHODS

Twenty-three male, 2 months old New Zealand White rabbits, were seperated in 3 groups and were fed with different types of diet for 7 weeks: standard, cholesterol 1% w/w and cholesterol 1% w/w plus colchicine 2 mg/kg body weight. Blood was collected for biochemical measurements and conduction of ELISA for leptin, IL-18 and insulin. Histologic examination of stained with eosin and hematoxylin aorta specimens was performed. Aortic intimal thickness was evaluated using image analysis. The statistical analysis included non-parametric tests: a) paired-sample Wilcoxon test, b) Spearman correlation coefficient and c) Kruscal-Wallis test.

RESULTS

Triglerycide levels were decreased in cholesterol plus colchicine group in the end of the experiment (p < 0.05), whereas the cholesterol group had increased levels. No statistical differences were observed in the levels of IL-18, leptin and insulin between groups. Likewise, there was neither any correlation between IL-18, leptin and intima thickness nor between IL-18 and glucose and between leptin and weight. In cholesterol and colchicine group there was a strong positive correlation between IL-18 and insulin levels in the 4th week (r s = .66, n = 10, p < 0.05), whereas in the 7th week this correlation became strong negative (r s = -.86, n = 10, p < 0.05). Finally, intima thickness in the ascending and thoracic aorta of the cholesterol and colchicine group was significantly greater than that of the other groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Per os administration of colchicine did not influence atherosclerosis progression in cholesterol-fed rabbits, levels of IL-18, insulin and leptin. We encountered the attenuating role of colchicine on TG levels.

Effect of ovariectomy and Sideritis euboea extract administration on large artery mechanics, morphology, and structure in middle-aged rats

BACKGROUND

Arterial function is regulated by estrogen, but no consistent pattern of arterial mechanical remodeling in response to depleted estrogen levels is available.

OBJECTIVE

To examine long-term effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on the mechanical properties, morphology, and histological structure of the carotid artery in middle-aged rats and a potentially protective effect of Sideritis euboea extract (SID), commonly consumed as "mountain tea".

METHODS

10-month-old female Wistar rats were allocated into control (sham-operated), OVX, OVX+SID, and OVX+MALT (maltodextrin; excipient used for dilution of SID) groups. They were sacrificed after 6 months and their carotid arteries were submitted to inflation/extension tests and to dimensional and histological evaluation.

RESULTS

Remodeling in OVX rats was characterized by a decreased in situ axial extension ratio, along with increased opening angle, thickness, and area of the vessel wall and of its medial layer, but unchanged lumen diameter. Compositional changes involved increased elastin/collagen densities. Characterization by the "four-fiber" microstructure-motivated model revealed similar in situ biaxial response of carotid arteries in OVX and control rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Carotid artery remodeling in OVX rats was largely consistent with hypertensive remodeling, despite the minor arterial pressure changes found, and was not altered by administration of SID, despite previous evidence of its osteo-protective effect.

Effects of mechanical loading on the expression of pleiotrophin and its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta in a rat spinal deformity model

Mechanical loading of the spine is a major causative factor of degenerative changes and causes molecular and structural changes in the intervertebral disc (IVD) and the vertebrae end plate (EP). Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a growth factor with a putative role in bone remodeling through its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ). The present study investigates the effects of strain on PTN and RPTPβ/ζ protein expression in vivo. Tails of eight weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to mechanical loading using a mini Ilizarov external apparatus. Rat tails untreated (control) or after 0 degrees of compression and 10°, 30° and 50° of angulation (groups 0, I, II and III respectively) were studied. PTN and RPTPβ/ζ expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In the control group, PTN was mostly expressed by the EP hypertrophic chondrocytes. In groups 0 to II, PTN expression was increased in the chondrocytes of hypertrophic and proliferating zones, as well as in osteocytes and osteoblast-like cells of the ossification zone. In group III, only limited PTN expression was observed in osteocytes. RPTPβ/ζ expression was increased mainly in group 0, but also in group I, in all types of cells. Low intensity RPTPβ/ζ immunostaining was observed in groups II and III. Collectively, PTN and RPTPβ/ζ are expressed in spinal deformities caused by mechanical loading, and their expression depends on the type and severity of the applied strain.

