Primary photophysical and photochemical processes for cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) in acetonitrile

Cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) is an important photolytic source of NO3• radicals in aqueous nitric acid solutions and in acetonitrile. In this work we performed the study of primary photochemical processes for CAN in acetonitrile by means of ultrafast TA spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Photoexcitation of CAN is followed by ultrafast (< 100 fs) intersystem crossing; the vibrationally cooled triplet state decays to pentacoordinated Ce(III) intermediate and NO3• radical with the characteristic time of ca. 40 ps. Quantum chemical (QM) calculations satisfactorily describe the UV-vis spectrum of the triplet state. An important feature of CAN photochemistry in CH3CN is the partial stabilization of the radical complex (RC) [(NH4)2CeIII(NO3)5…NO3•], which lifetime is ca. 2 μs. The possibility of the RC stabilization is supported by the QM calculations.

Laser flash photolysis and quantum chemical studies of UV degradation of pharmaceutical drug chloramphenicol: Short-lived intermediates, quantum yields and mechanism of photolysis

Using methods of time-resolved and stationary photolysis, HPLC-MS and quantum-chemical calculations by the DFT method, the mechanism of direct UV photolysis of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) was established. For the first time, short-lived intermediates formed during photolysis were detected. The primary photoprocess is the cleavage of the β-C-C bond relative to the aromatic system with the formation of 4-nitrobenzylalcohol radical and residual aliphatic radical. The first radical in deoxygenated solutions predominantly transforms into para-nitrobenzaldehyde and its secondary photolysis products. In the presence of oxygen, the aromatic radical and para-nitrobenzaldehyde are transformed into para-nitrosobenzoic and para-nitrobenzoic acids as a result of reaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Formation of ROS is provoked by reactions of aliphatic radical with dissolved oxygen, so this radical is very important for CAP degradation. The quantum yield of direct photolysis of CAP is ∼3% and does not depend on the presence of dissolved oxygen and on the change of the excitation wavelength in the range of 254-308 nm. Obtained data are important for further understanding of the transformation pathways of CAP and similar PPCP in natural and wastewaters under the action of sunlight and artificial UV radiation.

Experimental determination and QSAR analysis of the rate constants for SO5•- reactions with aromatic micropollutants in water

S(IV)-based systems used for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been constructed for the degradation of organic contaminants via oxysulfur radicals, including SO3•-, SO4•-, and SO5•-. Although SO5•- is proposed as an active species in AOPs processes, research on the reactivity of SO5•- has remained unclear. In this work, 53 target aromatic micropollutants (AMPs), including 13 phenols, 27 amines, and 13 PPCPs were selected to determine the second-order reaction rate constants for SO5•- using the competitive kinetics method, in which the [Formula: see text] values, observed at pH 4 ranged from (2.44 ± 0.00) × 105 M-1 s-1 to (4.41 ± 0.28) × 107 M-1 s-1. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for the oxidation of AMPs by SO5•- were developed based on 40 [Formula: see text] values of amines and phenols, and their molecular descriptors, using the stepwise multiple linear regression method. This comprehensive model exhibited the excellent goodness-of-fit (Radj2 = 0.802), robustness (QLOO2 = 0.749), and predictability (Qext2 = 0.656), and the one-electron oxidation potential (Eox), energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), and most positive net atomic charge on the carbon atoms (qC+) were considered the most influential descriptors for the comprehensive model, indicating that SO5•- oxidizes pollutants via single electron transfer reaction and exhibits a strong oxidation capacity, especially for pollutants containing electron-donating groups. Moreover, the [Formula: see text] values of 13 PPCPs were predicted using this comprehensive model, which suggested the practical application significance of the QSAR model. This study emphasizes the direct oxidation capacity of SO5•-, which is important to evaluate and simulate AOPs based on S(IV).

Primary processes in photophysics and photochemistry of a potential light-activated anti-cancer dirhodium complex

Photophysics and photochemistry of a potential light-activated cytotoxic dirhodium complex [Rh2(µ-O2CCH3)2(bpy)(dppz)](O2CCH3)2, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Complex 1 or Rh2) in aqueous solutions was studied by means of stationary photolysis and time-resolved methods in time range from hundreds of femtoseconds to microseconds. According to the literature, Complex 1 demonstrates both oxygen-dependent (due to singlet oxygen formation) and oxygen-independent cytotoxicity. Photoexchange of an acetate ligand to a water molecule was the only observed photochemical reaction, which rate was increased by oxygen removal from solutions. Photoexcitation of Complex 1 results in the formation of the lowest triplet electronic excited state, which lifetime is less than 10 ns. This time is too short for diffusion-controlled quenching of the triplet state by dissolved oxygen resulting in 1O2 formation. We proposed that singlet oxygen is produced by photoexcitation of weakly bound van der Waals complexes [Rh2…O2], which are formed in solutions. If this is true, no oxygen-independent light-induced cytotoxicity of Complex 1 exists. Residual cytotoxicity deaerated solutions are caused by the remaining [Rh2…O2] complexes.

A new view on the mechanism of UV photodegradation of the tricyclic antidepressant carbamazepine in aqueous solutions

Mechanism of direct UV photolysis of the tricyclic antidepressant carbamazepine (CBZ) at neutral pH was revealed by a combination of nanosecond laser flash photolysis, steady-state photolysis combined with high resolution LC-MS and DFT quantum-chemical calculations. The detection of short-lived intermediates and the detailed identification of final products were performed for the first time. The quantum yield of CBZ photodegradation (282 nm) is about 0.1% and 0.18% in air-equilibrated and argon-saturated solutions. The primary stage is photoionization with the formation of CBZ cation radical followed by a rapid nucleophilic attack by a solvent molecule. The primary photoproducts are 10-oxo-9-hydro-carbamazepine, 9-formylacridine-10(9H)-carboxamide (a result of ring contraction) and various isomers of hydroxylated CBZ. Prolonged irradiation results to accumulation of acridine derivatives, which should lead to an increase of the toxicity of photolyzed CBZ solutions. The obtained results may be important for understanding the fate of tricyclic antidepressants in processes of UVC disinfection and in natural waters under action of sunlight.

Pilot-scale two-phase anaerobic digestion of deoiled food waste and waste activated sludge: Effects of mixing ratios and functional analysis

Anaerobic co-digestion of deoiled food waste (dFW) and waste activated sludge (WAS) can address the challenges derived from mono-digestion of FW. In the present study, a pilot-scale methanogenic bioreactor of a two-phase anaerobic digestion system was developed to explore the impact of dFW/WAS volatile solids ratios on the overall performance, microbial community, and metabolic pathways. Besides, the tech-economic of the system was analyzed. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was more than 84.90% for all the dFW/WAS ratios (v/v) (1:0, 39:1, 29:1, 19:1 and 9:1). Moreover, the dominant genus of bacteria and archaea with different ratios were Lactobacillus (66.84-98.44%) and Methanosaeta (53.66-80.09%), respectively. Co-digestion of dFW and WAS (29: 1 in v/v ratios) obtained the highest yield of methane (0.41 L CH₄/L_added) with approximately 90% of SCOD being removed. In the pilot-scale experiment, the co-digestion of FW and WAS makes positive contribution to reusing solid waste for improving solid management.

Sulfur-Containing Radical Anions Formed by Photolysis of Thiosulfate: Quantum-Chemical Analysis

The photochemistry of sodium thiosulfate (S₂O₃^2-) in aqueous solutions is rather complicated. Several sulfur-containing radical anions are formed upon photoexcitation. Any of them are rather common (SO₃•^-, SO₂^•-, and SO₅^•-); others are rare (S₂O₃^•-, ^•S₄O₆^3-, and S^•-) or never documented (S₂O₅^•-). In order to support the identification of intermediate radical anions, quantum-chemical (QM─quantum mechanical) calculations of the geometric and electronic structures of S₂O₃^•-, S₂O₅^•-, and ^•S₄O₆^3- were performed. Two different approaches, time-dependent density functional theory and complete active space self-consistent field, were applied to identify the method optimal for the reproduction of the experimental electronic absorption spectra. Several of the most commonly used functionals were considered. The best agreement with the experimentally observed spectra of reference compounds (common sulfur-containing anions and radical anions) was achieved for the WB97X-D3 functional. Using this approach, satisfactory agreement between experimental and calculated spectra of S₂O₃^•-, S₂O₅^•-, and ^•S₄O₆^3- was achieved. It was shown that S₂O₅^•- and ^•S₄O₆^3- can exist in two isomeric forms with different spectral properties. These isomers are S₂O₃O₂^•-; SO₃SO₂^•- for the case of S₂O₅^•- and (S₂O₃)₂^•3-; (S₃O₃^2-...SO₃^•-) for the case of ^•S₄O₆^3-.