ESLAV/ECLAM/LAVA/EVERI recommendations for the roles, responsibilities and training of the laboratory animal veterinarian and the designated veterinarian under Directive 2010/63/EU

Directive 2010/63/EU was adopted in September 2010 by the European Parliament and Council, and became effective in January 2013. It replaces Directive 86/609/EEC and introduces new requirements for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. In particular, it requires that establishments that breed, supply or use laboratory animals have a designated veterinarian (DV) with expertise in laboratory animal medicine, or a suitably qualified expert where more appropriate, charged with advisory duties in relation to the well-being and treatment of the animals. This paper is a report of an ESLAV/ECLAM/LAVA/EVERI working group that provides professional guidance on the role and postgraduate training of laboratory animal veterinarians (LAVs), who may be working as DVs under Directive 2010/63/EU. It is also aimed at advising employers, regulators and other persons working under the Directive on the role of the DV. The role and responsibilities of the DV include the development, implementation and continuing review of an adequate programme for veterinary care at establishments breeding and/or using animals for scientific purposes. The programme should be tailored to the needs of the establishment and based on the Directive’s requirements, other legislations, and current guidelines in laboratory animal medicine. Postgraduate laboratory animal veterinary training should include a basic task-specific training module for DVs to complement veterinary competences from graduation, and continuing professional development on the basis of a gap analysis. A tiered approach to further training in laboratory animal veterinary medicine and science offers career development pathways that are mutually beneficial to LAVs and establishments.

Rodent models of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: time and percentage-related pathophysiological mechanisms

Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury remains one of the major problems in liver surgery and transplantation, which determines the viability of the hepatic tissue after resection and of the grafted organ. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms involved in IR injury of the liver in rodent experimental studies and the preventative methods and pharmacologic agents that have been applied. Many time- and percentage-related liver IR injury rodent models have been used to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms and the parameters implicated with different morbidity, mortality, and pathology findings. The most preferred experimental rodent model of liver IR is the induction of 70% IR for 45 min, which is associated with almost 100% survival. In this model, plasma levels of several parameters such as alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, endothelin-1, malonodialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1b, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and caspases are increased. The increase of caspases is associated with the initiation of hepatic cellular apoptosis. The main injuries observed 24 h after reperfusion are nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, severe necrosis, and loss of intercellular borders. Both ischemic pre- and post-conditioning preventative methods and pharmacologic agents are successfully applied to alleviate the IR injuries. The selection of the time- and percentage-related liver IR injury rodent model and the potential preventative method should be related to the clinical question being answered.

Distraction-like phenomena in maxillary bone due to application of orthodontic forces in ovariectomized rats

BACKGROUND

Orthodontic forces may not only influence the dentoalveolar system, but also the adjacent and surrounding cortical bone.

AIM

Since there is very limited information on this issue, we aimed to study the possible changes in maxillary cortical bone following the application of heavy orthodontic forces in mature normal and osteoporotic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four 6-month-old female rats were selected and divided into an ovariectomized group and a normal group. In both groups, the rats were subjected to a 60 grFNx01 orthodontic force on the upper right first molar for 14 days.

RESULTS

In both groups, histological sections showed that the application of this force caused hypertrophy and fatigue failure of the cortical maxillary bone. The osteogenic reaction to distraction is expressed by the formation of subperiosteal callus on the outer bony side, resembling that seen in distracted bones.

CONCLUSION

From this study we concluded that heavy experimental orthodontic forces in rats affect the maxillary cortical bone. The osteogenic reaction to these forces, expressed histologically by subperiosteal callus formation, is similar to that seen in distraction osteogenesis models.

Comparison of erythropoietin and sildenafil protective role against ischemia/reperfusion injury of the testis in adult rats

PURPOSE

Tissue damage in testicular torsion/detorsion is caused not only by the ischemia, but also by the ischemia/reperfusion injury after detorsion. Erythropoietin and sildenafil are considered to protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Here, we studied and compared their actions in testicular torsion/detorsion in adult rats.