Direct UV photodegradation of nalidixic acid in aqueous solutions: A mechanistic study

Mechanism of direct UV photolysis of nalidixic acid (NA), a model quinolone antibiotic, was revealed using a combination of steady-state photolysis coupled with high resolution LC-MS and DFT quantum-chemical calculations. Both quantum yields of photodegradation and detailed identification of final products were performed for the first time for two main forms of NA: neutral and anionic. The quantum yield of NA photodegradation is 0.024 and 0.0032 for the neutral and anionic forms in the presence of dissolved oxygen and 0.016/0.0032 in deoxygenated solutions, respectively. The main process is photoionization with the formation of a cation radical, which undergoes transformation into three different neutral radicals and further into final photoproducts. It is shown that the triplet state does not play a role in the photolysis of this compound. The main products of photolysis are the products of the loss of carboxyl, methyl and ethyl groups in the NA molecule, as well as the dehydrogenation of the ethyl group. The results obtained may be important for understanding the fate of pyridine herbicides in the processes of disinfection by UV and in natural waters under the action of sunlight.

Multifunctional fluorescent diarylethene: time-resolved study of photochemistry

A study of luminescence and photochromic properties of (E)-2,3-bis(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzylidene)cyclopent-2-en-1-one, which is a diarylethene with a push-pull system between carbonyl and dimethylamino groups, was performed using time-resolved methods. The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process as well as 6π-electrocyclization and E-/Z-isomerization contribute to the complex light-induced properties of this molecule. Formation of unexpected short-lived intermediates was detected in the time range from 100 fs to 100 μs. A model based on two processes (additional photocyclization and interconversion between conformers) was proposed to rationalize this result. The key intermediates existing in the picosecond time domain are so-called precursors, which are proposed for both parallel (p) and anti-parallel (ap) isomers of the open form. In general, fast light-induced processes for the fluorescent diarylcyclopentenones are much more complicated than for the parent cyclopentenone-based DAE.

Interaction between graphene oxide and acetaminophen in water under simulated sunlight: Implications for environmental photochemistry of PPCPs

In recent years, graphene oxide (GO) as a new carbon material has been widely investigated as adsorbent and catalyst. However, effects of GO on the micro-pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) under sunlight remains unclear. In this study, the degradation of PPCPs in a simulated sunlight-GO photocatalytic system was systematically investigated. Specifically, GO rapidly degrade 95% of acetaminophen (APAP) within 10 min under simulated sunlight irradiation (λ ≥ 350 nm). The influencing factors such as APAP concentration, pH, GO dosage, water matrixes (Cl^-, NO₃^-, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺and fulvic acid) were investigated. At a GO dosage of 100 mg L^-1 and an initial pH of 7, the APAP (5 μM) photodegradation kinetic constant k_obs was calculated to be 0.4547 min^-1. In practical applications, the GO photocatalysis system still degrade over 90% APAP within 60 min in real surface water. The electron spin resonance and radical scavenging experiments revealed that the dominated active species for degrading APAP was photogenerated holes (h⁺), while other mechanisms (¹O₂ and O₂^•-/HO₂^•) played a minor role. Furthermore, the photochemical transformation of some other typical PPCPs were comparatively studied to reveal the relationship between degradation kinetics and molecular structure. Based on descriptive variables including molar refractive index parameter, octanol-water partition coefficient, dissociation constant and dipole moment, a quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) model for predicting pseudo-first-order rate constants was established with a high significance (R² = 0.996, p < 0.05). This study helps to understand the interaction between GO and PPCPs and its effects on the photochemical transformation of PPCPs in water.

Aquatic photochemistry of Cu(II) in the presence of As(III): Mechanistic insights from Cu(III) production and As(III) oxidation under neutral pH conditions

Surface complexation between arsenite (As(III)) and colloidal metal hydroxides plays an important role not only in the immobilization and oxidation of As(III) but also in the cycle of the metal and the fate of their ligands. However, the photochemical processes between Cu(II) and As(III) are not sufficiently understood. In this work, the photooxidation of As(III) in the presence of Cu(II) under neutral pH conditions was investigated in water containing 200 μM Cu(II) and 5 μM As(III) under simulated solar irradiation consisting of UVB light. The results confirmed the complexation between As(III) and Cu(II) hydroxides, and the photooxidation of As(III) is attributed to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process and Cu(III) oxidation. The light-induced LMCT process results in simultaneous As(III) oxidation and Cu(II) reduction, then produced Cu(I) undergoes autooxidation with O₂ to produce O₂^•⁻ and H₂O₂, and further the Cu(I)-Fenton reaction produces Cu(III) that can oxidize As(III) efficiently (k_{Cu(III)+As(III)} = 1.02 × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1). The contributions from each pathway (ρ_{rCu(II)-As(III)+hv} = 0.62, ρ_{rCu(III)+As(III)} = 0.38) were obtained using kinetic analysis and simulation. Sunlight experiments showed that the pH range of As(III) oxidation could be extended to weak acidic conditions in downstream water from acid mine drainage (AMD). This work helps to understand the environmental chemistry of Cu(II) and As(III) regarding their interaction and photo-induced redox reactions.

Photolysis of Fe(III) complex with ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid and its efficiency in generation of •OH radical

The mechanism of photolysis of the Fe(III) complex with ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid ([FeEDDS]^-) was revealed using a combination of time resolved and stationary photochemical methods. Using laser flash photolysis (λ_ex = 355 nm), the formation of the primary intermediate, the radical complex of Fe(II) with quantum yield (φ₀ = 0.21) was detected for the first time. The lifetime (1.8 ms) and the spectral characteristics (λ_max = 520 nm, ε^{520 nm} = 160 M^-1cm^-1) of this intermediate were also determined. The dependence of the quantum yield of photolysis of the [FeEDDS]^- complex (φ_FeEDDS) and the hydroxyl radical quantum yield (φ_OH) on the excitation wavelength, pH, and concentrations of the ligand and iron ions were obtained for the first time. It has been established that under optimal conditions at neutral pH, the value of φ_FeEDDS is about 0.8, and φ_OH is about 0.15. It was found that φ_FeEDDS does not depend on the initial concentrations of Fe(III), EDDS, but depends on pH, the excitation wavelength and the presence of oxygen. φ_OH does not depend on the initial concentrations of Fe(III), EDDS, but depends on pH and the excitation wavelength. The high φ_OH values make the [FeEDDS]^- complex a suitable system for the generation of •OH radical at neutral pH under UV radiation.

How to measure quantum yield of hydroxyl radical during photolysis of natural Fe(III) carboxylates?

The efficiency of oxidative species generation is one of the crucial parameters for the application of any system based on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This paper presents an approach to the correct determination of quantum yields of the hydroxyl radical upon UV photolysis of natural Fe(III) carboxylates, which are widely used in the works devoted to Environmental Chemistry and Water Treatment. The approach is based on the use of [FeOH]²⁺ hydroxocomplex as a reference system with the well-known quantum yield of hydroxyl radical and benzene as a selective trap for the ^•OH radical. For the first time, the quantum yields of the ^•OH radical have been determined for the most popular Fe(III) oxalate photosystem in the wide range of initial parameters (pH, excitation wavelength, concentration of oxalate and Fe(III) ions). Also the oxidation potential of Fe(III) oxalate photosystem was tested on a set of persistent organic herbicides, and quantum yields of the photodegradation of herbicides were compared with the quantum yield of the ^•OH radical. The Fe(III) oxalate photosystem is recommended as a suitable system for the generation of ^•OH radical at neutral pH under UV radiation.

Direct UV photodegradation of herbicide triclopyr in aqueous solutions: A mechanistic study

Mechanism of direct UV photolysis of pyridine herbicide triclopyr (TRI) was revealed by the combination of nanosecond laser flash photolysis, steady-state photolysis coupled with high resolution LC-MS and DFT quantum-chemical calculations. Both the detection of short-lived intermediates and the detailed identification of final products were done for the first time. The quantum yield of TRI photodegradation is about 4% at both UVC (254 nm) and UVB (308 nm) excitation. The primary stage is the heterolytic cleavage of C-Cl bond in dissociative triplet state of TRI with the formation of phenyl cation followed by a fast nucleophilic attack by a solvent molecule. The minor channel is the photohydrolysis leading to the formation of 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol. Primary photoproducts undergo secondary photolysis by the mechanism similar to initial TRI with the formation of products of acetic group elimination, sequential substitution of chlorine atoms to hydroxyl groups and, finally, oxidation and opening of the pyridine ring. Obtained results can be important for understanding the fate of pyridine herbicides in the processes of UVC disinfection and in natural waters under action of the sunlight.