METHODS

Twenty-two adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups. Rats in group A (n = 5) were sham operated. Rats in group B (n = 5), group C (n = 6) and group D (n = 6) underwent torsion of the right testis and detorsion after 90 min. No pharmaceutical intervention was performed in group B. Erythropoietin (1,000 IU/kg) and sildenafil (0.7 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally in groups C and D, respectively, after 60 min of torsion. All animals were killed 24 h after detorsion, and their right testis was extracted, placed into 10 % formalin solution and sent for histopathological examination. The histological changes in the testes were scored according to the four-point grading system proposed by Cosentino et al.

RESULTS

All rats in group A had normal testicular architecture (grade 1). The untreated group B had a mean grade of 3.81 (range 3.65-4). The treated groups C (mean grade 3.24; range 3.05-3.45) and D (2.69, range 2.4-2.9) presented statistically significant better results (lower grades) compared with the untreated group B. Group D had significantly better results (lower grades) than group C.

CONCLUSIONS

The intraperitoneal injection of erythropoietin and sildenafil protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury after testicular torsion and detorsion. Sildenafil may have a stronger action than erythropoietin at the doses used in this study.

Growing male rats in individually ventilated and open-top cages

During the past few decades, the development and use of individually ventilated cages (IVC), which are now commercially available for housing laboratory mice and rats, have increased. Because limited information is available regarding the influence of caging systems on the growth of rats, the present study assessed body weight and food and water consumption in growing male rats that were housed in IVC and open-top cages (OTC). We allocated 21-d-old male Wistar outbred rats (HsdOla:WI; n = 24) into 2 groups, which then were housed in pairs in IVC (n = 12) and OTC (n = 12). After an 8-d acclimatization period, body weight and food and water consumption were assessed every 3 d until the rats were 94 d old. There were no significant differences between the body weights of rats housed in IVC compared with OTC over the 65-d observation period. Food and water consumption were greater in rats housed in OTC compared with IVC, becoming significantly different when the rats were 50 and 53 d old, respectively. In conclusion, IVC and OTC housing conditions influenced food and water intakes but not body weight in growing male rats. Further research is needed to clarify the exact basis for these changes in food and water consumption.

Changes of blood biochemistry in the rabbit animal model in atherosclerosis research; a time- or stress-effect

Background

Rabbits are widely used in biomedical research and especially as animal models in atherosclerosis studies. Blood biochemistry is used to monitor progression of disease, before final evaluation including pathology of arteries and organs. The aim of the present study was to assess the consistency of the biochemical profile of New Zealand White rabbits on standard diet from 3 to 6 months of age, during which they are often used experimentally.

Methods and results

Eight conventional male 3-month-old New Zealand White rabbits were used. Blood samples were taken at baseline, 1, 2 and 3 months later. Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol concentrations, and alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase activities and malondialdehyde were measured. Statistically significant time-related changes were observed in glucose, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol, which were not correlated with aortic lesions at 6 months of age. Similarly, hepatic enzyme activity had significant time-related changes, without a corresponding liver pathology.

Conclusions

Age progression and stress due to single housing may be the underlying reasons for these biochemistry changes. These early changes, indicative of metabolic alterations, should be taken into account even in short-term lipid/atherosclerosis studies, where age and standard diet are not expected to have an effect on the control group of a study.

Differential effect of Pistacia vera extracts on experimental atherosclerosis in the rabbit animal model: an experimental study

Background

Lipid-enriched diets and oxidative stress are risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. The effects of the methanolic (ME) and cyclohexane (CHE) extracts of the Pistacia vera nut, often included in the Mediterranean diet, were studied in the rabbit model of atherosclerosis.

Methods and results

Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits received atherogenic diet (Control Group), supplemented with ME (Group ME) or CHE (Group CHE) for 3 months. Previously, a GC-MS and a UHPLC LC-DAD-ESI(-)-HRMS/MS method were developed to investigate the extracts' chemical profiles. Blood samples at baseline and monthly determined lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and liver function. The aorta, myocardium and liver were examined histologically at 3 months.

Groups ME and CHE had significantly higher HDL- and non-significantly lower LDL-cholesterol median % changes from baseline than the Control Group. Triacylglycerol was significantly higher in Group CHE vs. Control. MDA values were significantly lower in Group ME vs. Control and CHE. ALT and AST were significantly higher in Group CHE vs. Control. γ-GT was lower in Group ME vs. Control. Aortic intimal thickness was significantly less in Groups ME and CHE vs. Control; Group ME atherosclerotic lesions were significantly less extensive vs. Groups Control and CHE. Only Group CHE had significant liver fatty infiltration.

Conclusions

During short-term administration concomitantly with atherogenic diet, both P. vera extracts were beneficial on HDL-, LDL-cholesterol and aortic intimal thickness. The ME additionally presented an antioxidant effect and significant decrease of aortic surface lesions. These results indicate that P. vera dietary inclusion, in particular its ME, is potentially beneficial in atherosclerosis management.

Malocclusion in aging Wistar rats

Insufficient wear of rodent incisors often results in malocclusion and rapid tooth elongation. This condition may go undetected for a prolonged time and have a negative effect on affected animals' welfare. Dental overgrowth can lead to undernutrition due to chronic difficulty in feeding and may cause trauma to the surrounding tissues, potentially ultimately resulting in death. Here we describe the increased incidence of malocclusion observed during a longitudinal study of the normal growth and aging of Wistar rats. Histologic examination of the temporomandibular joint of affected animals did not reveal any inflammatory or degenerative changes. Because no environmental factor could be implicated in the condition, we considered that aging or genetic factors were responsible for its appearance. We conclude that special attention should be given to the potential appearance of malocclusion during long-term rodent studies, because its incidence may adversely affect the animals' health and general wellbeing.

The laboratory rat as an animal model for osteoporosis research

Osteoporosis is an important systemic disorder, affecting mainly Caucasian women, with a diverse and multifactorial etiology. A large variety of animal species, including rodents, rabbits, dogs, and primates, have been used as animal models in osteoporosis research. Among these, the laboratory rat is the preferred animal for most researchers. Its skeleton has been studied extensively, and although there are several limitations to its similarity to the human condition, these can be overcome through detailed knowledge of its specific traits or with certain techniques. The rat has been used in many experimental protocols leading to bone loss, including hormonal interventions (ovariectomy, orchidectomy, hypophysectomy, parathyroidectomy), immobilization, and dietary manipulations. The aim of the current review is not only to present the ovariectomized rat and its advantages as an appropriate model for the research of osteoporosis, but also to provide information about the most relevant age and bone site selection according to the goals of each experimental protocol. In addition, several methods of bone mass evaluation are assessed, such as biochemical markers, densitometry, histomorphometry, and bone mechanical testing, that are used for monitoring and evaluation of this animal model in preventive or therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.

Cortical bone response adjacent to applied light orthodontic forces in ovariectomized rats

Cortical bone response to experimental orthodontic forces has not been adequately described in the available literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of light orthodontic forces on the cortical bone adjacent to the point of their application, in normal and ovariectomized rats. At the age of eight months, twenty-four female rats were divided equally into two groups: normal (group A) and ovariectomized (group B). A 20 gr* orthodontic force was applied to the maxillary right first molars in all animals for 14 days. Histological examination of the maxillary cortical bone, at the level of the first molar of the upper jaw, was performed on both sides of all animals. It was found that light orthodontic forces applied to the upper right first molars of normal rats result in thinner cortical bone with increased osteoblastic activity, normal lamellar orientation and normal distribution of osteocytes compared to the non-affected contralateral side. In ovariectomized rats it was found that light orthodontic forces applied to the upper right first molars result in thickening of the cortex, in comparison to the respective area of the opposite side where no orthodontic forces were applied. It seems that experimental light orthodontic forces, in rats, affect cortical bone remodeling differently, according to their hormonal status, in areas adjacent to the applied forces.

Rehabilitation after falls and fractures

Falls are one of the most common geriatric problems threatening the independence of older persons. Elderly patients tend to fall more often and have a greater tendency to fracture their bones. Fractures occur particularly in osteoporotic people due to increased bone fragility, resulting in considerable reduction of quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. This article provides information for the rehabilitation of osteoporotic fractures pertaining to the rehabilitation of the fractured patient, based on personal experience and literature. It also outlines a suggested effective and efficient clinical strategy approach for preventing falls in individual patients.