Iron (III) hydroxocomplex-methyl viologen dication system as a prospective tool for determination of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants with environmental pollutants

Reactivity of oxidative species with target pollutants is one of the crucial parameters for application of any system based on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This work presents new useful approach how to determine the hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants (k_OH) using UVA laser flash photolysis technique. Fe (III) hydroxocomplex at pH 3 was applied as a standard source of hydroxyl radicals and methyl viologen dication (MV²⁺) was used as selective probe for ^•OH radical. Application of MV²⁺ allows to determine k_OH values even for compounds which do not generate themselves optically detectable transient species in reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Validity of this approach was tested on a wide range of different persistent pesticides and its main advantages and drawbacks in comparison with existing steady-state and time-resolved techniques were discussed.

Photodegradation of para-arsanilic acid mediated by photolysis of iron(III) oxalate complexes

Organic arsenicals are important environment pollutants due to wide use in livestock and toxicity of degradation products. In this work we report about the efficient photodegradation of the p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) and its decomposition products in the Fe(III)-oxalate assisted approach under nature-relevant conditions. At neutral pH under near-visible UV irradiation the Fe(III) oxalate complexes generate the primary oxidizing intermediate, OH radical (the quantum yield of ϕ^OH ∼ 0.06), which rapidly reacts with p-ASA with high rate constant, (8.6 ± 0.5) × 10⁹ M^-1s^-1. Subsequent radical reactions result in the complete photooxidation of both p-ASA and basic aromatic photoproducts with the predominant formation of inorganic arsenic species, mainly As(V), under optimal conditions. Comparing with the direct UV photolysis, the presented Fe(III)-oxalate mediated degradation of p-ASA has several advantages: higher efficiency at low p-ASA concentration and complete degradation of organic arsenic by-products without use of short-wavelength UV radiation. The obtained results illustrate that the Fe(III)-oxalate complexes are promising natural photosensitizers for the removal of arsenic pollutants from contaminated waters.

Capillary zone electrophoresis as a simple approach for the study of p-arsanilic acid transformation in the process of photolytic degradation

Arsenic aromatic compounds including p-arsanylic acid (pASA) are still widely used in a number of countries as the feed additives in animal breeding resulting in its entering the environment. Under the influence of oxidizing agents or UV radiation, pASA undergoes transformations leading to generation of inorganic arsenic species that are more mobile and toxic than organic ones. On the one hand, an approach based on the treatment of contaminated waters by UV irradiation seems perspective for their detoxification, but the feasibility of this approach depends on the composition of the products forming as a result of photodegradation. In the present work, a CZE was applied for the study of the pASA degradation process during stationary (308 nm) photolysis in the presence of Fe(III)-oxalate complex. A developed assay allowed controlling the parent compounds and also As-containing products of pASA degradation, presented mainly by arsenate and arsenite ions. It was found that the main inorganic derivatives of the pASA photolytic conversions are presented by arsenate and arsenite ions whose ratio depends on the initial amount of pASA and reaction conditions.

Photochemistry of hexachloroosmate(IV) in ethanol

The photochemistry of the OsIVCl62- complex in ethanol was studied by means of stationary photolysis, nanosecond laser flash photolysis, ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. The direction of the photochemical process was found to be wavelength-dependent. Irradiation in the region of the d-d and LMCT bands results in the photosolvation (with the wavelength-dependent quantum yield) and photoreduction of Os(iv) to Os(iii), correspondingly. The characteristic time of photosolvation is ca. 40 ps. Photoreduction occurs in the micro- and millisecond time domains via several Os(iii) intermediates. The nature of intermediates and the possible mechanisms of photoreduction are discussed. We believe that the lability of the photochemically produced Os(iv) and Os(iii) intermediates determines the synthetic potential of OsIVCl62- photochemistry.

Mechanistic investigation of humic substances assisted photodegradation of imipramine under simulated sunlight

Imipramine (IMI) is a frequently prescribed tricyclic antidepressant and widely detected in the natural waters, while the environmental fate of IMI is yet poorly understood. Here, we investigated the photodegradation of IMI under simulated sunlight in the presence of humic substances (HS), typically including humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA). The direct and indirect IMI photodegradation was found to increase both with increasing pH and with deoxygenation of the reaction solutions. The excited triplet state of HS (³HS^⁎) was mainly responsible for the photosensitized degradation of IMI according to the steady-state quenching and direct time-resolved experiments. The electron transfer interaction between ³HS^⁎ and IMI was observed by laser flash photolysis (LFP) with bimolecular reaction rate constants of (4.9 ± 0.4) × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1. Evidence of electron transfer from IMI to ³HS^⁎ was further demonstrated by the photoproduct analysis. The indirect photodegradation was triggered off in the side chain of IMI with the nonbonding nitrogen electron transferring to ³HS^⁎, followed by hydroxylation, demethylation and cleavage of the side chain. Very important that HS photosystem does not lose its efficiency with decreasing of IMI concentration, meaning that the studied photosystem still be used at environmentally relevant concentrations of IMI. These results suggest that photodegradation could be an important attenuation pathway for IMI in HS-rich and anaerobic natural waters.