The biomechanical capacity of the periosteum in intact long bones

INTRODUCTION

The biological function of the periosteum is profusely described but its contribution to the biomechanical properties of the bone has been considered negligible. The purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanical properties of periosteum-preserved long bones.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The biomechanical properties of both femora and tibiae of 30 male, 4-month-old Wistar rats were evaluated using a destructive three-point-bending testing protocol. In both bones from one side the periosteum was preserved, while in the contralateral bones the periosteum was stripped off. Ultimate strength, stiffness, energy absorption and deflection were derived automatically from the load-deformation curve recorded for each bone.

RESULTS

As regards the femur, the periosteum-covered bones displayed statistically significant higher values for all parameters measured compared to the periosteum-stripped bones. Ultimate strength, stiffness, absorbed energy and deflection of stripped and periosteum-covered femora were, respectively, 146.76 +/- 44.71 and 196.01 +/- 41.47 N, 44.25 +/- 17.35 and 61.62 +/- 15.07 N/mm, 0.00054 +/- 0.00274 and 0.00011 +/- 0.00354 Nmm, 0.67 +/- 0.25 and 1.07 +/- 0.28 mm. In the tibia, only energy absorption (0.00353 +/- 0.00199 and 0.0010 +/- 0.00339 Nmm) and deflection (1.71 +/- 0.56 and 0.86 +/- 0.36 mm) were significantly higher in the periosteum-covered bones. The pattern of bone failure was also different in the two groups. In periosteum-covered bones the two bone parts remained in close apposition stabilized by the periosteal membrane, while in a few cases the periosteum was stretched or torn opposite the loading site.

CONCLUSION

The periosteum not only has significant biological function but also provides mechanical support to the bone and amplifies the biomechanical capacity of intact rat long bones in bending, probably taking advantage of its fibrous and elastic properties.

Risk factors and prevention of osteoporosis-related fractures

In order to effectively prevent osteoporosis-related fractures, one must aim to prevent both osteoporosis, as well as the events and circumstances that may lead to injury, ultimately resulting in fracture. Among all the osteoporotic fractures that can occur, hip fractures are associated with a severe decrease in quality of life and high mortality, which reaches 51% at one year post-fracture in nonagenarians. Prevention of osteoporosis should ideally begin in childhood, aiming to achieve high peak bone mass accompanied by an inherently healthy lifestyle throughout life, in order to minimize bone loss during middle and third age, and in parallel to avoid or diminish other fracture risk factors. There are numerous fracture risk factors, including age, gender, race, lifestyle and concomitant medical conditions, which either cannot or can be modified, to a greater or lesser degree. Falls consist a previously underestimated risk factor, responsible for a large percentage of fractures. International and national strategies aimed at public awareness, early identification of those at increased risk for fracture and preventive or therapeutic intervention may succeed in subduing the currently increasing prevalence of osteoporotic fractures.

Quantitative ultrasound is better correlated with bone mineral density and biochemical bone markers in elderly women

The association between quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and bone turnover in postmenopausal women of different ages is an area of continuous investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of ultrasound parameters [broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS)] to bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical markers of bone turnover in three age groups of postmenopausal women. One hundred and twenty-three postmenopausal Caucasian women were divided into three groups according to their age: group A, range 44-54 years, mean age (+/-SD) 48.3 +/- 2.3; group B, range 55-65 years, mean age 59.4 +/- 2.1; and group C, range 66-77 years, mean age 68.2 +/- 3.1. Ultrasound parameters were measured by the DTU-one imaging ultrasonometer in the calcaneus. BMD was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and trochanter. Bone turnover was assessed by serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), urinary excretion of free deoxypyridinoline, N-telopeptides (NTX), and C-telopeptide breakdown products of type I collagen (CTX). QUS and BMD were significantly correlated in all sites, except hip BMD in group A. The most significant correlation was observed between BUA and femoral neck BMD in group C (r = 0.626, p < 0.01). BUA correlated significantly with BAP, NTX, and CTX (r = -0.434, -0.511, -0.478, respectively; p < 0.01), and SOS with BAP and NTX (r = -0.351 and -0.356, respectively; p < 0.05) only in group C. In groups A and B, ultrasound parameters did not correlate significantly to biochemical markers. Ultrasound parameters were better correlated to hip BMD and to biochemical markers of bone turnover in elderly postmenopausal women. These ultrasound measurements could be used as a screening test for bone status, either in nonambulatory third aged women or in those living in rural areas where attending medical centers with DEXA equipment and biochemical laboratories is difficult.

Mechanical behavior of colonic anastomosis in experimental settings as a measure of wound repair and tissue integrity

AIM: To determine the mechanical properties of anastomotic colonic tissue in experimental settings and therefore give a measure of wound healing.

METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were used as experimental models of anastomotic tissue integrity. On the 5^th post-operative day, the tensile strength was measured by application of an axial force, providing a quantitative measure of anastomotic dehiscence and leakage.

RESULTS: Diagrams of the load as a function of the time [P = P (t)] and of the displacement also as a function of time [Δs = Δs (t)] were recorded for each test, permitting the design of the load versus the displacement diagram and thus providing significant data about the critical values of anastomotic failure. Quantitative data were obtained concerning the anastomotic strength of both control specimens (healthy rats), as well as specimens from non-healthy rats for comparison.

CONCLUSION: This experimental model provides an excellent method of measuring anastomotic strength. Despite the relative small number of specimens used, this method provides an accurate way of measuring wound repair. More experimental measurements need to be performed to correlate emerging tensile strength values to anastomotic failure.

Urolithiasis and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in a Wistar rat

Urolithiasis and carcinoma of the urinary bladder are generally uncommon in rats. In particular, spontaneous urolithiasis and carcinoma of the bladder in young rats has not yet been reported. Our case concerns the unexpected finding of urolithiasis of the bladder and left kidney of an apparently healthy 4-mo-old male Wistar rat. The bladder was filled with 28 white, round to oval calculi of various sizes. The kidney presented a single unevenly shaped calculus in the pelvis. Histology revealed, in addition to urolithiasis, a grade II papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, with muscle invasion and neoplastic extension to the left renal pelvic epithelium. No previous experimental procedure or dietetic manipulation had occurred, which could be held responsible for these findings. These unusual findings indicate that, unknown to researchers, unapparent factors can affect the health status of even relatively young experimental animals. Asymptomatic disease, such as the unknown presence of a tumor, potentially can affect many parameters and thus influence research results.

The symmetry of the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament properties: a biochemical study in the rat hind limb

The medial collateral (MCL) and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the rat's knee are frequently used in biomedical research and occasionally in ligament healing studies. The contralateral normal ligament serves as a control. In this study the presence of symmetry in the biomechanical properties of the MCL and the ACL was investigated. Bilateral femur-MCL-tibia and femur-ACL-tibia preparations were obtained from the hind limbs of sixty rats and were subjected to tensile testing to failure under the same loading conditions. Tensile load to failure, stiffness and energy absorption capacity were measured and the mode of failure was recorded. All biomechanical parameters were not significantly different between the two knees of the same animal, although significant individual variation was evident. The most common mechanism of failure was mid-substance tear. Symmetry seems to exist in the biomechanical properties of the MCL and the ACL in the rat knee. When ligament healing is evaluated, increased group size is necessary and the use of a normal control group may be advisable. The contralateral normal knee ligament may serve as a control when the properties of an injured ligament are evaluated and when the parameters of tensile testing failure under similar load conditions are applied.

Effect of oral contraceptive treatment on bone mass acquisition in skeletally immature young female rats

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of oral contraceptive (OC) treatment on bone mass accrual in skeletally immature young female rats. Animals in the baseline group were killed at the beginning of the experiment and were subjected to bone density assessment by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT). The control group was fed a base diet free of phytoestrogens, while animals in the contraceptive group received the same base diet mixed with 2.67 microg desogestrel/100 g body weight and 0.0533 microg ethinyl estradiol/100 g body weight. The duration of the treatment period was 16 weeks. Densitometric measurements by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and serum bone markers assessment were carried out at baseline, at 8 weeks and at 16 weeks, while pQCT densitometry took place after sacrifice. All bone mineral density and bone mineral content indices measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry increased significantly throughout the study period in both the OC and control group. Concerning pQCT measurements, animals in both the OC and the control group had significantly higher cortical density compared with baseline (midtibia: p=.0003 and .0003, respectively). Total area and periosteal circumference were significantly higher in OC group, both in proximal (p=.003 and .003, respectively) and midtibia (p=.048 and .042, respectively) compared with baseline. Osteoprotegerin serum levels increased in both groups, and at the end of the experiment, circulating osteoprotegerin was significantly higher in the OC group compared with controls (p=.032). At the end of the experiment, carboxyl-terminal telopeptides of collagen type I levels were significantly lower in the OC-treated animals compared with controls (p=.046). Our results suggest that OC administration to skeletally immature female rats allows normal bone accrual and may even improve bone geometry. This effect may be mediated through enhanced inhibition of bone resorption.