Formation and enhanced photodegradation of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A in wastewater treatment plant effluent

There are many reports on the detection and removal of emerging pollutants in the wastewater effluents, while the fate of their chlorinated derivatives generated during chlorination is not well understood. Here we investigated the photodegradation of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A (CDBPAs), mainly including 3-chlorobisphenol A, 3,3'-dichlorobisphenol A, 3,5-dichlorobisphenol A, 3,3',5-trichlorobisphenol A, and 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobisphenol A, under simulated sunlight. Distinct from BPA, CDBPAs underwent rapid direct photodegradation due to a pronounced bathochromic shift of UV absorption. The photodegradation of CDBPAs was significantly enhanced by effluent organic matter (EfOM) from the wastewater effluent. A series of quenching experiments and laser flash photolysis analysis verified the contribution of triplet states of EfOM (³EfOM∗) for the indirect photodegradation of CDBPAs with rate constant of ∼10⁹ M^-1 s^-1. Both direct and EfOM-induced indirect photodegradation of CDBPAs increased with a higher degree of chlorination. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrometry showed similar photoproducts for direct and indirect photodegradation of CDBPAs, mainly ascribed to the cleavage of C-Cl bond and hydroxylation with further cleavage of the benzene ring. The estrogenic activity of the photoproducts was diminished. These findings suggest that photodegradation is an important pathway for the removal and detoxication of CDBPAs from effluents and receiving natural waters under sunlight.

Mechanistic study of the trans,cis,cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)2(H2O)2] complex photochemistry in aqueous solutions

It is known that trans,cis,cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)2(H2O)2] (1a) complexes, which are formed upon dissolution of trans-[RuCl2(DMSO)4] in water, demonstrate light-induced cytotoxicity. The mechanistic study of 1a photochemistry has been performed using ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy, laser flash photolysis and stationary photolysis. The first stage of 1a photochemistry is the photoexchange of a DMSO ligand to a water molecule; its quantum yield is wavelength-dependent (estimating by values 0.3 and 0.04 upon irradiation at 308 and 430 nm, respectively). The mechanism of photoexchange is complicated involving at least four Ru(ii) intermediates. Two tentative mechanisms of the process are proposed.

Direct measurements of the reactivity of singlet oxygen to some persistent herbicides in aqueous solutions

Reactivity of the singlet oxygen (SO), which is assumed to be one of the important oxidizers in natural waters, towards to a set of persistent herbicides, was measured for the first time using time resolved luminescence technique. It was observed that rate constants of SO reactions with the majority of studied herbicides are less than 10⁶ M^-1s^-1 allowing to conclude about negligible participation of SO in oxidation of the compounds in natural waters.

Mechanism of photochromic transformations and photodegradation of an asymmetrical 2,3-diarylcyclopentenone

A mechanistic study of the photochromic properties and photodegradation processes of an asymmetrical diarylcyclopentenone bearing thiophene and benzothiophene units using stationary photolysis, nanosecond laser flash photolysis and time-resolved luminescence was performed. It was found that the light-induced reversible isomerization of (3-(2,5-dimethyltiophen-3-il)-2-(2-methyl-1-benzylthiophen-3-il)cyclopent-2-en-1-one, compound 1) from open to closed form is a common photochromic transformation inherent to diarylethenes, while the photodegradation process proceeds in two ways. The first is a formal 1,2-dyotropic rearrangement, proceeding without the participation of oxygen. The second is the oxygen-dependent mechanism involving the excitation of the open form 1A into the triplet state, quenching of the latter by dissolved oxygen, and oxidation of the initial compound by singlet oxygen.

Transformation of roxarsone during UV disinfection in the presence of ferric ions

The transformation of roxarsone (ROX) during UV disinfection with Fe(III) has been investigated. Fe(OH)²⁺, as the main Fe(III) species at pH = 3, produces HO under UV irradiation leading to the oxidation of ROX. Dissolved oxygen plays a very important role in the continuous conversion of generated Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺, which ensures a Fe(III)-Fe(II) cycle in the system. The presence of Cl^-/HCO₃^-/NO₃^- has little influence on the ROX transformation, whereas PO₄^3- achieves an obvious inhibitory effect. The transformation of ROX leads to the formation of inorganic arsenic consisting of a much higher amount of As(V) than As(III). LC-MS analysis shows that phenol, o-nitrophenol and arsenic acid were the main transformation products. Both the radical scavenger experiment and electron spin resonance data confirm that the HO is responsible for ROX transformation. The toxic transformation products are found to have potential environmental risks for the natural environment, organisms and human beings.

Different Role of Bisulfite/Sulfite in UVC-S(IV)-O2 System for Arsenite Oxidation in Water

It is of interest to use UV-sulfite based processes to degrade pollutants in wastewater treatment process. In this work, arsenic (As(III)) has been selected as a target pollutant to verify the efficacy of such a hypothesized process. The results showed that As(III) was quickly oxidized by a UV-sulfite system at neutral or alkaline pH and especially at pH 9.5, which can be mainly attributed to the generated oxysulfur radicals. In laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments (λex = 266 nm), the signals of SO3•- and eaq- generated by photolysis of sulfite at 266 nm were discerned. Quantum yields for photoionization of HSO3- (0.01) and SO32- (0.06) were also measured. It has been established that eaq- does not react with SO32-, but reacts with HSO3- with a rate constant 8 × 107 M-1s-1.

New insights into mechanism of direct UV photolysis of p-arsanilic acid

The mechanism of direct UV photolysis of p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA), a widely used veterinary drug, was revised by means of laser flash photolysis coupled with high resolution liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). None of p-ASA triplet state or singlet oxygen was found to directly participate in the photodegradation of p-ASA as it was assumed in previous works. Here we demonstrate that the main primary photoprocess is a monophotonic ionization (ϕ_ion^266nm = 0.032) leading to the formation of hydrated electron and corresponding anilinyl cation radical. These primary species react with dissolved oxygen yielding secondary reactive oxygen species. The final organic photoproducts, such as aminophenol and different dimeric products, originate from various reactions between these secondary species. The generation of inorganic arsenic, both As(V) and As(III), was also observed in agreement with previous works. For the first time we report the quantum yield of p-ASA photodegradation, which decreases from 0.058 to 0.035 with the excitation wavelength from 222 to 308 nm.

A cis,fac-[RuCl2(DMSO)3(H2O)] complex exhibits ultrafast photochemical aquation/rearrangement

It is known that both cis,fac-[RuCl2(DMSO)3(H2O)] (1a) and trans,cis,cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)2(H2O)2] (2a) complexes, which are formed on the dissolution of trans and cis-isomers of [RuCl2(DMSO)4] in water, demonstrate light-induced anticancer activity. The first stage of 1a photochemistry is its transformation to 2a occurring with a rather high quantum yield, 0.64 ± 0.17. The mechanism of the 1a → 2a phototransformation was studied by means of nanosecond laser flash photolysis and ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy. The reaction occurs in the picosecond time range via the formation and decay of two successive intermediates interpreted as Ru(ii) complexes with different sets of ligands. A tentative mechanism of phototransformation is proposed.

Photooxidation of herbicide amitrole in the presence of fulvic acid

Fulvic acid (Henan ChangSheng Corporation) photoinduced degradation of non-UVA-absorbing herbicide amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, AMT) as a way for its removal from polluted water was investigated in details. It was shown that the main primary species generated by fulvic acid under UVA radiation, triplet state and hydrated electron, are not directly involved in the herbicide degradation. AMT decays in reactions with secondary intermediates, reactive oxygen species, formed in reactions of the primary ones with dissolved oxygen. Singlet oxygen is responsible for 80% of herbicide oxidation, and ^•OH and O₂^-• radicals-for the remaining 20% of AMT. It was found that quantum yield of AMT photodegradation (ϕ ^365nm) decreases linearly from 2.2 × 10^-3 to 1.2 × 10^-3 with the increase of fulvic acid concentration from 1.1 to 30 mg L^-1. On the contrary, the increase of AMT concentration from 0.8 to 25 mg L^-1 leads to practically linear growth of ϕ ^365nm value from 1.8 × 10^-4 to 4 × 10^-3. Thus, the fulvic acid exhibits a good potential as UVA photooxidizer of organic pollutants sensitive to the singlet oxygen (ϕ ^532nm(¹O₂) = 0.025 at pH 6.5).

Short-lived intermediates in photochemistry of an OsCl62− complex in aqueous solutions

Photoaquation of an Os^IVCl₆²⁻ complex occurs via a pentacoordinated Os^IVCl₅⁻ intermediate.