Adhesion formation and intraperitoneal catheters: histologic findings in a rat model

Pieces of polyurethane, Teflon, silicone, and polyvinyl chloride were placed intraperitoneally to compare the histologic findings regarding intraperitoneal adhesion development in a rat model. The overall adhesion score differed significantly among the groups, the highest being in the Teflon group (mean 13.2), followed in descending order by the polyvinyl chloride group (10), the silicone group (9.6), and the polyurethane group (6.8). Thus, polyurethane causes the least adhesion development and can be used more extensively for the construction of catheters for intraperitoneal use.

Adhesion formation: intraperitoneal catheters in surgical practice

To compare the adhesion formation, in a rat model, of commercially available materials used as intraperitoneal catheters in clinical practice, pieces of polyurethane, Teflon, silicone, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were placed intraperitoneally in 36 female Wistar rats randomly assigned into four groups. Adhesion development was quantitated according to Nair's classification system (NCS). According to NCS, polyurethane showed the least adhesion formation, while the highest scores were found in the PVC group. Comparing the thickness and the firmness of adhesions in the four groups, significant differences were found, with the polyurethane group developing none or filmy and mild adhesions. In contrast, almost all the rats in the Teflon group developed thick and dense adhesions. Thus, polyurethane caused the least adhesion formation among the four materials evaluated, and can be used more extensively for the construction of catheters for prolonged intraperitoneal use.

Progress of ossification and epithelialization of wounds after simple or surgical extractions of teeth in rats with chronic renal failure: an experimental study

Our aim was to investigate the progress of wound healing after simple and surgical removal of the first two molars of the right and left maxillary segments, respectively, in Wistar rats with experimentally induced moderate chronic renal failure (CRF). Sixty Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 30 rats each: experimental and control. CRF was induced in the experimental group by an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin, 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) initially and then with two maintenance doses of 2.5 mg/kg BW at intervals of one month. The teeth were extracted one month after the last dose of cisplatin. The sockets and the kidneys of all the rats of both groups were evaluated. The mandibles of the 15 rats in the experimental group that developed moderate CRF, together with those of two controls, were evaluated for abnormalities that suggested renal osteodystrophy. The histopathological examination showed: (a) that there were no significant differences in the pattern of wound healing no matter how the tooth was extracted; (b) there were no specific abnormalities in the mandible to indicate of secondary hyperparathyroidism or renal osteodystrophy; and (c) the kidneys of the rats of the experimental group underwent histopathological changes that were significantly different from those in the controls (P < 0.001). Our results indicate that moderate CRF does not have any appreciable or significant modifying effect on wound healing after tooth extraction in Wistar rats.

Influence of 5-fluorouracil on serum lipids

The effect of the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on plasma lipid levels was studied in patients and animals. Seven patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon and three with advanced breast cancer were treated with 5-FU monotherapy by i.v. push at a dose of 500 mg/m2/d for 3-5 consecutive days. The animal group comprised 9 rabbits treated with 5-FU by i.v. push at 12-18 mg/kg/d for 2 consecutive days. Measurements of serum lipid levels were performed before and 2 and 4 weeks after 5-FU administration. No obvious change of diet, body weight and bowel habits occurred during the study period. A significant reduction of total plasma cholesterol was observed in both patients and animals. The triglyceride levels were also reduced in the rabbits. Maximal cholesterol-lowering effect was observed in patients and rabbits with higher baseline cholesterol levels. The results suggest that 5-FU might interfere with lipid metabolism.