Primary photophysical and photochemical processes for hexachloroosmate(iv) in aqueous solution

The photoaquation of the Os^IVCl₆^2- complex was studied by means of stationary photolysis, nanosecond laser flash photolysis and ultrafast kinetic spectroscopy. The Os^IVCl₅(OH)^2- complex was found to be the only reaction product. The quantum yield of photoaquation is rather low and wavelength-dependent. No impact of redox processes on photoaquation was revealed. The total characteristic lifetime of the process is about 80 ps. Three intermediates were recorded in the femto- and picosecond time domains and assigned to different Os(iv) species. The nature of intermediates and possible mechanisms of photoaquation are discussed.

Photosensitized Degradation of Amitriptyline and Its Active Metabolite Nortriptyline in Aqueous Fulvic Acid Solution

Amitriptyline is a frequently prescribed tricyclic antidepressant. Although amitriptyline and its active metabolite, nortriptyline, have been widely detected in natural waters, their environmental fate due to photodegradation is poorly understood. Here we describe a study conducted to investigate the photodegradation of amitriptyline and its active metabolite under simulated sunlight. Neither amitriptyline nor nortriptyline underwent direct photodegradation, but rapid photosensitized degradation did occur in fulvic acid (FA) solutions. The photodegradation of amitriptyline and nortriptyline followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with rate constants 0.24 and 0.16 h, respectively, at pH 8.0 in air-saturated FA solutions. The photodegradation of the substrates increased markedly with pH. The deprotonation of amitriptyline and nortriptyline facilitated the availability of nonbonding electrons on nitrogen (N-electrons). The excited triplet state of FA (FA*) was verified as the main reactive species responsible for the photosensitized degradation. An electron transfer mechanism for the interaction between substrates and FA* was proposed on the basis of a series of quenching experiments, kinetic model and photoproducts determination. Demethylation at the α-carbon of amine and hydroxylation were two primary photochemical processes initiated by the electron transfer reaction in the air-saturated FA solution; these were followed by generation of demethyl amine and mono-hydroxylation isomers. Our results suggest that indirect photodegradation is an important elimination process for amitriptyline and its active metabolite in natural waters.

Near-UV photooxidation of As(III) by iron species in the presence of fulvic acid

Photooxidation of As(III) in ternary As(III) - Fe(III) - Fulvic acid system at pH 4 was investigated by optical spectroscopy, steady-state photolysis (365 nm) and atomic-emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma techniques. It was found that at all values of [FA]/[Fe] ratio the main photoactive species is OH radical formed by photolysis of Fe(III) hydroxocomplexes. Addition of fulvic acid leads to mainly negative effect on As(III) photooxidation due to the following reasons: (i) slow dark reduction of photoactive Fe(III) species with formation of scattering particles and photoinert Fe(II) species; (ii) formation of photoreductive Fe(III)-FA complexes incapable to oxidize As(III), (iii) competition of both FA and Fe(III)-FA complexes for UVA quanta with FeOH²⁺ complex and for OH radicals with As(III). Aging of ternary system is also very important parameter leading to one order decrease of quantum yields of both Fe(II) formation and As(III) photooxidation.

Primary photochemical processes for Pt(iv) diazido complexes prospective in photodynamic therapy of tumors

A case study of chain photoaquation of mixed-ligand Pt(iv) diazido complexes tested in PDT of tumors is performed.

Photochemical transformation of an iron(iii)–arsenite complex in acidic aqueous solution

An Fe(iii)–As(iii) complex was characterized by UV/Vis spectra and its laser flash photolysis via ligand-to-metal charge transfer resulted in the intermediate of Fe(ii)–As(iv).

Mechanistic study of fulvic acid assisted propranolol photodegradation in aqueous solution

Laser flash (355 nm) and stationary (365 nm) photolysis were used to study the mechanisms of propranolol photolysis in the presence of fulvic acid in aqueous solutions. The FA-assisted photodegradation of propranolol was observed using UV-A irradiation (where propranolol is stable). Direct evidence indicated that the photodegradation resulted from the static quenching of the FA triplet state by propranolol via the electron transfer mechanism. The triplet state yield (ϕT≈0.6%) and the T-T absorption coefficient (ɛT(620 nm)≈5×10(4) M(-1) cm(-1)) were estimated for the first time by modeling the yields of the FA triplet state in the presence of propranolol. Thus, fulvic acid is a promising agent for accelerating propranolol photodegradation in aqueous solutions under UV-A light irradiation.